Grammar

1. Articles
2. Prepositions
3. Question Tags
4. Subject Verb Agreement
5. Transformation of Sentences
6. Tense
7. Voice
8. Direct and Indirect Speech
9. Connectives
10. Conditional Sentence
11. Causative verbs
 1. ARTICLE

The adjectives A/An and The are generally called articles.

They come before nouns.
2. There are two types of articles: i) Indefinite article- a/an
ii) Definite article- the.
3. A or An is called the indefinite article as it indicates the
people or things in general sense. (indefinite means not fixed-
any).
For example = A doctor - that is, any doctor.
A teacher (that is, any teacher), an umbrella (that is, any
umbrella)
4. The is called the definite article, because it points out a
particular person or thing.
Examples:
I saw 'a man' lying on the road. A policeman came and took 'the
man' to hospital. (Now the same man who is referred to in the
previous example.)
 ‘The’ is called the Definite Article, because it normally
points out some particular person or thing (fixed). He saw
the doctor - meaning some particular doctor.
 Indefinite article (a, an) is used before singular countable
noun e.g. a book, an orange, a girl.
The definite article is used before singular countable nouns,
plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns, e.g., the
book, the cars, the milk.

Where to use 'a' or 'an'?

The choice between 'a' or 'an' is determined by sound.
The article 'a' is used before a countable noun that begins with a
consonant sound, Whereas the article 'an' is used before a
countable noun that starts with a vowel sound. (A - E - I - O - U
VOWEL LETTERS)
AN
For example, an orange, an apple, an ink-pot, an ass, an enemy,
an umbrella, ------- A E I O U
an hour, an honest man, an heir, an M.A. etc.
Note: You can easily notice that the words 'hour', 'honest' and
'heir' begin with a vowel sound, as the initial letter 'h' is silent.
(take care the sound not letters –a-e-i-o-u)

A
Examples:
A donkey, a monkey, a ruler, a woman, a yard, a hole,
a university, a union, a European, a ewe, a useful person, a
unicorn, a B.A. etc.
Because the words such as university, union, European, ewe,
useful, unicorn, etc. begin with a consonant sound, i.e. /j/ 'o',
we use the article 'a' before all these words.
Likewise, we say: a one-rupee note, a one-eyed person, a
one-man show, etc.
Note: You can notice that in the above phrases 'one' begins with
a consonant sound, i.e. /w/. Therefore, we should always use the
article 'a' before one.
Before a word beginning with a consonant sound a is used; as, a
boy, a deer, a woman, a horse, a hole,
also a university, a union, a European, a ewe, a unicorn, a
useful article.
it is because these words (university, union, etc.) begin with
a consonant sound, that of u.
Similarly we say, a one-rupee note, a one-eyed man,
because one begins with the consonant sound of w.
Note- Confusing words:
1. use ‘an’ before the nouns beginning with silent /h/
g. An hour, an heir, an heiress, an honest man, an honorable
person, an heirloom
2. Use ‘a’ before a singular noun that begins with vowel letter
with consonant sound:
Eg. a ewe, a European, a eucalyptus, a union, a
unicorn, a unit, a usage…, a university, a uniform, a
utensil, a user, a U-turn…, a useful/useless…, a
universal.., a unique.., a one eyed man, a one way
ticket
3. Sound of the first abbreviated letter:
Use ‘an’ with = an SMS, an SOS, an M.A. / M.B.A, an H.A., an
F.M. station, an ELT textbook, an SEE candidate, an NTC staff
(F, H, L, M, N, R, S, X)
(but a SAT score, a UFO, a UNESCO office) IELTS

Use of the Definite Article

The definite article 'the' is normally used:

1. When we speak of a particular person or thing, or one
already referred to:
The book on the table is mine.
The girl with a long nose is my sister.
I helped the man who came to me.
He bought a bicycle. The bicycle was made in China.
2. When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole class:
The cow is a useful animal.
The rose is the sweetest of all flowers.
3. With Superlatives:
Prerana is the best student in her class.
(Positive -comparative-superlative)
Prashant is the tallest boy in his group.
Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
(best/ tallest/ highest are Superlatives)
4. With names of gulfs, rivers, seas, oceans, groups of
islands, and mountain ranges:
(a) Oceans and seas, e.g. the Pacific, the Indian Ocean, the Black
Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea
(b) Rivers, e.g. the Ganga, the Nile, the Gandaki, the Thames
(c) Canals, e.g. the Suez Canal
(d) Deserts, e.g. the Sahara
(e) Groups of islands, e.g. the West Indies
(f) Mountain-ranges, e.g. the Himalayas, the Alps
(g) A very few names of countries, which include words like
republic and kingdom (e.g. the Irish Republic, the United
Kingdom, also: the Ukraine, the Netherlands, the USA, the
USSR, the Philippines)
5. With ordinals: (First, second, third, fourth, fifth…are ordinal
numbers.)
Pritija was the first girl to arrive at the party.
The fifth chapter of this novel is very boring.
6. Before the names of certain great books:
The Ramayan, The Mahabharat, The Geeta, The Bible, The
Kuran, The Vedas, the Puranas, the Iliad, etc. But we say-
Homer's Iliad, Valmiki's Ramayana.
7. Before the unique nouns:
The earth, The sky, The universe, The sun, The moon, etc.
8. Before the musical instruments (when we play them):
The madal, The piano, The guitar, The flute, etc.
I am playing the piano. I have a piano.
9. Before the names of newspapers:
The Kathmandu Post, The Rising Nepal, The Himalayan Times,
etc.
10. Before some countries:
The USA, the UK, the USSR, the Philippines, the Netherlands,
etc.

11. Before the names of ships:

The Titanic, The Mary Celeste, etc.

12. Before the parts of day:

in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon

13. When something is mentioned second time:

He bought a bicycle. The bicycle was made in China.
14. Before the names of direction and poles:
The west, the east, the north pole, the south pole

15. Before names of the periods of history:

The Victorian age, The Renaissance, the Modern age
16. Before names of nationalities / religious/ races/ positions
or posts
The Nepalese, the Hindus, the Prime minister, the President

17. Before the names of scientific innovations:

The computer, the telephone, the television

18. Before proper and abstract nouns to make them

common:
Bal Krishna Sum is the Shakespeare of Nepal.
She is the beauty of the town.

19. Before an adjective used as noun; as:

The poor are always with us.

20. As an adverb with comparatives; as:

The more the better.
The more they get, the more they want.
Exercise:
Complete the following sentences by filling in a, an or the as
appropriate:-
1. Copper is --- useful metal.
2. He is not --- honorable man.
3. --- able man has not always a distinguished look.
4. --- reindeer is a native of Norway.
5. Honest men speaks -------- truth.
6. Who is ….second person to climb the mountain?
7. I waited for ……….hour.
8. Varanasi is ------ holy city.
9. Aladdin had ------- wonderful lamp.
10. He is ------ honour to this profession.
11. He returned after ------- hour.
12. --- school will shortly close for the Puja holidays.
13. --- sun shines brightly.
14. I first met him --- year ago.
15. Yesterday --- European called at my office.
16. Sanskrit is -a-- difficult language.
17. -the-- Ganga is -a-- sacred river.
18. Lion is -the-- king of beasts.
19. You are --a- fool to say that.
20. French is --an- easy language.
21. Who is --the- girl sitting there?
22. Which is -the-- longest river in India?
23. Ranjith has come without -an-- umbrella.
24. Mumbai is -a-- very dear place to live in.
25. She is -an-- untidy girl.
26. The children found --an- egg in the nest.
27. I bought horse, ox, and --a- buffalo.
28. If you see him, give him -a-- message.
29. English is language of -the-people of England.
30. The guide knows --the- way.
31. Sri Lanka is -an-- island.
32. Let us discuss -the-- matter seriously.
33. Louis got -the-- best present.
34. Man, thou art --an- animal. (archaic words------you
are-)
35. India is one of --the- most industrial countries in Asia.
36. He looks as stupid as -an-- owl.

Exercise
1. Amrita is ………useful member in our club. (a, an, the)
2. This is ……..place which I like to visit most. (a, an, the)
3. He plays ……. guitar well. (a, an, the)
4. Nile is ……..longest river in the world (a, an, the)
5. It is ….one rupee note. (a, an, the)
6. That is ………..book I like most. (a, an, the)
7. She is ……………..MBBS doctor (a, an, the)
8. Mr. Joshi is …….honorable person. (a, an, the)
9. We played ……football yesterday. (a, an, the, no article)
10. New Zealand is …..island. (a, an, the)
11. There is …..ewe beside him, (a, an, the)
12. John is from ……village. (a, an, the)
13. Peter is from……USA. (a, an, the)
14. I like……computer. (a, an, the)
15. Who invented……telephone? (a, an, the)
16. …………milk in the bottle is fresh. (A, An, The)
17. Don't hate………….poor. (a, an, the)
18. Honesty is ----- best policy. (a, an, the)
Hw///////

2. Preposition:
Shows Relation of noun or pronoun in a sentence.
Comes before noun or pronoun.
Examples: at, in, on, with, round, around, by, to, towards, into,
onto, across, along, among, between, through, of, off, for, since
Generally there are three types of prepositions:
1- preposition of time
2- Preposition of place
3- Preposition of motion
4- Other

Preposition of time: at, on, in

a. At
Tomorrow I will come at 5 O’clock. (Of the clock)
Clock time = at
Day break = at
He could not sleep at night.
He could not sleep in the night.

b. on
I will go to school on Sunday. (in /on/ at)
Day = on
On Monday
day of the month=on
On 25th oct 2020.
 I was born in 2004
I was born in winter
I was born in March
I was born on 25th Oct.
I was born at noon.
I was born at 3 pm.
One special day= on

c. in
My father will come in July. (in on at)
Month/ year/season/period = in
I was born in 2008.
Farmers plant rice in rainy season. (in on at)
I will go home --on--Dashain. (in at on)
He called me in the morning. (in on at )

Place
At --on –in
1. At
Fixed place. Point, chowk, market, symbol
I will see you at the school gate.
I will meet you --in- school. (in on at)
2. On- sth. On surface
 On table
On the wall
On flight
On the bus journey (in the bus)
In the car / in taxi
Conventional rules
3. In – inside some where, boundary, area, not a point

4. Off = sth falls from surface

My book fell off the table.
5. Of – shows relation or possession
The house of my uncle
Death by disease = of
She died of cancer.
- Quantity = a glass of water.
- Age = a girl of 15 years
- Made up of- materials used
- This house is made up of brick
6. Into = in from outside = motion
The child fell into the well.
 The child ran into the house.
7. Onto = on by motion
He kept the book on to the table
8. To- one place to another- destination
I go to school daily.
Some period of time: I study English from morning to night
Purpose- mother went to market to buy clothes.
Indirect object= he gave some money to the poor.

9. Towards – near the place

The thief ran away towards the jungle.
To indicates fixed place/destination
Towards is nearby /around that area
10. With
She came with her father.
I played with my friends.
Something carried
The man with suitcase is our manager
Tools /instruments
I write with my pencil.
Mother cuts vegetable with a knife.
 Physical parts/ features of a person
The girl with long hair

Personal experience-
With pleasure.
Handle it with care.

11. By.
Future perfect tense. I will have done my homework by
tomorrow.
Means of transportation - By bus/plane/train
Passive structure…v3 by subject.
Common expression:
By mistake/ by chance, by the way
Mode of payment- Should I pay by cash or cheque
3. QUESTION TAGQUESTIONS

Question tags are the short questions that we put on the end of
sentences– particularly in spoken English. We use question tags
to make confirmation.

(1) Question Tags.

It is a common practice in conversation to make a statement and
ask for confirmation; as,
'It is very hot, isn't it?' The later part ('isn't it?') is called a
question tag. The pattern is (i)

auxiliary+n 't +subject, if the statement is positive, (7) auxiliary

+ subject, if the statement is negative.
(i) It's raining, isn't it?
You are free, aren't you?
She can swim well, can't she?
Gopi broke the glass, didn't he? ( no auxiliary= do ,
does, did)
Your sister cooks well, doesn't she?
(ii) You aren't busy, are you?
She can’t swim, can she?
Mohan doesn't work hard, does he?
They haven't come yet, have they?

Learn these basic rules of question tags:

1. Only pronouns are used in question tags.
 A) David has a car. -----main verb----------doesn’t he?
 B) David has gone. --------auxi. +v3------hasn’t he?

Has / have / had---------------auxi / main verb

(replace full stop by comma. Question mark at last )

David has a car, doesn’t he? (NOT doesn’t David)

2. We use contracted form of not (n’t) in question tags.
You live near here, don’t you? (NOT do not)
3. If the main part of the sentence is positive, the question
tag is negative.
He’s a doctor, isn’t he?
You work in a bank, don’t you?
(If there is no auxiliary, use do, does, did)
4. If the main part of the sentence is negative, the question
tag is positive.
You haven’t met him, have you?
She isn’t coming, is she?
5. If the main part of a sentence contains an auxiliary verb,
then the question tag is made with the auxiliary verb.
They’ve gone away for a few days, haven’t they?
They weren’t here, were they?
He had met him before, hadn’t he?
This isn’t working, is it?
6. If the main part of the sentence doesn’t have an auxiliary
verb, the question tag uses an appropriate form of ‘do’.
(do and does in simple present tense and did in simple past
tense. Does – singular, do -- plural)
 I said that, didn’t I?
You don’t recognize me, do you?
 She eats meat.
She eats meat, doesn’t she?

7. When there’s ‘have’ as a main verb, it takes ‘do’ in

question tag, (if no v3 after has/have/had)
  He has a car.
He has a car, doesn’t he?
Sita has her meal at 12, doesn’t she?
8. If there is a modal verb (will, shall, can, could etc.) in the
main part of the sentence, the question tag uses the same
modal verb.
They couldn’t hear me, could they?
You won’t tell anyone, will you? will not =
won’t
9. Be careful with question tags with sentences that start ‘I
am/I’m’. The question tag for…
 ‘I am’ is ‘aren’t I?’
 I am the fastest. (no amn’t I)
I’m the fastest, aren’t I?
10. The statements containing the subjects like: someone,
somebody, nobody, anyone, no one, none, everybody,
everyone etc., we use ‘they’ as their pronoun.
 Everybody has come. (They takes have)
Everybody has come, haven’t they?
(When we use ‘they’ as a pronoun we should use plural verb in
question tag, in the example ‘have’ is used in the tag not ‘has’)
11. If the statements contains the subjects like: something,
nothing, everything, anything, we use ‘it’ as their pronoun in
question tag.
 Something is lost.
Something is lost, isn’t it?
12. If the statements contain the words like: nothing, no one,
none, hardly, rarely, scarcely, they are treated as negative
sentences and we use positive tag.
She has never been to Kathmandu, has she?
He hardly goes to school, does he? (No doesn’t
he?)
13. With imperative sentences, we use ‘will you’ in question
tag. (Imperative sentence begins with main verb, do, don’t,
let)
Open your book, will you?
Shila, go to your class, will you?
Don’t make noise, will you?
Let me do the task alone, will you?
14. We use the question tag ‘shall we’ with the sentence
starting ‘Let’s’.
Let’s go, shall we?
(be careful = Let / Let’s)
15. ’d rather’ means ‘would rather’ and ’d better’ means
‘had better’
You’d rather go home, wouldn’t you?
You’d better leave the room now, hadn’t you?

