Single Variable Calculus1

Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Jul – Nov 2025

Instructor: Rajen Kumar Sinha

1
Slides originally created by: Dr. Anjan Kumar Chakrabarty
Outline of Syllabus

Sequence
Series
Continuity
Derivative
Integral
Books

G. B. Thomas, Jr. and R. L. Finney, Calculus and Analytic

Geometry, Pearson India, 9th Edition, 2006.
R. G. Bartle and D. R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real
Analysis, Wiley India, 4th Edition, 2014.
S. R. Ghorpade and B. V. Limaye, A Course in Calculus and
Real Analysis, Springer India, 2006.
Class Timings (Slot B)

Monday : 9 AM - 9:55 AM
Tuesday : 10 AM - 10:55 AM
Wednesday : 11 AM - 11:55 AM

Tutorial Class: Friday (8 AM - 8:55 AM)

Roll Nos. Group Venue Tutor

250101001 to 250101038 T1(CS) 5002 Aayushman Raina
250101040 to 250101078 T2(CS) 5004 Sudipta Sarkar
250101079 to 250101116 T3(CS) 5102 Koushik Bhakta
For Lecture slides; Tutorial problems; and Announcements

enroll yourself in MS Teams using

Group Name : Grp CSE SVC 2025

Code : u4ertce
Evaluation Plan

One Quiz Test (30 marks) Date: 23/08/2025

Mid-Semester Examination (70 marks)
Problem solving

Three types of problems

Examples in lectures
Tutorial problems
Additional practice problems
  
1 1 1
lim + + ··· +
n→∞ 1.n 2.(n − 1) n.1
1 1
= lim + lim + · · · = 0 + 0 + · · · = 0.
n→∞ 1.n n→∞ 2.(n − 1)

Method is wrong but answer is correct.

 
1 1 1
lim + + ··· +
n→∞ n+1 n+2 n+n
1 1
= lim + lim + · · · = 0 + 0 + · · · = 0.
n→∞ n + 1 n→∞ n + 2

Method is wrong and answer is also wrong.

 1
3 2 1
Z  
1
√
3
dx = x3 =0
−1 x 2 −1

Method is wrong but answer is correct.

1
1 1
Z  
1
dx = − = −2
−1 x2 x −1

Method is wrong and answer is also wrong.

Let
x2 + x

if x ≥ 0,
f (x) =
x2 if x < 0.
So 
00 2 if x ≥ 0,
f (x) =
2 if x < 0.
i.e.
f 00 (x) = 2 for all x ∈ R.

Method ? Answer ? Think!

Algebraic properties of real numbers
R = set of real numbers = the real line
(R, +, ·) satisfies the following properties: For all a, b, c ∈ R,
1 a+b = b+a (Commutativity of addition)
2 (a+b)+c=a+(b+c) (Associativity of addition)
3 There is a real number, denoted by 0, such that
0 + a = a + 0 = a (The additive identity)
4 For each a ∈ R, there is a real number −a ∈ R such that
a + (−a) = 0 (The additive inverse)
5 a · b = b · a (Commutativity of multiplication)
6 (a · b) · c = a · (b · c) (Associativity of multiplication)
7 There is a real number, denoted by 1, such that
1 · a = a · 1 = a (The multiplicative identity)
8 For each a ∈ R and a 6= 0, there is a real number b ∈ R such
that a · b = b · a = 1 (The multiplicative inverse)
9 a · (b + c) = a · b + a · c (The distributive property)
Order properties of real numbers

N = {1, 2, . . . , n, . . .} = set of natural numbers

Z = {0, ±1, ±2, . . . , } = set of integers
Q = {p/q : p ∈ Z and q ∈ N} = set of rationals

Fact: R is an ordered field.

1. If a, b ∈ R then exactly one of the following is true:
a < b; a = b; b < a.
2. a < b and b < c =⇒ a < c.
3. a < b and c ∈ R =⇒ a + c < b + c.
4. a < b and c > 0 =⇒ ac < bc; a < b and c < 0 =⇒ bc < ac.
Order properties of R and absolute value

For a, b ∈ R, define a ≤ b by a < b or a = b.

Then for a, b ∈ R, either a ≤ b or b ≤ a (also written as a ≥ b).

Absolute value: | · | : R −→ [0, ∞) defined by


x if x ≥ 0,
|x| =
−x if x < 0.

Then the absolute value function satisfies the following:

1. |x| ≥ 0 and |x| = 0 ⇐⇒ x = 0.
2. |xy | = |x| |y | for x, y ∈ R.
3. |x + y | ≤ |x| + |y | for x, y ∈ R.
Bounded sets
Let S ⊂ R be finite. Then there exists xmin , xmax ∈ S such that

xmin ≤ x ≤ xmax for all x ∈ S.

What happens if S ⊂ R is infinite?

Examples:
1 Let S1 := {1/n : n ∈ N}. Then xmax = 1 and xmin =?.
2 Let S2 = {1 − 1/n : n ∈ N}. Then xmin = 0 and xmax =?
3 Let S3 = {x ∈ R : 0 < x < 1). Then xmin =? and xmax =?.

Definition: Let S(6= ∅) ⊂ R and u, ` ∈ R.

u is an upper bound of S in R if x ≤ u for all x ∈ S.
S is called bounded above if there is an upper bound of S in R.

` is a lower bounded of S in R if ` ≤ x for all x ∈ S.

S is called bounded below if there a lower bound of S in R.
S is called bounded if it is bounded above and bounded below.
Supremum and infimum
Definition: Let S(6= ∅) ⊂ R and u ∈ [Link] u is called the
supremum (least upper bound = lub) of S in R if
1 u is an upper bound of S in R, and
2 u is the least among all the upper bounds of S in R, i.e. if u 0
is any upper bound of S in R, then u ≤ u 0 .
Notation: sup S, lubS.
Definition: Let S(6= ∅) ⊂ R and ` ∈ [Link] ` is called the
infimum (greatest lower bound = glb) of S in R if
1 ` is a lower bound of S in R, and
2 ` is the greatest among all the lower bounds of S in R, i.e. if
`0 is any lower bound of S in R, then `0 ≤ `.
Notation: inf S, glbS.
Examples: sup S1 = 1 ∈ S1 and inf S1 = 0 ∈
/ S1 .
inf S2 = 0 ∈ S2 and sup S2 = 1 ∈
/ S2 .
inf S3 = 0 ∈
/ S3 and sup S3 = 1 ∈
/ S3 .
Completeness property of R
If S ⊂ R is nonempty and bounded above then does S have a
supremum?
Completeness property/lub property: Let S ⊂ R be nonempty. If S
is bounded above then S has a supremum (sup S exists).

Ex. If S ⊂ R is nonempty and is bounded below then S has an

infimum ( inf S exists).

Archimedean property: Let a ∈ R. Then there exists n ∈ N such

that n > a.
Density of rationals: Let a, b ∈ R with a < b. Then exists r ∈ Q
such that a < r < b.
Ex. Let a, b ∈ R with a < b. Then exists an irrational number s
such that a < s < b.

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