Im seqwame Ghanyam ZnzetDenett ene ELEMENTS OF MINING TECHNOLOGY VOL. 2 Part A & B J. Deshmadh cone HS ae, ener rg apn Ut Denett & Co. Scanned with CamScanner‘Second Eton : 7h August, 2008 Copyright © 2008 by Author ‘This book es abet othe condion tat it shall, by way of tade therein belent esl rent termined witha Be puble ‘ror wre enc n ey fom niger cover other han at wich ti SGA i ar ete icy etn ton nd i he subcqust purse a wiht linge phir under copraht ‘eved above, so prt of tis pulenton iy be reproduced, sored in oF {Soluce ina remeval ster ot tase! i any fr o y any meat (Gewese mechan photocopying Revd or eerie), witout he ot ‘rites permission fbi wor andthe paseo abook ISBN 978.81.89908.34.0 Pablhed Denett & Co. Preface to 9 Edition ‘This reised edition incudes matter on proflomee, mast at Zaswer group of mines (HZL), Radon, Nitrogen feshing to quench underground firs, and a footer tp. Sprlar fds no plc i is ti sit as gone ut of use withthe ntraduction of electronic denice fo ‘measre methane percentage and warn the workers. The chapters ox mining ‘methods et Kolar gold Field hae bee deleted es they are no longer een with the stoppage of workings a greater dps. A noteworthy edion the Inclusion of feo potograp A foo examples on mine vention hve ben ince Units ‘ut he mary of he mantra ee mt uso anes graphy Some information of Indian Mining in Part B has heen reproduced {rom the Mining Anmual Reviews of Mining Magasin, London ty lind ‘permission ofthe management. Updating of infrmation in Part Bhs Ben Feed onthe published Jechiel erature My thant edu the lowing companies and ergarisations which rendered uate eistence for rei and updating tis Fook Cental Mining Rserch Staton, Dhanbad IK Day 6 Son, Cates Directorate of Mines Safety Dhanbad Hinduthan Zine Ld Usaiper Indi Baron of Mince ‘Negper Indian Schoo of Mines Dimtat Inari Metical Engineers ‘New Dati Jeph Lie Agencia, Boney Mazel 6 Mager Ld. Dera ‘send Manganese Or Ini Li, Nag Min Softy Appliances Li, Catt ‘Mining Magasin den Nande Mansfcuring Co, alate ‘Sib German Co. Lae mon Upton nda id Ida Urania Corporation offi, adapt tea Catia + Publisher « Scanned with CamScannerConversion of common FPS and metric units into $1 units gf = 981. News Ikf = 4448 Newent ton (eng en) = 9964loNemen® Pressure i= 6895 4m ten (Long ton) = 15.4480? ems (standard) = 108314/n% barorb glen = Nt elf = 9.81 Nt sam veg = Light = 10Pascas Speed Power niles = 1.609 ah a kw = 13a silern= 04460./8 1 HR = 746 Wan ‘Acceleration ‘Torque vst 030188 1 eRe = 1.356% Enersy ‘Temperature ite 13565 K=273 +" Moment of inertia Density Tft= 04214 gmt 1 Tif = 16.02g/m? ‘crapmr Degrees ove in 8 ma 0 so 6 rr) 2» 25 0 173 s 300 @ a8 ooo pa p2, bs, ba, 26. CONTENTS PART-A Mine goes and ther detection Underground envionment & mine ventilation Diseibution of alr andes control Mine fies and spontaneous heating Explosions in mines Rescue apparatus and rescue operations Recovery epparatus and rescue operations ines Lighting Miners diseases and dust hasarde Namercl examples in ventilation Iundation in mines PART-B Development of en underground metl mine Methods of stoping metaliferous deposits Lead-ine mining in Ida Underground mining methods Copper mining in ini Underground mining methods Jeduguda Uranium Mine (Ore preparation (or benficeion) cossanr ox 11 1.38 219242 3110340 410433 510518 611626 710710 81 10826 94 912 10.1 t 10.16 11019 B11 19127 821250 8310318 4110420 BS110518 86110613 BIws MAL MAP OF OLA NONE COAL MNERALS) Im ths elton chapters om mining methods at Kolar GaP have been teat they arene longer practi, wih hese of working a lower oo°0 Scanned with CamScannerELEMENT OF MINING TECHNOLOGY © voUUME-1 = CH. 1. Mining Geology : Minera, Rocks & Rocks Stucures, 2. Coal and Coats ota 3 Boring. 4. Sha sinking. 8. Opencast Mining. Access of Minerals Depots & Pkt, Pi-top layouts. 7. Orivage of Roads in Coal & Sone, 8. Explosives, Accessories & Blasting Practice. 9. Roch, Mechanies and Root Supp 10. towng Practice 11. Bor & ila Meth ‘toring Coat Development 12. Pilar Exractonn Bord & Plar13.Longwal ‘Other Methods of Working 14 Thick Seam Working, VOLUME-2 ¢ © VOWUME-3 & (CH. 1. The units mass, fore, weight and bai defions. 2. Work, energy 4 power 3. Ficon, bearing, Mbit, inclined plane, bats & mus 4. Simple machines, levers, pulleys, iting machines. 8. Mechanical transmission of power. 6. Suengh and properties materials. 7. Engineering Imateals Meta. 8. Engineenng materia Wire ropes thei atachments Principles of air compression, 10. Generation, dstbution & use of compresed a 11. Weng capes & shal eng. 12. Wing dom winders ‘icon winders. 13. Wading: steam & elect winders, speed contl & set devices. 14. Winding: top pitt layouts wh cage wing & shipwincig, 15. Transp :Rope haulage & vacks 16. Transpo: Tanspot ‘media. 18. Prneses of hyraulcs& mine pumps. 9. Face mechansaten oo°o ELEMENT OF MINING TECHNOLOGY Volume-t Scanned with CamScannerBenes of Mining Pedro? /AL cuarrer 1 | MINE GASES AND THEIR DETECTION ow) The sire ammorphere that we beste amis of eer uses )anditscomponon i pracaly constant over the whole surface ofthe earth J} omehesealevel upto an alte fat eat 25 fm, Because ar sa mitre fd nota chemical subrance, the components canbe separated. Ths i | ermal done by cooing to abot 196°C ater which the various componess te septate by atonal dilaon. Typical analyte of somorpberi it ‘which al represents the intake a of any ine given below } constituents by weight byvolume % ona ms 209 Narogen incding Argon and cer arciner 23) 7681 mos } Carbon donde 008 om ‘Argon is an inet gas, 0.94% by volume in the atmosphere at. behaves nlroge and therefore ts percentage is normally included nthe percentage ofniogen. on Analy of atin the et away ofa gury coal mine (deg. 25043) ime is generally as ollows Constituents %4by Vol onsen 2028 iogen 790 ©, 036 = Metane 046 Pig 11 Compution of eterperiie Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerThe dena ora, Die give by the equation pu L465 as aren ver = barometric preera mm fe t= temperature Density ofa at 15 and 760mm gs 1.208 ky/m ‘COMMON GASES IN A MINE : oxyzen, 0, ‘This is avery val clement inthe stmouphei lr which human ‘beings and animals vero breathe for thei enitence. The gu isola, odours, tsteles, sight soluble in water and slightly Beaver than si (Gp. gr 11°); 100vol of water at 20°C asolves about va of, Creal temp. 119° ad ra presrue 0 ators Ira mest chemically active ‘erent which reacs with smost sith element ond oppor comburton. COrygen ofthe sir in amines consumed fr 2. Breathing by persons, 2. Stow exdation of cos! and other arbonacous materi 3. Burning of flame saftey lamps, and Ina now-coal mine, selene lampe or naked lights, 4. Decayof timber by fungus growth ‘This acoants forthe diminished percentage of, inthe recur of ‘amine Another ean i the mine gate given off fom coal and adjacent ‘trata, They redce the overall onygen percenage ine Ichas been found that person at esti bed consumes 0.3 ers ‘foxygen a persn walling at n/hconsumes neal O78 Liner. nd ‘person waling at 8 hav or doing ordinary exercise requires neatly 2.0 Tigexnin. of ren. Each 1eredecton nthe oygen percentage resus in abou 30% ss light ome amps andthe ate is erunguibed when the eygen percentage listo about 17°. Ie hould be noted that fa candle or aflame of afety lamp continues toburn inary pac, the aesphere af forhaman bing? other poisonous gas lke carbon monoxide or HS i not present, since Them pctpanhy ariel prices te wipe ume ofguconputd we eight an ea he ear pasa seenpenne Bene of Ming ecagy2 /AAS Farman beingscan