ACHEVING NET ZERO ENERGY IN COMMERICAL BANK

BUILDING:STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS , DESIGN USING

[Link] CONNECT AND MANUAL SOLAR DESIGN
PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

GOLLA LAKSHMI NARASIMHA 21001A0103

GANDLA HARSHITA 21001A0104
GAJULA VENKATA HEMANTH 21001A0155
ERUKULA THREVENI 21001A0166

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

JNTU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ANANTHAPUR

1
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is project report on “ACHEVING NET ZERO ENERGY IN

COMMERICAL BANK BUILDING:STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS , DESIGN
USING [Link] CONNECT AND MANUAL SOLAR DESIGN” is the
bonafide work of

GOLLA LAKSHMI NARASHIMA 21001A0103

GANDLA HARSHITA 21001A0104
GAJULA VENKATA HEMANTH 21001A0155
ERUKULA THREVENI 21001A0166

who carried out the project work under our

supervision

SIGNATURE OF HOD SIGNATURE OF MENTOR

Dr. B. AJITHA [Link] , Ph.D K. SRIKANTH [Link]
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
JNTU College of Engineering Anantapur. JNTU College of Engineering Anantapur

2
[Link]. TITLE PAGE No.

1. ABSTRACT 6

2. LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 8

3. INTRODUCTION

3.1. IDEA 8

3.2. OBJECTIVE 8

3.3. PROCESSES INVOLVED 8

4. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF BUILDING

4.1. SLAB 11

4.2. BEAM 12

4.3. COLUMN 13

4.4. FOOTING 14

4.5. STAIR CASE 15

5. GENERAL DETAILS OF PROJECT

5.1. DESCRIPION 18

6. PLAN
6.1. COLUMN ORIENTATION 20
6.2. FIRST FLOOR 21

7. STAAD-PRO DETAILS
7.1. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 23

7.2. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE 27

7.3. SHEAR DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE 32

7.4. BENDING MOMENT DETAILS 32

7.5. PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURE 33

3
8. MANUAL STRUCTURAL DESIGN
8.1. ONE WAY SLAB 42
8.2. TWO WAY SLAB 45
8.3. BEAM 50

8.4. UNIAXIAL COLUMN 55

8.5. AXIAL COLUMN 58

8.6. BIAXIAL COLUMN 60

8.7. FOOTING 65

8.8. STAIR CASE 67

9. CONCLUSION 71

REFERENCE 73

4
5
 LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject

area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period.
A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an
organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of
the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a
reshuffling, of that information. It might give a new interpretation of old material or
combine new with old interpretations. Or it might trace the intellectual progression of the
field, including major debates. And depending on the situation, the literature review may
evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant.

Vishwateja (April 2018): Planning and design of net zero energy

residential energy building: design of an On-Grid Solar Power System for the building
under consideration. As a part of the project a (G+1) storey residential building is
considered in order to compare the effective cost difference between the conventional and
Net-Zero Energy Residential Building (NZERB) .

The cost comparison between the two buildings has shown an

increase of in the cost of construction of Net-Zero Energy Residential Building
(NZERB) compared to conventional building. This increase in constructional cost is much
more less when compared to the overall maintenance of the conventional building

6
 1. ABSTRACT

The global energy scenario has undergone a drastic change in the last two becoming
increasingly important for human comfort and health point of view. It is estimated that almost
50% of global energy demand is due to buildings. Therefore, it has become necessary for a
change in the global scenario, environment and energy consumption which led to the approach
of green building and demand for alternative renewable energy sources like solar energy, Hydel
energy, Wind Energy, etc. Green building an energy optimized building which can also be
called as Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB) is one which uses less water, optimizes energy
efficiency, conserves natural resource, generates less waste and provides healthier spaces for
occupants as compared to a similar regular conventional building.

This project focuses on the structural design and analysis of a commercial bank
building net-zero energy building using STAAD. Pro Connect Edition. The building's structural
elements were designed to ensure stability and safety while minimizing material usage. Analysis
was conducted to evaluate the structural behavior under various loading conditions.

Manual design of an ON-GRID solar photovoltaic (PV) system is conducted. The

energy consumption of the building is first estimated based on the usage of electrical appliances,
including lighting, air conditioning, and computing [Link] design is optimized to
maximize solar exposure, ensure proper panel orientation, and minimize energy losses. On-grid
configuration allows surplus energy to be fed back to the utility grid, promoting energy
sustainability and economic benefits.

Finally, a cost comparison was performed between the proposed net-zero energy
building and a conventional building of similar design, highlighting the economic implications
of incorporating energy-efficient features. This comparison aimed to demonstrate the long-term
cost benefits of net-zero energy construction despite potentially higher initial investment.
Ultimately, this project suggests that investing in net-zero energy buildings is not just an
environmental imperative, but also a financially sound decision for a brighter, more sustainable
future.

