5 FLOW THROUGH PIPES

5.1 Introduction to pipe and pipe flow

5.2 Reynold's experiment, friction factor, Darcy's equation, Moody's
chart
5.2.1 Reynold's Experiments
5.2.2 Frictional loss
5.2.3 Darcy - Weisback Equation and Friction Factor
5.2.4 Friction Factor :f
5.2.5 Moody's chart
5.3 Water hammer effect
5.4 Selection criteria for pipes and pipe sizes
5.5 Simple numerical examples
Summary
Exercise

5.1 INTRODUCTION TO PIPES AND PIPE FLOWS :

Pipe is a closed conduit in which fluid flows under pressure. The cross
sectional area of pipe is generally circular. We find fluid flow at every places
in real world e.g. as we get water in our house through pipe, Gas from
storage place to user place is supplied through gas pipe lines. In refinary
oil and gas flows under pressure in pipe. In hydro power plant water from
reservoir to water turbine is supplied through very big pipe lines called
penstock.

When fluid flows turough pipe, resistance to flow is developed due to

friction at wall of pipe material and internal resistance of fluid particles
due to viscosity. The energy losses takes place to overcome these frictional
forces. These energy losses are called frictional losses. The frictional losses
depends upon type of flow (Laminar or turbulent), pipe material, pipd
diameter etc. Professor Obsorne Reynold with his experiment has given
useful information regarding types of flow and frictional losses.
Flow Through Plpes 153
t2 REYNOLD'S EXPERIMENT, FRICTION FACTOR, DARCYs EQUATION,
MOODYsCHART :
6.2.1 REYNOLD'S EXPERIMENTS :

COLOURED WATER
BIG GLASS TANK

BELL SHAPED pCONTRCL

ORIFICE VALVE

-GLASS PIPE

TO DISCHAPKGE
MEASURING TANK

(FIG. 5.1 REYNOLD'S EXPERIMENT)

Russian scientist D. Mendeleev first suggest that there are two types
of flow of liquid: laminar and turbulent. Osborne Reynold an English
scientist proved experimentally the existance of these two types of flow.
The experimental set up design by Reynold consists of large glass tank,
small tank containing dye, horizontal bell mouth glass tube and regulating
valve as shown in fig. 5.1.
Constant water level is maintain in large tank by water inflow. When
valve is opened slightly we found coloured dye moving in straight line in
bell mouth glass tube. (Pig. 5.1 (a). This indicate that the flow is laminar.
During this period water is collected in discharge measuring tank for a
definite period and velocity is calculated. In laminar flow water particles
moves in parallel and in straight lines.
Reynold founds that at low velocities the fluid particles are not mixing
with one another and they move in layers. Laminar flow develops at low
velocity.
When the flow velocity is gradually increased by increasing the opening
of valve, the disturbances developed in the 'dye straight line. The straight
line breaks, helical path developed. Fig. 5.1 (b). The velocity at which this
phenomenon starts is called lower critical velocity.
When the valve is completely opened the dye particles will completely
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 Flow Through Pipes
Hydraulic Machirnes
Fluld Mechanics & Revnold no. is taken into consideration in
155
diffus some flow sitoalating where
154 motion. Dye gets be viscous forces are predominant.
irregular, unstable critiont
mixed with water
with random,
instant is called
higher Following are the various examples.
flow. The low velocity at this flow. (1) Flow through low speed turbo
throughout the converted in turbular machines.
velocity. The flow will
be completely turbulent. H, (2) Motion of submarine under water.
higher velocity the flow becomes
proved that at having different
Reynold
experiments with different
types of fluid (3) Low velocity motion around automobiles and
conducted various type of flow depends upon. aeroplanes.
Reynold found that (4) In compressible flow through small size pipes.
densities, viscosities etc.
(i) Viscosity IB) TYPE OF FLOW AND CRITICAL VELOcITY :
(ii) Density 8 (a) Laminar Flow :
(iüi) Mean velocity V In laminar flow the particles moves in layer in straight lines. One layer
e.g. diameter of pipe. D. of fluid slides over the another layer in laminar flow. Following factors are
(iv) Dimension of flow pipe
REYNOLD'S NO AND TYPES OF
FLOW : responsible for laminar flow.
(i) High viscosity of fluid flow
(A) REYNOLD's NO (Re) :
ratio of inertia force to viscous (i) Low velocity
Reynold's Number (R) is defined as the
force. (iii) Shorter passage
Inertia force Frictional losses (Energy losses) are less during laminar flow. Frictional
Reynold No = Viscous force losses are directly propational to velocity (hf a V) for laminar flow. In pipe
flow when the Reynold's number is less than 2000, the flow will be laminar.
gVD 5.1
R=
:
(b) Turbulent flow :
In turbulent flow the fluid particles moves randomly. Fluid particles
Where. R, = Reynold's No. moves in different direction with different velocities. Fluid particles strikes
= density in kg/m3 one another hence more shear stress
V Velocity in m/s and more frictional losses. Frictional
D = pipe diameter in m losses are directly propartional to TURBULENT FLOW
the square of the velocity (hf a V)