survive in an atmosphere containing alow a 15 oxrgen ‘Gras cal irs can serve 0, percentage sas iowa and tey ‘Tenor guod guides for suficency of, for human beings. An aceyene Inmp, however burs when te orygen pecentages aslo a 1240 13nd & [Sata good edietor for detecting oxygen deficency which may prove fal fora human bel. Pig. 12 Orpen afin moni, Mp OXD2M Mining asa tdia equi that mine ar should contain minimum 19% of, This lam init 20% in USSR and 19.596 fn USA. s Scanned with CamScannerMie pss end hi ton 6 ‘Uptron of Lucknow is manufacturing pen deficiency monitor ‘Model ORD-2M isaconpacthand hel instrument dergnd to indicate open deficiency and incorporates audible alarm which operates automaticaly if cnygen evel fas below a preset pot. thas fast response, long ie electro hema cell ensor A three digit CD indicates onygen concentration win therange 0-20% w/v and the same days alo ed to indcate low batery ‘rover range condition. The instrument contains arechargeabe Ni-Cd bate, 110 mAh which wil give more than 27 hour continuous operation when fuly charged. The instrument ha a warm up tine of enly seconds I smallenough to cary inthe pocket nd there are alo facies for conaecing Aline os probe and aspirator allow measurements in inccesible areas suchas sunps ec. The instrument since for ws in underground coal mines. The alarm i adjustable from 14% to 29% of oxygen content, Dimensions 192mm x 80 mm x 56 ma; weight 600 gr ‘The inhalation of pur oxygen unde normal pressure fra limited Prtio of po 6 hours has no arm effet In deep mine, 100091500 m deep, the air pressure i about 15% more than atthe surface. But human, ‘eathing isnt noticeably flected bythe era pres Nitrogen, N,: This gas is quite abundant in atmorpherc air comprising about thot he amosphee iscoouts, dou tals, nearly as heavy sai with asp. gf 0.967. practical insoluble in ‘water, 100 vel of water dsaving at 15°C only 1.8 vol. of itogen. san ‘ner gas which neither burs nr suppor combustion but tiimporat for the growth of plans and aninal trues. It undergoes no aration in the ‘rocess of breathing. Though the ntogen we breathe in has no metabolic funxon serves asan ne dlvent sd maintains the inflation of ei gs fied body cavities suchas pulnonary abveol, the mid ear and thesis aves Creal temperature 146° excl pressure 35 atmos * 7 iy ps mast be fit oad ow pole known ss tal ‘epee Thar endeston oe lid cuted ery eps {30 otal rsa ory frre ports eng oe epg ‘rane, o bya canbiaton of bot cling end campeon Alot the tel {epee us wilremai gas att wat rosaries {enperatr the el prema be ap wc eoeston Bs he ‘tal temperate gil gaye pres es than eel prea ‘Wea men wrkatpresures higher than atmosphere he oodand ‘sues the body bein sor open. Buh high pressure sabepY ‘eed the nlrogen rao given up bythe Body quickly and this resus in (hin and dangerous conctons Ths phenomenon guarded gan ug {hison method osha sinking in Beaviy water bering sata when Den ive to workin eaison and the airs forced ito he eons in he sha a ‘ch a pressure thatthe waters pushed back into the ground to keep the ‘working lace dy The worker i subjected wo the high a pressure in 2~3 “pest ferent compartments when pointe work spot and the evr {ote tales place when be eure othe surface having ataophrs ait ‘Nroen sometime ed for quenching underground res ‘carbon Dioxide, CO, : ‘This gs is colourless, odours, itera tate, wth sp. 0f 152. is very solu n wate, 109 0s of wate lasing at 15° 100 wo of (Co, forming a weak acid, 1 isnot combustible and doesnot support ‘conbuton. does ot susan fe Cea emp. 632°C ‘Te ga product ofthe process ike espraon by human beings ‘nd snimas oxidation and combustion is presea in the eur a ofl ‘nies in very sal percentages and i found in the dip areas of epaaring Sie in coal mings Geto shear tan a naar Tis prodaced in thine by breathing by men, brining o lame lamps, decay of Ube, sow tration of coal ins, sting, and working of inzeral combustion ‘hpines such diesel locomotive. nome coal mine tay be given olfby ‘Subursof ga Mine res and explosions result ia the formation of carbon ‘Sone long with other ses. ‘With thea of sunlight during day plans absorb CO, fom air and bystornatess sl othe gs ino conser stoms, abba the exon tees forthe growth and eting fee the oxygen wich suse by human ‘engsand animal nhs ay nature continual renews the oxygen content ‘leat ao keeping it almost ta constant prcenage inthe atospher “The following are the effects of breathing air containing large percentage of0,- 100, replaces sir by [Wh ~ breathing doubled (aes) (% — silen pacing, headache, exhaustion 10% ~ severe dress ndurble for afew minutes afer halftone our of work sulfation and urcontouses. 194- conciounesios 29%~ deathaterhous Scanned with CamScannerMie pases end hl econ A.B For a person afleed by CO, recovery with artical respiration 6 ‘sully api because of aid Breatlng when CO, i presenta hangs Carbon diode hasan extinguishing effect onthe Name of ane salem; te fame becomes dim at low concentration an length ithe tnt for long. asl ar ame of Mame safety lamp scxingyisbed at C0, percentage of 3.4 BLACKDANP: hiss a misture of O, and nitrogen in percentages higher than the ‘normal percentage in the mia a The CO, percentage ranges fom almost ‘egg to 20% and haf nitrogen ranges from about 8% to 100%. The ‘omposiion mos depen upon the manner of formation of CO, ia the Imig fits rom the endation of coal, then CO, 5% and N, 95% fom ‘otingtnber, CO, -20% and K,- 80% The gale colorless odours and ‘aayhave an acide dost the presence of, It doenot spp combuson ‘telisnotpouonous burmen canoe ive aiuto lack onygen. ep ‘ares according tthe composition and Backdamp with 5¥ CO, bissp. ‘equal to that of ac. The effects of breathing blackamp depend on fs ‘ompostion. it contains a age percentage ON the elles are sina to thacasinthe cae of deficiency of cxygen. The philic effec of ackdamp (12%6CO, and BBN) are st fotows:| 25M blackdamp (75 a, Le 15M 0, and 38600, ateof breathing doubled. 40% blacdamp (60% alt Le. 1286 0, and $86 C0,) moe frequent sd deeper breathing ‘03 backamp (SOM aL. 10% 0, and 6%6CO, panting, eadache fedtaceturstlue, The heavier blackdamp gives warning of presence of CO, bt the lighter badtamps do nt such waring apd are herefore mare danger ‘Avitin of taceamp recovers apy on breathing fesh aio by aac repsction ‘The presence ol tachdanp ales the fare of fame sera, Forever Sie Hackdanp (omespondng to IM eduction nthe peerage f0, tight dinnshesty 30% and exngushes when he orpen pereenenge {also below 17.5% which cmespondsto about 1740 bakdamp. The 5, ‘present near the foo ofthe roadway anda flame safey lamp or naked light ins when bel ea he oor bt shows normal bighnes when eld ‘pales the whole height the oadwny fll with os ‘Blackdamp can be partly cleared aay by sprinkling of lime bt large concenravions ean be removed ony by improving vetlation , ; oar of Mig edly 2/419 sfoon Wonoxide oF Whitedamp, CO: 2— 28.2 Trispoduced whenever carbon orcfonaceous materi burt wt insti opty of onygen Te gas colores, odores, sees nd teninang. Real sgh her tana Gp. 0967) and combate Teter nt suppor combust. sary ote wae, 100 as. of evr svg 2 vole of uso 20°C nar bars wi alight ne 1OCD, forms an eplsivemstare with ir when rset wihinthe range ‘oe t2nand ey el Cie emp. 140, teal pres 35 mo reproduction oC inamie may bed any oneororeefthe fotowing nes. 1. Oxidation of coal and other carbonaceous matte! + ‘omic ann ay re nt formation and unde ora tinny conditions, the printage formed Seppe and harmless tbereumsired eco mine aplsives Else con te anout of ona reed