7
 2. LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Ast - Area of Steel

Ast (Min) - Minimum Area of Steel
Ast (Pro) - Area of Steel Provided
Asc - Area of Concrete
D - Effective Depth
D - Overall Depth
H - Height Ratio
L - Length
B - Breadth
M - Bending Moment
Pa - Active Earth Pressure
Mu (supp) - Ultimate Moment at Supports
Mu (mid) - Ultimate Moment at Centre
Vu - Ultimate Shear Stress
Mu - Ultimate Moment of Resistance
Wu - Factored Load or Design Load
Fck - Compressive Strength of Concrete
fy - Yielding Strength of Steel
P - Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil
R - Rise
T - Tread
ɸ - Diameter of the bar
Lx - Effective length of shorter span of slab
Ly - Effective length of longer span of slab
Fsc - Stress in Compression Steel
Asc - Area of Compression Steel
Ag - Gross Area of Column
Pt - Percentage of Tension Reinforcement
Mu (limit) - Limiting Moment of Resistance
Sv - Spacing of Stirrups

8
3. INTRODUCTION

9
 3. INTRODUCTION

 IDEA

The core idea of this project is to design a commercial bank building that generates as much
energy as it consumes, ensuring long-term energy efficiency, cost savings, and
environmental sustainability. The project integrates advanced structural design
techniques with renewable energy solutions to create a resilient and energy-efficient
building structure. The concept of Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) has gained
significant attention in the modern construction industry, aiming to reduce energy
consumption and enhance sustainability. A commercial bank building is an ideal
candidate for achieving net zero energy due to its consistent energy demands and the
potential for renewable energy integration. This project focuses on structural analysis,
design using [Link] CONNECT Edition, and manual solar design to develop a
comprehensive approach for achieving net zero energy in a commercial bank building.

 OBJECTIVE
1) To analyze the single storey commercial bank building using STAAD Pro.
2) To obtain the results of Maximum shear force and Maximum bending
Moment for beams, Maximum axial force for columns.
3) To design the critical structural members of beam, column, slab,
footing using IS 456-2000.
4) To design an efficient solar power system manually, ensuring the
building meets its energy demands through on-site renewable energy
sources.

 PROCESSES INVOLVED
 To prepare the plans using AutoCAD.
 Analyzing the frame, using standard analysis software STAAD Pro for
load conditions as per IS 456-2000.
 Identifying the critical frame.
 Calculation of solar panel capacity based on building energy requirements.

10
 Cost comparison between conventional building and net zero energy building.

11
4. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF
BUILDING

12
 4. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF BUILDING

 SLABS

It is a structural member subjected to flexure and transmits imposed and

dead load to supports.

Imposed loads are the weights of occupants, furniture, machinery, weight

of snow and Dead loads are self-weight of slab and weight of flooring slabs fro
floors and roofs of building. Generally, they are assumed to carry uniformly
distributed loads. In most cases, slabs are analyzed for flexure only. Usually,
slabs are horizontal except in the case of staircase and ramps for stored car parks.
Beams and walls support slabs. The various types of slab provided are the
following,

• Simply supported slabs spanning in one direction (One-way slabs).

• Simply supported slabs spanning in two direction (Two-way slabs).
• Continuous slabs. (These slabs may be one way or two-way slabs).
• Cantilever slabs.
• Flat slabs.

Consider a slab panel supported on all this four sides. If the ratio of the
long span to the short span is greater than 2 the load on the slab is taken as
carried by the short span. Such a slab is considered as a one-way slab. If the ratio
of the long span to the short span is less than of 2, the load on the slab is carried
partly by the short span and partly by the long span. A greater part of the load is
carried by the short span.

A one-way slab is simply a wide shallow rectangular beam as far as analysis

is concerned. The reinforcing steel bars are spaced uniformly over its width. For the
sake of convenience, a one-meter width of the slab is considered for analysis, or

13
designed, as loads are generally specified in terms of load per square meter.
Hence, on a one-meter wide strip, this unit load becomes the load per linear meter.
The effective area steel Ast corresponds to a certain member of bars in the one-
meter width of slab.

 BEAMS:

Structural concrete beam elements are designed to support a given system of

external loads such as walls and slabs of roof and floor systems. The cross-sectional
dimensions are generally assumed based on serviceability requirements. The width
is fixed based on thickness of walls and housing of reinforcements and the depth is
selected to control deflection within safe permissible limits.

The reinforcements in beam are designed for flexure and shear forces
along the length of the beam based on structural analysis. The designed beam is
checked for the limit states of serviceability and safety against collapse.

The design problem has several solutions and is not unique since several
parameters such as material properties, cross-sectional dimensions and loads
control the design of reinforcements. The aim of the design should be to provide
economical designs consistent with safety and serviceability.

 TYPES OF BEAMS

1. Rectangular beams.

2. T-beams.

3. L-beams.

1. RECTANGULAR BEAMS

If the slab and beams cast separately then the beam designed as
rectangular beam. The rectangular beam further classified into two types.

14
 1. Singly reinforced rectangular beams.
2. Doubly reinforced rectangular beams.

The classification based on limiting moment.

2. T-BEAMS

The most common type of reinforced concrete floors and roof system
comprises slabs monolithically cast with floor beams in the span range of 5 to 10
m. In such cases, the compressive flange is made up of the width of rip and a
portion of the slab length on either side of the rib referred to as the effective width
of flange. Effective width of flange of T-beam. bf= (Lo / 6 + bw+ 6Df)

3. L-BEAMS

The edge beams which are cast monolithic with slabs on one side of the rib
only are designed as L-beams. Due to eccentricity of load transferred from the
flange. Torsion moments develop in the beams in addition to the bending
moments and shear forces.

The tensional and hogging bending moments are maximum at the support
sections. The support section of the L-beam is the most critical section subjected to
combined bending, torsion and shear and this section is designed according to the
provisions of the IS:456-2000 Code outlined in section of the text.

