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Grade 10 Geography Term 2: Geomorphology

The document provides an overview of geomorphology, detailing the Earth's structure, including the crust, mantle, and core. It covers plate tectonics, types of folding and faulting, and the causes and effects of earthquakes and volcanoes. Additionally, it discusses weathering and erosion processes, as well as mapwork skills relevant to topographic and orthophoto maps.

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2K views3 pages

Grade 10 Geography Term 2: Geomorphology

The document provides an overview of geomorphology, detailing the Earth's structure, including the crust, mantle, and core. It covers plate tectonics, types of folding and faulting, and the causes and effects of earthquakes and volcanoes. Additionally, it discusses weathering and erosion processes, as well as mapwork skills relevant to topographic and orthophoto maps.

Uploaded by

leonngcasane04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

GRADE 10 GEOGRAPHY – TERM 2 NOTES

Topic: Geomorphology (Earth’s Structure & Processes)

1. Structure of the Earth

Layers:

1. Crust – solid rock, thin (5–70 km), continental & oceanic.

2. Mantle – semi-molten rock (magma), convection currents move tectonic plates.

3. Core – inner (solid) & outer (liquid), mostly iron & nickel.

2. Plate Tectonics

Tectonic plates float on the mantle.

Boundaries:

Divergent (move apart) → mid-ocean ridges, volcanoes.

Convergent (collide) → mountains, trenches.

Transform (slide past) → earthquakes.

3. Folding

Caused by compression of rock layers.

Types:

Anticline – upward fold.

Syncline – downward fold.

Fold mountains: Himalayas, Alps.

4. Faulting

Breaks in the crust where rocks move.

Types:

Normal fault – tension; one block drops.


Reverse fault – compression; one block moves up.

Transform fault – horizontal movement.

5. Earthquakes

Focus – point inside Earth where quake starts.

Epicentre – point on surface above focus.

Measured with seismograph (Richter scale for magnitude).

6. Volcanoes

Types:

Shield – gentle slopes, runny lava.

Composite (stratovolcano) – steep slopes, explosive.

Cinder cone – small, steep, made of ash & rock.

Benefits: fertile soils, minerals, tourism.

Hazards: lava flows, ash clouds, lahars.

7. Weathering & Erosion

Weathering: breakdown of rock in place.

Mechanical – physical (freeze–thaw, exfoliation).

Chemical – chemical changes (oxidation, carbonation).

Erosion: removal of weathered material by water, wind, ice, gravity.

8. Mapwork Skills (Term 2)

Topographic maps & orthophoto maps.

Contour lines: show height & shape.

Gradient = vertical height ÷ horizontal distance.

Intervisibility – can two points see each other?


Cross-section – side view from map data.

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