Also as
= Dynamic viscosity Ns/m². or Pas.

V=we get (By putting this in above equation 5.1)

for turbulent flow. In pipe flow when
the Reynold's Number is greater
than 4000, the flow pattern will be
hf

wwwW (hyav
UPPER CRTICAL VELOCITY

VD
5.2
turbulent e.g. river water flow during
R, = Where v = Kinematic viscosity m²/s. flood situation. -LOWER CRITICAL VELOCITY

Reynold proved that type of flow depends upon density, velocity pipe (c) Transition flow :
- AMINAR FLOW (hfav)
diameter and viscosity. The term 9VD indicate inertia forces. Where as When the flow is not completely
represent viscous force. Reynold number is very important parameter to turbulent or pure laminar sometimes
decide the type of flow. As discussed earlier if R, < 2000 the flow. will be 1 1s refered as transition: flow. In (FIG. 5.2 GRAPH OF CRITICAL
VELOCITY (V)
laminar and if Re > 4000 the flow will be turbulent for pipe flow. Reynolds Pipe turbulent flow occurs between VERSES HEAD LOSS (h,)
number is dimensionless parameter. <000 to 4000 Reynold's number.
 Fluld Mechanics & Hydratic Machine Flow Through Pipes
156 157
ii) Viscous force, retarding force due
(d) Critical Velocity :
to shear stress.
is called critical velocity. (ii) Weight of fluid
flow pattern change
The velocity at which the
Fig. 5.2. Net pressure force = (p) - Pa) A
which the laminar f
Velocity : The velocity at Weight force = o x volume, (where
(1) Lower Critical flow is called lower critical velocity. specific weight = g)
starts converting into turbulent the laminar fnm.
W 9.g.V.
The velocity at which
"(3) Higher Critical Velocity : higher critical velocity W 9 g AL ..5.4
flow is called
is mpletely cÍnverted into tutbulant
Viscous force due to shear stress = T,PL ... (c)
S.22RCTIONAL LOSS :
due to : Where To = 8hear stress
Loss of energy in pipe flow is mainly
between fluid particles and pipe wall material. P= wetted perimeter (rD)
(i) Friction
L= Length of fluid elemnent.
(ii) Internal friction between fluid particles.
Weight force is acting downwards while pressure force acting in direction
of flow and viscous force is acting in opposite to direction of flow.
Energy loss depends
upon type of fluid flow
Considering equilibrium of forces in the direction of flow.
also. .Fs=TopL (Pi - P2) A + 8gAL sin
Number of empirical but L sin = AZ
formula have been (p - p) A + 8 gA AZ This force is balanced by shear force acting
suggested for friction AZ opposite to flow.
co-efficient f. It is
experimentally found that
Fs (p; - Pa) A + gA A Z= toPL dividing by 8gA
it depends upon Reynold P-2+ Az =TopL 5.5
Number and relative Sg 8gA
W=$gAL
roughness of pipe surfape. (FIG. 5.3 FRICTION LOSS)
Left hand side of the equation shows the energy loss (hf), hence:

h, = TopL
5.6
Let,
8gA
D = Diameter of pipe. FRICTION FACTOR
5.2.3 DARCY - WEISBACK EQQUATION AMD
L Length between two points. 1 and 2. upon velocity. D±rcy has
Darcy suggested that friction loss depends energy (head) loss and
AZ = difference in elevation between two points. relationship bétween
Suggest following empirical
A = C/s area of the pipe. various paramneters.
V = mean velpcity of flow.
= Fluid deDsity. h, =
4fLV² Where. f= friction factor depends uph pipe
2gD
roughness, velocity, diameter of pnpe
There are three foces acting on fluid çlement under consideration.
(i) Pressure force accelerating the fluid etc.
 Flow Through Plpes
159
Fluld Mechanics & Hydraulc Machine
158 4fLV2
L=Length of pipe h= the term f is known as friction factor.
2gD It is a
V= Mean velocity
Aimensionless parameter. Value of f mainly depends on :
D = Diameter of pipe. (i) Pipe wall absolute roughness
Derivation of Darcy Bquation : (ii) Pipe diameter, D
shear force is also propartional
For turbulent flow h, c V,. (ig 5.2) hence (ii) Velocity of flow, V
to square of velocity. (iv) Viscosity of fluid,
to a y2 (v) Density of fluid, 9.
to fy2 ... 5.7
i.e. f= {e,e, m, D, V, 4, 9 e Absolute roughness value
here f = constant of propartionality
e= Arrangement of irregularities of surface.
Also h = topL equation 5.6 roughness form factor.
gA
for smooth pipe e = e and m > 0
Area perfectly smooth. The
here
A
is called hydraulic mean depth. Any surface over which a fluid flows could not be
Paramneter) which vary in shape, size and
surfaces may have innumerable irregularities
obtained experimentally.
spacing, hence value of friction factor is generally
sand and value of friction factor
For circular pipe
A 4 ... 5.8 Pipe is made rough by diffrent grain size of
TD 4 and diffrent roughness of pipe are obtained. Relative
for different diameters roughness (e) and
the absolute
roughness of pipe is difined as the ratio of
Putting the value of equation 5.7 and 5.8 in equation 5.6.
the pipe diameter (D).
f y² 4

4f Ly2 here f ' f 9

h = putting this value in equation.
9gD
4 xf.8x Lð2
h = 2x 8gD

4fLV? 5.9
h,=
2gD
This equation is called as Darcy - Weisback formula. here f is known
as friction factor.

5.2.4 FRICTION FACTOR :f

In the Darcy - Weisback formula
160 Fluld Mechanics &Hydraulic Machinee Flow Through Pipes
3.2.5 MOODYS CHART : TF. moody have prepared a 161
chart to find friction factor for
0. 0 2 .0 01 0. 0 5 o. o0 t
pipe available in market. The relation ship between commercial
number (Re) and relative friction factor (),
.0 2 Reynold's
roughness
eDresented in the diagram for various sizes and (e/D) is graphically
H
roughness of pipes.
Advantages of Moody's chart :
0. , 10. ,08 1., Friction factor for any commnercial
from Moody's chart directly.
pipe available can be obtained

2. It is easy method to find, f. It avoid complicated

calculations and

FACTORS) 3.
save time and labour.
Many informations are available from chart regarding relationship
between reynold's numbers, friction factor and pipe roughness.
Rpiopuegsh
FRICTON 4., It is also used for flow in pipe correction.
5.3 WATER HAMMER EFFECT :

25
3S64
7 =dDRuemynboelrds When valve on down strearn side of a long pipe line is closed suddenly,
the pressure waves are developed in pipe. due to sudden change in
FOR
Compl
turete
Smo DIAGRM momentum of liquid. This pressure wave or shock wave is transmitted along
the liquid in pipe, with a very high velocity (velocity of sound) in liquid
medium. Due to this, noise is created which is known as "knocking".
Sudden rise in pressure has a hammering effect on wall of pipe, hence this
965674 MO DY phenomenon is known as "Water hammer'"or hammer blow. A severe
hammer blow would develop stresses in pipe that may burst the pipe. The
problem of water hammer is important in penstock of hydropower plant,
5.5 drinking water ipe line and sewage water pipe ine. The range of rise in
3
(FIG. pressure is fron 1MPa to 10MPa. Pressure developed in pipe depenås
on following factors :
(1) Velocity of fluid flow.
(2) Time taken to close the valve.
(3) Pipe length
(4) Elasticit of pipe material
(5) Bulk modulus of elasticity.