 COLUMNS:

A column is generally a compression member supporting beams and slabs

in a structural system and having an effective length exceeding three times the
lateral dimension. Load carrying capacity of a column is depending upon the
longitudinal steel and cross-sectional size of the column.

15
TYPES OF COLUMNS

1. Axially loaded column

Load is acting exactly at the centroid of column is called axially

loaded column.

2. Uniaxial eccentrically loaded column

Axial load and bending moment acting along one direction is

known as uniaxial loaded column.

3. Biaxial eccentrically loaded column

Axial load and bending moment acting along both directions is

known as biaxial loaded column.

 FOOTINGS

The foundation or footing is a very important part of the structure, located

below the ground level.

In footing the load coming from the column is transfer into the base at
dispersion angle of 45 degree. Generally, one-way shear or vertical shear failure
in columns occurs at sections (effective depth) from face of the column.

TYPES OF FOOTINGS

1. Shallow foundation

Depth of the foundation is less than or equal to width of footing is

called as shallow foundation

16
2. Deep foundation

Depth of the foundation is greater than width of footing is called as

deep foundation.

17
5 . INTRODUCTION TO
SOLAR PANELS

18
Solar Panel Systems are of two types .They are:

On-Grid System (Grid-Tied System):

 Connected to the electricity grid
 No need for batteries; excess power is sent to the grid
 Can draw power from the grid at night or during low sunlight
 Best for areas with a stable electricity supply
 Lower cost due to no battery requirement
Off-Grid System (Standalone System):
 Not connected to the electricity grid
 Requires batteries to store excess energy for nighttime use
 Ideal for remote areas without electricity access
 Higher cost due to battery storage and extra components
 Self-sufficient but requires careful energy management.

Solar Panels are of two types. They are:

 Monocrystalline
 Polycrystalline
Feature Monocrystalline Polycrystalline
Efficiency 18-22% (Higher) 15-18% (Moderate)
Appearance Black (Uniform) Blue (Speckled)
Space Needed Less space, more power per panel More panels needed for same power
Cost Expensive Affordable
Lifespan 25+ years 20-25 years
Performance in Heat Better Slightly less efficient

 Monocrystalline panels are best for limited space and higher efficiency.

 Polycrystalline panels are budget-friendly but need more space for the same output.

19
 Different types of Solar inverters :

On-Grid Inverters (Grid-Tied Inverters):

 Used in systems connected to the electricity grid
 No need for batteries; excess power is sent to the grid
 Can synchronize with grid voltage and frequency
 If the grid goes down, most standard on-grid inverters shut off for safety (unless they
have a battery backup).

Types of On-Grid Inverters:

 String Inverter – Connects multiple panels in series; cost-effective.

 Micro Inverter – Each panel has its own small inverter; improves efficiency.
 Hybrid Inverter – Can work with both the grid and batteries for backup power.

. Off-Grid Inverters (Standalone Inverters):

 Used in systems that are not connected to the grid

 Requires batteries to store excess energy for nighttime or cloudy days
 Provides stable power in remote locations
 In an off-grid house, a 5kW off-grid inverter with batteries ensures power even when
there is no sunlight.

Types of Off-Grid Inverters:

 Pure Sine Wave Inverter – Produces clean electricity, safe for all appliances.
 Modified Sine Wave Inverter – Cheaper but may cause issues with sensitive
electronics.
 Inverter with Inbuilt MPPT Charge Controller – Regulates battery charging for
efficiency.

20
21
1. GENERAL DETAILS
OF
THE PROJECT

22
 GENERAL DETAILS OF THE PROJECT

 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

1. Type of Building – Single Storey Commercial Bank Building

2. Types of foundation – Rectangular footing

3. Height of building – 3.35m from G.L

4. Total gross area of the building – 90.4816 sq.m

5. Column Size - 300X450mm

6. Beam Size – 300x380mm

23
2. PLAN

24
25
3. STAAD-PRO ANALYSIS

26
 7.1 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

GENERAL:

The frames can be analyzed either by 2D or 3D analysis.

2D ANALYSIS:

The 2D analysis methods are

1. Slope deflection method.
2. Moment distribution method.
3. Matrix stiffness method.
4. Conjugate beam method.
5. Matrix flexibility method.

3D ANALYSIS:

The members or pin - jointed space carry only axial forces provided the
loads are applied at the joints and the members are straight. The nature of the
stress in the members of a pin – jointed frame is the same whether it is a plane
frame or a space frame. A large number of pin – jointed frames commonly
encountered in practice, such as radio and transmission tower are 3D space
frames.
The 3D analysis methods are
1. Force method.
2. Displacement method.

27
SOFTWARE PACKAGE:

STAAD Pro V8i (SS6 Version) is the most popular structural engineering software
product for 3D model generation, analysis and multi – material design.
It has an intuitive, user friendly, visualization tools, powerful analysis and design facilities and
seamless integration to several other modeling and design products. For static or dynamic
analysis of bridges, containment structures, embedded structures (tunnels and culverts),
pipe racks, steel, concrete, aluminum or timber buildings, transmission towers, stadiums or
many other simple or complex structure, STAAD Pro has been the choice of design
professionals around the world for their specific analysis need.

ANALYSIS:
The design of multi-storied building is done by using structural package namely STAAD
Pro.