16. With the subject ‘all’, we can use the pronoun ‘it’ or
‘they’ depending on the situation.
All is well, isn’t it? (Here, all is singular)
All are well, aren’t they? (Here, all is plural)

Exercise
Complete the following sentences with correct question tags:
1. Ram will go to market tomorrow,…won’t he….?
2. The students play football,…………....?
3. Rita and Shyam had their lunch,..…….?
4. Rohit does not go to temple,…………..?
5. Don't make a noise,…………………?
6. Somebody is coming here,…………...?
7. Nobody helped me,…………………………?
8. Everything is in well condition,……………?
9. None of them are bad,……………..?
10. You and she did it, ……………………..?
11. I am too tired, ……………..?
12. She'd do it in time, ……………..?
13. They'd written homework,……………..?
14. I'd rather go for a walk, ……………..?
15. You'd better do it,……………..?
16. There was nothing at all,……………..?
17. This is a book,……………..?
18. Let us play football,……………..?
19. Let's play football, ……………..?
20. All was sold, .. ,……………..?
21. She's running now, ……………..?
22. All are well,……………..?
23. You and I'll go there, ,…………..?
24. She's writing some poems all the day yesterday,
……………..?
25. You must keep quiet, ……………..?
26. Students have to study hard, …………?
27. Give me a glass of water,……………..?
28. He hardly talks in English,……………..?
29. Let's set the table for dinner, ……………..?
30. You want to borrow money from me again,……………..?
31. Let's sing a song, ……………..?
32. Nobody speaks the truth,……………..?
33. Linda, along with Tom and Shally, has joined the swimming
class,……………..?
34. Sarala has never been to Pokhara, …………?

Exercise B:
1. It's very hot today, ---
2. You like him,---.
3. Kishore will come, ---.
4. We must hurry, ---.
5. He will never give up, ---.
6. Your father is a doctor, ---.
7. You have tea for breakfast ---.
8. I didn't hurt you, ---.
9. You aren’t going out, ---.
10. They have sold the house, ---.
11. I needn't get up early tomorrow, ---.
15. He didn't paint it himself, ---.
13. Gopal hasn't passed the exam, ---.
14. They will go home soon, ---.
12. It isn't ready yet, ---.
13. Gopal has’nt passed the exam, ---.
14. They will go home soon, ---.
15. He did’nt paints it himself, ---.
16. I am right.
17. Let's go to the beach, ------?
18. Wait a minute.
19. Have some more rice.
20. There is a mosque in that street.
21. There are some girls in your class.
22. Somebody has called.
 2. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

We need to use verb according to the subject

Subject and verb should agree to each other.
Look at these examples.
Go, went gone going goes
V1 +s/es = v5- singular verb
Has = singular / have = plural
 A girl wears a skirt. (A girl wear a skirt)
 Girls wear skirts. (Girls wears skirts)
 She/ He has a red balloon. (She have…./ He have )
 They have a red balloon. (They has a red balloon)
In the above examples, a girl, she and he are singular subjects
and agree with singular verbs wears and has.
Similarly, girls, and they are plural subjects and agree with
plural verbs wear and have.
Singular subjects (he, she, it, a boy, milk, etc) + singular verbs (is, was, has, does,
v5 )

Plural subjects (they, we, you, boys, people, etc) + plural verbs (are, were, have,
do,v1).

Study the different forms of verbs.

present verb plural (v1) past verb v 2 present verb singular (v 5 )
go went goes
sleep slept sleeps
play played plays
study studied studies
write wrote writes
fly flew flies

1. Look at these examples.

Singular subjects Plural subjects
(a) He sleeps. They sleep.
(b) A boy was there. Many boys
were there. (c) A child likes chocolates.
Children like chocolates. (d) A dog has a tail.
Dogs have tails.
Singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take
plural verbs.
Is = are
Am = are
Was = were
Has = have
Do = does
2. Look at these examples.
News, physics, measles, politics … + sing. verbs
 Bad news …travels……fast. (travel)
 Politics is a dirty game.
 Physics was taught by Mr. Sagar Regmi.
News, physics, politics, innings, measles etc are singular
subjects although they look like plural and come with singular
verbs (is, was, has, does, v-s/es).

3. Look at these examples.

Somebody was in the hall.

Nobody has completed the work.
Everything is all right.
Somebody, someone, nobody, nothing, everybody, everything,
everyone etc are treated as singular subjects and come with
singular verbs (is, was, has, does, v-s/es).

4. Look at these examples.

Every boy and girl was invited in the party.

Every man and woman has to work.
Each boy meets the principal one by one.
Each packet contains fresh juice.
Subjects with every or each agree with singular verbs.

5. Look at these examples

There is a suitcase in the apartment.

There are suitcases in the apartment.
There was a dog in the hall.
There were dogs in the hall.

Each/every + sub …. + sing. verbs

There + is, was, has, does, v5 + sing. Noun
There + are, were, have, do, v1 + plural noun

If the subject of a sentence is there, it agrees with singular verbs

if the noun used after it is singular and it agrees with plural
verbs if the noun is plural.
6. Look at these examples.
 One of his friends was walking into the room.
 Either of his books is torn.
 Neither of her sisters works in a clinic.
 Each of my workers has helped me a lot.
One of, either of, neither of, and each of come with plural nouns
and agree with singular verbs (is, was, has, does, v-s/es)

7. Look at these examples.

Either a boy or a girl visits the zoo every Saturday.
Either boys or a girl visits the zoo every Saturday.
Neither boys nor girls visit the zoo every Saturday.
The subjects with either… or, neither…nor, or etc, agree with
the verb according to the second subject.

8. Look at these examples.

The number of restaurants in the city is very expensive.
In Kathmandu, a number of restaurants are very expensive.
The number of boys has failed in maths.
A number of boys have failed in maths.
The number of + plural nouns agrees with singular verbs.
A number of + plural nouns agrees with plural verbs.
9. Look at these examples.
More than one girl has drunk milk.
More than ten girls have drunk milk.
All the books were borrowed from the library.
All the milk was spilt over.
Some boys do not live with their parents.
Some sugar was added in his tea.
Most of the notebooks have been checked.
Most of the money has been spent.
Half of the books contain good poems.
one of is either of was neither of +plural nouns + has each of
does, v5
The verb agrees with the immediate subject.
The number of + plural nouns + sing. verbs
A number of + plural nouns + plural verbs determiners +
uncountable noun / sing. noun + is, was, has, does, v5
determiners + plural noun + are, were, have, v1
Half of the book contains good poems.
Two third of the guests were having food.
Two third of the work was completed.
If the determiners more than, all, some, most of, a lot of, half of,
a quarter of, two third of, a good deal of, rest of, some of, none
of, etc. come with uncountable and singular countable nouns, the
subjects are singular and they agree with singular verbs.
If these come with plural countable nouns then they agree with
plural verbs.
10. Look at these examples.
A bouquet of flowers was given to each nurse.
A series of books was published last year.
A team of players has decided to play the next tournament.
A bouquet of, a series of, a herd of, a team of, etc come with
plural nouns and agrees with singular verbs.

11. Look at these examples.

Ten kilometers is a long distance.
Two plus two makes four.
Ten thousand rupees is a big amount for me.
Certain units, measurements, distance, amounts and arithmetic
calculations agree with singular verbs.
12. Look at these examples.
Slow and steady wins the race. (he goes)
Bread and butter is my favorite food. (if taken as a single meal)
His bag and baggage was there.
The principal and English teacher…is there.
The principal and the English teacher …are there.
Two nouns giving one single meaning agree with singular verbs.
13. Look at these examples.
The Police catch thieves.
The police are…
The police man is…
My trousers have been ruined.
These goods do not look nice.
The cattle are grazing in the field.
People, public, cattle, poultry, scissors, spectacles, trousers,
wages, shorts, goods, thanks etc are plural nouns and agree with
plural verbs.
14. Look at these examples.
You as well as I are going to London.
The condition of these workers was very bad two years ago.
The juice in these packets is fresh. metres, litres, yards, rupees,
kilometers, etc + is, was, has, does, v5 people, public, cattle,
poultry, + are, were, have, do , v1 English 9 The apples in this
basket are rotten. In case of the subjects with as well as, of, in,
on, with, together with, along with, like, in addition to, etc, the
verb agrees with the number of the first subject.
15. Look at these examples.
The writer and the editor were present in the party. (Different
persons)
The dancer and the actor are in the room.
The writer and editor was present in the party. (Same person
with two posts)
The dancer and actor is in the room.
If and joins two subjects in a sentence, the subject generally
agrees with plural verbs but singular verb should be used when
there is article only with the first subject. In such case, both the
subjects refer to the same person.
Exercise H.W.
1 Everybody... ... ... to get success. (want/wants/have wanted)
2 All her money... ... ... kept into her pocket. (is/are/have)
3 One of his cousins... ... ... from Boston. (comes/come/coming)
4. A number of girls... ... ... fighting in school.
(was/were/have)
5. Five thousand dollars. .. ... ..too much for that bus.
(is/are/have)
6. Every member of the club... ... ... present today. (is/are/am)
7. Five miles... ... ... very long distance. (is/are/were)
8. Prerana and Prashant ……… good friends. (is/ are/has)
9. She, with her parents, ... . . . . . going to the zoo. (is/are/
have)
10. Neither a dog nor a cat ….in the room. (was/were/are)
11. All that glitters ………not gold. (is/are/were)
12. The manager, with his friends,……arrived at office
(have/has/are)
13. Bread and butter………..a wholesome food. (is/are/have)
14. No news……..good news. . (is/are/have)
15. Two and two …………four. (make/makes/will make)
16. Good news………..always good for us. (is/are/were)
17. Every boy and every girl………….to me carefully.
( listens/ listen/ listening)
18. One of the arguments…….that the hill was only
imaginative. (is/are/have been)
19. Rita or Rama ……to me today (come/ comes/ have come)
20. Fifty rupees……..nothing to buy anything. (is /are/ have)
21. Fifteen kilometers………..not a short distance for a walk
in a day (is /are/ have)
22. Time and tide…………for none. (wait/ waits/ waited) for
none.
23. The crew…………arrived recently. (has/ have/ are)
24. Neither he nor she………………anything. (know/ knows/
knows)
25. The teacher, together with students,……..presented the
paper. (has/ have/ are)
26. People in Nepal……….simple and honest (are/ is / am)
27. The number of students in our school……….increasing.
(is/ are/ have been)
28. Horse and carriage………at the gate. (are/ is/ come)
 29. Sima as well as her friends………..present today. (is/
am /are)
30. More than one boy………..dancing. (is/ am /are)

Part Two: Revision

1. Rule One:
When two nouns / pronouns are joined by ‘and’ we use
plural verb.
 Ram and Shyam are coming.
 China and India are our neighbors.

2. Rule Two:
Two nouns joined by ‘and’ just like in rule 1, but giving one
single meaning agree with singular verbs.
 Slow and steady wins the race.
 Bread and butter is my favorite food. (if taken as a single
meal)
 His bag and baggage was there.
 The principal and English teacher is there.

3. Rule Three:
If ‘and’ joins two subjects in a sentence, the subject generally
agrees with plural verbs but singular verb should be used when
there is article only with the first subject.
 The writer and the editor were present in the party.
(Different persons)
 The dancer and the actor are in the room.
 The writer and editor was present in the party. (Same
person with two posts)
 The dancer and actor is in the room.
If ‘the’ is used before both nouns, it means two persons, and
agrees with plural verb.
 The principal and the English teacher are there.
Same rule applies with articles a/an:
 A white and black gown was bought by her.
 His wife and his mother were standing besides

4. Rule Four:
When two nouns are joined by as well as, together with, in
addition to, no less than, rather than, including, unlike, in
addition to, we use verb according to the first noun.
 The captain along with the sailors was drowned.
 The sailors along with the captain were drown.
 My father unlike my uncles is very strict.
 5. Rule Five:
The subjects with either… or, neither…nor, nor, or, etc, agree
with the verb according to the second subject.
 Either the boys or a girl visits the zoo every Saturday.
 Either the boy or the girls visit the zoo every Saturday.
 Neither boys nor girls visit the zoo every Saturday.
 Neither you nor I is/am/are perfect.
 Either the manager or the clerks are dishonest.

6. Rule Six:
Collective noun followed with plural nouns take singular
verb.
 The herd of cows is grazing.
 Fifty thousand is a handsome salary.

7. Rule Seven:
People, public, police, cattle, poultry, scissors, spectacles,
trousers, wages, shorts, goods, thanks etc are plural nouns and
agree with plural verbs
The Police catch thieves.
The police man catches thieves.
The cattle are grazing. The cattle is grazing.
The police man is…
My trousers have been ruined.
These goods do not look nice.

8. Rule Eight:
Some words look like plural but they are singular, and take
singular verb:
News, physics, measles, politics
 Bad news travels fast. (travel)
 Politics is a dirty game.
 Physics was taught by Mr. Sagar Regmi.
News, physics, politics, innings, measles etc are singular
subjects although they look like plural and come with singular
verbs (is, was, has, does, v-s/es).

9. Rule Nine
After ‘one of the’, we use plural noun but singular verb
 One of the boys has done homework. (have)

10. Rule Ten.

More than one----
After ‘more than one’ we use singular noun and singular verb:
More than one man was present there.

16. Look at these examples.

Somebody was in the hall.

Nobody has completed the work.
Everything is all right.
Somebody, someone, nobody, nothing, everybody, everything,
everyone etc are treated as singular subjects and come with
singular verbs (is, was, has, does, v-s/es).

17. Look at these examples.

Every boy and girl was invited in the party.

Every man and woman has to work.
Each boy meets the principal one by one.
Each packet contains fresh juice.
Subjects with every or each agree with singular verbs.
18. Look at these examples

There is a suitcase in the apartment.

There are suitcases in the apartment.
There was a dog in the hall.
There were dogs in the hall.

Each/every + sub …. + sing. verbs

There + is, was, has, does, v5 + sing. Noun
There + are, were, have, do, v1 + plural noun

If the subject of a sentence is there, it agrees with singular verbs

if the noun used after it is singular and it agrees with plural
verbs if the noun is plural.