.o029 Factors responsible for water hammer :

(1) Sudden closure of valve
(2) Longer length of pipe
(3) Unsteady flow

FM&HM_Eng/2018/21
 Fluld Mechanlcs & Hydraullc Machlnes Flow Through Plpes 163
162
Efects of water hammer : () Pressure inside the pipe
(1) Pipe bursting. (ii) Pipe material
increase in speed.
(2) Sudden rise in temperature due to (iii) Temperature of fluid
(3) Possibility of leakage at pipe joints. (iv) Discharge and velocity required
(4) Knocking heared in pipe line. (v) Types of fluid (viscosity, corrosiveness, grit-laden, moisture-contant etc.)
Remedial measures to prevent water hammer:
(vi) Water hammer
(1) Special type osf gate valve should be used which prevent sudden
closure of valve. (vii) Lay out of piping system
(2) Air vessel or surge tank should be provided (viii) Type of flow
(3) Use spring compensaters on upstream side of flow. (ix) Cost of pipe
the basic of the fluid carried e.g.
SURGE TANK: The piping system may be classified on
Water hammer is developed in (1) Water piping
long pipe line when the valve is RESERVOIR SURGE TANK
suddenly closed. In hydro (2) Oil piping
powerplant water from reservoir to - PENSTOCK (3) Gas piping
turbine is transfered by long pipe (4) Steam piping
line called penstock. If the turbine WATER TURBINE
PRESSURE TUNNEL (5) Hot water piping
inlet valve is closed suddenly water
hammer will be developed in Following are pipe materials :
penstock. To reduce the ill effect (i) Galvanized Iron
of water hammer a surge tank is NOZZLE TAIL RACE
(ii) Cast - Iron
provided near the valve.
Surge tank is an open tank (iii) Aloysteel- carbon steel
(FIG.5.6 SURGE TANK)
provided between reservoir and (iv) Copper and Brass
turbine mainly near the turbine as (v) PVC
surge tank is always higher than the shown in diagram. The upper lip of
free surface of water in reservoir. Galvanized iron pipe may be
welded or seamless. Cast - Iron
pipe is
corrosion and abrasion. Brass
When the load on turbine decreases, the generally used for drainage and
resistance to
valve is reguired to be closed, are costly but
this increase the pressure in pipe. Brass and copper pipes
pipe.
enter into surge tank and will But due to surge tank extra water wll pipes are rigid then copper and resistance to corrosion.
appearance
preventing penstock from ill effectraise the level of water' in surge they have good fluxibility, of pipes for various
of water hammer. tank, available for the selections
The surge tank will also Various standards are number (e.g. schedule
supply the American standards the schedule
increases. extra water when the load on specifications. In thickness.
weight and wall
B.4
turbiie
40 or are given to designate pipe
schedole 80)
SELECTION CRITERIA FOR PIPE & given for calculating wall thickness of pipe
Pipes, valves and fittings are PIPE SIZES : Many formulas have been
The selection and absolute necessities of the for the given pressure.
determined by considering
arrangement piping system. The pipe size are
of pipes depends on various of pipes required careful study.The selections Determnining pipe size :
service conditions &% other velocity.
parameters. both the volume flow rate and
 164 Flow Through Pipes as bi
Fluld Mechanics &Hydraullc Machine 165
Q A.V. or m = 9AV, here m = mass flow rate = density. frication factor 0.01
To determine the correct size for a pipe of relatively short length knowing According to Darcy's formula, head loss :
the quantity of fluid, the usual practice is to assume velocity based on 4fLV2
experience. Diameter can be calculated from above formula. Then market h=
2gD
available size of pipe is selected. After finding the pipe size resulting frictional
losses can be calculated using Darcy-Weisback formula. 4 x0.01 x 250 x y
1.5 =
4fLV2 2 x9.8l x 0.3
h=
2gD v2 = 0.8829
V= 0.9396 m/s Ans.
5.5 SIMPLE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS :
Now Discharge Q Area x velocity
Example-1 :
D2 V
Calculate the head loss due to friction for a pipe 4
1.5 meter diameter and 2.00 km length, having carrying water of
sec. by using Darcy's formula. Take f = 0.006.
velocity of water 2m/ (0.3)2 x 0.9396
4
Given Data : = 0.0664 m³/s = 66.40 lit/sec. Ans.
D = 1.5 m
Example-3 :
through
L= 2.00 km = 2000 m Oil of specific gravity 0.92 and viscosity 2 poise is flowing
V 2 m/s mm diameter pipe. It8 discharge is 50 lit.fsec. Find Reynold's
a 200
f= 0.006 number and state type of flow.
Given Data :
According to Darcy's formula head loss due to friction,
4LV2 Specific gravity s= 0.92
h, = Viscosity = 2 poise = 0.2 Ns/m? (1 Poise = 0.1 Ns/m)
2gD
D = 200 mm = 0.2 m
4 x0.006 x 2000 x (2) (1 m3 = 1000 litre)
Q= 50 lit/sec. = 0.05 m³/s.
2x9.81l x1.5
Re = ?
=6.524 m of water, Ans.
Type of flow =?
Example-2 : = 1000 kg/m)
The difference of heads between (1) S = {Bwater
two end of a pipe 250 meter long Syater
and 300 mm diameteris 1.5 meter.
Darcy's co-efficient as 0.01, CaleulateNeglecting minor losses & taking Boil Soil 920 kg/m3
discharge through the pipe. 0.92 1000
Given Data :
0.05 -l59 m /s
L 250 m V=2
(2) Velocity V =
D300 mm = 0.3 m 4
(o.2
h, 1.5 m
 Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machin glow Through Pipes A 167
166
L = 400 m
Now, Reylond's No.
9VD
Q =35.4 lit./sec. = 0.0354 m³/s (1m3 = 1000 litre)
R, = friction factor f= 0.01
920 x 1.59 x 0.2 0.0354
R, =
(1) v=9, =2 m/sec
0.2 A Ip² x0.15?
4
4
R, = 1462 Ans.
As Reylond's number Re < 2000, the flow is Laminar Flow. Ans. According to Darcy's formula
Example -4 : 350 4fLV2 A0.0314
h =
An oil flowing through a pipe of 200 mm diameter and 1Km length. 2gD A 0.0962
If steady discharge is 3 m³/min, Calculate head loss due to frlction.
Take f = 0.01 4 x 0.01x 400x (2) G.35