or ‘Dipl chem reaction bu he chemical enon when tbe ‘Spite ted elon pre sth oman Sto vere shud ote Soweto aun ote eee hal he fanesavebcn are etn. combustion: This ste mano of roducon oP Singers porcentngs of 60 ina coal me. Asie fe nan Shlergund ine dofenas Odgers percep Methane or coaldast explosions : ase prodcel bythe piss ct tl obi aio re eng ‘Too wc we reponse orden cs who mh bare ‘Sepel the vole of exonin pope Underground machinery +A compressor, un fil, md ‘Sher pw otter conblnion ges ie dae oomotes, ‘em ures of prdocton of C0 eva macin redo soe Of oper arcane ot wed Te eel ‘Sroma road mast no somal oman more than 05% of. {Ts ceed by adequate caret ie). PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ‘Carbon monoxide ea very pouonous gas and is afin forthe uemopabin ofthe bloods nealy 20 tines that of oxygen. ICO is present tren in sal quantes nthe inal a, is dificult for blood to becnb Scanned with CamScannerness and hr detction/ A110 ‘Proper quant of exygento suppor lie because of the formation ofa sable Carboryheamoaglobin when eatbon monoxide reacts with haemoglobin {A person exposed to atmosphere containing CO may not know that he s {inhaling the posonou gas unlesshe is equipped with CO detecting devices Carton monoxide imparsapaktinge othe blood and man thus poisoned resents when alive and even i death for sometime, a most fe like appearance. ‘The fet of breathing sir contsining CO ate: of CO nals (002 ~ headache, dcomfor and possibly of collapse afer AS minutes a work oro Bours are. = palpation afer 10 minutes at work or 30 minutes at (02 — Unnacoumesafer 10 mines st worker 0 ix are. (05 t01.0- Death afte 10-15 mt. of work “Te afer effec of CO potoning ar headache loss of sengt and In some cases, even pars on RETEETION OF CARBON MONOXIDE ‘Ancient med shoul be adoped to detect CO in he fal _sages el Fortis purpose arm blooded birds ie mania or mouse are ‘commonly wed a they effected mach eae thn man yO. Such bids formthe corneal equipment of arene pany ertenngamine ater expo ‘or fre. Only fesh bd are used as some may get accustomed 10 smal Detentages ofthe as, With 0.15% of CO present in the ata bd shows ‘itreas ruling of ethers, pronounced chirping andlor of ivelinesin'3 ‘mt and (alls ft perch in 18 mis. With 0.9% CO the ied shows almost lmedioe distress and fll off ts perch in 2-3 ms. mediate signs of dress arent ily tobe cterved on ins when exposed to only 0.1% of (Co; they are wile ont whem the concentration more than 0.9% Ordinary sparows ar not suitable for CO detection and i an tespbere coating (CDtotheextentof 102% the partons di ot exhibit any sins of dsress ‘until they were dead. For atmospheres conaining more than 0.15% cabo ‘monoxide, arr met with in mine resace work, a cage with mania ids is a | Bement of Mig Tacslgy 2/411 ig 13 Phyl efecto ator monte oft TD Spence) in deecor tubes which are sealed at both ends and canbe stored for 1-2 ean The els are broken ats before devin of gs percentage and {be ube lmsered nt an aspirator which draws amie ai Te ai containing {CO causes change inthe colour ofthe chemical in the tube. The resuking Colour iscompared toa tandard chart by which the percentage of CO canbe ‘own. Some ofthe dtecrsare: ‘The PS. detector : ‘Thisdtetrconsas of gst “cotanng sa gl ipeegmated wih ight yew posi palladium sulphite witha gla both ends for Torbing other gases A Sed volume ofr 120 em? is drawn hough the tube at constant rate over a period of w+ minutes through acaliated tiie by operating rubber apeator. Carbo. nonoidein tb rtursthe tight yellow colour of possum paladim slpieerobrowmnan:. length + of colour change from one cad ofthe tube indiates its oncentration.| Range ofthe ntrnent 0.009% 00.12% 0fO The detectors mama by Siebe Gorman and Co. Ld, Britain, Scanned with CamScannerirr tin icton att The Hopealite detector : ‘The generation of ean the oxidation of aon monoxide rocarton Axi hasbeen used by a derector manufacrred by the Mine Safety ‘Appliance Co, USA. It consis ofan analysing cell containing hopalte, hich sa pei prepared mur of manganese dioxide nd copper onde ‘Aicisdrawnint the cella hand operated pump. Carbon monoride inthe ‘ar iscaajicaly oxidised by hopalite and these intemperate 0 prodced Isrecurded by athermocoupl connected ners to ameter hich carted nthe percentage of carbon monoid, Range fhe ntrument sro 0.008, t00.015%catbon mono. ‘The Hoolamite Tube : Inanoter detector hoolamit which sa minut ofioinepetoide and sulphur acid is used. The greyish white colour of hoolamite wil be ‘converted toa shade of gren, brown or black by the reaction of CO which bertsodine. The percentage of CO maybe eximatd from colour char. Drager Multigas Detector : Afi of Drager as produced very convenient nd bind nue {or detection fot only CO but als other ges. Te trument is wed fron ‘the spot determination ofthe gat. CO ist be detected a tube containing ‘emia sealed at oth ends and marke CO fred atthe prof detection {nto ahand operated bellows type pump afer reaking the ele tips at both ‘he ends. The arrow ofthe tubes shoul point towards the pump. The bellow {pumped a prescribed number fies, varying fom 1 to 10nd the extent ‘o which the chemical changes ts colour gives the percentage of a which s ‘ead dietly onthe ube. Mim percentage of CO detected is parts per nilon(ppa)-The tubes are supplied in packs of 10andarube canbe wed ‘nly once. The whole operaon take shout oe to two minutes, The sel ife ofthese tubes is years. There sre Drage bes for measurement ofthe mest varied gases sch 25 CO, CO, 1,5, ethylene, methane t. The presence of ther gases and moisture in i doesnot aft the reading of the gato be ‘The fem of M.A. markets CO detecting instrument which consists of spon colour comparing wal and CO dtacing ibe. The CO Detector (Aspiratr) allow the eer ote a varlble nimber of queezes (1. 20r3, thereby enabling detection of C0 concentrations om alow a8 10 Pm oa high a 1000 ppm bythe colorimetric proces Le comparison of ‘lour. The ube contains a chemical (ello sca ge impregnated with plum sulphate and ammonium molybste) and sealed tbh nds. Scanned with CamScannerie snd he econ A.14 iris sere at he spt of detecon ito the CO detecting apr ar breaking the sealed tip The epratr bul (60) ir aquceed once vce of tines and the CO sucked io the instrument change the colour of he ‘hemical inthe te green. The extent of colour change depends on he [erentage of CO. Each queese ofthe bulb (0 cc capac) socks afar Slme ote srtolesampled whch pases through detector abe Reeds ‘heimtae end The change clout ofthe nating gelof tne eteor he lematched wi the colour care avaible onthe rel ofthe detector an the perentage of CO read off coesponding othe muber of squeeaes. Shall ie oftbes, 18 mont. ig 150 Dacor (apt nd he C0 decor bes he percentage of CO & smal, wpeo 10 ppm Ssqueens ofthe splot bul re necessary. The yellow reacting gel mowTure sensitive tnd the gard gels or ufcento remove the ite in large volumes, ‘Thetubes are valle n pack of 10 and a tube canbe wed ony once CM. RS, has developed a suitable device consisting of various raphe which can be fed to the exiting M. S.A. CO detector ees for Aeermintonoeatbon mona incaples containing up 00025 CO. ‘This device would be wef in detection of minor aces of CO in mine stmomphere Without the deve of M.RLS. the CO i detected nthe range (0f0.001 00.10% by volume Ge. 10t0 1000 ppm) ENICOR earbon monoxide detection and monitoring system : ‘The EMCORcazbon monoxide deecting and monitoring system has been developed by the rsh National Coal Board asa mulpapose analer for underground we. The instrument is approved in ntiskally safe 5.1259, 1958 ements of Mining Teaigy 2/4115 ‘Specifications: 4 Range: 1.0-50ppm 2.0-500ppm pas: 1.04.20, Analogee 2.Contrl Mine Fast? Dimensions 1. Height 260 am 2. Width 100mm, Depth 75:08 4. Weight 227g. Pig 14 BMCOR CO daeon& mentoring tem Sms 50pm rage 30 pn ange, Lg el pe, Sia np & Anlpo onp) Is single design concept makes usable in ny of the thre way. ‘Asahandbedinsrunentto replace sain ype detector tubes. 