19. Look at these examples.

 One of his friends was walking into the room.
 Either of his books is torn.
 Neither of her sisters works in a clinic.
  Each of my workers has helped me a lot.
One of, either of, neither of, and each of come with plural nouns
and agree with singular verbs (is, was, has, does, v-s/es)

20. Look at these examples.

The number of restaurants in the city is very expensive.
In Kathmandu, a number of restaurants are very expensive.
The number of boys has failed in maths.
A number of boys have failed in maths.
The number of + plural nouns agrees with singular verbs.
A number of + plural nouns agrees with plural verbs.
21. Look at these examples.
More than one girl has drunk milk.
More than ten girls have drunk milk.
All the books were borrowed from the library.
All the milk was spilt over.
Some boys do not live with their parents.
Some sugar was added in his tea.
Most of the notebooks have been checked.
Most of the money has been spent.
Half of the books contain good poems.
one of is either of was neither of +plural nouns + has each of
does, v5
The verb agrees with the immediate subject.
The number of + plural nouns + sing. verbs
A number of + plural nouns + plural verbs determiners +
uncountable noun / sing. noun + is, was, has, does, v5
determiners + plural noun + are, were, have, v1
Half of the book contains good poems.
Two third of the guests were having food.
Two third of the work was completed.
If the determiners more than, all, some, most of, a lot of, half of,
a quarter of, two third of, a good deal of, rest of, some of, none
of, etc. come with uncountable and singular countable nouns, the
subjects are singular and they agree with singular verbs.
If these come with plural countable nouns then they agree with
plural verbs.
22. Look at these examples.
x
23. Look at these examples.
Ten kilometers is a long distance.
Two plus two makes four.
Ten thousand rupees is a big amount for me.
Certain units, measurements, distance, amounts and arithmetic
calculations agree with singular verbs.
24. Look at these examples.
The Police catch thieves.
The police are…
The police man is…
My trousers have been ruined.
These goods do not look nice.
The cattle are grazing in the field.
People, public, cattle, poultry, scissors, spectacles, trousers,
wages, shorts, goods, thanks etc are plural nouns and agree with
plural verbs.
25. Look at these examples.
You as well as I are going to London.
The condition of these workers was very bad two years ago.
The juice in these packets is fresh. metres, litres, yards, rupees,
kilometers, etc + is, was, has, does, v5 people, public, cattle,
poultry, + are, were, have, do , v1 English 9 The apples in this
basket are rotten. In case of the subjects with as well as, of, in,
on, with, together with, along with, like, in addition to, etc, the
verb agrees with the number of the first subject.
26. Look at these examples.

1. TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES
Transform = to change
Change the sentence type / structure
1. Affirmative sentence (subject- verb - object)
2. Negative and (SUB +AUXI+NOT….)
3. ‘Yes/No’ question (interrogative) (auxiliary + Subject +
Verb + Object)
(Take care of Tense – verb- auxiliary-)
 If there is no auxiliary then use do verb
 I teach English.
Do verb = do/ does/ did
Do – plural subject in present tense
Does- singular subject present tense
Did – singular/ plural in past tense.
He is reading. He was reading.
Verb- action/ auxiliary

Singular subject = use does plural subject = use do

He /she /it they

A boy, a girl, a man people

Place name, many places

Country You -
I - do
HE IS A STUDENT - HE ISN’T A STUDENT
She was a farmer. She wasn’t a farmer
They have played game. They haven’t played game. (has /have/
had + v3= auxiliary)
 I have a sister. I haven’t a sister. I have finished my work
(If there is no auxiliary verb then use do verb)
Neg. - I don’t have a sister.
  I have a black pen. I have a white pen. I haven’t a black
pen.
Neg. - I don’t have a black pen.
(don’t+V1 / doesn’t + v1 / didn’t +v1)
She has a good pen. She hasn’t a good pen.
She doesn’t have a good pen.
(have v1- had v2- had v3 – has v5) (do v1 – did v2 – done v3–
does v5)
 Plural subject+ do/ v1
They have a good book. = They don’t have a good book.
 Singular subject + does / v5

I like white colour. I don’t like white colour.

He is a tall boy. He isn’t a tall boy
(do, does did= work as main verb- we need another do verb)
I have many friends. I don’t have any friends.
She does her homework. She doesn’t do her homework.
He plays cricket. Sub +auxi not… He doesn’t play cricket.
We are happy. We aren’t happy.
I have a dog. I haven’t a dog. I don’t have a dog
I have friends. I don’t have friends
He is a smart boy. He isn’t a smart boy.
She speaks English. She doesn’t speak English.
They do their work. They don’t do their work.
She does her work. She doesn’t do her homework
He has a banana. He hasn’t a banana.
He doesn’t have a banana.
They have books. They don’t have books.

I have my online class today. I don’t have my online class today.

My father works at office. My father doesn’t work at office.
She went to school. She didn’t go to school.
He sang very nicely. He did not sing very nicely.
I cut my finger yesterday. I did not cut my finger yesterday.
She cuts her finger. She doesn’t cut her finger.
He has cut his finger. He hasn’t cut his finger.
They read books. They don’t read books.
They read books yesterday. They didn’t read books yesterday.
Statement/ Negative/ Question
Yes/ No question- (interrogative?)
Put auxiliary verb at the front----- then others same (s v o) .
add (?) at last.
If there is no auxiliary verb, then add do verb.

1. They do their work.

Neg- They don’t do their work.
Y/N – Do they do their work?
2. She does her work.
Neg - She doesn’t do her work.
Y/N – Does she do her work?

(i) Mr Gurung will attend the meeting.

(a) Mr Gurung won’t attend the meeting. (will not = won’t)
(b) Will Mr Gurung attend the meeting?
(ii) I have bought some sweets.
(a) I haven’t bought any sweets.
(b) Have I bought any sweets?
(iii) He teaches in a college.
 (a) He does not teach in a college.
(b) Does he teach in a college?
In the given examples, the negative word ‘not’ is added to the
auxiliary verbs to change the sentences from affirmative to
negative, and the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject to
make a ‘Yes/No’ question.
24 auxiliary verbs\helping verbs:

Is ,am, are, can /could, shall / should, will / would

was ,were, may/ might / must
has, have, had, used to / ought to
do ,does ,did, need / dare

‘Yes/No’ question always begins with an auxiliary verb.

The word ‘some’ is generally changed into ‘any’ in both
negative and question forms but not always.
Where there is no auxiliary verb in the given statement, we need
the help of ‘do’ verb to change it into negative and question
forms.
He reads English. (sub+v5+obj)
Neg= Subject + auxiliary + not + verb + object.
He reads English.
He does not read English. (v5= does not + v1)
Question= Auxiliary + sub +verb + obj (auxiliary in the front-
others same)
Does he read English?
Some other negative words can also be used to write the
sentences in negative and question.
They are like – not, no, none, neither, never, seldom, hardly,
rarely, scarcely etc.
He hardly goes to school.
He seldom goes to school.
Study the following rules for negative and question forms.
Negative ‘Yes/No’ Question –
Sub + Aux + not + V..+..O... - Aux + sub + v...o...?
‘Some’ becomes ‘any’ ‘some’ becomes ‘any’
‘must’ becomes ‘need not’ (in general) ‘must’ – no change
‘already’ becomes ‘yet’ ‘already’ becomes ‘yet’
‘just’ becomes ‘lately’ ‘just’ becomes ‘lately’
‘either.... or’ becomes ‘neither.... nor’
‘and so’ becomes ‘and neither’ (Neg.)
‘always’ becomes ‘never’ (Neg.)
‘often’ becomes ‘seldom’ (Neg.)
‘sometimes’ becomes ‘ever’ (Neg.)
When the given sentence is in the Simple Present or in the
Simple Past tense and there is no auxiliary verb, then, we use
‘do’ verbs.
When the main verb is in the form of
(i) v1 - ‘do +….. v1’
(ii) v5 (v + s/es, present) - ‘does + ……….v1’
(iii) v2 (past) - ‘did + ......v1’
When ‘do’ verb and ‘have/has’ verb are used as the main verb in
the sentence, we take the help of ‘do’ verb again to make them
‘negative’ and ‘question’. For example,
She does her work carefully.
She does not do her work carefully.
Does she do her work carefully?
He had his lunch with me. (have v1 / had v2 / has v5)
 He didn’t have his lunch with me.
 Did he have his lunch with me?

Some other sentences:

1. Let’s play volleyball. (neg)
Let’s not play volleyball. (let’s – let’s not)
  Let’s go out = Let’s not go out.
2. Let him do it.
Don’t let him do it. (let = don’t ;let)
Let him come = don’t let him come.

Imperative sentence = (that begins with verb, there is no

subject) – Add don’t in the beginning to make it negative.
3. Stop it!
Don’t stop it
 Go out!
Don’t go out
 Keep silence!
Don’t keep silence

4. You’d better take rest.

You’d better not take rest.

5. They’d rather go home.

They’d rather not go home.
 He’s ---- (is…./ has +v3)
He’s reading.
He’s done his work. ---has
I’d rather/ better
You’d = had/ would
Had better / would rather + not ---

6. Everybody was present. Everybody wasn’t present.

Nobody was present.
 Everyone is happy.
No one is happy
7. Some of my friends are helpful.
None of my friends are helpful.
8. Mira always wears red sari.
Mira never wears red sari.
9. Hari frequently visits Ilam.
Hari hardly visits Ilam. (hard+ly=hardly)
10. Either Hari or Ram is there.
Neither Hari nor Ram is there.
11. I am fine too.
 I’m not fine either.
12. They have already finished their work.
They haven’t finished their work yet.
13. She always goes to temple.
She seldom goes to temple.
14. He is as tall as his father.
He isn’t so tall as his father.
15. He has got a lot of money.
He hasn’t got much money.
16. She is a student and so am I.
She isn’t a student and nor am I.
17. Open the door.
Don’t open the door.
Will you open the door?

Exercise
1. Mina always plays volleyball. (Neg
Mina never pays volleyball.
Does Mina ever plays volleyball?
2. Radhika put some sugar in her tea.
Radhika didn’t put any sugar in her tea.
Did Radhika put any sugar in her tea?

3. Sulekha cut her finger. (Neg. / Y.N.)

Sulekha didn’t cut her finger.
Did Sulekha cut her finger?
4. She loves dancing.
She doesn’t love dancing.
Does she love dancing?
5. Hari passed the exam. (Neg. / Y.N.)
Hari didn’t pass the exam.
Did Hari pass the exam?
6. Rojan meant to say that. (Neg./ YN)
 Rojan didn’t mean to say that.
 Did Rojan mean to say that?

7. He had a sound sleep yesterday. ()

 He didn’t have a sound sleep yesterday.
 Did he have a sound sleep yesterday?
8. Did she speak well? (Change into statement/ neg.)
She spoke well.
She didn’t speak well.
9. I have already called him twice. (Change into negative/ YN)
 I haven’t called him yet.
 Have you called him yet?
10. He teaches either history or geography. (Change into
negative)
11. We went to the party. (Change into yes/no question)
12. She has a bike. (Change into negative)
13. She had already done her homework. (Change into negative)
14. I didn't like it. (Change into statement)
15. I had had a nice dream.
16. We go to cinema once a week.
17. They drank coffee.
18. Sushma is singing a song.
19. I had a swim yesterday.
20. He has his breakfast at 7:30.
21. They have some problems.
22. Students do their homework.
23. We did it very well.
24. You have to go to school daily.
25. She had to work hard.
They are not students. ( change into statement)
- They are students.
Do you love me? ( change into statement).
- You love me.
He hadn’t visited Pokhara. ( change into statement)
- He had visited Pokhara.
We did it very well.
- We didn’t do it very well.
- Did we do it very well?
I had had a nice dream. I had finished work.
- I hadn’t had a nice dream.
 TENSE:
TENSE

Present Past Future

PRESENT TENSE

Present tense shows the current action that is going to be

performed. It has four types which are briefly described here.
1. Simple Present Tense

Structure: Subject + V1\v5 + object

Plural Subject = V1
They
People
We Go, play, read, write
you
 Ram and Shyam
I
,

Singular v5 =s/es
He
She
It
Name Goes, plays, reads, writes, lies
Gopal
Mina
Boy girl
Place

Examples:
a. I take exercise daily. = subject + v1 + object +
others
They play. she plays
She reads a book in the library. Sub+v5+obj+others
Sony always gets up early.
Slow and steady wins the race.
The park opens at 9 o’clock.
Do you see that clock?
I love chocolate.

2. Present Continuous Tense

Structure:
Subject + is/am/are + Verb(ing) + Object
Example:
a. He is playing football. = Sub+is/am/are+Ving /v4 +obj
b. I am studying in a high school.

Is = singular
Am= I
Are = plural

I am teaching. You are listening. I am writing. She is reading.

It is raining outside.
I am sitting in the sun.
The children are shouting.
What are you doing?

3. Present Perfect Tense

Structure:
Subject + Has/have + Verb (v3) +Object
Example:
1. He has made this colorful chart. = sub+has/have+v3+O
2. I have completed my assignment.
3. They have played cricket.
4.

Has = singular subject

Have = plural / I subject
The work started in the past and ended just now.
 To talk about our experience.
Ex. I have visited Pokhara.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Structure:
Subject + Has/have + been + Verb(+ing) +Object
Example:
1. I have been completing my assignment for the last three
days.
Subject + has/have +been + V4 + Object……

2. She has been working in this department since 2017.

3. I have been teaching at HA for 2 years.
4. I have been teaching at HA since 2018.
Since = fixed time /date
For = period of time (starting time/ date is not fixed)

We use since / for with Present perfect continuous tense

( some work we have been doing for long time)

PAST TENSE
Past tense expresses the actions that happened in the past. It has
also four types.
5. Simple Past Tense
Structure:
Subject + Verb (v2) +Object
Example:
1. He completed the assignment.
Subject + V2 + Object
2. I read the newspaper. Read=V1v2v3
Stories / news report / news story

6. Past Continuous Tense

Structure:
Subject + was/were + Verb(+ing) +Object
Example:

1. He was reading the book.

Subject + was / were + V4 + Object

2. I was going to the park for a morning walk.

3. They were eating food.
4. We were dancing in the party.
5. She was doing her homework.
6. People were sitting in the chautary.

7. Past Perfect Tense

Structure:
Subject + had + Verb (v3) +Object
Example:
1. I had finished my homework.

Subject + had + V3 + object

2. He had completed his task when it rained.

3. She had cooked food.
4. He had met me in the party.
5. She had washed her hands.
6. The baby had cried before her father came.
7. She had never visited Africa.
8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Structure:
Subject + had + been + Verb(+ing) +Object
Example:
1. He had been completing his assignment for the last two
hours.
Subject + had been + V4 + Object ……
2. I had been playing football since morning.

Homework
Write 10 sentences using past perfect tense and past perfect
continuous tense .

FUTURE TENSE
Future tense expresses the actions that have not happened yet
OR “the actions that will likely to happen in future”. Its four
types are described here.
9. Simple Future Tense
Structure:
Subject+ will/shall+ verb(v1) +Object
Example:

1. I shall go to the park for a walk. (I, WE =

shall)

2. She will perform her duty.

Subject + shall/ will + V1 + Object

10. Future Continuous Tense

Structure:
Subject + will be/shall be + verb(+ing) +Object
Example:

1. He will be playing football.

Subject = shall/will +be + v4 (ing) +Object

2. We shall be eating the meal.

3. She will be cooking in the kitchen.
4. They shall be dancing in the party.
5. She will be working in the hospital after her exam.
6. Mina will be going to take a bath.
7. He will be feeding his dog.
8. People shall be reading the books.

11. Future Perfect Tense

Structure:
Subject + shall/will have + verb(v3) +Object
Example:
1. He will have played football.
Sub= shall/ will + Have +V3 +object
2. I will have completed my assignment.
3. He will have jumped in muddy puddle.
4. They will have finished the work by five o’clock.
5. They will have opened the door.
6. She will have closed the shop.
7. They will have worked for 2 hours.