2x9.81 x 0.15
Given data :
D = 200 mm = 0.2 m
= 21.75 m of water Ans.

L = 1km = 1000 m Example-6 :

connected to water
3 A 80 m long pipe having 10 cn diameter is
end.
Q = 3 m³/min =
60
- 0.05 m³/s o:) tank at one end and water flows freely in the atmosphere at other
level in the tank is 2.6 m above the center line of
f0.01 The height of water
Considering
pipe. The pipe is horizontal and has friction factor f= 0.01.
friction loss only calculate the discharge through pipe.
Velocity V= A =1.59 m/s
q*(0.212 Given Data :

L = 80 m
As per Darcy's formula
D = 10 cm = 0.1 m
head loss (h) = 4LV² f = 0.01
2gD data.
Here head loss due to friction, he = 2.6 m. is given in
4x0.01 x1000x (1.59) Now,
2x9.8l x 0.2
4fLV²
- 25.77 m of oil hË =
Ans. 2gD
Example-5 :
Find friction head loss in 0.0lx 80× y²
a pipe having 2.6 = 4 x
400 mneter. Flow of
water throngh pipe is disameter 150 mm and lenw 2x9.81 x 0.1
Given Data : 35.4 lit./sec. Take f = 0.0l.
y2 = 1.594
D= 150 mm = 0.15 m Ans.
V= 1.26 m/s.
 Flow Through Pipes
Fluld Mechanics &Hydraulic Machin 169
168 16 m of water
hf Diameter of pipe =?
Now discharge Q Area x Velocity
150 x 3, 00, 000
=A xV
Q= = 2812500 "hor = m
2 x8

4 D² xV = 2812500 lit/hour
2812500
- 4 (0.1)2 1.26
3600
=0.00989 m/s. Ans. = 781.25 lit/sec
Bxample-7 :
= 0.781 m/sec
Ol at a rate of8 Ht/sec is flowing in a pipe. Kinematic viscosity
of oi is 9x 105 m²js.What should be the dlameter of pipe if the low 0.781 0.994
ts to be controlled as laminar flow ? Velocity (V) = x D² D?
Given Data : 4

Q=8 lit./sec =8 x 10-3 m³/s 4fLy2

4x0.01 x 5000 x (0.994)2
16 -
Kinematic viscosity u =9 x 10-6 m²/s Now, hË= 2x9.81 xD x(D'
2gD
Diameter of pipe D =? D5 = 0.629
R,s 2000 for laminar low. D= 0.91 15 m = 91.15 cm diameter. Ans.