2. Ae local alam, to warn of concentrations of carbon monenide shovea preset level ‘Asa continuous monitor linked ton underground data transmision ‘Setem to give an Immediate indication tthe surface of fie oF Spontaneous combustion. Is Scanned with CamScannerinept ond hr tation / 1.16. The sensr ste well ied elecrochemial el and bys of cena ‘Ger interference by tocarbons which maybe found i ine rhs been ~mininised. Fo example te espose 100 ppm ethylene ele thn 1 Pp (ascarbon monoxide). The instrament powered by 2 dural M100 ry calle which give more thn thee months of continots operation ‘Theres high se lqud erystat dopey which sunafeted by aninteral range switching a04-2V analogue output for eter 00 pe ‘0500 ppm range vis eel socket. The selected analogue ottpt i Indicated by one ofthe wo LED (Light Bring Diode) lamps. A second ‘enteral socket canbe connected to ine ls visual alarm which ats synchronously wih he spropriae LED onthe front ofthe inant. Norma ‘operation indicated bythe LED fashing once every 15 seconds and ence ‘ever second ia ree slarm level sexceded. ‘Though CO buss with blush ame and forms cap oer the fae ofan safer lap, he percentage of CO to produce a neceabl cp hasta ‘behigh nd entry ofa penn in an atmosphere having such igh percentage 4s dangerous. Therefore detection of CO by a flame sfery lamp ie ot *rconmendd. LUPTRON India Ld. is marketing Carbon moboxide monitor manufactured by Sieger Lid of England. There ae 2 models: 8CO-1 and 'BCO.1R. These model norporate a senor witha lecrochemical cll. The its ave the fact fer main or nckl cadmium recharge beri, (04t02 voit analogue ouput for twansmision of data, an sara rely ovr for Mines operation or an ourpt for diving an approved recerer The '8CO.1 asa bull inser whist the aterative BCOL-R unt oes the sdranages ofa remotely sted sensor and higher range They ar intended fo fax oie monitoring ance powered frm nina sae epoot mains operated power soppy which rele charges theater ates tn the event ofan earn mins faire the lasrument wil contin operate from ts ownintegral sandy baer The BCO-1 will conine to operate for 42 days; however, th BOOT wll operate for vp S dye: A ert play gives a large, ay, digital readout in pp and the same dpa, ko used to nkdcate ‘ove range’and aul condos. The inrumente are ‘both dst and water etn ements of Mining Rebolgy 2/117 ‘Both he models have ow rss sent wo other gases The BGO ‘ante wed asa transporable unit and operated fom terol bates Vehicheante charged underground wing aauiably approved owe sippy special feature ofthe BO: sbi in sem checking Gc which lows the operator tocar out rapidly a ful check ofthe unit using conta Tecate the front panel i fez ‘Specifications of BCO-1 Range 0-200 pp CO; Temperature range 0 to + 40°; Humiy ‘ange 20.90% condmuss exon 059% RH, now condensng erates ‘exposure Input vellage 12 VOC, 18 VD; Alarm range 100 200 ppm CO; ‘Aran ndication - lashing re LD and STATE rely contacts once very 1S ‘seconds indicates normal epeation. Once every seconds fo st mine of Slam creasing owe per second afer the Gs minute; Ala ey sgle poe contacted 05A, 25V DC 10W non inductive. Hydrogen sulphide or stinkdamp, H,S : ‘Tiss prodvced when coal conan sulphur heated ot fenctact, with ita temp. of about 448°C Coal may contain sulin ery mall "antes in the form ope or fnly disseminated orpane compounds of slp. 5 Scanned with CamScannerings ond hr ection A118 “The gar ie celoures and has the smell ofrouen eg has sp. a 0f 1.78 and it readily soluble ln water, one vol of wate solving about {Bree vl ofthe gat. comburtbe but does pot support combustion ‘When mized witht forms an explosive mur, he init ofifamenabity being 43 and 459 of. The gs burns in alr with pale bie ae HS gas ocurs ordinary only in races in relatively few coal and seal mins it may be found in stagnant water in old workings in reas of {fob ies or spontaneous beating, may une om blowers or Yoder of gs, ong with Gi ia a coal mine laa meal mine may be produced bythe sion of cdl waters on sulphide oe. “The gasis as polonos at CO and itrmay cause death ina shor tine itintaed in ange quan. The maximum permissible concentration In tons for 8 our exposure given 15.02%. Presence ofthe at canbe dete by ts disagreeable sme often ‘exes A oting pper soaked in ead aestate changes ts colour to lack in the presence ofthe gas A mot iver oia would als change o black in its presence de to formation of Back sulphide onthe surface. The as canbe ‘ictd by Drager muliga detector and MS.A ydrogen sulphide detector ‘ich resembles the MS-A CO detector Th HS detector abe contains white {Franses of ecthatd aluminium ore coated wh ver cyanide which ares ‘ryt lack exposed 01. When making atest for detecting the 35 the ‘Spurtor bulbs sucesed 10 timer The sir samp drawn athe detector ‘ube and the extent of dacolouraon gives he percentage which read off ‘decal onthe movable graduated sake ‘CMS. hapteneda HS deter tube which detects 1050 ppt ons. ‘Sulphur dioxde SO, = fs colourless gas with a song sulphurous smell, neither combuctbe nora spporte of ombustin. lis 2.21 times heavier than ai ‘Toe qus very polsonous and exemely acing tthe eyesand respaory pasages. may be produced in mall quanies during biting in mines and ster afro coal ust explosion. “The fumes area mcr of diferent oxides of nrogen such 6s NO, NO, NO, and have a choking sell They ar yellow to red own fa ‘clued are easly dsoved by mourn the mine ait ments of Ming chal 2/19 Tits fame reformed during blssig of explosives conaning sitropyetine a one of the constituent if the explosive isnot denctated ‘Completely Exposure fora ew minutes causes eadache Hydrogen H,. Hydrogen is the Highest gas own. Is odours, clouless and tasteless slighty soluble in water it doesnt support combustion Dut itis ‘elf combustible, When mixed with it forms an explosive mature, the nts fexplonilty being 4 and 7594by volume. “The gas ocursrarely in mines but may sometimes be found in re seasasa eto dllnion coal. Storage teres underground battery tteo, wen charged ae the battery charging stations, evolve the asin very small quantities. “The as isnot poisonous but uosterperon de to lckofeygen. on, “Thi commonly known a fredamp though, echalaly speaking the erm firedomp refer tthe mitre of aes emanating fom the rata of Soa mine Such intre const of rata mathane wih small aces of ihe gses ie ethane ethylene Se theeore fredamp ice condered ‘jronmourwmediane. The gas response for anamber of a eplxons Icon miss ei tstees, oloures,odourles, lighter than arp. (0589); tiscombusible and burs with ple bse Game bt does net soppor ‘ombuton es hardly sbi wate, 100 le of water at 20° dssoving ‘oly 3:3 vo. ofthe gas. When mized with rt forms an explosive mature, the lints of xplesnity being Sand 15% vole. Te ano pls bc sffcates& person due fo lack of oxygen if present in large quate. Gineal emp °C Methane ia product of decaying of cellos (,0,)"andisformed nbenever vegetable mater dscompores underwater and ou of contac with Ucar in mrtbes, Hence lt allo called march gat. forms part of coal Sams and ssociated sata coal ae ben formed malions of years go it