DESIGN CRITERIA:

Concrete grade : M25 N/mm2

Steel grade : HYSD Of Fe 415 N/mm2

Wind effect is not considered Earthquake effect is considered Member

sizes:
Beam : 450X300mm

Column : 450X300mm

Slab thickness : 150mm

Dead loads

Unit weight of the concrete :25 KN/m3

Unit weight of the brick :19.1KN/m3

Self-weight of the critical beam : 3.375 KN/m

28
 Self-weight of the column: 3.375 KN/m
Self-weight of the
slab
:3.35k
N/m
Live loads:
or commercial bank building : 4 KN/m2

Water tank load :10KN/m2

ANALYSIS:

The following ANALYSIS facilities are available in STAAD Pro

1. Stiffness Analysis/Linear Analysis.

2. Second Order Static Analysis

• P-Delta Analysis

• Non-Linear Analysis

• Multi Linear Analysis

• Member/Spring Tension/Compression only

3. Dynamic Analysis

• Time History

• Response Spectrum
We have already designed our building according to the stiffness Analysis/Linear
Static Analysis.

STIFFNESS ANALYSIS:

The stiffness analysis implemented in STAAD is based on the matrix

displacement method. In the matrix analysis of structures by the displacement method, the
structure is first idealized into an assembly of discrete structural components (framed
29
members or finite elements). Each component has an assumed form of displacement in a
manner which satisfies the force equilibrium and displacement compatibility at the joints.
Structural systems such as slabs, plates, spread footing etc., which transmit loads in 2
directions have to be discredited into a member of 3 or 4 nodded finite elements connected
to each other at their nodes. Loads may be applied in the form of distributed load on the
element surface or as concentrated loads at the joints. The plane stress effects as well as the
plate bending effects are taken into consideration in the analysis.

STAAD INPUT DETAILS:

The STAAD Input file represents our thought about what we want to analyze or
design with knowledge of the STAAD command language, any other person can also verify
the accuracy of work.
There are many ways to create structure in STAAD Pro
• Structure Wizard
• Staad Editor
• Using building planner
• Add Beam
• Add plate
• Copy and pasting the nodes

30
 STAAD EDITOR
1. STAAD SPACE DXF IMPORT OF FINAL SIMHA LINE INPUT FILE: C:\Users\DELL\
AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\INetCache\IE\0J3WZA2A\FINAL_SIMHA_D&A[1].STD
2. START JOB INFORMATION
3. ENGINEER DATE 15-MAR-25
4. END JOB INFORMATION
5. INPUT WIDTH 79
6. UNIT METER KN
7. JOINT COORDINATES
8. 1 0 0 0; 2 4.11 0 0; 3 8.23 0 0; 4 8.23 0 -3.66; 5 4.11 0 -3.66
9. 6 4.11 0 -4E-16; 7 0 0 -3.66; 8 8.23 0 -7.19; 9 0 0 -7.19; 10 8.23 0 -10.67
10. 11 4.11 0 -10.67; 12 4.11 0 -7.19; 13 4.115 0 -10.67; 14 0.005 0 -10.67
11. 15 0 -3.35001 0; 16 4.11 -3.35001 0; 17 8.23 -3.35001 0
12. 18 8.23 -3.35001 -3.66; 19 4.11 -3.35001 -3.66; 20 4.11 -3.35001 -4E-16
13. 21 0 -3.35001 -3.66; 22 8.23 -3.35001 -7.19; 23 0 -3.35001 -7.19
14. 24 8.23 -3.35001 -10.67; 25 4.11 -3.35001 -10.67; 26 4.11 -3.35001 -7.19
15. 27 4.115 -3.35001 -10.67; 28 0.005 -3.35001 -10.67; 29 0 -4.85001 0
16. 30 4.11 -4.85001 0; 31 8.23 -4.85001 0; 32 8.23 -4.85001 -3.66
17. 33 4.11 -4.85001 -3.66; 34 4.11 -4.85001 -4E-16; 35 0 -4.85001 -3.66
18. 36 8.23 -4.85001 -7.19; 37 0 -4.85001 -7.19; 38 8.23 -4.85001 -10.67
19. 39 4.11 -4.85001 -10.67; 40 4.11 -4.85001 -7.19; 41 4.115 -4.85001 -10.67
20. 42 0.005 -4.85001 -10.67
21. MEMBER INCIDENCES
22. 1 1 2; 2 2 3; 3 3 4; 4 4 5; 5 5 6; 6 5 7; 7 7 1; 8 4 8; 9 8 9; 10 9 7; 11 8 10
23. 12 10 11; 13 11 12; 14 13 14; 15 14 9; 16 1 15; 17 2 16; 18 3 17; 19 4 18
24. 20 5 19; 21 7 21; 22 8 22; 23 9 23; 24 10 24; 25 11 25; 26 12 26; 27 13 27
25. 28 14 28; 29 15 29; 30 16 30; 31 17 31; 32 18 32; 33 19 33; 34 21 35; 35 22 36
26. 36 23 37; 37 24 38; 38 25 39; 39 26 40; 40 27 41; 41 28 42; 42 20 15; 43 17 20
27. 44 15 21; 45 21 23; 46 23 28; 47 28 27; 48 27 24; 49 24 22; 50 22 18; 51 18 17
28. 52 21 19; 53 19 18; 54 23 26; 55 26 22; 56 19 16; 57 26 25
29. DEFINE MATERIAL START
30. ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
31. E 2.17184E+07
32. POISSON 0.17
33. DENSITY 23.5615
34. ALPHA 5.5E-06
35. DAMP 0.05
36. G 9.28137E+06
37. TYPE CONCRETE
38. STRENGTH FCU 27578.9
39. END DEFINE MATERIAL
40. MEMBER PROPERTY
41. 1 TO 57 PRIS YD 0.45 ZD 0.3
42. CONSTANTS
43. MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
44. SUPPORTS
45. 29 TO 42 FIXED
31
46. LOAD 1 LOADTYPE DEAD TITLE D L **WARNING- JOINT NO. 34 NOT
CONNECTED. OK, IF PART OF CONTROL/DEPENDENT. **WARNING- THIS
STRUCTURE IS DISJOINTED. IGNORE IF CONTROL/DEPENDENT OR IF
UNCONNECTED JOINTS.
47. SELFWEIGHT Y -1
48. LOAD 2 LOADTYPE LIVE TITLE L L
49. MEMBER LOAD
50. 1 TO 15 UNI GY -4
51. LOAD 3 LOADTYPE LIVE TITLE SLAB LOAD
52. MEMBER LOAD
53. 1 TO 15 42 TO 57 UNI GY -3.75
54. LOAD 4 LOADTYPE LIVE TITLE WALL LOAD
55. MEMBER LOAD
56. 1 TO 15 42 TO 57 UNI GY -10
57. LOAD 5 LOADTYPE LIVE TITLE WATER TANK LOAD
58. MEMBER LOAD
59. 1 5 TO 7 16 17 20 21 29 30 33 34 42 44 52 56 UNI GY 10
60. LOAD COMB 6 COMBINATION LOAD CASE 6
61. 1 1.5 2 1.5 3 1.5 4 1.5 5 1.5
62. PERFORM ANALYSIS PRINT ALL
P R O B L E M S T A T I S T I C S ----------------------------------
NUMBER OF JOINTS 42 NUMBER OF MEMBERS 57
NUMBER OF PLATES 0 NUMBER OF SOLIDS 0
NUMBER OF SURFACES 0 NUMBER OF SUPPORTS 14
Using 64-bit analysis engine.
SOLVER USED IS THE IN-CORE ADVANCED MATH SOLVER
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = 5, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 168
TOTAL LOAD COMBINATION CASES = 1
SO FAR.
63. START CONCRETE DESIGN CONCRETE DESIGN
64. CODE INDIAN
65. FC 25000 ALL
66. FYMAIN 415000 ALL
67. DESIGN BEAM