Example :9
i s iV=8x100.,01
One crude oil having Kinematic. viscosity 0.4 stock lowing through
4 40 meter long pipe. Pipe diamer is 25 cm, rate of flow is 250 liter/second,
Eriction factor of pipe f 0.005. Find out friction head, Friction loss and
For laminar flow R,< 2000 (June 2012)
ype of flow.
gVD VD
R= Given Data :
Diameter of pipe d = 25 cm = 0.25 m
0.01x D
2000=9x10 Length of pipe L = 40 m
D= 0.55 m Ans. Q= 250 lit/s
Example-8 : 250
Water is supplied to a town having a
is 5. Km away from reservoir. Head loss population of 300000, which
1000
in pipe is 16 m, The daily = 0.25 m³/s
consumption of water per person is 150 litre and half of the ¡ily
supply is pumped in 8 hrs. Determine the size of f= 0.005
Given Data :
pipe. Take f 0.01
Y = 0.4 stocks
Population = 3,00,000 = 0.4 x 10-4 m²/s
L=5 km = 5000 m. ?
R. = ? Types of flow
h, =?

FM&HM_Eng/2018/22
 low Through Plpes
Machine
Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic 171
170 Specific gravity of oil = 0.9
Q = 50 lit/sec = 0.05 m³/sec
here A = D2 (0.25)2
4 Viscosity =0.1 Ns/m²
= 0.0490 m²
Reynold No. R, = ?
V= Q/A Q =a.V
0.25
V= Q/a
0.0490
= 5.095 m/s Ans. = 0.05/0.0314
4fL y2 = 1.592 m/sec.
According to Darcy's equation h, = 29D Density of oil
Specific gravity of oil =
4x0.005 x 40 x (5. 095) Density of water
2x9.81x0.25
Density of oil
Ans. 0.9 =
hf = 4.2345 mn 1000

VD Specific gravity of oil = 0.9 x 1000

Reynold No. RN =
= 900 kg/m3
5.0955x 0.25
gVD
0.4 x 10o Reynold no. Re =
RN =31846.47 Ans. 900 × 1.592 x 0.2

Now RN > 4000 flow is Turbulent ... Ans. 0.1

= 2865.6 ... Ans.
Example-10 :
through
Ol having specific gravity 0.7 and viscosity 0.1 Ns/m? flowing here 2865 < 4000 and > 2000
200 mm diameter pipe. Rate of oll low is 50 lit/s find out Reynold Flow is Transit flow ... Ans.
No. and type of flow. Example-11 : through
dynamic viscosity 1 poise is flowing
Data Gven :
Oil of sp. gravity 0.92 and 50 lit/sec. Find the type of flow.
discharge is
Diameter of pipe d= 200 mm a 200 mm, dia. pipe it's (June 2014)
= 0.2 m
Solution :
Cross section area of pipe = a= 4 Data given :
d = 200 mm
-0.2? Sp. gravity = 20.92
= 0.0314 m2 u = 0.1 poise
dynamic viscosity
 Fluid Mechanics &Hydraulc Machines Flow Through Pipes 173
172
lx 0.!Ns/m? friction factor = f= 0.005
0.1 Ns/m? find Head loss hf = ?

Q 30 lit/s - 0.05 m³/s here

4fL V2
a 4;(d)² = (0.2)2 =0.031 m? Head loss (hf) =
2gd
0.05
1.59 m/s 4 x 0.005 x 500 x(2)
a 0.0314
2 x9.81 x 0.15
oil
Sp. gravity = 9 water hf = 13.59 m of water .Ans.