Iiatnanoer is generally regard tht the gs remain cal) parti tstaeof mechanical imprisonment in sal evi, beaks and fisures, and ‘th payin state of ccasion. Asal redamps more prevalent in deep nies tha in shalow ones and in some mines may nx be reson Nethneisemited not ony in coal mines bat sas fund tn rock sa, [nash and ay mines Rhasbees ound in amica ines sated in DCMS. {Golo No. 8 of 1961, The ear tates tention drawn oan accident mica mine in which hee we-kmen were serous injured det lgaion n Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerMine set nd raion A124 Difeence in efracive index of pare lr and methane air mistré tnd iseffecton the ineference pater flight. This the priaiple Tei Riken interferometer and nar insrumens. S. Miscellaneous principle atin iafazed recorder. This is based on Infrared specromenry which woes the peicple that methane beets radiation of wave length 7.5 \, a 3] — He Pinca baste bies Fig. 19 Spleen gran me eee: rang nce oe eset methane ith sone chem Thre proceed § [oSSsefnemue ly decor er manfred bythe ot Dae The ensrcinal der of fae me laps and te as siedanpSescos we embed in echapterontise in. ‘The porabe methanometers he Rete Bur methane, M.S. ‘A methanomete, Oldham mehanomete and others work on the princi of ‘wheautone bridge, stated in Fig. 1.8. The network of Wheatstone bridge Cosi eel four ential platinum ium spiral wires or laments “ranged as shown (fg. 18). When the pins A an B are connected t 8 Source of des clecrclcureat, lie aber the voliage drop across AK land AY i equals thai XandY are connected bya conductor, no cument ‘anf troup theater I however, esitance of one ofthe spi wiesis Changed the vliage at pots Xand¥ are dfernet and cutent fows tough the wie connecting XandY. This caren is measurable bya gavanometer at ements of Mining chology 2/125 ‘wamethanometer one pair of pal dlametrclly opposite to each ater a ‘hepewor contained na snl ofadecalalumiian dumter bichon are ry air and is hermetically sealed. Teeter pi of pale contained Ina second chamber which can be filed with mie air sample to tested, ‘Amillismmeteris connected diagonally in cual berween points X and Y ‘air sample containing methane is admited i the mpl chamber and ‘made to react on the chemical costing onthe lament after passing current troup the cei rendering the wies whit ot, the eat generated changes the restaneof wires inthe chamber. The voltage at fers rom tat at Y ‘esling in passage of elec current trough the miliamieter wich raduedin percentages of methane athe temperate res and consequently the resistance ofthe spiral wires inthe sample chambers dependent on the ponmapeofecaencarnage #.8K pemenmnomeer; — (2-208) Gan08) Carafe methine commen we cl mi the melas ofA is poral ed ste pet tedtgeecrundsnvalineennca ag fon 098i ‘elect tle (ae the locals ne E00) bp ib tasecenmeenercecnsetareonen pun (he sen thew een om 760 an (eel etc ue et nce Tce psoas Sane seid maui ee mettle stove ‘Sesse testy cits toaepoaie a juuaneavertcony Tatteatictbave sated rsoreetbehemenss tni20 tieagebdow’2 dont des racer neeeg taaybe ‘Ay are bane aso ely 100 nse rin cn teed tasty detpremeninns ht acon et ha. 53754 and representing 08 CH, i avalbl for connection 08 {ta ranemision tem AIL-SAFE features re provided sch thatthe cable tothe relay it either short cited or open erated, orf the analog signal ess han (0.2, hen the relays de-enerpsed, Adaonal ful conditions provided stoliows: ‘Overrange latch : This holds reading shows FS'on LOD andthe Yellow LD rot panels. Latch anced by magnet placed agai "RESET abel on rom pane ‘Low battery: When battery vlage below 215 Vo Ba appears inthe dl analog otpa of, mila output of plot relays dropped ou ad Hi-alarm LED son. ev ment of Mining Tecsngy 2/4131 Filament failure Flament hor circuit open cat deation- analog utp i svitched of-In addition on open ccit'S'ison (play and on shor custo, muah off Pox dit ouput {edeenergied and plot creut LED ison Hialar). Low signal :fanalogve ouput ops below 0.2 mulifiashisde ‘sctvated and Lo ala LED ceases to ah, ilo creat drops ont, nd Hialarm LED son. Dimenslons :-Height:220 mm; Width: 120mm; Depth:90 mm; i 112 Mahone mir MEMACS 1 1. Lo alarm LAD (Multiash LeveD. 2 HA LED Plt Switch. ‘3. Powersupply input (12 VDC/DC2), 4 Lil eral display. 5. loregral standby batery. 6. DCS + BAT/ean be used as power supply to provide ‘ceded andy cacy 7. Ovr/range LD. 8 Analogue/Mulish utp. S.OmRrese switch. 10, Plot switch out ~ Scanned with CamScannerInterference Methanometer : Interernce Methanometers (nscale interferometer) ae wen some of out mines fr finding ou percentage of methane on the sp Underground mines. The common example is Rien Intrferometet ‘anafscrred in Japan An ntererometr tise the opti properties of fread works onthe pple ta reacre aden eng higher han that fa, the presence of any quant of tethane ina leases refractive index rporonatey Light formsinedeence ste hich hfs aealy ifs alowed to passthrough two cls, one containing Pateaz and the ther, a maar of ar td methane This shi ropa {othe quantity of methane presen inthe mature and the percentage canbe ‘aber tough the compartzon gel The two ight pts ae gomexically ‘sual and also optically equa if the gases in the two cls hve the sae] {efiacve index An trferece band obtained by gh king the prs find ican be projected ona scale (calibrated in percentage of methane) ‘wich staste in the foal plane telescope objective es 2 Inlet porto which sampling rab eoneced 23. Byepieelens. 4. Pushburton oiluminae methane weal 5, Zero adjusting eb. 6 Screw on cover to protect ser seaiee 7. Snap on id coves replaceable ‘mobture, CO, absorbent cartidge fd eye £8. Asprtor bub 9, Push on cap to electric bulb fereusing cence a Bement of Ming Technolgy 2/4133 Portable interferometer Type Methane Gas Indicator = Aportable optical methanometer iss ben designed and developed Jotnuy by Gentral Mining Research Staion, Dhanbad (CMS) and Central ‘enfcasruents Organization, Chandigarh (CSI) for ese incomes nde nda. This a modied sgn othe Jopanese make eshighly ‘Scostive and consistently recon iret which idignousin nature ‘hha: been developed forthe fit ine nthe country. ‘Tomeasrthe methane content in ethane nr misrrincoal mines and other indies, esa ofers a range of 10% methane by woume. ‘The main scales graduated in 0.25% imervals om Oxo 26, 0.5% i the Tange of2 to 10% andthe venir drum i graduated in 0.02% intervals from 0.0019 1.00% “The instruments based on the principe of iference of refractive Indies of methane air mitre and dry a, employing the phenomena of Imerfevenceof light. The system of terference rigs conning we lac {nes ings) produced se ams parallel pate eterermeter and these can be viewed though an eyepiece on a well laminated scale a Scanned with CamScannerMegs end econ 1.34 (Oniyone dey cello. vols isenclosed inthe nsromenttoperate he ro ‘bulb amps) thorough micro switches during se ‘The optical atem compris lamp housing, optically plane parallel ‘beam siting las le lenses ands, prism, eon ram, jectre ‘ens, microscale and the eye lees. The gas ow sen consists of reagent ‘ube, gas chambers (gas cel) and at dfesion coed tube and an ap aor ‘bathe ou. The eye pce, ie ano th he apatr bu pre ‘use the leather case of he iasrument The overall weight ie bout 1h. ‘When the methane ar mitre nreduced inthe gat chamber by ‘operating the rubber pat, rine patterns ae shied The stn lack, lies is dc tothe path difference inuedaced between the wo interfering / ‘eas roducd an diet proprio othe medane percentage preset Inthe arin he gsy mins, sh canbe ead one arated