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 Abstract—This project aims to develop an automatic  Voltage Range: 5V DC
voltage stabilizer capable of maintaining a stable output  Interface: Parallel (can also work with I2C module)
voltage using a relay-based switching mechanism and a 4
kVA automatic transformer. The stabilizer operates  Purpose: Display live voltage readings from voltage
efficiently within an input voltage range of 180V to 250V sensor
AC and provides a regulated output suitable for household
or industrial use. An LCD display is integrated to show
real-time voltage readings, ensuring transparency and ease 2. Relays (12V, SPDT - Single Pole Double Throw):
of monitoring. Relays act as electromechanical switches which help in
changing the transformer taps based on the input voltage.
Keywords—component, formatting, style, styling, insert (key These are controlled either manually or via control circuitry
words) (such as Arduino or comparator circuit). The relays allow high
voltage (220V AC) switching via low voltage (12V DC)
I. INTRODUCTION control, providing electrical isolation and safety.
 Operating Voltage: 12V DC
In today's world, almost every household and industry relies
on a stable and reliable power supply to operate sensitive  Load Rating: Usually 10A at 250V AC
electrical and electronic appliances. However, voltage  Use Case: Automatic switching of transformer taps
fluctuations are a frequent issue in many parts of the world, for voltage correction
especially in semi-urban and rural areas. These fluctuations
can damage expensive equipment such as televisions,
refrigerators, air conditioners, computers, and industrial 3. 4 kVA Automatic Transformer (Step-Up and Step-
machinery. Down):
The core of the stabilizer is the transformer which has multiple
To overcome this problem, voltage stabilizers are used. A internal tap points. Depending on the input voltage, different
voltage stabilizer is an electrical device that maintains a taps are selected to either boost or buck the output voltage.
The transformer supports both step-up and step-down
constant voltage level to electrical appliances, regardless of
operation, and 4 kVA capacity makes it suitable for powering
input fluctuations. Traditional stabilizers require manual
home appliances.
switching or are bulky, while modern solutions aim to be
compact, automatic, and efficient.  Power Rating: 4 kVA
 Function: Adjusts voltage automatically based on tap
This project focuses on designing an Automatic Voltage selection
Stabilizer using relays and a 4 kVA transformer. The
system is capable of working in an input range of 180V to  Taps: Typically includes buck, boost, and normal
voltage positions
250V AC and maintains a nearly constant output voltage. The
switching mechanism is managed by relays that select  Type: Auto-transformer with relays for tap switching
different taps of the transformer to either boost or buck the
voltage as needed.
4. Voltage Divider Circuit:
A digital LCD display is integrated to show real-time input A voltage divider is used to scale down the high AC voltage so
and output voltages, enhancing user interaction and that it can be measured safely by a sensor or microcontroller.
transparency. This project aims to deliver a cost-effective and This is made using two resistors in series. It helps provide
proportional voltage to the analog input of microcontroller or
practical solution for protecting appliances from voltage-
to the digital voltage sensor.
related damage while providing an educational insight into
power electronics and automation.  Components: High-value resistors (e.g., 100kΩ and
10kΩ)
II. COMPONENT USED  Purpose: Convert 220V AC to a safer voltage signal
1. LCD Display (16x2, Digital AC Voltage Display):  Use: Voltage sensing & display on LCD
This is a 2-line display module capable of showing up to 16
characters per line. It is used in the project to display the input
and output voltage in real-time. The LCD works in 5. Diodes:
coordination with the voltage sensing circuit and shows the Diodes are used for rectification (converting AC to DC) and
voltage values to the user clearly. This enhances user for protecting the circuit from reverse voltage. They allow
interaction and makes it easy to monitor the stabilizer's current to flow in only one direction and are placed across
operation. relays and power inputs.
 Type: Alphanumeric 16x2  Type: 1N4007 or equivalent
  Purpose: Protection and rectification shock, and moisture. It provides insulation from electrical
contact and gives a professional finish to the project.
 Use: Flyback protection in relays and rectifier circuit
 Material: Plastic/metal (with ventilation holes)
 Use: Safety and durability of the entire system
6. Capacitors:
Capacitors are used to smooth out the DC voltage after
rectification and to filter out noise. They are also used in
timing and delay circuits if microcontroller is not used.
 Type: Electrolytic capacitors (e.g., 100µF, 470µF)
 Purpose: Power supply filtering and stability
 Use: Smooth DC voltage, protect circuit from ripples III. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

7. Resistors:
Resistors control current flow, divide voltage, and protect
components from overcurrent. They are fundamental to setting
correct voltage and current levels for sensors and logic
circuits.
 Value: Based on circuit design (commonly 220Ω,
1kΩ, 10kΩ)
 Purpose: Voltage division, current limiting, signal
conditioning

8. AC Wires:
Used to connect the high voltage side of the circuit, including
transformer, input plug, relays, and output socket. Wires are
selected according to current rating for safety. The circuit begins with an AC mains input supply of 180V
to 250V, which is connected through the Live (L) and Neutral
 Type: Copper stranded wire
(N) terminals. This input voltage is fed directly to both the
 Gauge: 2.5 sq. mm or more for power line transformer and the relay switching section. The transformer
 Use: Carry AC load safely used here is a 4 kVA auto-transformer with multiple tap
points that can be selected depending on the incoming voltage
level.
9. Soldering Machine:
A soldering iron is used to permanently attach components on The voltage sensing and relay switching are managed using a
the PCB or general purpose board. It provides secure simple analog control circuit consisting of an LED and
connections and reliable conductivity between components. relay driver setup. This control system constantly monitors
the input voltage level. When the voltage fluctuates, the LED
 Power: 25W to 40W recommended
either turns ON or OFF based on preset thresholds, and this
 Use: Assembling the entire control and power circuit triggers the relay coil to switch positions.

