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to/3vfZ5nZ
 JOSH METER?

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 a, b and c show the magnified schematic pictures of the
three states of matter. The motion of the particles can
be seen and compared in the three states of matter.

atoms ke beech ka distance ∝ motion of atoms

“matlab agar jyaada

distance hua to space
jyaada hogi atom ke paas
yaani jyaada jagah hogi
motion ke liye”

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Sublimation: The change of the solid state of the matter directly on heating to
vapor state (without becoming liquid) is called sublimation. The substance is dry ice,
Naphthalene balls (mothballs, Iodine, Ammonium chloride, etc.)
Example: When camphor or ammonium chloride is heated in a China
dish covered by a inverted funnel (with cotton plug in its upper
open end), the vapours of ammonium chloride are converted into
solid ammonium chloride on coming in contact with the cold inner
walls of the funnel.

SUBLIMATION

solid gas

“Sub li” mation - Subtract Liquid phase

Liquid nahi banega!

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 isse samajh lo!

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 “Class 9th Phodenge”
- Prashant Bhaiya

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 JOSH METER?

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 PRASHANT KIRAD

Solution : A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more

substances. e.g. Soda water, Lemonade, etc.
Components of a Solution:
Solute: The substance that is dissolved in the solvent. It is
present in a lesser amount.
Solvent: The substance in which the solute is dissolved. It is
present in a greater amount.
Alloys are mixtures of metals or a
metal and a non-metal, unseparable by
physical methods. Though not
separable, they retain properties of
constituents and can vary in
compositions that’s why they are
considered as a mixture. Example:
brass is 30% zinc and 70% copper.
10
Properties of a solution:
&

1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

9

2. The particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm (10-9 metre) in

B

diameter. So, they cannot be seen by naked eyes.

U

3. Because of very small particle size, they do not scatter a beam of

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light passing through the solution. So, the path of light is not visible in
EX

a solution.
4. The solute particles cannot be separated from the mixture by the
process of filtration. The solute particles do not settle down when left
undisturbed, that is, a solution is stable

Concentration of Solution :

Mass by mass percentage

Mass by volume percentage

Volume by volume percentage of a solution

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 PRASHANT KIRAD

SOLIDS GASES
LIQUIDS
Size of solute particles
Size of solute particles is bigger than true but Size of particles biggest.
1
smallest. < 10 - 9m smaller than suspension. > 10 -6 m
In between 10- 9 to 10- 6m.

Solute particles can’t be Solute particles can’t be Can be seen with-9 naked
2
seen with naked eye. seen with naked eye. eye.

Seems homogeneous but

3 Homogeneous mixture. Heterogeneous mixture.
actually heterogeneous.

Particles can’t be separated Particles can’t be Can be separated by

4
by filtration . separated by filtration . filtration.

5 Transparent Translucent
10 Opaque

Stable solutions - i.e. solute Unstable solution-solute

&

6 particles do not settle on Stable solutions particles settle upon

9

keeping. keeping.
B
U

May or may not show

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7 Do not show tyndall effect. Show tyndall effect. tyndall effect.

EX

Colloid particles pass Suspension particles do

Solutions diffuse rapidly
through filter paper but not pass through filter
8 through filter paper as well
not through parchment paper as well as
as parchment paper.
paper. parchhment paper.

9 e.g. Sugar in water. e.g. Milk, blood. e.g. Sand/mud in water.

Suspension: A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the

solute particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the
bulk of the medium basically suspension is non – homogeneous systems
in which solids are dispersed in liquids.

Properties of a suspension:
Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
Particles are visible to the naked eye.

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 PRASHANT KIRAD

Particles scatter light, making the path visible.

Solute particles settle over time, making the suspension unstable.
Particles can be separated by filtration.
When particles settle, the suspension breaks and no longer scatters
light.

Colloidal Solution
The mixture in which one substance of dispersed insoluble particles is
suspended throughout the other substance is known as colloidal
solution or colloids.
The phenomenon of scattering of a beam of light by colloidal
particles, when passed through a colloidal solution, is called the
Tyndall effect.

(a) Solution of copper sulphate

does not show Tyndall effect,
(b) mixture of water and milk
shows Tyndall effect

Properties of Colloidal solution:

1. A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture.
2. Particle size is too small to be seen by naked eyes.
3. Particles scatter light, making its path visible.
4. Colloids are stable and do not settle when left undisturbed.
5. Cannot be separated by filtration; requires centrifugation.

Common examples of colloids :

Dispersed Phase : The solute-like component of the dispersed
particles in a colloid form the dispersed phase.
Dispersion Medium : The component in which the dispersed phase is
suspended is known as the dispersing medium.
Aerosol : A colloidal solution with dispersed phase solid/liquid and
dispersing medium gas is called Aerosol. e.g. clouds.