sae ‘Thereadingare independent of he vlag the banery wed ad can be retained for sme tine nth lstracen fer echeling and records {es poweredy one 5 Vdy cel andcanbe red ay ins erploste Amorjere singe operat and prcetage of maha sg determined in steps of 0.02% for the whole range. " ‘As thre an nreasng tendency in theca misng indus to we sore spite eeewon thames whch give dgal dole of fas pecenage praca isanamoy te nererncs ethane Wl otbe dexedrine cae Ringrose Fivedamp Detector: “Anappartskoown asthe Rings fda eter works onthe prac of aio conan onan whch as bcn xed cate ‘The apart once wed in ou col ine hs paca gnc otf ees the flame in thas be eplced re shift td the laments hae ob ‘mponed from the manufactures abroad. The appara wl therfore not be dered here Methanometers based on Spectrometry for gas analysis : ‘pia spectrum canbe dived ito ra ile wr vilt (0.25 - (0.404), vibe band (0.40.70), nea infra-ed(0.70-2.50n), mide {infeed (2.525), farina red (25-500). Among these, the mide nated region hase spec eniicance fe detection of ethane ad ther ies. The na red specrometrs widely we for ar nasa capable ‘fdsxingushing ndivdal eomponens rom complex mires Te principle of operation that each gator vapour absorb na radiation a parclar wavelength The absorpio of ration byte methane mole ncreses the temperature ofthe gs, which uses pressure ris ofthe enclosed as. ‘Apneumatc detector then works by sensing this vaiton in presure seman of Ming chology 2 /A 1.35. Fpesonce i wed these dayzonan creasing ae orgs ana. -Themastopeomete avery wef and accurate insrment fr gs anal, caer ar many a 20 camponent However, ts ery expensive and ‘awebe jsf coronal where nla few anaes pe dayare rene. Methane Telemonitoring ond Sensors: cro thane wlemoatoing sem he oti, ona netSucncnt un cote etn a peste pout ia aa etd ee dcop by Bharat Bes obey ser a bow on te methane ser en CARS, ig 2 pen paren, emacs oct ca ry bomen agrcy fom an nde select pot and he shot a he ceded conan achat inte oom athe ‘Si ctangements were made fr simultaneous alarm ta suitable point on ‘Senuracr ss well There wasabo a povison fer shating down the ecialy herrea equpmen wen the methane percentage wed tobe more than pestle -Themethaneteemontring sytem consis cf wo ses ofequipment. Undersound ie rece aon emis nd (0) Surface ton empment crn men wenontrnggicn wasnt a Sudndh on nants Te aacos wert ange POOR, Neg nr peroage anol om pt cud ed Dt ete meth gen cndh metane prego = nmi iz (ar fe) hd becn roduc Bhar eet. The sur optem shoul te inaled aay fom dt prodcieg cen Scns yee esr eve fom eon Seecttbemic tee advanced fin counrie sesrs have ben dewoped sich ae licen wh ap th chelsea pee Sits anager a an tne he compte re ‘hese elnny ofthe wderroand mine by wma eardag ea cnag (wean pee) emp (0 Maney {Baa fa owing © cD pena ‘ae tamerture nity ono manelacurd by Sr Li, segundo nukccibyUprentiOloae TH) derbi ex ure »33 Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerie tnd he ecion/ A138 ‘Where methane drainage is praised the safety precautions in the ‘mine and onthe surface have tobe elaborated and there shoul be leakage ‘ta into the atmosphere oof aise te pipes. z ln Brtsh mines methane drainage i gradually onthe inzease. ‘Theproponion of out mines drain methane as changed for abot 017% {in 15490 abou 60% (105 mines) in 1986 and the rend iscondnuing | Determination of gas percentage (CMR 145) : 1 elegy wed in a ming, n deg. 2 and eg 3 gssy mine, gas ‘percentage in gncral body ofa shal be decided once ina week by (aking ar saples 2 tanysamplestow gm more than samples ae 2am sethan h gt sap maybe iyonce ia mocth Cutting of leat supply (CMR 145) when ga in ny arcs more than 125% eat of electric supply to all ppartes, ‘tad ables inh dai Radon at ands date prodcts are commonly found in mines of radioaive minerals ssh at Jadoguda Uranium mine. Tel concentaia ‘Seoul not be allowed to exceed 3700 for prolonged exporre mens of Mining Ted 2/421 cuarren 2, UNDERGROUND ENVIRONMENT & VENTILATION ‘A worker ina mine should beable to work under conditions which sresafeand ea for his body these tine the event ondsons ‘ould be sucha wl ot impairs working licency. This possible ifthe tine ais neaty he same aon the rrface and without xi and infammsble {ase The humid, eemperatures and dst content ofthe ai in the mine Should alo be within certsin nits. This achieved by rope entation of fanderground mine working by continuous supply of tres surface a. ‘Asexplainod inthe earlier chap, he oxygen content ofa seduced for ‘aviou reasons and that tobe replenished. The ventilation of mine has Aetetorethe lowing bjs 1 Torenorethe proper compostin of mine smospberewhichshoald oteneain ss than 19Wot oxygen ormare tna 0.5 of carbon di nile 12 Tee other noxious and inflammable gases ike CO, CH ee 20| thot they are harmless. A place ir nox considered to be fie rom, feeds if ut percentage s above 1.25. 3. ‘Toprovide god environmental conditions and wo prevent excessive ‘tof temperature and humdi thatthe worknen can werk with ‘maximum efseny The wet bulb temperature in development oes should sotexceed 335°C. 4. Toremove or dissipate the coal or rock dust produced inthe mine. ‘An dea ofthe approximate quantity of si requred fr vetation of ‘mine can be had from the following empirical rules. Im gusy coal mines of Cat. I the major consideration to decide te quantity ofr pong underground the rate of ein of x ramp) trick shoud be so ued by the ventlaig air hat its percentage sno Tnore han 05 the main etm away of the mine. With hs objet some 37 Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerUnderround envionment nd ine vention /A2.4 core ny reading ten thelevel ofthe mereurymustbe adja sothaesuface ft ouches the ipo an voy pointer PTs epreses the ieee fom which the height of the mecary column must be measured [Nongsde hee nea the tp, mounted ascale aed vee, which enables ‘renfing tobe made tothe nearest half milimere. "The aneroid barometer: Ts instruments much more porate and convene than teteuy barometer fr determining dfereces oflvl fed such wed by prosper and aon certain typeset vetlaton savy (Fig 22) the erm ance means thatthe insrument doesnot contain Qa [tonsrctionb based on diferent pincipe of measuring amosper ‘resue According tothe Boyes awa en mass of gas increases n volume rispresnr alls andthe volume decenes asthe presue ries, temperate ‘emabing the same, The anerod barometer makes us ofthis pence Tt consists fallow, i tight as led box made of thin springy comugate metal and prevented from caps by means of ong fat “Sing The expansion acl contaeson moverent fhe cinders tansnted Zed magnified through a system of levers and links oa pointer or scale ‘which reds the romper pressure. The ses raduated wo read press {om 70040 780mm of eI. "The nme ofcourse mu be calatd (ered by compari, and the graduations marked) with a mercury barometer rom time ttn. ‘Yen nace osdden aeration of pressure, isiabeto gv accurate ‘eadings, and ae must always be allowed for to ads el tthe new ‘Condon before a readings taken. "The bargarp or recording barometer consis ofa series of thin exhausted comugated metal shells acting together, thereby ieeasing the ‘Saat of th taoreter vo that its movement canbe wed 0 Opera Pe ‘marker and gives contiouous record of arometrc presi “The baronet pres icresss with depth low the sea eve and decease wight above the saleel ata raf retly Ym iflerence forevery 1am vera diference. "The barometric presture has a bearing onthe safe in a min ‘The oxi and inflammable gases ike methane nthe goa oa coal min ‘apand when theresa sudden drop