🔹 Relay Type: Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT), 12V DC

10.Nuts and Bolts: 🔹 Function: Changes the transformer tap points based on
Used to fix the transformer, relays, PCB, and LCD inside the voltage level
stabilizer cover. These provide mechanical strength and ensure
safety from movement or short-circuits.
The relay's job is to connect the transformer’s output terminal
 Type: Steel nuts, bolts, and spacers to a suitable tap point — either boost, buck, or normal —
 Purpose: Mounting transformer and circuit board depending on whether the input voltage is low, high, or within
securely the normal range. This ensures that the output remains close to
220V AC, maintaining a stable voltage for the appliances.

11. Stabilizer Outer Cover (Enclosure): A 12V DC power supply (either from an adapter or a
The stabilizer box protects all internal components from dust, regulated source) powers the LED-relay circuit. This keeps the
control section electrically isolated from the high-voltage AC A unique advantage of this setup is that the relay performs
power section, thus improving safety. high-voltage switching using low-voltage control, ensuring
safety, isolation, and reliability. The load is always
🔹 Safety Advantage: Control circuit is powered separately connected only to one tap at a time, avoiding any short-circuit
using 12V DC, ensuring isolation from the high-voltage conditions inside the transformer windings. The LED
section indicator, when included, gives a real-time visual cue of
whether the system is boosting, bucking, or passing voltage in
normal mode. This enhances user awareness and diagnostics
Once the correct tap is selected by the relay, the transformer
without needing an advanced interface.
adjusts the voltage accordingly and sends the stabilized output
to the final output terminals. These terminals can be
connected to any electrical or electronic appliances. Since the system is analog, it reacts in real-time without any
processing delay. This makes it especially suitable for rural
and semi-urban areas where voltage fluctuations are frequent
This circuit is designed to operate automatically and without
and rapid. The complete design is cost-effective, easy to
any microcontroller or Arduino. The use of a single relay,
assemble, and doesn’t rely on complex programming, making
combined with LED-based voltage monitoring, makes the
it ideal for educational projects, DIY applications, and small-
system cost-effective, simple, and compact.
scale household or industrial use.
🔹 Key Benefit: No need for programming or digital control —
To summarize the full process — the mains voltage enters the
the circuit is purely analog and automatic
transformer, the 12V power supply activates the control
section, the voltage-sensing circuit determines the voltage
level, the relay switches the tap accordingly, and a stable
A. WORKING 220V output is delivered to the appliances. Each component in
the circuit plays a crucial role, and the integration of relay
logic with transformer tap-switching ensures that voltage
The automatic voltage stabilizer begins its operation as soon
fluctuations are managed quickly, efficiently, and safely.
as it receives the mains AC supply, typically ranging between
180V to 250V. This input voltage is fed directly to the main 4
kVA transformer, which is designed with internal tap points
configured for buck, normal, and boost voltage levels. These
taps allow the transformer to either increase or decrease the
output voltage based on the input, ensuring a stable voltage—
ideally around 220V—is always supplied to the load.

To activate the appropriate tap, the stabilizer includes a

control section powered by a separate 12V AC transformer.
This 12V AC is rectified and filtered using diodes and
capacitors, producing a stable DC supply which energizes the
relay and the control logic circuit. The control circuit may
include components such as Zener diodes, resistors,
transistors, and capacitors, designed to sense the input voltage
levels and trigger the relay to switch to the correct tap. The
logic is purely analog, making the system robust and
independent of programming or microcontroller-based logic.