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Structure:
Subject + shall/will have been + verb(+ing) +Object
Example:
He will have been watching the football match for over fifty
minutes.
He will have been cooking food.
My dad will have been teaching in the college.
Subject +shall/will have been +V4 +Object

TENSE USE
The Simple Present Tense
Simple Present Tense Pp6f o:tf] Tense xf] h'g o:tf
sfdx¿af/] atfpF5, h;sf] s'g} ;Ldf x'Fb}g . k|foM o;
Tense sf] k|of]u :yfoL sfo{, lgoldt ¿kn] ul/g] sfo{,
tYox¿, s'g} j:t'sf] cl:tTj, cg'ej atfpg, ;fdfGo
sfo{x¿ cflb atfpgsf] nflu ul/G5 .
The Simple Present Tense is used in the following situations.
1. Habitual actions/repeated actions –
He often ……..to temple. (go, goes, went, gone)
They never play cricket.
I always get up at 5 o’clock.
He sometimes visits new places.
S+v1/v5+o-------
They do not drink wine.
She ….. a bath every day. (takes, took, has taken)
Mina ……… her teeth twice a day. (brushes, brushed, has
brushed)

2. General/universal truths and proverbs -ljZjJofkL ;To

s'/f
A cow eats grass.
It is cold in the winter.
The sun rises in the east.
The earth …is…. round like an orange. (be)
3. Fixed timetable or routine work -lglZrt ;dotflnsf
cg';f/sf] sfo{_
A butcher sells meat in the morning.
The exam starts from the next month. (start, started, starts)
The meeting starts sharp at 4pm.
4. English proverb:
Man is mortal.
All that glitters is not gold.
Honesty is the best policy.
Slow and steady wins the race.
Negative and Interrogative Sub+ Auxi+not +verv+object
Is /am/ are/ was/ were/ Has /have / had ought to
Will/ shall/ should/ would Do /does /did used to
May / might /must/ can / could , need /dare

'Do/does' is used to make a simple present statement negative or

interrogative.
Note: Use of 'do' forms: do for V1(with plural subjects, I and
you) does for V5 (with singular subjects)

He likes cricket. (Auxi--- do-did-does)

Yes/no question or interrogative= Aux + subject + verb 1+
object
Does he like cricket ?
She loves small children.. .. (does + V1/ Did + v1/
Do +v1)
Negative –She doesn’t love small children.
Interrogative – Does she love children? Interrogate- to ask
question
Time adverbials that are generally used with the simple present
tense are: always, never, often, seldom, sometimes, every day,
once/ twice/ thrice a day/week/ month/year, nowadays, rarely,
usually, generally, frequently, daily, hardly, occasionally, etc.

The Present Continuous Tense

Look at these sentences.
Priti is writing a letter. Priti is not writing a letter. Is Priti
writing a letter?
Boys are playing basketball. Boys are not playing basketball.
Are the boys playing basketball?
The above sentences are in the present continuous tense. The
verb form used in this tense is 'is/am/are + V4'. We use 'not' to
make it negative and keep the auxiliary is, am, are before the
subject to make interrogative.
This tense is used to express the action that is going on at the
time of speaking or temporary actions. It is also called Present
Progressive Tense.

Present Continuous Tense sf] k|of]u o:tf] sfo{sf] nflu

ul/G5 h'g af]ln/x]sf] jf n]lv/x]sf] ;dodf x'G5 . o; tense
nfO{ csf]{ zAbdf Present Progressive Tense klg elgG5 .
This tense is used to express the following:
2. Action that is going on at the time of speaking
Ramesh is reading a story now.
They are working in the field at present.
Look! He is coming here.
She is still sleeping in her room.
Don’t make a noise. The baby is sleeping.
Wait! I am coming.
Hurry up! The train ….. whistling. (is, was, has been, will be)
This tense is used with: now, still, at present, at this moment,
nowadays, these days, Look!, Listen! Wait!, Keep quite! Hello!
Hurry up! etc.

3. The fixed and decided future planning or arrangements

We ………. Dakshinkali tomorrow morning. (visit/ will visit /
are visiting). Everything has been ready.
Sudha is flying to Thailand next week. She has bought a ticket.

4. After ‘but today/ but now’ as:

She always walks slowly but today she is walking fast.
I always watch news but now I am watching sports.
Present Continuous Tense sf] k|of]u k|foM lgDglnlvt
[Link] ul/G5 M c:yfoL sfo{sf nflu . lgs6 eljiodf 36\
g] cyjf x'g] sfo{sf nflu . af]ln/x]sf] jf n]lv/x]sf]
sfo{sf nflu, cflb .

1.C. The Present Perfect Tense

Look at these sentences.
Prashant has written a letter. S+has/have+v3+o
We have visited Janakpur.
Prashant has not written a letter. Negative=Auxi+not
We have not visited Janakpur.
Has Prashant written a letter? Question/interrogative=auxi+
………
Have we visited Janakpur?
The present perfect tense is used to describe an action that
occurred in the past, but has a connection to the present. The
auxiliary verb "have/has" is used with the present perfect tense.
The verb form is 'have/has+V3'.
To make it negative, 'not' is inserted after 'have/has' and to make
interrogative, has/have is placed before the subject.
Present Perfect tense n] Pp6f o:tf] sfo{ jf 36gf b]vfpF5
h'g e"tsfndf x'G5 t/ o;sf] ;DaGw jt{dfg;Fu x'G5 . The
present prefect tense is used to express the followings.
1. Recent past actions
Rita has just arrived from the office.
Sunil has already taken dinner.
Our students have recently joined college.
Rama has written five poems.
Present incomplete actions
We have not finished the task yet.
I have never climbed the Mt. Everest.
Have you ever seen a live tiger?
Past actions with present result/ effect
She has broken her leg. She cannot walk even today.
I have prepared the meal. You can take it now.
Actions started in the past but are still going on
I have known you since last year.
He has not seen me for a year.
1.d. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Look at these sentences: long time
I have been writing a letter for three hours.
They have been quarrelling since 8 o'clock.
Has Sunoj been playing football for six hours?
What has she been doing here since last year?
For = period of time (don’t know the starting time)
Since = point of time (we know when the work started)
The above sentences are in the present perfect continuous tense.
The form of the verb used is 'has/have been +V4'.
We use not to make it negative and keep the auxiliary has, have
before the subject to make interrogative.
We use the present perfect continuous tense to express an action
that has already been started in the past but it is still going on in
the present time. It is used to show the prolonged action with
for/since + time or all + period of time.
She has been walking in the rain for four hours.
The workers have been waiting for the manager all this morning.
They have been working in this factory since 2001.
We use the present perfect tense to express the completed
actions but the present perfect continuous tense expresses the
actions without any reference of completion.
She has been writing a novel. She has written five pages so far.
They have been cleaning the house for two hours. They have
already cleaned two rooms.
I have been watching TV for five hours. I have watched three
serials up to now. o; Tense sf] k|of]u Pp6f o:tf]
36gf÷sfo{sf] nflu x'G5 h'g e"tsfndf k|f/De eO{
since+ point of time / for+ period of time)
jt{dfg ;do;Dd :jefljs eGbf a9L ;d ;Dd clj/n ¿kn]
3l6/x]sf]÷eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
In other words, we can say that the present perfect continuous
tense is used when the action started in the past, the action
continued at the time of speaking/writing, or the action just
finished at the time of speaking/writing.
The statement answers "how long" an action has been
happening. The action has happened continuously without
stopping.
2. PAST TENSE
2.a. The Simple Past Tense
Look at these sentences:
Suman met me last week.
We ate lunch at school.
Suman did not meet me last week. Did not+V1/ Do
not+V1
We did not eat lunch at school. Does not + V1
Did Suman meet me last week? Yes /No question
Where did we eat lunch? WH
The above sentences are in the simple past tense.
The verb used in this tense is 'V2'. We use did not +V1 to
make its negative and keep the auxiliary did before the subject
to make interrogative.
In the negative and interrogative sentences, V1 is used after
'did'. But in cases where 'be verb' and 'have" are used, we use
the same instead of 'did'.
Be verb= is /am/are/was/were
The simple past tense is used to express the past actions. It is
generally used with yesterday, ago, last, those days, in + past
point of time, etc.
She came here yesterday.
They gave me some books two weeks ago.
Madan visited Pokhara in 1987.
We came here last month.
The simple past tense is used to express the sequence of two
past actions when they occurred at the same time and the
second action happened due to the result of the first one.
When I…phshed.. her, she fell down. (push)
The dog barked when he hit it.
As soon as I saw the house, I decided to buy it.
Some more points:
The simple past tense is used when the action happened in the
past. The action/event is completed /finished before the time
of speaking. The time or/and place is stated or understood.
The length of the event/action is not important.
2.b The Past Continuous Tense
Look at these sentences:
Sarita was talking to her friends.
We were watching a movie.
Sarita was not talking to her friends.
We were not watching a movie.
Was Sarita talking to her friends?
What were we watching?
The above sentences are in the past continuous tense. The form
of verb used is 'was/were + V4'. We use not to make it negative
and keep the auxiliary was, were before the subject to make
interrogative.
The Past Continuous tense expresses the action that was going
for some time in the past time. This tense is used with all + past
time and also with the time clauses when and while to express
the sequence of two past actions.
She was reading a novel all yesterday.
They were crossing the road when I saw them.
I saw him while he was crossing the road.
The past continuous tense is also used to express the action
happened at a specific time.
There was an interruption while …….. the action. (perform)
(when+v2 / while+ving)
Two actions were happening at the same time.
Past Continuous tense nfO{ Past Progressive tense klg
elgG5 . o; Tense sf] k|of]u k|foM lgDg cj:yfdf ul/G5 M
s'g} sfd olb s'g} vf; ;dodf eO/x]sf] eP . s'g} sfd
eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf s'g} afwf ePdf. s'g} b'O{ sfd
Ps} ;dodf ePdf.
For Example.
We were studying English yesterday at 10.00. (the action
happened at a specific time – 10.00 )
I was eating dinner when the phone rang. ("eating" is the action
that was being performed.) ("the phone rang" is the action that
interrupted.)
The dogs were not playing in the yard when something ate your
flowers. Were you sleeping when I called last night?
Was your mother cooking all night?
2.c. The Past Perfect Tense
Look at these sentences:
She had finished her painting.
We had visited Pokhara.
She had not finished her painting.
We had not visited Pokhara.
Had she finished her painting?
Where had we visited?
The above sentences are in the past perfect tense. We use 'had +
V3' in this tense. We use not to make it negative and keep the
auxiliary had before the subject to make interrogative.
The past perfect tense is used to express the occurrence of two
past actions in a sequence in which one action had already
completed before another action started.
This tense is generally used with the time clauses like when,
after, before, by the time, as soon as, etc.
When the doctor came, the patient had already died.
He met me after his father had gone away.
She had finished all her work before she went out.
As soon as I had written the letter, I posted it.
Before the police arrived, the thief had run away.
By the time we reached home, it had been dark.
We generally use the simple past tense with the verb wish and
the past perfect tense with the verb wished.
I wish I bought a bike.
I wished I had bought a bike.

3.2d The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Look at these sentences:
He had been working on computer before I phoned him.
They had been working in the field for four hours.
They had been playing football in the rain since 2 o’clock.

The above sentences are in the past perfect continuous tense.

The verb used in this tense is 'had been + V4'. We use not to
make it negative and keep the auxiliary had before the subject to
make interrogative.
The Past Perfect Continuous tense is used to express the action
which had been going on some time in the past before another
action started. When we finished our work, It had been snowing
for two hours.
At 3 pm yesterday, I had been watching TV for two hours.
Some more points: The past perfect continuous tense is used to
represent the “past in the past”.

repeated actions. clarify the order of two past actions. answer

the question “how long”. State that an action was in progress,
when a second action started state the duration of an event,
before a past action

3. HE FUTURE TENSE
3a. The Simple Future Tense
Look at these sentences:
She will finish her painting tomorrow.
She will not finish her painting tomorrow.
Will she finish her painting tomorrow? The above sentences are
in the simple future tense. we use the verb 'will/shall + V1' in
this tense. We use not to make it negative and keep the auxiliary
will, shall before the subject to make interrogative.
The Simple Future Tense is used to express the action which we
think will take place at a time in the future. It is generally used
with tomorrow, next, soon, tonight, etc.
They will buy a car next year.
What will you do tomorrow?
I shall help them next week.
We generally use shall (will) with the pronouns I and we when
we promise to do something.
I shall take you to the zoo.
We shall help you complete your project.
I will return your book tomorrow.
The simple future tense is used with the when clause if there is
the simple present or present perfect in the main clause.
When I finish reading, I will give this book to you.
She will meet you when she has completed her work.
The simple future tense is used when.
I. The action is thought of at the time of speaking. o; TENSE
sf] k|of]u s'g} o:tf] sfdsf] nflu ul/G5 h'g af]Ng]
a]nfdf of]hgf agfOPsf] x'Fb}g .
For Example. I will go to the store today. (I think so.)
We will clean your room this week.
I won't do my homework today, I will do it tomorrow.
II. An action that is predicted s'g} o:tf] sfd h;sf] eljiojf0fL
ul/G5 .
For Example, I think it will rain this afternoon.
I hope I will win the lottery.
I know my daughter will come home late.
III. To request something. s'g} j:t'sf] nflu cg'/f]w ubf{ .
For Example,
Will you come with me to the store? I will not work overtime
today.
IV. Definite plans in formal English. cf}krfl/s cª\u|]hLdf
s'g} vf; of]hgfsf nflu .
For Example, I will go to the store tomorrow.
Will you help me with my homework?
My sister will not go to England with us next week.

3.b. The Future Continuous Tense Look at these examples.

I will be reading a drama.
I will not be reading a drama.
Will you be reading a drama?
The above sentences are in the future continuous tense. The verb
'will/shall be + V4" is used in this tense. We use not to make it
negative and keep the auxiliary will, shall before the subject to
make interrogative. The future continuous tense is used for an
activity that will be happening at a specific time in the future.
o; Tense sf] k|of]u s'g} o:tf] sfo{sf nflu ul/G5, h'g
s'g} vf; ;dodf eO/xg] 5 .
For example, I will be going out tomorrow night at 8.00 with my
friends. We will be leaving next week for a few days. We are
going on a holiday.
Tomorrow my sister will be working all day.
3.c The Future Perfect Tense
Look at these examples.
They will have eaten their meal.
They will not have eaten their meal.
Will they have eaten their meal?
The above sentences are in the future perfect tense. We use
'will/shall have + V3' in this tense. We use not to make it
negative and keep the auxiliary will, shall before the subject to
make interrogative.
The Future Perfect Tense is used to express the action that will
be completed before a certain action or period of time in the
future. This tense is generally used with by + point of time, in +
period of time, before + point of time.
They will have completed their work by July.
I will have settled in America before 2010.
By 2010, he will have taught here for two decades.
I will have gone out before my friend comes here.
By Sunday, they will have shifted from that place.
How many books will you have read by next month?
The future perfect tense is used with "by the time+ simple
present tense".
By the time he goes there, his friend will have gone out.
The train will have left the station before they reach there. o;
Tense sf] k|of]u o:tf] sfdsf] nflu ul/G5 h'g eljiodf ;'?
x'g]5 / eljios} s'g} lglZrt ;dodf ;lsg]5 .
For Example
On Tuesday I will have been in France for a week.
On Sunday I have to work late.
When I get home I will already have eaten dinner.
I will be at the train station in 10 minutes; I hope when I get to
the train station the train will not have already left.
I will not have bought this dress for next year, because you will
have grown by then.