inthe barometric presure and ovo {othe mine workings tein sch gases ino the workings exces the normal yentatoncurent may not be able oda them sulin ‘herby engin igh percentage the acs inthe moe a the bao {Estendy orn, there tno over and po danger of fouling ofthe ing ‘rently ir creat. DG. M.S. clay No. 84 of 1966 directs tha Tarometch: shoul be provided at least a every fst lass mine in whic ‘epllorig i done and/or which has sealed off underground workings. ments of Mining Tcoagy 2/425 phot | Seat wn Se co |__mercuy Fig. 22. Aner barometer. MBaroneier” tgp eT] tower [f} Kata tnermometer ne te o7 Scanned with CamScannerUndergo enienmen nd mine veaion / 26 ygrometer and relative humidity : ‘The atmosphere ar has the capacity to absceb moisture and air ‘outing it called bari ie The aspheric az, however, ca aioe tmoutare only opto certain Ln and at which fly saturated withthe Inotare content that ts capable of sboring, i own as sarurated hi [Asem volume of moit ar lighter than te same volume of dry ni ‘der normal condkion irs never completely dy andthe extent to which it [ehumd ie known ar ltve hail mast water vapour per of ale —__marat wen reper of oe ‘nas of water vou equ o saturate ne far “The relative humiey of saturated ai is 100%. The percentage of saturation, except in aid gions, rarely ss than 35% and is higher neat {he seashore Inplaces ite Esta and Bombay which are atthe seashore the relatve hams maximom 96% during the rainy season ona hot day land the average RH. om such yi nearly 0% ‘The quant of moisute present in ar & chiefly dependent oo temperature and pressor, eer igs being eal When a man wots, his body temperatre goes up and the body perspire. Normal human body temperature is 98°F (966°) anda prion etsdcomtor the bodytemperatre gos up or below thi figure by TC. ‘During work the pepo given out by human body covers the nthe Tater il wtb ccled in stagnant air and tempera ofthe body wl, thereby casing dacorfor tothe worker Ifthe semosphere ia which man ‘wots blend ullwh moar, wilh no capac to abso mote ‘St perpration, The drier thea the mor cof forthe woke, ‘raportion of perspzaton fo hs body isbrik and the body temperatare ‘Soesnot veto the limi of comfort The cooling effec of the ai depends fotonly on the temperature and humid but loon the velocity of ‘Thesources which conte othe moisture content of mine ai ate: 4 Odgioal moizur conten fi Molar ven of fromthe stain wet downcas shat. lik wetroadway, working pce nd drains Perspraon of men, 1 Wer vapour given off uring bung of aps. Water truce inthe mie for wet cating waterinhsion spaying concoal st Reais = a seri of tig eign /427 ___ Tggrometer: An gstrunen'to determine lave hui ofa, ‘ee entento which is saurated wih stu, & known as yom, ‘typical example of which he dy and we but yrometer. Ese tccoms of wo thermometers mounted ie y sic on a sukabe fame ‘One themometer haa dry bl nit indeates the acl temperature othe Sounding st Te het thermomeer has ts ul covered witha most ‘ork which ips nto a smal bot fle wi wate, Contant eeporaon of ‘nokta takes place fom the we bl, thereby caning and banging down istemperre When he sete ry eth ow eae amy, thee large ference beeen reading of ry blb and wet bulb, When theirs neat stuated, th two readings have hardly any dilerence. Nlogronete comesictio any unenroundis Wing! fyromeer (a.23)Twothemoneren a placed ona fame ard bub fore came ‘wth wet doch. When the fame along withthe thermometers is whe at ode for about a minute the readings ody and wet bubs enable he peratort clue the lative Duniya fom ables: Rela amy Slmine sire he ener range oases nan mies canbe ous) ‘allt flows Deduct rom 100,794 per"C temperature dference between dry and vwetbulb readings above 25°C dr ba reading, BW perc Aference fry bul temperature fom 20 to 25°C, and 99 per erence for dry bull temperature cpa 20°C. he relative humidity of is igh and these velcty i bik the combined ef dying of the col dust and creation of dusty condition na ‘olmine ti nt a desable feature when viewed inthe conte f coal ust ‘Suppression measures Moreve high lacy of sr causes confor tothe ‘workers. For there reasons the maxamum sr velocity hs been laid down by .G.MS. by Ce No. 421974 (See Chapter on coal us). The veloc of tira the working face at 05 m 10 2.0 msl resonable for comfortable ‘working condtons. In addition to these considerations the eapacy ofa worker to werk ln mines with mid conditions depends onthe extent of his scelimadsation. ‘A Indian worker may continue to work reasonably wellin an underground ‘ttiorhere where he wet bulb temperatures 30°C nearabout. “The temperature and relatve humid of arinceas inthe ity ‘ofa pce of spontaneous beating of coal and if the hygrometer readings tr taken repuaily they provide an indication whether or not heating is ‘aking place. hs Scanned with CamScannernderpond envionment nd mine venation / 428 Kata Thermometer: To jude whether a working place issuable foramante work efficent and wiout discomfort isnecessary 0 Kx the temperate of ar the working place, the reiatve humidity a ir ‘loc The join fle fal these factors abe knoe with the ela kata ‘hemometer which messes the cooling powerbyacombinaton the abe ‘mentioned thee fcos atthe instrument emperatre of 36.5 the oral ‘enperatare of human body Kata consist ofan lebel thermometer wi ‘wo mars graduated on the stem a 35'Cand 38°C The nsrument is seas follows: “The bulb simmered in ht water cared na thermos ask unt the leah ries above the upper graduation. The bulb swiped ry dhe tie ‘equired forthe alcool column wo drop fom the upper mark the lower ‘mark isnoted. The procedures epeated witha wet musincloh wrappedon ‘hebub “An instrament factors marked on eer instrument. The fata factor ‘ofan ntrament the number of miliaris eat which lowes per ‘om ofsurface ares ofthe ballon cooing fom 8°¥0 35°C Is nary 480. © Kata factor (Coolie = a cor alcohol to fl om upper ‘markt lower mark ‘The cooling power calculated scaled dyin wet oth is used on ‘hebulh, ad wefwet dhs ted. The ong powers gen mais et. som. per second, and fis the relative value that i importa ‘Mnimam lis ofthe Hata thenmometr cooling power for comfortable ‘working ee follows = mens of MiigHcoogy 2/429 The ierument consis of three wns, «conrl module, avemotay sed Trance compete wih senses anda connecting cable, whichcan Be pt "0 meres long A umber of aerative power inputs can be used, coding ave, 16VDE,or 1SV AC ttsisicaly safe supplies, allt which wil als large the inbui ihe ediun battery. Thi atery ean be wed a an “tomatic standby supply the np powers itrrupted and aso allows theinsrument tobe operated fr many bows na new development or aeas there theres no power avauable When used wih an intel safe power Teputa Speci Snction box is sed which prevents incorect connection of thevariouleads ‘The ranaducer unt consis separate temperature and hum sensor together with etage regulation and signal onaioning ul, power for ‘eich scbaind from the contol module Thiisconained ina metal ase red ineddon to along hfe, back up bey supply also contains the main snpliier and dplaydrver creas stsocted wih te LCD indictorson the {Sorument ont panel. These gv condnuousy readings ofboth emperature (Ce) and humidity Gi percentage RD, in adlton wo warning flow barery or falcondons. ‘Air velocity meters The meters wed to determine the veloty of sirinamine ae the commonly wed incrments ike anemomete velometer ‘pot tbe. They bave been described elsewhere inthisbook. ‘Measurement of air pressure : ‘The pres steeper ars measured by Forte's barometer ot anerid barometer Abaometer