9 oil
0.92 = SUMMARY
100
8 oil = 920 Kg/m3 (1) In laminar flow fluid particles moves in layer and straight line.
Now Reynold No. (2) In turbulent flow fluid particles moves randomly.
8 oil 9VD VD
R, = (3) Reynold's No. R =
900 x 1.59 x 0.2 Where = density of fluid kg/m3
0.1 V= Velocity of fluid m/s
2925.6 D = Diameter of pipe m
Reynolds No. Rn between 2000 to 4000 =Viscosity of fluid Ns/m² or Pas
Flow is Transition Ans. V= Kinematic viscosity m/s.
Bample-12 : (4) For Laminar flow R, <2000
Water is flowing through 150 mm dia & 500 meter length pipe at the For Turbulent flow R, > 4000
velocity =2 mfsec. I friction factor f = 0.005 find head lost through For Transition flow R. 2000 to 4000.
dction. (May 2017)
(5) Darcy's Equation for friction head loss
Solution:
Given data : 4LV2 head loss in m of liquid.
h,= Where hf
2gD
Diameter of pipe = 150 mm d f = friction factor
d=0,15 m L Characteristic length m
Length of pipe L = 500 m V Velocity m/s
velocity of water V =2m/s =9,81 m/s?
D Diameter of pipe m
 Flow Through Pip08 175
Fluld Mechanics &HydraullcMachlne
velocity
10 State the conditions under which water hammer is produced and list
174
depends upon roughness of pipe, of fiuid, its bad effects.
f
(6) The friction factor 11What is water hammer'? How it is produced ? What are its ill effects ?
density of fluid.
viscosity and
chart is useful tofnd
friction factor f for
commercially
available pipe. (12) In a pipe line water flows at the rate of 60 lit/ sec. Length of pipe is
(7) Moody's
which laminar flow starts
converting into turbulent
Alow 900 meter and diameter of pipe is 100 mm. Find the head loss in
(8) The velocity at velocity. friction if co-efficient of friction is 0.01.
is called lower critical completely convertad.,
which the laminar flow is (Ans. : 1071 m of water)
(9) The velocity at upper critical velocity.
is called number.
turbulent flow
valve in long pipe line,
pressure WAvee (13) Define Reynold's number and classify flow based upon the
(10) Due to sudden closure of through
developed in pipe which create
noise and hammering effect on we (14) An oil of viscosity 0.15 Ns/m² and specific gravity 0.81, flowsDetermine
mm diameter at flow rate of 0.03 m/sec.
phenomen is called water hammer. a pipe of 140
pipe. This wheather the flow is laminar or turbulent ?
effect of water hammer. It is sim
(11) Surge tank is used to reduce the ill (Ans. : Re = 1472 (Laminar flow)
storage tank or any reservoir.
a water
are used. (15) State Darcy's weistbatch equation for the friction loss in flow through
(12) Various types of piping system and standards parameters on
pipe. Give unit and dimension of each terms. Explain
EXERCISE which the value of friction factor depends.
(16) Write short note on :
(1) Explain Reynold's experiment with neat sketch. (ii) Surge tank (iii) Moody's Chart
(i) Water hammer
(2) State and derive Darcy's formula for finding out the head loss due to (17) Define following terms :
friction in flow through pipe. (iü) Turbulent flow
(i) Laminar flow
(3) Explain loss of head due to friction in pipes. (iv) Reynold Number
(iii) Critical velocity.
(4) Explain phenomenon of water hammer in pipe.
(18) Explain variation of friction factor in pipe in different condition and
(5) Describe in brief Reynold's experiment. determination of friction factor with the help of móody's
(6) Write short note on Moody's chart. also explain
friction chart.
(7) Water flows through a pipe of 20 cm diameter and 50 meter long with transution flow and turbulent flow
a velocity of 2.5 m/s. Find the head loss in friction using Darcy's (19) Differentiate between Laminar flow,
formulla. Assume friction factor to be 0.005. with Example.
explain the Moody's chart.
(Ans. : 1.59 meter of water) (20) State Darcy's weisbatch equation and
water hammer effect and arrangement to overcome water
(8) (i) Write equation for Reynold's number, with usual notations, whien (21) Explain
decide type of flow wheather Laminar or turbulent. hammer effect.
(ü) Sketch velocity distribution of liguid (22) Explain use of surge tank.
flowing over a pipe cros
section.
(23) List various paranmter for the selection of pipe & pipe size.
(iii) Explain the term water hammer. water hammer.
water hammer and effects of
(9) Find loss of head due to (24)List factors responsible for
friction in a
kilometer long. The velocity of water in apipe of 1 m diameter ana
pipe 1 m/S. Take co-eiiie
(25)Explain Reynol's experiments.
of friction 0.005.
(Ans, : 15.29 m of water