3.d The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Look at these examples.
They will have been playing cricket.
They will not have been playing cricket.
Will they have been playing cricket?
The above sentences are in the future perfect continuous tense.
The verb 'will/shall have been + V4' is used in this tense. We use
not to make it negative and keep the auxiliary will, shall before
the subject to make interrogative.
The future perfect continuous tense is used to describe future
actions/events that will have been in progress for a specific
period of time. In English, the future perfect continuous tense
stresses/emphasizes the length of time. o; Tense sf] k|of]u
Pp6f o:tf] sfd jf 36gfsf] nflu ul/G5, h'g eljiodf s'g} vf;
;dodf c6'6 ¿kn] hf/L /xg] 5 .
For Example,
I will have been studying here for two years.
Next month my son will have been teaching for ten years.
The teacher will have been teaching my children for five years
next month.

Time adverbials
Here is a list of time adverbials that are used with different
tenses.
Tense Time adverbials
Simple present always, never, often, seldom, sometimes,
nowadays, usually, generally, daily, hardly,
occasionally, everyday etc.
Present continuous now, still, at present, at this moment etc
(with Look!, Listen!, Don’t………!etc too)
Present perfect already, yet, just, recently, ever, etc
Present p. continuous for + period of time, since + point of
time
Simple past yesterday, ago, last, in + past point of
time, etc.
Past continuous all + past time
Simple future tomorrow, next, soon, tonight, etc.
Future perfect by + time, in + period of time, before +
time
Future per. continuous by + time…………….for + time

Two past events in order:

Look at the following sentences.
They came here while I was cooking food.
They had already taken their seats when the teacher entered the
classroom.
The thief had already run away when the police came.
In the above examples, all the sentences have two past actions
and time clauses like when, before, etc. are used to show them
in order. Let’s study the sequences of past tenses.

If two past actions occur at the same time and one action causes
to happen another action, both the actions are expressed in the
simple past tense.
When she pushed her, she fell down.
The dog barked when he hit it.
I got tired when I made the bed.

The simple past tense is also used with past continuous tense to
show two past events in a sequence where the second action
interrupts/occurs during the continuation of first action. We use
past continuous tense for the second action and simple past for
the first action. In such case, there are two sentences joined by
time clauses with while and when.
He came while I was doing my homework.
I saw them while they were talking to each other.
They were talking to each other when I saw them.

The simple past tense is also used with the past perfect tense to
show two past events in sequence where the second action
occurs after the completion of the first action. We use past
perfect tense for the first action and simple past for the second
action. In such case, there are two sentences joined by time
clauses like after, before, while, when, by the time, as soon as,
etc.
After the patient had died, the doctor came.
They had learnt painting before they came to Kathmandu.
By the time I reached the place, they had already gone from
there.

Exercise
Put the verbs in brackets into their most suitable forms:
1. The earth……(move) round the sun.
2. He generally ….( sing) in Hindi.
3. This paper ……(appear) twice weekly.
4. Milk …..(be) white.
5. The match…….(start) at 3 p.m. tomorrow.
6. Don’t disturb me. I ….(do) my homework.
7. Look ! Your father …(come) to see you.
8. I …(do) anything at this moment.
9. He still…(dance)
10. The old man ..(die) recently.
11. Biru……(finish) his work yet.
12. They …….(be) to England since 2016.
13. Pramod …………(paint) his house. It looks nice.
14. She …(teach) in the same school for seven years.
15. The children in the street …….(play) all this evening.
16. He ……(drive) vehicles since his childhood.
17. It ……(rain) for three weeks now.
18. Mina…… (write) a story yesterday.
19. Rupa … (pass) the SEE in 2070.
20. They …. (publish) a book two years ago.
21. Devkota…. (write) Muna Madan.
22. Mr. Rai…. (drive) all day yesterday.
23. A boy shouted while we… (take) exam.
24. My uncle …… (walk) in the park when I met him.
25. We ….(watch) TV all last night.
26. I …(meet) Manisha in New Delhi in 1990.
27. Gopi ..(go) out before Pratap arrived.
28. Laxmi came home after she …..(leave) the college.
29. When I saw her, she……(dance) for three hours.
30. It .. ( rain) soon.
31. Rice …..(cost) more next year.
32. We …(go) home after the bell rings.
33. In two months the SEE exam result ……(be) out.
34. By next month, all the flowers……(die).
35. By the next year, Amrita …..(work) in this office for three
years .

Exercise
Choose the correct verb form from those in brackets:
1. The earth --- round the sun. (move, moves, moved)
2. My friends --- the Prime Minister yesterday, (see, have seen,
saw)
3. I --- him only one letter up to now. (sent, have sent, send)
4. She --- worried about something, (looks, looking, is looking)
5. It started to rain while we --- tennis, (are playing, were
playing, had played).
6. He --- fast when the accident happened, (is driving, was
driving, drove)
7. He --- asleep while he was driving, (falls, fell, has fallen)
8. I'm sure I --- him at the party last night, (saw, have seen, had
seen).
9. He --- a mill in this town, (have, has, is having)
10. He --- here for the last five years, (worked, is working, has
been working).
11. He thanked me for what I ---. (have done, had done, have
been doing)
12. I --- a strange noise, (hear, am hearing, have been hearing).
13. I --- him for a long time, (know, have known, am knowing).
14. We ---, English for five years, (study, am studying, have
been studying).
15. Don't disturb me. I --- my homework, (do, did, am doing).
16. Anitha --- to be a doctor, (wants, wanting, is wanting)
17. The soup --- good, (taste, tastes, is tasting)
18. He --- TV most evenings, (watches, is watch, is watching)
19. He --- out five minutes ago. (has gone, had gone, went)
20. When he lived in Hyderabad, he --- to the cinema once a
week, (goes, went, was going)
21. The baby --- all morning, (cries, has been crying)
22. I --- Anand at the zoo. (saw, have seen, had seen)
23. I --- Kumar this week, (haven't seen, didn't see, am not
seeing)
24. This paper --- twice weekly, (is appearing, appearing,
appears)
25. Ashok fell off the ladder while he --- the roof, (is mending,
was mending, mended)
Exercise
Choose the correct alternative from those given in brackets:
1. The Headmaster --- to speak to you. (wants, is wanting, was
wanting)
2. I --- a new bicycle last week, (bought, have bought, had
bought)
3. Here are your shoes ; I --- them, (just clean, just cleaned, have
just cleaned)
4. It --- since early morning, (rained, is raining, has been
raining)
5. I --- a lot of work today, (did, have done, had done)
6. I --- something burning, (smell, am smelling, have been
smelling)
7. Look! The sun --- over the hills, (rises, is rise, is rising)
8. She --- unconscious since four o'clock, (is, was, has been)
9. He used to visit us every week, but he --- now. (rarely comes,
is rarely coming, has rarely come)
10. We --- for his call since 4.20. (are waiting, have been
waiting, were waiting)
11. Every day last week my aunt --- a plate, (breaks, broke, was
breaking)
12. I know all about that film because I --- it twice, (saw, have
seen, had seen)
13. Our guests ---; they are silting in the garden, (arrived, have
arrived, had arrived).
14. I --- him since we met a year ago. (didn't see, haven't seen,
hadn't seen)
15. We --- our breakfast half an hour ago. (finished, have
finished, had finished)
16. She jumped off the bus while it ---. (moved, had moved, was
moving).
17. When we went to the cinema, the film --- (already started,
had already started, would already start)
18. I --- for half an hour when it suddenly started to rain, (have
walked, have been walking, had been walking)
19. Did you think you --- me somewhere before? (have seen,
had seen, were seeing)
20. The town --- its appearance completely since 1980. (is
changing, changed, has changed)
21. Sheila --- her case, look. (packed, has packed, had packed)
22. When I was in Sri Lanka. I --- Negombo. Beruwela and
Nilaveli. (visited, was visited, have visited)
23. 1 meant to repair the radio, but --- time to do it today (am
not having, haven't had. hadn't)
24. When I --- my dinner I went to bed. (had, have had, had had)
25. Men --- to abolish wars up to now, but maybe they will find
a way in the future, (never managed, have never managed, will
have never managed)

Exercise

Choose the correct verb form from those in brackets:

1. The earth --- round the sun. (move, moves, moved)
2. My friends --- the Prime Minister yesterday, (see, have seen,
saw)
3. I --- him only one letter up to now. (sent, have sent, send)
4. She --- worried about something, (looks, looking, is looking)
5. It started to rain while we --- tennis, (are playing, were
playing, had played).
6. He --- fast when the accident happened, (is driving, was
driving, drove)
7. He --- asleep while he was driving, (falls, fell, has fallen)
8. I'm sure I --- him at the party last night, (saw, have seen, had
seen).
9. He --- a mill in this town, (have, has, is having)
10. He --- here for the last five years, (worked, is working, has
been working).
11. He thanked me for what I ---. (have done, had done, have
been doing)
12. I --- a strange noise, (hear, am hearing, have been hearing).
13. I --- him for a long time, (know, have known, am knowing).
14. We ---, English for five years, (study, am studying, have
been studying) .
15. Don't disturb me. I --- my homework, (do, did, am doing).
16. Anitha --- to be a doctor, (wants, wanting, is wanting)
17. The soup --- good, (taste, tastes, is tasting)
18. He --- TV most evenings, (watches, is watch, is watching)
19. He --- out five minutes ago. (has gone, had gone, went)
20. When he lived in Hyderabad, he --- to the cinema once a
week, (goes, went, was going)
21. The baby --- all morning, (cries, has been crying)
22. I --- Anand at the zoo. (saw, have seen, had seen)
23. I --- Kumar this week, (haven't seen, didn't see, am not
seeing)
24. This paper --- twice weekly, (is appearing, appearing,
appears)
25. Ashok fell off the ladder when he --- the roof, (is mending,
was mending, mended)
Exercise
Choose the correct alternative from those given in brackets:
1. The Headmaster --- to speak to you. (wants, is wanting, was
wanting)
2. I --- a new bicycle last week, (bought, have bought, had
bought)
3. Here are your shoes ; I --- them, (just clean, just cleaned, have
just cleaned)
4. It --- since early morning, (rained, is raining, has been
raining)
5. I --- a lot of work today, (did, have done, had done)
6. I --- something burning, (smell, am smelling, have been
smelling)
7. Look! The sun --- over the hills, (rises, is rise, is rising)
8. She --- unconscious since four o'clock, (is, was, has been)
9. He used to visit us every week, but he --- now. (rarely comes,
is rarely coming, has rarely come)
10. We --- for his call since 4.20. (are waiting, have been
waiting, were waiting)
11. Every day last week my aunt --- a plate, (breaks, broke, was
breaking)
12. I know all about that film because I --- it twice, (saw, have
seen, had seen)
13. Our guests ---; they are silting in the garden, (arrived, have
arrived, had arrived).
14. I --- him since we met a year ago. (didn't see, haven't seen,
hadn't seen)
15. We --- our breakfast half an hour ago. (finished, have
finished, had finished)
16. She jumped off the bus while it ---. (moved, had moved, was
moving).
17. When we went to the cinema, the film --- (already started,
had already started, would already start)
18. I --- for half an hour when it suddenly started to rain, (have
walked, have been walking, had been walking)
19. Did you think you --- me somewhere before? (have seen,
had seen, were seeing)
20. The town --- its appearance completely since 1980. (is
changing, changed, has changed)
21. Sheila --- her case, look. (packed, has packed, had packed)
22. When I was in Sri Lanka. I --- Negombo. Beruwela and
Nilaveli. (visited, was visited, have visited)
23. 1 meant to repair the radio, but --- time to do it today (am
not having, haven't had. hadn't)
24. When I --- my dinner I went to bed. (had, have had, had had)
25. Men --- to abolish wars up to now, but maybe they will find
a way in the future, (never managed, have never managed, will
have never managed)
 REPORTED SPEECH

Look at these examples:

She said to me, "She is going to Janakpur tomorrow." --------
direct
 She told me that she was going to Janakpur the next day.
------- indirect
1. Reporting verb = the part before comma
2. Reported speech = inside “….”

Direct to indirect or indirect to direct

1. Reporting verb
2. Remove (, “---”) use connective
words
What to change? 3. Personal Pronoun change
4. Tense change
5. Adverbials change
1. Reporting verb
Said = said
Says = says
Said to + object = told
 Say to = object = tell
Says to + object = tells
Said (question) = asked
Told = told
Commented = commented
2. Remove comma and put connectives
 See the sentence type inside “….”

connectives (That - to - if/whether - wh word)

Statement (normal sentence = subject + Verb + Object) = that
Imperative sentence (imperative begins with verb) = to
Yes/ no question (begins with auxi-) = if/whether
He said to me, “Are you a student?”
WH question = join with WH word given there
EX-
Maya said to him, "Are you a volunteer?" (auxi- + noun)
Maya asked him if he was a volunteer. (noun + auxi-)

The teacher said to the class, "Open your exercise books."

The teacher told them to open their exercise books.
 3. Personal Pronoun change:
1st person pronoun = I, we --- according to subject
2nd person pronoun = you (your yours yourself yourselves)
---- according to object
3rd person pronoun = he, she, they ------ No change
S O No
1 2 3
“I, WE, You”
There are two types of speech: direct speech and indirect speech.
When we report something, we report it in two ways; either in
direct speech or indirect speech.
For example:
Mohan said to me, "I am reading."
 Mohan told me that he was reading.

We use the direct speech to repeat or quote the exact words

spoken. When we use the direct speech in writing, we place the
words spoken between inverted commas ("……………...") and
there is no change in the tense and adverbials.
Rima said to me, "What time will you be home?"
 Rima asked me what time I would be home.
Shekhar said, "There is an elephant outside the window."
 Shekhar said that there was an elephant outside the
window.

While changing sentences from direct speech to indirect speech,

we need to follow some rules. These rules are different for
different types of sentences. We use the reported speech if we
want to repeat something without using the speaker’s original
words.
We normally change the tense of the words spoken.
Inverted commas are not used.
We have to change the tenses, persons and adverbials to make
clear who reported the speech and when and where it was
reported.
Look at the sentence:
Sagun said to me, "I have no money."
R.V. R.S.
"I didn't eat food", said Tara
R. S. R.V.
The verb followed by the speaker is called a reporting verb (RV)
and the speaker's saying which is inside the inverted commas is
called reported speech (RS).
Remember if the reporting verb is in the past tense (said / said
to/ told), we have to change the tense and adverbials of the
reported speech. If the reporting verb is in present (say/says) and
future tense, tenses and adverbials of the reported speech are not
changed.

CHANGE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS

The personal pronouns are changed as follows:
First person changes according to subject of the reporting verb.
Second person changes according to object of the reporting verb.
Third person remains unchanged.

4. CHANGE in TENSE

We need to change the tense if:

 The reporting verb is in the past tense.
 The sentence is not universal fact or truth
Direct speech Indirect speech
1. Simple present Simple past
S+ v1/v5 + Ob Sub+ V2+obj
S+is/am/are+ Obj Sub + was/were + Obj
She said, "I prefer coffee to tea."
She said that she preferred coffee to tea.

2. Present continuous Past continuous

S+ is /am/are + V4+ Obj Sub+ was/were+V4 + Obj
I said to her, "You are doing well."
I told her that she was doing well.

3. Present perfect Past perfect

Subj+ has/have + V3+ Obj Subj+had+ V3 + Obj
Krishna said to me, "I have made a plan."
Krishna told me that he had made a plan.

