Lab: For Loop
Tutorial Lab 1: Using the For Loop
Copy the code below into the text editor on the left. Then click on the TRY
IT button to see the resulting output and ++Code Visualizer++ link (below)
to see how the program runs line by line.
for (int x = 0; x < 11; x++) {
if (x % 2 == 0) {
cout << "Even" << endl;
}
else {
cout << "Odd" << endl;
}
}
Code Visualizer
Program Summary
1. The for loop runs through all the values of the variable x from 0 to 10
as specified in the loop header.
2. For each value of x, an expression is evaluated using a conditional if
statement.
3. If x modulo 2 evaluates to 0, then print Even followed by a newline
character.
4. If x modulo 2 does not evaluate to 0, then print Odd instead followed by a
newline character.
Lab: While Loop
Tutorial Lab 2: The While Loop
Copy the code below into the text editor on the left. Then click on the TRY
IT button to see the resulting output and ++Code Visualizer++ link (below)
to see how the program runs line by line.
int counter = 0;
while (counter < 10) {
cout << counter << endl;
counter = counter + 1;
}
cout << "while loop ended" << endl;
Code Visualizer
Program Summary
1. A counter variable is initialized to keep track of how many times the
loop will be executed.
2. The loop will run as long as counter is less than 10.
3. Each time the loop runs, the integer value of counter is printed to the
screen.
4. The value of counter is then incremented by 1.
5. When counter reaches 10, the boolean expression no longer evaluates
to true and the program will exit the loop.
6. Before the program terminates, a statement is printed to the screen,
indicating that the while loop has ended.
7. Recall that the while loop must have an exit condition. By incrementing
the counter variable, we ensure that the loop will eventually end. If we
do not increment counter in this loop, we will create an infinite loop
because counter will never reach 10 or greater.
Lab: Break Statement
Tutorial Lab 3: Breaking from the While Loop
Copy the code below into the text editor in the upper left panel. Then click
on the TRY IT button to run the resulting program in the Terminal in the
lower left panel.
What does cin >> input; do?
The cin >> input; command records what a user enters on the screen and
stores that information in the variable input. Note that input is of type
double.
What do cin.good() and cin.fail() do?
cin.good() checks to see if the input entered by the user was successful
while cin.fail() checks to see if the input failed. Since input is of type
double, only numerical values entered by the user will cause cin >> input
to be successful, anything else will cause the input to fail.
double result = 0;
double input;
while (true) {
cout << "Enter a number to add to sum. ";
cout << "Or enter a non-number to quit and calculate sum." <<
endl;
cin >> input;
if (cin.good()) {
result += input;
}
if (cin.fail()) {
cout << "Sum = " << result << endl;
break;
}
}
Program Summary
1. Declare the variable result and initialize it to 0. result will store the
total of the summation.
2. Declare the variable input. input will store the information that the
user enters.
3. Next we set up a while loop with true as the expression in the loop
header. We do this because we want the loop to continue running and
storing information from the user. Since we don’t know how much
information the user will enter, a while loop is best for the situation.
4. The user is prompted to enter some information and that information is
stored in the variable input which was declared earlier.
5. If the information was stored into input successfully, the value in input
will be added to the value in result, our total summation.
6. If the information was not stored into input successfully, then the
program will print out the total summation result and exit the while
loop.
Lab Challenge: Loop Patterns
Nested Loop Example
One of the benefits of nested loops is that they can be used to construct
complex patterns. Imagine a classroom full of students and they are
distributed evenly into smaller groups and asked to form a single line with
their groups. The outer loop is like the group leader (represent in red and
L) and the inner loop is like the rest of the group members (represented in
blue and M.
.guides/img/NestedLoopExample
for (int x = 0; x < 3; x++) {
cout << "L" << endl;
for (int y = 0; y < 3; y++) {
cout << "M" << endl;
}
}
What is the pattern described by the above example? There are 3 leaders
and each leader has 3 members. However, note that the example shows the
students standing in a vertical line. What if you want to arrange the
students in a horizontal line like this instead?
.guides/img/NestedLoopHorizontal
By removing the << endl commands from the code above, you can
accomplish this task. Alternatively, you can also make use of an if and else
statement instead of a nested loop. Both ways will produce the same result.
for (int x = 0; x < 3; x++) { for (int x = 0; x < 12; x++)
cout << "L"; if ((x == 0) || (x == 4) ||
for (int y = 0; y < 3; y++) {
{ cout << "L";
cout << "M"; }
} else {
} cout << "M";
}
Nested For Loop Challenge
challenge
Assignment:
For this challenge, you will use your knowledge of patterns,
conditionals, and nested for loops to produce the following output:
XOXOXOXOX
OXO
OXO
XOXOXOXOX
OXO
OXO
XOXOXOXOX
OXO
OXO
Requirement:
Your program must include at least two for loops, one nested within
another, in order to receive credit. In addition, you are only allowed to
use, at most, two cout statements.
Hint
You should start by determining a pattern that repeats itself. One
noticeable pattern is:
XOXOXOXOX
OXO
OXO
Try creating that particular pattern first, then iterate that pattern by
modifying the existing loop(s).