records absolut pressure in mm of mercury ‘slumn, The vale of tmonpherc pressure vais from place wo place and ‘depends farter on climate condos Is maximum athe sea evel and trully decreases wit ate above ealeve. The sandardamorpberc Dayraa | Werke Forsedeaary erie 6 ¥ Forlighemanual workers | 8 2 Forhanimanualwolers | 10 » i Tear ie wet ete ing ery codaon sd coe: Cong prety stn come on ent «Grey ang ewe ne See pteptae en hety moio mcete y Upen stiaows: e hee de erin ita pw co ee raetgoennpona esha eget om oe : shee” 44 [resrealsoclled the mean of normal auospherc pressure defied as that pressure which support column of mercury 760mm high tea evel vente temperature of mercy is. This sated as abslue pressure of eon of merry. In the mete uns the value of standard atmospheric ‘reste very neat ken. The exemacnally accepted ae of standard ‘Scpoperc prerue in Sune 101 325 /m Le appoximael 100,000 Tn? The unt ba (weed by the meteorologist expres atmosphere presse equivalent to 10! N/m, and therefore very nearly qual othe mospherle pressure. A 760 mm column of mercury is equivalent to 700x136 1000 mete of water column («10:34 of wate ealuma sp. of fe Scanned with CamScannernderound envioemen nd mie vention / 4:20, ‘mercury 1). the baronet presure at aplaceish mm of moa is ‘convesion int tunis simple. ‘hmm beight oft = (101,395/760) x BN? 33:3 RN/mt - 7 dlelel Pena Pressures of uid are measured by pressre gauges of manometer. [A manometer measures small peste diferences above of below the ‘smorpherepresure Icons of a vertal Urabe containing aliquid and ‘ne im® ofthe Utube connected othe vessel containing the Oui under Pressure whl the therlimb open tothe smospheric ai The iid in te {Gaube ls generally mercury but the pressure difleence smal, water or other lighter gids se. The dference between the levels ofthe guid ‘he wo vera ibs ofthe Utube ina measure ofthe pressure of the fd shore the atmosphere pressure (Fig 24,))orbelow he tmosper pesare + ig 24.0. In Fig. 24 if the prevaling mosphere pressure i P mm of ‘mercury and ifthe guid usd nthe manometer merry, the abolote pressure of fui inthe cinder at bis P+ hem of mercury and ate, Pham of mercury The amount by which pressures below he preva smospherc presrre i tefered far vacuu and i sted in ta of ‘mere or water column. Fig 24, represents vacuum of hmm of mercury for water column. Fg. 24, presente a vacuum of h mm of mercury. Mos presure mesg deve neat reste ave ct below aes pressure. Such devices indiate nero when exposed tothe atmosphere; consequent pressures vai! fom such instrument are reported 95 20g pees ‘Abo pesure~ prevalagamosphri pressure * gouge presue ‘Themis sign istobe used whenthepesure gage records vacuum. ech pressure gauge recording vac called a vacuum age Ae ements of Mining Tecelogy 2/4211 a manometer employed or finding ost the presnureofa uid wes seater in place of merry and the dference of water evel nthe two lime ‘of ebe shim chen abso pressure in mm of Hg _ barometric Helght of water column in mm ‘The pressure developed bya mine fan small and iis measured by ‘manometer using wae If very sal pressure dilerences arto be measured, Sy. uptoSO mmo wate clined manometer ae wala which hens of the Urabe are inclined the heron Water Gauge : “The atmosphere presen an underground mine canbe measured bythe nerd barometer The diferenceo pressure tween nearby point & owever oom bya water gauge which essential an ordinary sas tube af shape conning water and having one open end of Ube connected t0 Sept flow peste andthe oer open end connect anaes pit havinghihpresture. The dferenebenacen the water levels othe two legs tthe Utube recon the pressure dlrence between the to points Water ‘ses inthe leg which connected othe put offow pressure ad falls inthe ter leg. A ference of ne ram (tated as Imm water gauge represents a [esse diference of | gle Aveate gouges placed nthe fan dra one ndconneced tothe atmosphere andthe others the andr very nea the fan Gowardsthe ine). “The term prestue is wed ia mine venation withthe flowing ‘efnements 1. Statie pressure : This isthe pressure exe by moving uid on urate parallel oh the dveetonet moverent 2. Velocity pressure : Ti the presur exer y id by nue ‘smation and varies wih the quae of veloc. a cy Pi. 25 Ven and vont mtd of meager press a Scanned with CamScannerLnderoand emironant ond min eiation 42.10 inercuryi13.6. the Baromerepresureataplace ish mmf meray ‘conversion nto Stuns simple. hmm eight of Mg = 201 325/260) x bN/mat =1333hN/m? aia 7 preston” ie 1 i yi ° ° Pressures of is are measured by presure gauges of manometes. ‘A manometer measures small presrrediferencer above or below the semospheri presure consis ofa veri U-tube conan igi end ‘ne limb ofthe Ube connected tothe vestel containing the under Pressure wil the other im is opento the atmospheric ai The iid inthe utes geaerally mercury but ifthe pressure diference i sal wate ‘otherlighter igus se. The dference between the levels ofthe gud in ‘hetwo vertical libs ofthe Utube sa measure ofthe pressure ofthe fad aoe the atnospberc pressure Fig 24,0) or below the aumompene presse +g. 24 ©). n Fig 24 ithe prvaing semosphei preasure is Pram of mercury and Wf the lid wie in the manometer mereury the aolte (pressure of fui inthe cinder ab P+ mm of mercury anda is Pham ofmercuy The amount by which presnre below the reaing _amospherc pressure i feferred to as vac andi quoted in ram of mercury or water eolamn Fig. 246 representa vacuum offmmof mercury fr water ealuma Fig. 24 6 prevents vacuum of hmm of mercy. Mos pressure messing devise press bove ot bow aos: pressure. Such devices indiate zero when exposed tothe atmosphere, ‘Consequently prestressed from such ntrumens are reported as pes ‘Aeoliee resize ~ pean strapon presi =F PEE ‘The minussgn sto be wed when the pressure gage ec acum. ‘Such presse gaupe recording vacuum called avactum gauge ae ements of Mining ecbcngy 2/211 TTamanometer employe for finding out he presureofa id wes swateria place of merety arte difference of water Ives inthe we is ‘of Ube em, hen absolute pressure in mn of _ barometric eight of water column ia mm 2b 136 ‘The pressure developed bya mine fan issmalland itis measured by manometer using water Ifvery sal pressure deers arto be measured, "Sup Simm of wate ielied manemeters ae wed in which hein of ‘he Ube are inclined othe holon ‘Water Gauge : ‘The atmosphere pressure in an underground min canbe measured bythe aero barometer The eiflerence of pressure between rearby Points owever own bya water gauge which isesentally an ordinary glass tbe ‘of Ushape contsining water nd having one open end of Ube connected 9 ‘ne point of nw pretend theater open end connec to snother pot avg high presse The dfereneeberween the water levels the twO EBS ‘ofthe Utube record the pressure dfeence benren the to points: Wet ‘ser inthe leg whichis connected othe point flow pressre ad alsin tbe ‘therleg.Adiference of ne mm ted I mim water gauge) represen & ‘pressure difference of 1 ti. Avester gauges placed inthe fan drat one ‘ad connected tothe atmesphere and the oter inthe fan di very nea the fam Gomards hemi). “The term pressure is used in mine venslaon with the following reficement 1. Statie pressure: This the preaure exerted bya moving fd on 2 srface parallel with the dietion of moveest. 22, locity pressure: Thisisthe presse exerted by Mud by vinueof {es motion and it vais wih the square of ts veloc. A ch ig > —> ‘A Band Cave static pressure, aT OF D = not recommended [Ege tot ressre or fen pressure (25 Ube an variotmathds of menage presare a Scanned with CamScanner