4. Present perfect continuous. Past perfect continuous

Sub+ has/have been+v4+Obj Sub+had been+V4 +obj
Sudha said to us, "I have been waiting for you."
Sudha told us that she had been waiting for us.
5. Simple past Past perfect
Sub+V2+Obj Sub+Had+V3+Obj
Sub+was/were + Object
Raju said to me, "I didn't like her."
Raju told me that he hadn't liked her.
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Sub+was/were+V4+Obj Sub+had been+V4+Obj
My father told me, “I was doing my best."
My father told me that he had been doing his best.
Past perfect No change in tense
She said to him, "I had prepared food."
She told him that she had prepared food.
Past perfect continuous No change in tense.
She said to him, "I had been preparing food."
She told him that she had been preparing food.

Will ----- would

Shall ---- should
Can ----- could
May ----- might
Must ---- had to
 We said to her, "We will help you." I we
 We told her that we would help her.

My sister said to me, "I will have returned by 8."

Sonu said to him, "I would finish it."
 My sister told me that she would have returned by 8.
 Sonu told him that she would finish it.

Do not change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or

if the original statement is about something that is still true, e.g.

She said to me, "The sun gives heat."

She told me that the sun gives heat.

Sashi said to him, "I never drink tea."

Sashi told him that she never drinks tea.

He said to us, “The earth rotates the sun.”

He told us that the earth rotates the sun.

The teacher will tell us, "I will punish you."

The teacher will tell us that he will punish us.

He says, "I'm a brave boy." (Is/am/are) (was/were)

He says that he is a brave boy.
These modal verbs do not change in reported speech: might,
could, would, should, ought to
e.g. We said,"It could be difficult to find our house."
We said that it could be difficult to find our house. She said,"I
might bring a friend to the party." She said that she might bring
a friend to the party.
CHANGE OF ADVERBIALS
Time and place references are also changed in reported speech
Direct speech Indirect speech
"I will see you here tomorrow", she said.
She said that she would see me there the next day.

"I saw him today", she said.

She said that she had seen him that day.
"I saw him yesterday", she said.
She said that she had seen him the day before.
"I met her the day before yesterday", he said.
He said that he had met her two days before.
"I'll see you tomorrow", he said
He said that he would see me the next day.
"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said. They said that
they would come in two days time/ two days later. "I have an
appointment next week", she said. She said that she had an
appointment the following week. "I was on holiday last week",
he told us. He told us that he had been on holiday the previous
week. "I saw her a week ago," he said. He said he had seen her a
week before. "I'm getting a new bike this week", she said. She
said she was getting a new bike that week

"Do you like this pant?" he asked

He asked if I liked that pant.
He said, "I work here". He said that he worked there.

6. Adverbials Change:
Here - there
This - that
Thus - so
Hence - thence
Now - then
Just - then
Ago - before
Tonight - that night
Come here - go there
 Today - that day
Yesterday - the previous day / the day before
Tomorrow - the following day / the next day
1. She said to me, “I am playing football with you now.”
She told me that she was playing football with me then.
1. Ram said, “I started a new job.”
Ram said that he had started a new job.
2. They said, “We will plan a picnic tomorrow.”
They said that they would plan a picnic the next day.

Assertive sentences (statements)

When we change a direct speech into indirect speech we have to
find out the reporting verb (R.V.) and the reported speech (R.S.).
Prashant said to me, "I have no money."
"I didn't eat meat", said Prerana.
Changing a direct speech into indirect speech.
(a) Reporting verb 'said’ remains unchanged and said to ' is
changed into 'told'.
Pushpa said, "I saw a snake."
Pushpa said that she had seen a snake.

Prerana said to Prashant, "You have made a mistake."

Prerana told Prashant that he had made a mistake.

(b) The word ‘that’ has been added between ‘the reporting
verb’ and the ‘reported speech'.
Shashi said to Tara, "I will help you".
Shashi told Tara that she would help her.

(c) The Pronoun of the reported speech is changed according

to the following ways.
First person changes according to subject of the reporting verb.
Second person changes according to object of the reporting verb.
If there is no object given, a suitable object (generally a first
person object or according to the context) is added. For example,
Radha said, "I need your help."
Radha told me that she needed my help.
Third person remains unchanged.
Study the different forms of pronouns.
Singular Plural
Person Sub. Obj. Sub. Obj.
First I Me We us
Second You You
Third He Him They Them
She Her
It It
Ram him
Sita her
(d) The tense of the reported speech changes into corresponding
past tense as shown earlier.
(e) The time of adverb of the reported speech is changed as
mentioned earlier.
now – then this – that
today – that day tomorrow – the following day
yesterday - the day before
come- go, here- there, ago- before etc.

For Example.
Pritija said to me, “I will help you tomorrow.”
Pritija told me that she would help me the following day.
The comma of reporting verb and inverted commas of reported
speech are removed.
For Example. Pragya said to Karan, “They are my relatives.”
Pragya told Karan that they were her relatives.

3. Interrogative sentence /Question sentence

He said to Sita, "Did you take your meal?"
I said to her, "What did you buy?"

How to change a direct speech into indirect?

(a) Reporting verb. 'said/ said to is changed into 'asked'.

Example. Gopal said to Arun, "Can you do this?"

Gopal asked Arun if he could do that.

(b) Yes/ No question is joined with if/ whether and Wh-

question is joined with Wh-word of the same question
sentence. Example.

Rohini said to Nisha, "Will you call me?"

Rohini asked Nisha if she would call him.
My son said to me, "Where did you go yesterday?"
My son asked me where I had gone the day before.
 (c) Reported speech is always in V+ S+O +? (question
form), in direct speech which would be changed into
S+V+ O form in indirect speech.
Example.
Rajendra said to Gauri, "Does your brother teach you?"
Rajendra asked Gauri if her brother taught her.

Rita said to me, "Did you finish your work?"

Rita asked me if I had finished my work.

(d) The other rules of changing pronoun, tense, time adverbials

of the reported speech are as per the rules of assertive sentences.

4. Imperative sentence (command/request)

Prakash said to me, "Open the door."

My sister said to me, "Don't go out."

How to change a direct speech into indirect?

(a) Reporting verb, said/ said to is changed into told, asked,

requested, ordered, and commanded according to the
situation.
She said to him, "Work hard."
She told him to work hard.
They said to me, "Please, guide us,"
They requested me to guide them.
 (b) ‘Reporting verb’ is joined with the word ‘to/not to’.
For Example.
Ram said to Shyam, "Clean the room."
Ram asked (told) Shyam to clean the room.
We said to Dinesh, "Don't smoke."
We told Dinesh not to smoke.

(c) Tense is not changed.

Ravi said to Laxman, "Give me your book."

Ravi asked Laxman to give him his book.

(d) The pronoun and the time adverbials of the reported

speech are changed as per the rules of assertive
sentences.
For Example.
Uma said to Hari, "Do this tomorrow."
Uma told Hari to do that the following day.

1. Assertive sentences (statements) Study the following

sentences:
1. "I never eat meat," he explained.
He explained that he never ate meat.
2. She said, "Junu might be happy today."
She said that Junu might be happy that day
3. He said, "She is coming this week."
 He said that she was coming that week.
4. Lakpa said to the teacher, I can solve this problem."
Lakpa told the teacher that he could solve that problem.

TENSE CHANGE
PRESENT BECOMS PAST

DIRECT INDIRECT
Simple present (S +v1/v5 – Simple past (v2 – was/were)
is/am/are + O)
She said, "I always drink coffee". She said that she always drank coffee.

Present continuous (is /am/are + v4) Past continuous (was/were + v4)

"I am reading a book", he explained. He explained that he was reading a
book

Present perfect (has/have v3) Past perfect (had v3)

"Bill has arrived now", he said. He said that Bill had arrived then.

Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

(has/have been + v4) (had been +v4)
They complained, "We have been They complained that they had been
waiting for hours". waiting for hours.

Simple past (S+v2+O) Past perfect (S+had+v3+O)

He said, “She played football.” He said that she had played football.

Past continuous (was/were + v4) Past perfect continuous (had been +

v4)
"We were living in Paris", they told They told me that they had been
me. living in Paris.

Past perfect Past perfect

"I had just turned out the light," he He explained that he had just
explained.
 turned out the light.

EX- Class Work

1. Hari said, “I’m reading.”

Hari said that he was reading.
2. Mira said to me, “I can’t walk.”
Mira told me that she couldn’t walk.
3. She said to me, “Are you ready?”
She asked me if I was ready.
4. She said to him, “Who are you?”
She asked him who he was.
5. I said to her, “What color do you like?”
I asked her what colour she liked.

6. Father said to me, “Shut the door.”

Father told me to shut the door.
7. The teacher said to him, “Don’t talk.” (Don’t=not to)
The teacher told him not to talk.

8. The dentist said, “Open your mouth.”

The dentist told me to open my mouth.
9. “Don’t waste your time,” said the teacher.
The teacher suggested us not to waste our time.
10. Mohan said to him, “May you be victorious!”
Said/said to =Wished- - blessed - prayed - cursed - (that)
Mohan wished him that he might be victorious.

11. She said, “May God save us!”

She prayed that God might save them.

H.W. Exercise 1

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

1. He said, "I am busy these days."
2. You said, "I have been living in Mustang for five years."
3. The policeman said, "I caught a thief this morning."
4. My father said to me, "You should work hard, my son."
5. She said to me, "How old are you?"
6. The teacher said to the boy, "Why do the objects fall
down?"
7. My sister said, "When will you come back?"
8. I said to Mina, "Can you come tomorrow?"
I asked Mina if she could come the next day.
9. "Who lives next door?" he said.
10. "What happened?" she said.
11. He said, "Mary, when is the next train?"
 12. "Do you want to go by air or sea?" the travel agent asked.
13. He said, "Will you be here tomorrow?"
14. "Would you like to live in Paris?" he asked.
15. He said, "Lie down, Dinesh."
16. She said, "Could I see Jack, please?"
17. "If I were you, I would work hard," I said.
18. "Why don't you take off your shoes?" he said.
19. "Do sit down," said my hostess.
20. "Will you be quite!" she said.
21. He said, "Don't open the door."
22. She said, "Let's go out and have some enjoyment."
23. He said, "What a great idea?"
24. He said, "Thank you."
25. She said, "Good luck."
26. She said, "Congratulations."
27. The notice said, "Welcome to Jomsom."
28. She said, "Alas! I am ruined."
29. He said, "May god bless you."
30. They said," Hurrah! We won the match."

VOICE

Active: Subject does the work of verb.

A. Aliza plays cricket.
Passive:
 [Link] is played by Aliza.
Subject can’t do the work of verb

1. Transitive verbs (verbs that take object for the completion of

their meaning) have both active and passive forms. Look at the
given table.

Transitive
Intransitive verb (verb---What? If there is no answer)
Active Passive
1. The hunter killed the lion.
 The lion was killed by the hunter.
2. She looks beautiful.
3. He sleeps in the kitchen.
 Someone has cleaned the windows.

 The windows have been cleaned.
4. Mr Singh wrote a book.
 A book was written by Mr. Singh.
5. We bake the bread here.
 The bread is baked here.
6. They will close the gates this evening.
 The gates will be closed this evening.
7. They will announce the news soon.
 The news will be announced soon.

Rules: change
1. Position of subject and object
Subject becomes object – object becomes subject
2. We need auxiliary after the subject of passive
(given there- if not given use is, am, are/ was, were)
3. Main verb is always V3
4. V4 (continuous) = being +v3
He is doing homework.
 Homework is being done by him.
5. Has, have,/ had V3 = has/have/been been + v3
She has taught them.
The have been taught by her.
6. Use by before the passive Subject.
He is doing homework.
 Homework is being done by him.
 Where we don’t use by

1. The bottle contains pure milk.

Pure milk is contained in the bottle
2. Ram married Sita.
Sita was married to Ram.
He knows me. I am known to him.
3. This book interests Rima.
Rima is interested in this book

(Rule: where we don’t use by)

a. Satisfy, dissatisfy, please, displease, cover --- with
b. Know, marry, oblige --- to
c. Contain, consist, interest, envelop ---- in
d. Bury ---- under
 e. Surprise, shock ---- at

Subjective case Objective Case

I me
We us
They them
He him
She her
It/you it/you

2. The passive forms are made up of the verb be (auxi-) with a

past participle (v3). Look at the other examples: Passive
Sentences
English is Spoken all over the world.
The windows have been Cleaned.
Lunch was being Served.
The work will be Finished soon.
They might have been Invited to the party.
3. The meaning will not be changed when we change a sentence
into its passive. Only the structure gets changed.
Active: Devkota wrote Munamadan.
 Passive: Munamadan was written by Devkota.
4. When we change an active sentence into its passive form, the
object of the active sentence goes to the position of subject
and the subject of the active sentence goes to the end and we use
‘by+subject’ of the passive sentence.
Active: He wrote a story.
Passive: A story was written by him.
5. If we want to show the person or thing doing the action we
use by. We use ‘by+agent’ when it’s important to mention. If
the subjects of the active sentences are uncertain like:
someone/somebody/ no one /nobody, people, they etc., we
don’t mention them.
Acitve: A dangerous dog attacked her.
Passive: She was attacked by a dangerous dog.
Active: They are building a new ring road.
Passive: A new ring road is being built.
6. The tense remains the same but we use be+past participle
(Auxiliary + V3). Look at the structures in the passive forms of
different sentences in the following table.
 Active Passive Remarks (Tense)
1. Simple present tense
Sub + v1/v5+ Object
 (is/am/are + v3)
Object + is /am /are +V3 + by Subject.
He draws pictures.
Pictures are drawn by him.
He teaches me.
I am taught by him.
She cooks rice.
Rice is cooked by her.

2. Present continuous
Sub + is am are + v4 + Object
They are playing basketball.
= Object + is /am /are + being + v3 + by + Subject
Basketball is being played by them.
(being+v3 in Present continuous tense.)
We are baking the bread. The bread is being baked by us.
I am playing English song.
English song is being played by me.
We are reading English.
English is being read by us.
She is doing homework.
Homework is being done by her.
V4= being, v3=been
3. Present Perfect Tense
Subject + has/have + V3 + object
She has taught them.
Object + has/ have + been + v3 + by + subject
They have been taught by her.
They have spoken English language.
English language has been spoken by them.
I have written a book. = A book has been written by me.
4. Present Perfect Continuous----- no change

5. Simple Past = S + V2 + Obj

She taught them.
 They were taught by her.
He wrote a letter.
 A letter was written by him.
I ate an apple.
  An apple was eaten by me.
Object +was/were + v3 + by + subject
 They built a house. A house was built.
 She wrote many stories. = Many stories were written by
her.
They played football. = Football was played by them.
I watched a movie. = A movie was watched by me.

6. Past continuous
Subject = was were + v4 + Object
Object + was/were + being v3 + by + Subject.
They were doing the homework.
 The homework was being done.
He was writing a story.
 A story was being written by him.
Sita was playing cricket.
 Cricket was being played by Sita.
7. Past perfect Tense
(‘been+V3’ in perfect tense.)
Subject +had + V3 + object
Object + had +been+v3 +by +subject
She had done the work. The work had been done by her.
He had painted the door. = The door had been painted by him.
They had played football. = Football had been played by them.

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense = no change

9. Simple Future Tense

Subject + shall / will + v1 + Object
Object + shall/will + be + v3 + by + subject
She will help me.
 I will be helped by her.
I will play English songs.
English songs will be played by me.
They will close the gates. = The gates will be closed.