32
 IS 456 - 2000 BEAM DESIGN
RESULTS
====================================
=============== IS-456 L I M I T STATE
DESIGN
B E A M N O. 1

DESIGN RESULTS

M25 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 4110.0 mm SIZE:300.0 mm X 450.0mm

COVER: 30.0mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA ([Link])

SECTION 0.0 mm 1030.0 mm 2060.0 mm 3090.0 mm 4120.0 mm

TOP 339.69 0 0 0 255.00

REINF. (Sq. mm) ( ( ( (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 255.00 255.00 255.00 255.00 255.00

REINF. (Sq. mm) ( ( ( (Sq. mm)

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

SECTION 0 1030.0 mm 2060.0 mm 3090.0 mm 4120.0 mm

TOP 5-10d 4- 4-10d 4-10d 4-10d

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 4-10d 4- 4-10d 4-10d 4-10d

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2legged 8d legged 8d legged 8d 2

REINF. @ @ 160 mm c/c @ 160 mm c/c @ 160 mm c/c @

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF

THE SUPPORT
33
 SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 640.0 mm
AWAY FROM START SUPPORT
VY = 48.41
MX = 2.22
LD= 6
Provide 2 Legged 8d @ 160 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 640.0 mm

AWAY FROM END SUPPORT
VY = -41.07
MX = 2.22
LD= 6
Provide 2 Legged 8d @ 160 mm c/c

IS 456 - 2000 C O L U M N DESIGN RESULTS

=========================================================
IS-456 L I M I T S T A T E D E S I G N
C O L U M N N O. 16
DESIGNRESULTS

M25 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3350.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 300.0 mm X 450.0 mm COVER: 40.0 mm
GUIDING LOAD CASE: 6 END JOINT: 15 SHORT COLUMN
REQD. STEEL AREA : 587.89 [Link].
REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 73486.00 [Link].
MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 - 12 dia. (0.67%, 904.78 [Link].)
(Equally distributed)
TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 190 mm c/c
SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)
---------------------------------------------------------
Puz : 1695.12 Muz1 : 46.18 Muy1 : 29.76
INTERACTION RATIO: 0.98 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)
SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED (KNS-MET)
---------------------------------------------------------
WORST LOAD CASE: 6
END JOINT: 15 Puz : 1790.18 Muz : 66.30 Muy : 41.70 IR: 0.69

34
 7.2 ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE

GENERAL
The frames were identified from the building and the corresponding loads
were calculated using IS 875 (part-1), (part-2). The analysis of frames for the
vertical forces was carried by STAAD Pro Software.