One of the key working features of the circuit is the relay-

based switching mechanism. The SPDT (Single Pole Double
Throw) relay acts like an electromechanical gatekeeper. When
the input voltage is low, the control circuit energizes the relay
in a way that it connects the output to the boost tap of the
transformer, raising the voltage closer to 220V. Conversely, if
the input voltage is too high, the relay switches to the buck
tap, thereby lowering the voltage to a safe range. When the
voltage is within the acceptable normal range, the relay either
de-energizes or switches to the default tap to allow direct flow
from the input to output without alteration.
IV-ADVANTAGE 7. No Software Dependency (Fully Analog Logic)
1. Wide Input Voltage Range (180V–250V AC) No programming or firmware updates required → Less
prone to software failures.
Works efficiently in areas with high voltage fluctuations,
common in rural/semi-urban regions. Works instantly without boot-up delays (unlike
microcontroller-based stabilizers).
Protects appliances from both under-voltage (brownouts)
and over-voltage (surges). 8. Compact & Durable Enclosure
2. Relay-Based Switching for Fast Response Protects internal circuits from dust, moisture, and
accidental contact.
Electromechanical relays (SPDT) provide quick tap-
switching without delay. Ventilation-friendly design prevents overheating.
No microcontroller dependency → More reliable in harsh 9. Energy Efficient (Minimal Power Loss)
conditions. Auto-transformer design reduces energy wastage
3. Cost-Effective & Simple Design compared to traditional stabilizers.
Uses basic analog components (resistors, diodes, relays) Only necessary tap is engaged, avoiding unnecessary power
instead of expensive digital controllers. consumption.
Easy to assemble & repair, making it ideal for DIY 10. Educational & Practical Value
projects and small-scale industries. Great for engineering students learning about power
4. Safe & Isolated Control Circuit electronics, relays, and transformers.
12V DC control section ensures electrical isolation from Demonstrates real-world voltage regulation
high-voltage AC, improving safety. techniques without complex coding.
Flyback diodes protect relays from voltage spikes.
5. Real-Time Voltage Monitoring (LCD Display) B. Application
1. Home Appliances Protection
16x2 LCD shows input/output voltage, helping users
monitor fluctuations.
Use: To safeguard household electronics like
Useful for troubleshooting and ensuring stabilizer refrigerators, televisions, air conditioners, and washing
performance. machines.
Why Needed: These appliances are sensitive to voltage
6. High Power Handling (4 kVA Capacity)
fluctuations, which can reduce their lifespan or cause
Suitable for household appliances (AC, fridge, instant damage.
TV) and small industrial machines.
2. Small Industrial Equipment
Use: For running motors, CNC machines, printing
machines, and other light industrial tools.
\Why Needed: Stable voltage ensures reliable operation
and prevents machine breakdowns due to over/under-
voltage.

3. Computers and IT Equipment

Use: In offices or homes to protect computers, routers,
servers, and peripherals.
Why Needed: Voltage instability can cause data loss,
sudden shutdowns, or damage to sensitive components.

4. Medical Equipment
Use: In clinics or diagnostic labs for devices like ECG,
ultrasound, or incubators.
Why Needed: Medical equipment must operate on
accurate voltage levels for safety and precision.

5. Rural Areas with Unstable Grid Supply

 Use: As a general-purpose stabilizer for homes or small The system utilizes an electromechanical SPDT relay to
commercial units in rural and semi-urban regions. switch transformer taps in real-time based on the input voltage
Why Needed: These areas often suffer from wide voltage level. Depending on whether the voltage is below, above, or
fluctuations. within the normal range, the relay connects to the boost, buck,
or normal tap respectively. This ensures that the output
6. Air Conditioning Systems remains close to 220V AC, protecting connected devices from
Use: Dedicated stabilizers are often used for high- both under-voltage and over-voltage conditions.
capacity air conditioners. The integration of a voltage sensing circuit, along with an
Why Needed: AC compressors are particularly LED indicator and an LCD display, allows for real-time
vulnerable to low voltage and may fail without a monitoring and clear visualization of voltage conditions,
stabilizer. enhancing user interaction and system transparency. The
control circuit, powered by a 12V DC supply, remains
7. Audio/Video Equipment electrically isolated from the high-voltage AC path, ensuring
Use: For amplifiers, home theatres, studio equipment, and operator safety and system reliability.
LED displays. One of the key strengths of the design is its simplicity. The
Why Needed: Ensures consistent performance and avoids absence of digital controllers or software makes it immune to
distortion or hardware failure due to power issues. programming errors, firmware crashes, or processor delays.
As a result, the system reacts instantly to voltage changes,
8. Telecommunication Towers making it highly suitable for environments where quick
Use: Power conditioning for mobile towers and response time is essential. Furthermore, the use of standard
networking equipment. components like resistors, capacitors, diodes, and relays
Why Needed: Continuous uptime requires steady voltage makes the design easy to replicate, maintain, and repair.
for routers, transceivers, and backup systems. In terms of performance, the 4 kVA capacity makes the
stabilizer capable of handling high-load appliances such as air
conditioners, refrigerators, and industrial machines. The
CONCLUSION compact design and sturdy enclosure ensure durability, while
The development of this automatic voltage stabilizer using a the low energy loss due to auto-transformer architecture
relay-based switching mechanism and a 4 kVA auto- contributes to overall system efficiency.
transformer effectively addresses the critical issue of voltage In conclusion, this project not only provides a technically
fluctuation in power supply systems. Voltage instability is a sound solution to voltage stabilization but also serves as a
widespread challenge, especially in rural and semi-urban valuable educational tool for students and professionals in
areas, where it often results in the malfunction or damage of electrical and electronics engineering. It demonstrates the
electrical and electronic appliances. This project presents a practical application of basic electrical components in solving
robust and practical solution to this problem through a fully real-world problems and promotes innovation through
analog and automatic design that eliminates the need for simplicity. With its wide range of applications, from
microcontroller-based control, thus reducing complexity and households to small industries, this stabilizer is a reliable and
cost. cost-effective product with high societal impact.