10. Future Continuous Tense = No change

Subject + shall will + be + v4 + object
11. Future Perfect Tense
Subject + will/shall + have + v3 + Object.
Object + Will/shall + have been + v3 + by + Subject.
She will have done the task.
 The task will have been done by her.
He will have written a poem.
A poem will have been written by him.

12. Future perfect Continuous tense – no passive

Other Rules:
She can do the task.
The task can be done by her.
He has to paint the picture.
- The picture has to be painted by him.
[Link], can, must, should, would + be +v3
She can teach them. = They can be taught by her.
[Link] to , have to, had to + be + v3
She has to teach them. = They have to be taught by her.
C. May have/ would have + been + v3
She would have taught them.
  They would have been taught by her.

Note:-
The forms of the be verb (singular: is/was, plural: are/were) to
be used in passive depends on the new subject.

1. Active: He writes a story.

Passive: A story is written by him. (Here ‘is’ is used because ‘a
story’ is a singular subject)
The same rule applies to other verbs as well.
Active: She has put all the things in the box.
Passive: All the things have been put in the box.
(Here in the active sentence the subject ‘she’ is singular. So
‘has’ is used but in the passive sentence the new subject ‘all the
things’ is plural and we have used ‘have’ and since it’s in perfect
tense we have used ‘been’ in passive.)
9. The rules are the same for the phrasal verbs as well but the
whole phrasal verb, not only the verb, has to be moved with the
verb.
Active / passive
They called off the meeting. The meeting was called off.
His grandmother looked after him.
He was looked after by his grandmother.
They will send him away to school.
He will be sent away to school.
10. If there are two objects, we can make passive by both the
objects but look at the example below:
Active: He gave me a book.
Passive: I was given a book by him.
A book was given to me by him.

Infinitive Passive (to+v1) = to be v3

Subject remains same

The verbs like want/ like/ prefer/ enjoy/ appreciate after the
Subject remain same. Change next verb to v3
A- She wants somebody to help her.
P- She wants to be helped.
A- I want someone to lift this bag.
P- I want this bag to be lifted.
 Passive of questions:
Wh + auxi +Object +v3
Auxi + Object + V3
Is the boy beating her? (The boy is beating her)
Is she being beaten by the boy? She is being beaten by the boy.
We should preserve the tiger.
The tiger should be preserved.
Why should we preserve the tigers?
Why should the tigers be preserved by us?
Who has stolen my bag?
By whom has my bag been stolen?
Who broke my glass? (If there is no auxiliary use is/ am/ are/
was/ were)
By whom was my glass broken?
Has John Killed the men?
Have the men been killed by John?
11. A question in active remains question in passive but look
at the position of question words and the position of verbs in the
following examples.
Active: Who invented the telephone?
Passive: Who was the telephone invented?
 By whom was the telephone invented?
Active: Did you write the letters?
Passive: Were the letters written by you?

Passive of imperative sentence

(imperative sentence Begins with verb- no subject)
Let +object + be +v3......
Active: Close the door.
Passive: Let the door be closed.
1. Call him at once.
Let him be called at once.
2. write a letter.
Let a letter be written.
imperative with do.....
yoy are requested---to in place of do........
3. Do come tomorrow.
You are requested to come tomorrow
4. Please sit down.
You are requested to sit down.
Imperative with please/ kindly.......
same as do ----- remove please
yo are requested to + v1
5. help the poor
Let the poor be helped.
6. Don’t drink dirty water.
Let dirty water not be drunk.
Dirty water should not be drunk.

Gerund (verb+ing) works as object not the verb

1. She hates people feeding her.
Passive - She hates being fed. (by people)
(She helps people – people are helped by her)
2. I love somebody helping me.
I love being helped.

Passive of negative sentence

If an active sentence is negative, the passive will also be
negative but be careful with the subjects like: nothing, no one,
nobody etc.
Active: Nobody did the task.
 Passive: The task was not done.
Active: She didn’t write the memo.
Passive: The memo wasn’t written by her.

Look at the following examples to learn the special structures of

passive sentences.
Active: People say that Henry is in love with Clarie.
Passive: Henry is said to be in love with Clarie.
It is said that Henry is in love with Clarie.

Exercises
Change the following sentences as indicated in brackets:
1. They will give papers in exam.
2. Play the Madal. (into passive)
3. He has taken this photo. (into passive)
4. Stop the car. (into passive)
5. Nobody hurt him. (into passive)
6. A tanker knocked over a cyclist yesterday. (into passive)
7. She has given me a pen. (into passive)
8. The poachers are killing wild animals.
 9. They have written this book.
10. No one has seen that film.
11. Devkota wrote Munamadan.
12. People are destroying the jungle. (into passive)
13. Food is being prepared by my sister. (into active)
14. They gave me some sweets.
15. Was it made by Punam? (into active)
16. Who told you about the accident? (into passive)
16. Karate will have been taught. (into active)
18. How was the tiger trapped? (into active)
19. This hurt him badly. Sub + v2 + o
20. The government should ensure security. (into passive)
21. What questions did the teacher ask you? (into passive)
22. Open the door. (into passive)
23. He doesn’t eat mangoes. (into passive) He eats mangoes.
25. The police arrested a man last night. (into passive)
26. They clean the streets every day. (into passive)
27. They didn’t give me anything. (into passive)
28. The wind blew away all the papers. (into passive)
29. They are building a new ring road. (into passive)
30. The teacher has to do the preparation. (into passive)
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
1. Ram helps Hari.
1. Sekhar loves Kausila.
2. The mason is building the wall.
3. The peon opened the gate.
4. Some boys were helping the wounded man.
5. He will finish the work in a fortnight.
6. Who did this?
7. Why did your brother write such a letter?

2. The passive voice is formed with the suitable tense of the verb
be followed by the past participle. Study this table:
Tense (or Modal + base) -- Active Voice -- Passive Voice
Simple present –
take, takes = am taken, is taken, are taken.
Present continuous –
am taking, is taking, are taking = am being taken, is being taken,
are being taken
Present perfect –
has taken, have taken -- has been taken, have been taken
Simple past –
took -- was taken, were taken
Past continuous –
was taking, were taking -- was being taken, were being taken
Past perfect –
had taken -- had been taken
Simple future –
will take, shall take -- will be taken, shall be taken
Can / may / must, etc. + V1=
can take, must take -- can be taken must be taken
(You must know when to use the Active Voice and when to use
the Passive: the ability to change the Active Voice into the
Passive and vice versa is not sufficient.)

Somebody has stolen my pen.

They asked me my name.
People speak English all over the world.
Someone has invited me to the party.
We will execute all orders promptly. (All orders will be
executed promptly.)
In such cases the agent with by is usually avoided.
Note, however, that, as in the examples given earlier, the fly-
phrase cannot be avoided where the agent has some importance
and is necessary to complete the sense.
Exercise:
Name the Verbs in the following sentences, and tell whether
they are in the Active or in the Passive Voice:-
1. The cat killed the mouse.
2. We compelled the enemy to surrender.
3. The boy was bitten by a dog.
4. The thief was caught.
5. The boy made a kite.
6. The ship was burned.
7. The young man made a disturbance at the meeting.
8. The captive was bound to a tree.
9. The bird was killed by a cruel boy.
10. The sudden noise frightened the horse.
11. He is loved by all.
12. The exhibition was opened by the Governor.
13. I see a dark cloud.
14. His command was promptly obeyed.
15. Some of the cargo had been damaged by the sea water.
16. Nothing will be gained by hurry.
17. The dog chased the sheep.
18. This letter was posted last night,
19. The field is ploughed.
20. The dog was teased by the boy.
21. The cat drank all the milk.
22. A stone struck me on the head.
23. The old gentleman takes snuff.
24. The money was lost.
25. The letter has just been posted.
Exercise
Turn the following sentences from the Active Voice to the
Passive Voice:-
(Note-The agent with by should be omitted in Nos. 7, 12, 25, 29,
30, 31,32, 33, 34 and 35.)
1. The cat killed the mouse.
2. The man cut down the tree.
3. Columbus discovered America.
4. His teacher praised him.
5. The boy teased the dog.
6. The syce feeds the horse every day.
7. The police arrested him.
8. Rama was making a kite.
9. The boy caught the ball.
10. My father will write a letter.
11. I will conquer him.
12. He kept me waiting.
13. The hunter shot the lion.
14. Hari opened the door.
15. A policeman caught the thief.
16. Sohrab threw the ball.
17. He scored twenty runs.
18. Your behaviour vexes me.
19. Manners reveal character.
20. He made a very remarkable discovery.
21. Little strokes fell great oaks.
22. Dhondu will bring the pony.
23. Everyone loves him.
24. My cousin has drawn his picture.
25. We expect good news.
26. The farmer gathers the harvest.
27. His own brother swindled him.
28. The recitation pleased the inspector.
29. Somebody has put out the light.
30. The enemy have defeated our army.
31. They sell radios here.
32. I have sold my bicycle.
33. People will soon forget it.
34. They opened the theatre only last month.
35. We prohibit smoking.
4. When verbs that take both a direct and an indirect object in
the Active Voice are changed to the Passive, either object may
become the subject of the Passive verb, while the other is
retained.
Active -- Passive
The guard refused him admittance. -- Admittance was refused to
him by the ground. He was refused admittance by the guard.
Mr. Rathinam teaches us grammar. -- Grammar is taught to us
by Mr. Rathinam., We are taught grammar by Mr. Rathinam.
The manager will give you a ticket. -- A ticket will be given to
you by the manager. You will be given a ticket by the manager.
Who taught you French? -- By whom was French taught to
you?, Who were you taught French by? By whom were you
taught French?
He handed her a chair. -- A chair was handed to her. She was
handed a chair.
An indirect object denotes the person to whom or for whom
some-: thing is given or done, while a direct object usually
denotes a thing. In cases like the above, it is probably more
usual
for passive constructions to begin with the person.
5. Note that we use with (not by) to talk about an instrument
used by the agent.
Compare:
The dog was hit with a stick. (Active Voice: Somebody hit the
dog with a stick.)
The dog was hit by a boy. (Active Voice: A boy hit the dog.)
6. There are a few Transitive verbs which, even in an Active
form, are sometimes used in a Passive sense; as.
These mangoes taste sour (i.e., are sour when they are tasted).
The rose smells sweet (i.e., is sweet when it is smelt).
The cakes eat short and crisp (i.e., are short and crisp when they
are eaten).
At least the play reads well (i,e., affects the reader well when it
is read).
Exercise
Change the following sentences so that the Verbs will be in the
Passive Voice:-
1. We saw you and him.
2. They asked me my name.
3. We refused them admission.
4. I bought the baby a doll.
5. They found him guilty of murder.
6. A thunderstorm often turns milk sour.
7. You cannot pump the ocean dry.
8. They saw the storm approaching.
9. He keeps me waiting.
10. They painted the house red.
11. He told me to leave the room.
12. He promised me a present.
13. I shall order the carriage.
14. The boy is climbing the cliff.
15. One may accomplish many things by a little effort.
16. I am watching you very carefully.
Exercise
Rewrite the following sentences so that the Verbs will be in the
Active Voice:-
1. He was praised by his father.
2. The first railway was built by George Stephenson.
3. The horse was frightened by the noise.
4. Not a word was spoken by Latif.
5. The teacher was pleased with the boy's work.
6. He was taken to the hospital by his friends.
7. The town was destroyed by an earthquake.
8. The road was lined with people.
9. The President was welcomed by the people.
10. Shakuntala was written by Kalidas.
11. The building was damaged by the fire.
12. I was struck by his singular appearance.
13. Those cars were built by robots.
14. The streets were thronged with spectators.
15. The trees were blown down by the wind.
16. We shall be blamed by everyone.
17. The child was knocked down by a car.
18. Alice was not much surprised at this.
19. He will be greatly surprised if he is chosen,
Exercise
Write three sentences with the Verbs in the Active Voice, and
rewrite them with the Verbs in the Passive Voice.
7. We give below further examples of the interchange of Active
and Passive Voice.
Active - All his friends laughed at him.
Passive- He was laughed at by all his friends.
Active- They made him king.
Passive- He was made king.
Active- They use video for teaching the students.
Passive- Video is used for teaching the students.
Active- One should keep one's promises.
Passive- Promises should be kept.
Active- When will you return the book?
Passive- When will the book be returned?
Active- Someone has picked my pocket.
Passive- My pocket has been picked.
Active- Circumstances will oblige me to go.
Passive- I shall be obliged to go.
Exercise
In the following sentences change the Voice:
1. We elected Balu captain.
2. I saw him opening the box.
3. We must listen to his words.
4. Shall I ever forget those happy days?
5. By whom was this jug broken?
6. His subordinates accused him of various offences.
7. One cannot gather grapes from thistles.
8. The telegraph wires have been cut.
9. Alas! We shall hear his voice no more.
10. The 1998 Asian Games were held in Bangkok, Thailand.
11. Without effort nothing can be gained.
12. Do not insult the weak.
13. All desire wealth and some acquire it.
14. Why should I be suspected by you?
15. The information is kept on our computer.
16. The legend tells us how the castle received its name.
17. My watch was lost.
18. Why did he defraud you of your earnings?
19. The public will learn with astonishment that war is
imminent.
20. He made his wife do the work.
21. The master appointed him monitor.
22. The doctor despaired of his recovery.
23. He was refused admittance.
24. They laughed at his warnings and objected lo all his
proposals.
25. The people regarded him as an impostor and called him a
villain.

9. Conditional sentence:
(IF SENTENCES)
Look at the following sentences. (If / unless)
There are two parts of conditional sentence:
1. If clause (conditional clause) /
2. Main clause (Principal clause)

If you press the balloon, it bursts.

The balloon bursts if you press it.
If you want to talk to her, visit her at home on Monday.
If he meets me, I’ll help him.
If he met me, I would help him.
If he had met me, I would have helped him.
4 types of conditional sentences (Imp. Rules)
a. Simple present,+ simple present -------- zero conditional (fact)

If you press the balloon, it …….. (burst)

i. ……V1/v5 ….if it is simple present fact / truth/ sure

things
b. If there is normal simple present….. will/shall/ can/may+ v1
----------------------- First condition
c. If there is Simple past (v2) ….. would/should/ could/ might
+ v1 --------second condition.
If he met me, I would help him.

d. If there is past perfect (had v3)….. would have v3…..Third

condition.
If he had met me, I ……….…him (help).
 If he had met me, I ….would have helped… him.

Simple present + simple present --------Zero condition.

Simple present, + will+v1 --------------- first conditional
Simple past (v2), + would+v1-------------second conditional
Past perfect (had v3), + would have v3 --Third conditional

In the above examples, there are if-clauses in the first part and
main clauses in the second part. If-clauses express different
types of conditions. Generally, conditional clauses contain if,
unless and provided that and normally, they are divided into four
types.
0. Zero conditional (fact/ sure to happen)
If + sub + v1 /v5 + ………, sub + v1 /v5 + …….
 If you heat water, it ……. (boil)
If you heat water, it boils.
 If you beat him, he ------- (cry)
Will cry
 If you had beaten him, he -------- (cry)
Would have cried
 If you called me, I ------ (come)
 Would come
1. First conditional
If + sub + v1 /v5 + ………, sub + will/shall/can/may + v1 +
 If she earns much money, she ……. a new car. (buy)
Will buy
If he works hard, he …… (pass) his exam.
Will pass/ can pass

2. Second conditional (unreal condition)

If + sub + v2 +..., sub + would/should/could/might + v1+…. .
 If I had wings, I would fly like a bird in the sky.
If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.
If they worked hard, they could earn a lot of money.