ANALYSIS OF THE FRAME

FIG 1. 3D RENDERING IMAGE OF STRUCTURE

FIG 2. STRUCTURE PROPERTIES

35
FIG [Link] LOAD OF THE STRUCTURE

FIG [Link] LOAD ON STRUCTURE

36
FIG 5 . FLOOR LOAD OVER THE STRUCTURE

FIG [Link] OF THE STRUCTURE

37
Fig.7. STAAD analysis result

38
FIG [Link] RESULTS

39
 7.3 SHEAR FORCE DETAILS

FIG [Link] FORCE DETAILS

7.4 BENDING MOMENT DETAIL

FIG 10. BENDING MOMENT DETAILS

40
7.5 PROPERTIES OF THE STRUCTURE
AXIAL LOADED COLUMN

Fig 12. concrete design

Fig 13. bending moment

Fig 14. Deflection

41
UNIAXIAL LOADED COLUMN

FIG 15. CONCRETE DESIGN

Fig [Link]

42
 [Link] MOMENT

BIAXIAL LOADED COLUMN

Fig [Link] design

Fig 19. Deflection

Fig 30. Bending moment

43
 BEAM DETAILS

FIG [Link] DETAILS

FIG [Link]

FIG 33. BENDING MOMENT DETAILS

44
FIG 34:SHEAR FORCE DETAILS

45
 8. MANUAL DESIGN
OF
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC(PV) SYSTEM

46
We are adopting ON-GRID(GRID TIED SYSTEM) for our solar system design.
Step 1: Estimation of Wattage Consumption of the Building
To begin with, we calculate the total power requirement of the building based on the appliances
to be used.
Appliances Considered:
[Link] Appliance Quantity Power Rating (Watts) Total Power (Watts)

1 LED Bulbs 10 15 10 × 15 = 150

2 Ceiling Fan 1 35 1 × 35 = 35

3 Central AC (1.5 Ton) 1 1500 1 × 1500 = 1500

4 Personal Computers 6 200 6 × 200 = 1200

Total = 2885 W

Buffer Consideration:
To ensure reliability and handle fluctuations, a safety buffer is added.
 Final Estimated Load = 2885W + buffer ≈ 3000 Watts (or 3 kilowatts)

Step 2: Selection of Inverter Capacity

To match the power requirement, an inverter with a slightly higher capacity than the calculated
load is selected.
Chosen Inverter:
 Brand: UTL Solar
 Rated Capacity: 3.6 kW
 Efficiency: 98.5%
Justification:
 The inverter must handle the continuous load and potential peak surges.
 3.6 kW capacity ensures sufficient headroom above the 3 kW estimated load.
 High efficiency ensures minimal losses during DC to AC conversion.

47
Step 3: Selection and Sizing of Solar Panels
Solar Panel Specifications:
 Type: MONO-crystalline
 Wattage per Panel: 540 Watts
 Panel Dimensions: 2.1m × 1.0m
Calculation of Required Panels:
Number of Panels= Total Load (3000 W) = 5.56 ≈ 6 Panels
Wattage per Panel(540W)

Conclusion:
 Total Panels Required: 6 panels
 Total Installed Capacity = 6 × 540W = 3240 Watts (3.24 kW)
This slightly exceeds the load requirement (3 kW), allowing for losses due to:
 Panel derating over time
 Temperature effects
 Dust/shade
 Efficiency losses in wiring and conversion

Final Summary Table:

Component Specification
System Type ON-GRID (Grid-Tied)
Estimated Load 3000 Watts (3 kW)
Inverter Capacity 3.6 kW (UTL, 98.5% efficient)
Panel Type MONO-crystalline
Panel Wattage 540 Watts
Panel Size 2.1m × 1.0m
Number of Panels 6 Panels
Total Solar Capacity 3240 Watts (3.24 kW)

48
 Other Limit States

Structures designed for unusual or special functions shall comply with any relevant
additional limit state considered appropriate to the structure.

PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR

When assessing the strength of a structure or a structural member for the state of collapse,
the values of partial safety factor should be taken as 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel.

49
 8.1 ONE WAY SLAB

DATA:

Effective Shorter Span (Lx) = 1.5

m Effective Longer Span (Ly) = 3.5
m
Fck = 25KN/m2
Fy = 415 N/mm2
Dead load of the slab = 0.15 x 1 x 25 = 3.75
2
KN/m Live load = 2 KN/m2
Floor finishing = 1 KN/m2
Total load = 6.75 KN/m2

DEPTH OF THE SLAB:

Span/depth = 40 x 0.8
Depth = 3500/32
= 116.67 mm
So, take depth = 100 mm
EFFECTIVE LENGTH:
L = 3.5 + 0.3 = 3.8 m
Lx = 3.5 + 0.1 = 3.6 m
Ly = 1.5 + 0.1 = 1.6 m
Take, Width of Support = 0.3m

TYPE OF SLAB:

Ly/Lx = 3.6/1.6= 2.33>2

So it is one way slab

LOADS:

Dead load of the slab = 0.15 x 1 x 25 = 3.75

KN/m2
Live load = 2 KN/m2
Floor finishing = 1 KN/m2

Total load = 6.75 KN/m2

50
 Factored load = 1.5X5.05 = 7.575 KN/m2

FACTORED MOMENT:

Mu= (wdl2/8 +wll2/9) = (1.5 x 4.75) x (1.6)2 + 1.5 x 2 x (1.6)2

10 9

= 9.234 + 4.32 =13.55 KNm

Maximum shear force occurs at outer side of the support next to end support

Vu= 0.6 x (1.5 x 4.75 x 3.6) + (0.6 x 1.5 x 2 x 3.6)

= 21.87 KN

CHECK DEPTH:

MU = 0.138 x fck x b x d2

d = √((13.55 x 106/(0.138 x 25 x 1000))

d(req) = 62.67 < d(pro

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT:

Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d (1-(Ast x fy / b x d x fck))

13.55 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 (1-0.0001Ast)