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 PRASHANT KIRAD

Foam : A colloidal solution with dispersed phase gas and dispersing

medium solid/liquid is called Foam. [Link] cream.
Ye table bhi
dekhlena

Physical and Chemical Changes:

10
&
9
B
U
PH

e.g. ice, water, and water vapor e.g. Oil burns in air , water extinguishes fire.
EX

Types of Pure Substances:

1 Elements - Basic form of matter that cannot be broken down by
chemical reactions.
Categories: Metals, non-metals, metalloids.
Property Metals Non-Metals

Lustre Shiny (e.g., gold, silver) Not shiny (e.g., carbon, sulfur)

Various colors (e.g., oxygen - colorless,

Color Silvery-grey or golden-yellow
iodine - purple)

Poor conductors of heat and

Conductivity Good conductors of heat and electricity
electricity (e.g., oxygen, sulfur)

Ductility Ductile (e.g., copper, gold) Not ductile

Malleability Malleable (e.g., gold, aluminum) Not malleable (e.g., sulfur)

Sonorous Sonorous (e.g., copper, brass) Non-sonorous

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 PRASHANT KIRAD

“ Burning a candle involves Some elements have intermediate properties

both physical (melting between those of metals and nonmetals, they
wax) and chemical are called metalloids; examples are boron,
changes (wax burning).” silicon, germanium, etc

Compounds : A compound is a substance composed of two or more

elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.

10
&
9
B
U
PH
EX

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 No. of Reactants = No. of Products

JOSH METER?

No=नौ=9

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 mostly double krdo
atomic number ko

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 C”a”tion A”n”ion
a = addition = positive n = negative
Ab Confuse matt hona!
- ”Prashant Bhaiya”
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 Important!!!

Acche se practice krna!!

10th me bhi kaam aayega
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 PRASHANT KIRAD

Chemical formulae
Class 9th Phodenge
For ions: - Prashant Bhaiya

Molecular mass 10
The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of that
substance. E.g., Molecular mass of H2O = 2 x Atomic mass of
&

Hydrogen + 1 x Atomic mass of Oxygen.

9
B

Formula unit mass

U

The sum of the atomic mass of ions and atoms present in formula for a
PH

compound.
EX

In NaCl, Na = 23 amu, Cl = 35.5 amu

So, Formula unit mass = 1 x 23 + 1 x 35.5 = 59.5 u

Molar mass
The molar mass of a substance is the mass of 1 mole of that
substance. It is equal to the 6.022 x 10 23atoms of that
element/substance.
E.g., Atomic mass of hydrogen is 1 and its molar mass is 1 g/mol

Important formulae

i. Number of moles (n) = Given mass/Molar mass = m/M

ii. Percentage of any atom in given compound = (Mass of element x
100)/Mass of compound

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 PRASHANT KIRAD

Structure of Atom
Atoms are the building blocks of matter and the smallest unit of matter.

JOSH METER?

Discovery of electrons (Cathode ray - JJ Thomson) J. J. Thomson, in

1897, discovered negatively charged particles emitted by the cathode
towards the anode in a cathode ray experiment. These are negatively
charged.
Discovery of Protons (Anode rays - E. Goldstein)
10
Ernest Goldstein, in 1886, discovered that with a different condition in
&

the same chamber, anode emitted positively charged particles known as

9

Canal rays or later named as Protons.

B
U

Representation: Electron as 'e–', Proton as 'p+'.

PH

Proton mass: One unit, charge: Plus one.

EX

Electron mass: Negligible, charge: Minus one.

Discovery of Neutrons ( J. Chadwick)

J. Chadwick bombarded lighter elements like lithium, boron, etc. with
alpha particles and observed emission of new particles having zero charge
but having mass equal to that of proton.
These particles are called ‘Neutron’ i.e. neutral particle of the atom.
Neutrons are absent in Protium isotope of hydrogen Atom.

“Rubbing two objects together creates electrical charge.”

Drawback of Dalton’s Theory: it stated atoms were indivisible, but

discovery of electrons and protons inside atoms disproved this,
highlighting a limitation.

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 PRASHANT KIRAD
Thomson Model of an atom :Thomson's atomic model compared atoms
to a Christmas pudding or watermelon.
In Thomson's model:
Atoms consist of a positively charged sphere,
like the red edible part of the watermelon
Electrons are embedded within this sphere,
similar to currants in a pudding or seeds in a
watermelon.
Negative and positive charges are equal, making the atom electrically neutral.
Despite explaining electrical neutrality, Thomson's model couldn't account for
some experimental results.

Rutherford‘s atomic model In his famous “Alpha ray scattering

Experiment”, Rutherford bombarded alpha rays upon thin gold foil.
Observations:
He selected a gold foil because he wanted as thin a layer as possible. This
gold foil was about 1000 atoms thick. 10
Alpha (α)-particles are helium ions with a double charge and a mass of 4 u,
giving them significant energy. Initially, it was anticipated that these
&

particles would be deflected by sub-atomic particles within gold atoms.

9

However, due to their greater mass compared to protons, large

B

deflections were not expected.

U
PH
EX

models yaad rakhna!

direct questions aa
jaayenge.. or scientists
ke naam bhi

Conclusions:
Most of the space inside is empty because alpha particles passed
through the gold foil.
Very few particles deflected indicating positive charge occupies very
little space in an atom.
As a very small fraction of particles were reflected by an angle of
180 degrees, it indicates positive charges were concentrated in small
volume within the atoms.

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 Neutron:
In 1932, J. Chadwick discovered the neutron.
Neutrons have no charge and a mass nearly
equal to that of a proton.
Neutrons are present in the nucleus of all
atoms except hydrogen.
Represented as 'n'.
The mass of an atom is the sum of the masses
of its protons and neutrons.

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 Atomic number =
no. of protons =
no. of electrons

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 Applications of isotopes:
(i) An isotope of uranium is used as a fuel in
nuclear reactors.
(ii) An isotope of cobalt is used in the
treatment of cancer.
(iii) An isotope of iodine is used in the
treatment of goitre.

“Class 9th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya

Schematic atomic structure of the first eighteen elements

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