3. Third conditional (but)

If + sub + had + v3 + …, sub + would have/should have/could
have + v3 + …
If he had earned much money, he would have bought a new
house.
If she had worked hard, she could have passed the exam. Or,
Had she worked hard, she could have passed the exam.

Look at the following sentences.

 If you ask me for money, I will give you some.
 You will get wet if you go out in the rain.
The above examples suggest that a comma (,) is placed between
if-clause and main clause when if-clause is written in the
beginning. But a comma (,) is not placed if main clause is
written in the beginning.
If sentences generally express the following conditions.
If + sub + v1 /v5 + ………, if /sub + v1 /v5 + …….
 If you heat water, it boils.
 If the teacher is competent, students learn fast.
We use the simple present tense in if clause and simple present
also in the main clause to express the condition which shows
cause and effect.
if + sub + v1 /v5 + ………, imperatives
 If you want to pass the exam, work hard.
 If you meet Ram, give him some sweets.
We use the simple present tense in if clause and imperatives in
the main clause to express the condition which is possible.
If + sub + v1 /v5 +……, sub + will/shall/can/may + v1 + ……
  If he earns much money, he will buy a new house.
 If she works hard, she can pass the exam.
 They won’t come to the party if I don’t invite them.
We use the simple present tense in if clause and the simple
future in the main clause to express the condition which is
possible. Such condition expresses a future statement.
If + sub + v2 +…..., sub + would/could/might + v1 + …….
 If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.
 If he earned much money, he would buy a new house.
 If she worked hard, she could pass the exam.
We use the simple past tense in if clause and would, could or
might in the main clause to express the condition which is
unreal. Such condition expresses a present statement.
If+ sub + had + v3 + …, sub + would have/could have + v3 + …
 If he had earned much money, he would have bought a new
house.
 If she had worked hard, she could have passed in the exam.
 They wouldn’t have come to the party if I hadn’t invited
them.

We use the past perfect tense in if clause and would have, could
have or might have in the main clause to empress the condition
which is unreal. Such condition expresses a past statement.
 REVISION
Conditionals

A conditional sentence is a sentence containing the

word if/unless. There are three common types of conditional
sentence:
1. If clause > present simple tense : main clause > future tense
(will)

o If you help me, I will help you.

o If I win the lottery, I will buy a new car.
o If it snows tomorrow, we will go skiing.

2. if clause > past simple tense : main clause > would

o If you knew her, you would agree with me.

o If I won the lottery, I would buy a new car.

o If it snowed tomorrow, we would go skiing.

3. if clause > past perfect tense : main clause > would have
o If you had helped me, I would have helped you.

o If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a new

car.
o If it had snowed yesterday, we would have gone

skiing.
Of course, it is possible to start conditional sentences with the
main clause: (no comma)
 I will buy a new car if I win the lottery.
 I would buy a new car if I won the lottery.
 I would have bought a new car if I had won the lottery.
English speakers choose one of the three conditional structures
as follows:
1. Conditional one - to express a simple statement of fact or
intention.
o I will buy a new car if I win the lottery.
o I will go home if you don't stop criticizing me.
o You will fail your exams if you don't start working
harder.
o She will lose all her friends if she continues to talk
about them behind their backs.

2. Conditional two - to refer to a present unreal situation or to

a situation in the future that the speaker thinks is unlikely to
happen.
o If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new car. (but I
don't have a lot of money)
o If I were you, I would tell him you're sorry. (but I am
not you)
o If I won the lottery, I would buy a new house. (but I
don't expect to win the lottery)
 o If it snowed tomorrow, we would go skiing. (but I
don't have much hope that it will snow)

3. Conditional three - to refer to the past and situations that

did not happen
o If it had snowed yesterday, we would have gone
skiing. (but it didn't snow, so we didn't go skiing)
o If you had studied harder, you would have passed your
test. (but you didn't study hard, so you didn't pass your
test)
o If I had known that, I would have told you. (but I
didn't know, so I didn't tell you)
o If she hadn't been driving slowly, she would have had
an accident. (but she was driving slowly, so she didn't
have an accident)

REVISION - 2

 There are Three (four) types of conditional sentences.

 It’s important to use the correct structure for each of these
different conditional sentences because they express varying
meanings.

 Pay attention to tense when using different conditional modes.

 Use a comma after the if-clause when the if-clause precedes the
main clause.

Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors

or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Complete
conditional sentences contain a conditional clause (often
referred to as the if-clause) and main clause (the consequence).
Consider the following sentences:
(If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.)
I would travel around the world if I won the lottery.
When water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.
What Are the Different Types of Conditional Sentences?

There are four different types of conditional sentences in

English. Each expresses a different degree of probability that a
situation will occur or would have occurred under certain
circumstances.

1. Zero Conditional Sentences

2. First Conditional Sentences

3. Second Conditional Sentences

 4. Third Conditional Sentences

Let’s look at each of these different types of conditional

sentences in more detail.

How to Use Zero Conditional Sentences

Zero conditional sentences express general truths—situations in

which one thing always causes another. When you use a zero
conditional, you’re talking about a general truth rather than a
specific instance of something. Consider the following
examples:
 If you don’t brush your teeth, you get cavities.
 If/when people smoke cigarettes, their health suffers.
There are a couple of things to take note of in the above
sentences in which the zero conditional is used.

First, when using the zero conditional, the correct tense to use in
both clauses is the simple present tense. A common mistake is to
use the simple future tense.
When people smoke cigarettes, their health will suffer.
Secondly, notice that the words if and when can be used
interchangeably in these zero conditional sentences. This is
because the outcome will always be the same, so it doesn’t
matter “if” or “when” it happens.
How to Use First Conditional Sentences

First conditional sentences are used to express situations in

which the outcome is likely (but not guaranteed) to happen in
the future. Look at the examples below:
 If you rest, you will feel better.
 If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.
Note that we use the simple present tense in the if-clause and
simple future tense in the main clause—that is, the clause that
expresses the likely outcome. This is how we indicate that under
a certain condition (as expressed in the if-clause), a specific
result will likely happen in the future.

Examine some of the common mistakes people make using the

first conditional structure:
If you will rest, you will feel better.
If you will call, I will come.
If you rest, you will feel better.
Explanation: Use the simple present tense in the if-clause.
If you set your mind to a goal, you eventually achieve it.
 If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.
Explanation: Use the zero conditional (i.e., simple present +
simple present) only when a certain result is guaranteed. If the
result is likely, use the first conditional (i.e., simple present +
simple future).

How to Use Second Conditional Sentences

Second conditional sentences are useful for expressing outcomes

that are completely unrealistic or will not likely happen in the
future. Consider the examples below:
 If I inherited a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.
 If I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the
animals more.
Notice:

The correct way to structure second conditional sentences is to

use the simple past tense in the if-clause and an auxiliary modal
verb (e.g., could, should, would, might) in the main clause (the
one that expresses the unrealistic or unlikely outcome). The
following sentences illustrate a couple of the common mistakes
people make when using the second conditional:
If I inherit a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.
If I inherited a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.
Explanation: When applying the second conditional, use the
simple past tense in the if-clause.
If I owned a zoo, I will let people interact with the animals
more.
If I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the animals
more.
Explanation: Use a modal auxiliary verb in the main clause
when using the second conditional mood to express the
unlikelihood that the result will actually happen.

How to Use Third Conditional Sentences

Third conditional sentences are used to explain that present

circumstances would be different if something different had
happened in the past. Look at the following examples:
 If you had told me you needed a ride, I would have left
earlier.
 If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.
These sentences express a condition that was likely enough, but
did not actually happen in the past. The speaker in the first
sentence was capable of leaving early, but did not. Along these
same lines, the speaker in the second sentence was capable of
cleaning the house, but did not. These are all conditions that
were likely, but regrettably did not happen.

Note that when using the third conditional, we use the past
perfect (i.e., had + past participle) in the if-clause. The modal
auxiliary (would, could, shoud, etc.) + have + past participle in
the main clause expresses the theoretical situation
that could have happened.
Consider these common mistakes when applying the third
conditional:
If you would have told me you needed a ride, I would have left
earlier.
If you had told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.
Explanation: With third conditional sentences, do not use a
modal auxiliary verb in the if-clause.
If I had cleaned the house, I could go to the movies.
If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.
Explanation: The third conditional mood expresses a situation
that could have only happened in the past if a certain condition
had been met. That’s why we use the modal auxiliary verb +
have + the past participle.

Exceptions and Special Cases When Using Conditional

Sentences

As with most topics in the English language, conditional

sentences often present special cases in which unique rules must
be applied.

Use of the Simple Future in the If-Clause

Generally speaking, the simple future should be used only in the
main clause. One exception is when the action in the if-clause
will take place after the action in the main clause. For example,
consider the following sentence:
If aspirin will ease my headache, I will take a couple tonight.
The action in the if-clause is the aspirin easing the headache,
which will take place only after the speaker takes them later that
night.

“Were to” in the If-Clause

The verb phrase were to is sometimes used in conditional

sentences when the likely or unlikely result is particularly awful
or unthinkable. In this case, were to is used to place emphasis on
this potential outcome. Consider these sentences:
If I were to be sick, I would miss another day of work.
If she were to be late again, she would have to have a conference
with the manager.
If the rent were to have been a penny more, they would not have
been able to pay it.
Note that the emphatic “were to” can be used to describe
hypothetical scenarios in the present, future, and past.

Punctuating Conditional Sentences

Despite the complex nature of conditional sentences,
punctuating them properly is really simple!

Here’s the skinny:

Use a comma after the if-clause when the if-clause precedes the
main clause.
If I’d had time, I would have cleaned the house.
If the main clause precedes the if-clause, no punctuation is
necessary.
I would have cleaned the house if I’d had time.

Homework:
Exercise 1. (V1/ will v1/ would v1/ would have v3)
1. If they make a noise, they…. punished. (will be/would be/had
been)
2. If Neeta…… the exam, she will not come to school, (fail/ fails/ failed)
3. What would you do if you....... (are/was/were) the headmaster?
4. If I......... you, I would never be angry with my friends, (had/were/ am)
5. If you study hard, you......your goal. (could achieve/ achieve/ can
achieve)
6. If it .......... , I wouldn’t go there. (rained/ will rain/ had rained).
7. If you are my real friend, you ......me in need. (help/ will help/ helped)
8. Had he come in time, he.... the bus. (will catch/ would catch/ would
have caught)
If I had a lot of money, I would buy....a new house. (buy)
9. She would have lost weight if she......fewer sweets. (will eat/ate/had
eaten)
10. If my son ....... here, I would be very happy. (is/ was/ were)
11. Unless you invite her, she…….come. (would/ wouldn't/ won't)
12. She laughs at you if you……..angry. (got/ would get/ get)
13. They can't pass exam unless they……hard. (study, studied/ would
study)
14. If I were you, I………to swim. (earn/ would learn/ would have
learned)
15. If they study hard, they………the exam. (pass/ will pass/ would
pass)
 CAUSATIVE VERBS
Causative verbs are those verbs that cause something to happen.
Here the subject doesn’t do the work of verb.
'Have', 'get' and ‘make’ are causative verbs.
When the subject does not carry out the action himself /herself
but causes it to happen by someone (agent), we use these verbs.
Causative verbs can be used in different tenses.
These three verbs have the following sentence structures. -
subject cfkm}n] sfd gu/L c?åf/f sfd ug{ nufOPsf]
cj:yfdf Causative verbs k|of]u ul/G5 ._
We can use different forms of have, get, make.
have,Has, had
get, Gets, got
make Makes, made
Example:
Mira had a ring …….. (made, make, to make).
(agent is the person who does the work for the subject)
2. I got my clothes …..washed. (wash/ washed/ to wash).
3. He had his servant ……. the room. (clean / to clean / cleaned)
(agent is given)
Ram gets Sita ………. his food. (cook/to cook/cooked) (agent)
He made the horse run. (agent)
The teacher made us write an answer. (agent)
The police made the thief knell down. (agent)

1. GET / HAVE
Causative verb comes after Subject.
1. If get or have is used as causative verb – and if there is no
agent
Rule no. 1. Use V3 if there is no agent. (no agent = v3)
2. GET/ HAVE
Rule 2. If get / have/ make is used as causative verb – and if
there is agent:
a. Get + to v1
b. Have + v1
c. Make + v1 (always)

No agent + v3
Agent + V1 (get = to v1)
 (i) Subj + make + agent + v1 + obj,
Prerana makes Pritija ……. her dishes. (wased, wash, to wash)
(Pritija washed dishes but only after being asked by Prerana.)
(ii) Subj + get + agent + to + v1 + obj,
The teacher got her students to study hard.
(iii) Subj + have + agent + v1 + obj,
The students had the teacher….a song. (to sing, sung, sing)
Subj + get/have + obj + v3 (no agent)
The head teacher got the classrooms cleaned in the evening.
So, the causative verbs appear in a sentence with or without an
agent. The above mentioned structures can be remembered
easily as follows.
A. ‘With agent’. -sfd ug]{ JolQm tf]lsPsf] _
i) get + agent + to + v1 –
She got him to read it.
(agent – ‘him’)
ii) have + agent +v1 ,
'I have him write it', ('him' is the agent, 'have' doesn't take to -
infinitive).
iii) make+ agent + v1 –
He made me clean his room. (agent- me)
B. ‘No agent’ but object -sfd ug]{ JolQm gtf]lsPsf]_
i) get/have + obj + v3.
I got my shirt ironed. (Someone did it but not mentioned.)
Bishnu had her shoes polished. (Bishnu n] h'Qf c?nfO{ polish
ug{ cx|fPsf] t/ s;nfO{ cx|fPsf] eGg] s'/f pNn]v gePsf]
Note.
i) If there is 'get' + agent, the verb form is ‘to infinitive’
and it takes an object.
But if there is "make", it always comes with an agent and the
form of verb is ‘bare infinitive’.

Exercise
1. The people………the leaders keep their word. (has / get/
make)
2. The teacher gets the students…………homework daily. (do/
to do/ done)
3. We have the mechanics………..our vehicles. (mend/ to mend/
mended)
4. People get government………..them with jobs. (provide/ to
provide/ provided)
5. I had my car………………. (service/ serviced/ to service)
6. People have engineers……….their houses. (design/ to design/
designed)
7. I have my coat…………. (wash/ to wash/ washed)
8. They got their photos………….( to take/ take/ taken)
9. Please have your room………(to clean/ clean/ cleaned)
10. They got their books……….( print/ to print/ printed)
11. I have my chest………..(x-ray/ to x-ray/ x-rayed)
12. Ram's grandfather………..a tailor to stitch his trousers.
(made/ got / had)
13. The teacher asked the students to get their hair…… (trim/
trimmed/ to trim)
14. She got the letter…… (to type/ typed/ type)
15 My father got me………in the garden. (dig/ to dig/ dug)
Exercise 2.
1. Mohan will get Rama ……to wash…his clothes (wash)
2. My teacher made me …write……. a lot (write)
3. They have their hair …cut…every month. (cut)
4. Salina got the goldsmith …to polish…. her jewelleries.
(polish)
5. He got me . .to turn…..off the tap. (turn)
6. He has the television …turned.. on. (turn)
7. She has Hari sing a song. (make , get , has)
8. The Hermit made us…pick some oranges. (pick)