Ast = 410.2 mm2

Using 10mm bars

S = (3.14 x 102 x1000 / 4 x 410.2) = 191.37 mm

Provide 10mm dia bars @150mm c/c

3.14/4
Ast(pro) =
150 𝑥 100 𝑥 1000 = 523 mm2

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

(3.14/4)100
Pt = 150 x 100 x 100

= 0.5%

51
 τc = 0.42 x 1.3
= 0.546
τv = Vu / bd
= (21.87 x 1000)/(1000 x 100)
= 0.21 N/mm2
Τc max = 1.4N/mm2
τc max > τv > τc

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION CONTROL:

Fs=0.58x415x(410.2/413.15)=238.98N/mm2

(l/d)pro = (3.39 x 1000)/100

= 33.9
(l/d)pro<(l/d)max

AREA OF DISTRIBUTION STEEL:

As=0.12x1000x100/100=120mm2

Sv = ((3.14/4)82 x 1000)/120 = 418.6mm

Provide 8mm bars @400mm spacing.

52
 8.2 DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLAB

DATA:

Shorter Span = 3.5m

Longer Span = 5m
Width of Support = 0.3m

Fck = 25 N/mm2

Fy = 415 N/mm2

DEPTH OF THE SLAB:

L/d = 40 x 0.8
d = 3500/32

Effective depth(d) = 125mm

Adopt 25mm cover

Over all depth (D) = 125 + 25 = 150mm

EFFECTIVE SPAN:

Centre to center distance = 3.5 + 0.15 + 0.15

= 3.8 m
d = 125mm
Clear span + d = Lx = 3.5 +
0.125
= 3.625m
Ly = 5 + 0.125 =
5.125M Ly/Lx =
5.125/3.625
= 1.41 < 2
So it is a two way slab.

53
 Self-weight of slab = 0.15 x 1 x 25 = 3.75KN/m2
Live load = 2KN/m2
Floor finish = 1KN/m2
Total load = 6.75KN/m2

FACTORED LOAD

Wu = (1.5 x6.75)

=10.125 KN/m2
Taken slab is having one long edge is discontinuous

MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT:

From IS 456, Table 26

Short span coefficient

αx (-ve) = 0.063 αx(+ve) = 0.047

Long span coefficient

αy(-ve) = 0.037 αy(+ve) = 0.028

Mux(+ve) = αxWlx2

= (0.047× 10.125 × 3.6252)

= 6.60 KN-m
2
M (-ve) = α Wl
ux x x

= (0.063 × 10.125 × 3.6252)

= 8.8 KN-m
2
Muy(+ve) = αyWl x

54
 = (0.028 × 10.125 × 3.6252)

= 3.9 KN-m
2
Muy(-ve) = αyWl
= (0.03x7× 10.125 × 3.6252)
= 5.19 KN-m

CHECK DEPTH:

Mu = 0.138 x 25 x 1000 x d2
8.8 x 106 = 0.138 x 25 x 1000 x d2
d = 50.5mm
Therefore ,d(pro)>d(req)
CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT:

Xu limit = 0.48 x 125

= 60
Mu limit = 0.36 x 25 x 1000 x 60(125-(0.42 x 60))

8.8 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 125(1-(415Ast/(1000 x 125 x 25))

194.9 = Ast -0.000As t2
Ast = 198.8mm2
Use 10mm bars
Spacing = ( (3.14/4)/198.9) x 1000
= 394.6mm
So ,provide 10mm bars at 125mm spacing
d = 125-10 =115mm
5.19 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 115(1-(415Ast/(1000 x 115 x 25))
124.9 = 0.0001Ast2 + Ast
Ast = 126.6mm2
Spacing = (78.5/(126.6))x1000
= 620mm

55
CHECK FOR SHEAR:

τc = Vu/bd
Vu = 10.125 + ((1.41)4/(1+(1.41)4) x (3.625/2))
= 11.57KN
τc = (11.57 x 1000)/(1000 x 125 )
= 0.09
Pt = (3.14 x 102 x 100)/(125 x 125)
Permissible basic = τc = 0.3 N/mm2
Permissible shear = 0.33 x 1.41 = 0.4
τc max = 0.5 x 2.8 = 1.4N/mm2
τc max > τv > τc
safe for shear.

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:

(l/d)prov =( 3.625 x 1000)/125

= 29
Fs =1.5
(l/d)max = 1.5 x 25 =37.5
(l/d)prov<(l/d)max
29<37.5
So deflection control is satisfactory.

56
57
 8.3 DESIGN OF BEAM

GIVEN DATA:

Effective depth(d) = 350 mm

Cover = 30 mm
D = 350 + 30 = 380mm
bw = 1/2d to 1/3d
= 350/2 to 350/2
= 175 to 116.667
bw = 150mm

EEFECTIVE SPAN:

Clear span + d = 5 + 0.35 = 5.35m

c/c distance = 5 + 0.3 =5.3m
take effective span : 5.3m

FLANGE WIDTH:

bf = (l0/6 + bw + 6Df )
l0 = 0.7 x effective span
= 0.7 x 5.300
= 3710mm
=((3710/6) + 150 + (6 x 100)
= 1370mm

LOADS:

A = 2 x 0.5 x 1.75 + (1.5 x 1.75)

= 5.6875m2
Total area = 2 x 5.6875
= 11.375 m2

58
LOAD CALCULATION:

Dead Load from slab = 0.3 x 0.38 x 5 x 25/5

= 2.85 KN/m
Dead load of the slab = (11.375x 0.1) x 25
= 28.4375 KN
Weight of wall = 5 x 0.3 x 2.7 x 20
= 81
Floor finish = 11.375 x 1
= 11.375
Total dead load = 24.1625KN/m
Live load = Area x 2
=( 22.75/5) KN/m
4.55KN/m
Factored load (dead load) = 1.5 x 24.1625
= 36.24375 + 2.85
= 39.093 KN
Factored load (l) = 1.5 x 4.55
= 6.825 KN
Wd = 39.093 KN
Wl = 6.825 KN
Total load = 45.918 KN

Bending moment = ((Wd l2)/10 + (Wl l2)/9)

= ((39.093 x 5.32)/10 + (6.825 x 5.32)/9)
= 131.113 KNm

59
SUPPORTS:

131.113 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 350 (1-(415Ast/(1370 x 350 x 30))

Ast = 1070.61 mm2
Provide 16mm dia bars then a = (3.14 x 162 /4)
= 201.061 mm2
No of bars = 1070.61/201.061 = 6 bars
Ast provide @supports = 6 x 201.061 mm2

@centre:
BM = (Wd l2/16) + (Wl l2/12)
=((39.093 x 5.32)/16 + (6.825 x 5.32)/12)
= 34.608KNm
84.608 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 350 (1-(415Ast/(1370 x 350 x 30)))
Ast = 682.99mm2
Provide 16mm dia bars
ast = 3.14 x 162/4
= 201.061mm2
No of bars = 682.99/201.061
= 4bars
Ast provided @centre = 4 x (3.14 x 162 )/4 = 804.24mm2

Design of shear reinforcement :

Pt = (1206.6 x 100)/(150 x 350)

= 2.3
From IS456 table no 19
τc = 0.886 N/mm2
Vu = 0.465 x 45.918 x 5.3
= 113.164 KN

60
 τv = Vu / bd
= (113.164 x 1000)/(150 x 350)
= 2.14 N/mm2
From table 20
T τv max = 3.5

N/mm2 τc max > τv

> τc Vus = Vu – τc
bd
=113.164 x103 – 0.886 x 150 x 150
= 66649 N
Spacing
Vus = (0.87 x fy x Ast x d)/sv
Using 2 legged 8mm dia fe415 as verical stirrups
Ast = ( 2 x 3.14 x 82)/4
= 100.530mm2
Sv = (0.87 x 415 x 100.530 x 350)/66649
= 190.606mm
Minimum spacing allowed = 0.75 d
= 0.75 x 350
= 262.5 mm
Hence provided 2 legged ,8mm dia fe 415 stirrups through at 200mm c/c.

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION :

Pt = 2.3
Fs = 0.58 x (682.99/804.24) x 415
= 204.411 N/mm2

61
Ast(req) = 682.99 mm2
Ast(pro) = 804.24 mm2
Modification factor = f1 = 0.9
f2 = 1.41
bw /bf = 150/1370 = 0.019
f3 = 0.8
(l/d)max = 0.9 x 1.41 x 0.8 x 30
= 30.456
(l/d)pro = 5300/350 = 15.14 < 30.456
Hence deflection is satisfactory.

62
Reinforcement distributed equally on Four sides
‘p’ percentage of reinforcement

p/FCK=0.02
p=0.02x30
=0.6
AREA OF STEEL

AS=0.6X300X450/100
=810 mm2
Provide 12 mm bars
as=113.1 mm2
No. of bars =8
Provide 8 bars of 12mm dia.

LATERAL TIES

Provide 8mm dia bars

Maximum spacing =16x diameter of bar
=16x12
=192 mm

Hence, Provide 8mm dia bars of spacing 150 mm.

63
 8, 12mm dia bars

300mm
450mm

8mm dia c/c 150mm

Uniaxial column

64
 8.4 DESIGN OF AXIAL LOADED COLUMN

DATA

Column size =300x450mm

Load=2000 KN

Gross area= 300x450=135000 mm2

‘p’ percentage of reinforcement

PU=0.46 FCK AC +0.67 FY ASC

From the above equation, calculate p value

Hence, p= 3.02

AREA OF STEEL

ASC =(3.02/100) X135000

=4077 mm2

Provide 20 mm dia bars .

Area of 20 mm dia bars=314.159 mm2

No. of bars = 4077/314.16

= 12.984

Hence provide 14 mm dia bars.

65
9. CONCLUSION

66
 CONCLUSION

 The sole purpose of a residential building has been achieved in order to facilitate
the people with all the facilities that were required to lead a proper life style.
 It provides stable living environment
 It provides potential investment opportunities
 Gives a sense of security and belonging. .
 Additionally residential buildings contribute to community development and
cohesion by creating spaces for familities to thrive and communicate to grow.
 overall having residential building is not just about having a place to live, but
also fostering personal and societal well being .
 Using staadpro for the design and anlysis of of a residential
Building offers several advantages:
o Provide accurate structural analysis
o Efficient different design iterations
o Enhances overall structural integrity and safety
 [Link]’s comprehensive features makes it a valuable tool for architects
and engineers in creating resilient and functional residential structures.

67
10. REFERENCES

68
 REFERENCES

CODE BOOKS REFERRED

1. IS:456-2000
2. SP 16
3. IS:875 (Part 1) & (Part 2)
4. National Building Codes (NBC)

BOOKS REFERRED

1. Reinforced Concrete Structures – B. C. Punmia

2. Design of RCC Elements – N. Krishna Raju

69