A-4 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts

TABLE I Summary of Common Probability Distributions

Probability Section
Name Distribution Mean Variance in Book
Discrete
1 (b +a) (b-a+ 1)2 -1
Uniform - ,a :s; b 3-5
n 2 12

Binomial [:lp'(I -pf-, np np(l -p) 3-6

x=0,1, ... ,n,0:s;p:s; 1

(1- PY- 1p
Geometric 1/p (1 - p)/p2 3-7
X = 1, 2, ... , 0 _:s; p _:s; 1

Negative binomial
[x- ll
r-1
(1 -py-rpr
r/p r(l - p)/p 2 3-7

x = r,r+ 1,r+2, ... ,0 :s;p :s; 1

(:) (::xK]
np
Hypergeometric
(:) where p
K
=N
np(l-p) (N-n)
--
N-1
3-8

x = max(0, n - N + K), 1, . ..
min(K,n),K :s; N,n :s; N
e-A'}._X
Poisson - - ,x = 0, 1, 2, .. . ,0 < 'J, . 3-9
x!
Continuous
1 (b +a) (b - a) 2
Uniform - - , a<x<b 4-5
b-a - - 2 12
I -½( x-µ )2 µ CJ2 4-6
- e
o..rz;. "
Normal
-00 < X < 00, -00 < µ < 00, 0 < CJ
Exponential '},,_e-AX,0 :s; x,0 < 'J, . 1/'J,,. 1/'J,,.2 4-8
'J,,.'x'-le-1,,x
Erlang , 0 < x, r = 1, 2, ... r/'J,,. r/'J,,.2 4-9.1
(r - l)!
'},,_xr-le-1,,x
Gamma ) , 0 < x, 0 < r, 0 < 'J, . r/'J,,. r/'J,,.2 4-9.2
r(r

Weibull
~(if-le-<xM

0 < x, 0 < ~. 0 < 6

or ( 1 + !) o 2r ( 1 + !)-o2 [r ( 1 + r
!) 4-10

Lognormal - -1e x p (-[ln(x) - 0)2) ee+ro2 /2 eze+ro\e.,2 - 1) 4-11

xro ../hr, 2ro2

r(a + ~) xa-1(1 - x)P-I

(l (l~
Beta r(a)r(~) -- 4-12
a+~ (a+~) 2(a+~+l)
0 _:s; X _:s; 1, 0 < IX, 0 <~
 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts A-5

Cumulative Binomial Probabilities P(X :5 x)

n X 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.95 0.99
1 0 0.9000 0.8000 0.7000 0.6000 0.5000 0.4000 0.3000 0.2000 0.1000 0.0500 0.0100
2 0 0.8100 0.6400 0.4900 0.3600 0.2500 0.1600 0.0900 0.0400 0.0100 0.0025 0.0001
1 0.9900 0.9600 0.9100 0.8400 0.7500 0.6400 0.5100 0.3600 0.1900 0.0975 0.0199
3 0 0.7290 0.5120 0.3430 0.2160 0.1250 0.0640 0.0270 0.0080 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000
1 0.9720 0.8960 0.7840 0.6480 0.5000 0.3520 0.2160 0.1040 0.0280 0.0073 0.0003
2 0.9990 0.9920 0.9730 0.9360 0.8750 0.7840 0.6570 0.4880 0.2710 0.1426 0.0297
4 0 0.6561 0.4096 0.2401 0.1296 0.0625 0.0256 0.0081 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9477 0.8192 0.6517 0.4752 0.3125 0.1792 0.0837 0.0272 0.0037 0.0005 0.0000
2 0.9963 0.9728 0.9163 0.8208 0.6875 0.5248 0.3483 0.1808 0.0523 0.0140 0.0006
3 0.9999 0.9984 0.9919 0.9744 0.9375 0.8704 0.7599 0.5904 0.3439 0.1855 0.0394
5 0 0.5905 0.3277 0.1681 0.0778 0.0313 0.0102 0.0024 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9185 0.7373 0.5282 0.3370 0.1875 0.0870 0.0308 0.0067 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9914 0.9421 0.8369 0.6826 0.5000 0.3174 0.1631 0.0579 0.0086 0.0012 0.0000
3 0.9995 0.9933 0.9692 0.9130 0.8125 0.6630 0.4718 0.2627 0.0815 0.0226 0.0010
4 1.0000 0.9997 0.9976 0.9898 0.6988 0.9222 0.8319 0.6723 0.4095 0.2262 0.0490
6 0 0.5314 0.2621 0.1176 0.0467 0.0156 0.0041 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.8857 0.6554 0.4202 0.2333 0.1094 0.0410 0.0109 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9842 0.9011 0.7443 0.5443 0.3438 0.1792 0.0705 0.0170 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000
3 0.9987 0.9830 0.9295 0.8208 0.6563 0.4557 0.2557 0.0989 0.0159 0.0022 0.0000
4 0.9999 0.9984 0.9891 0.9590 0.9806 0.7667 0.5798 0.3446 0.1143 0.0328 0.0015
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9959 0.9844 0.9533 0.8824 0.7379 0.4686 0.2649 0.0585
7 0 0.4783 0.2097 0.0824 0.0280 0.0078 0.0016 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.8503 0.5767 0.3294 0.1586 0.0625 0.0188 0.0038 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9743 0.8520 0.6471 0.4199 0.2266 0.0963 0.0288 0.0047 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9973 0.9667 0.8740 0.7102 0.5000 0.2898 0 .1 260 0.0333 0.0027 0.0002 0.0000
4 0.9998 0.9953 0.9712 0.9037 0.7734 0.5801 0.3529 0.1480 0.0257 0.0038 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.9996 0.9962 0.9812 0.9375 0.8414 0.6706 0.4233 0.1497 0.0444 0.0020
6 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9984 0.9922 0.9720 0.9176 0.7903 0.5217 0.3017 0.0679
8 0 0.4305 0.1678 0.0576 0.0168 0.0039 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.8131 0.5033 0.2553 0.1064 0.0352 0.0085 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9619 0.7969 0.5518 0.3154 0.1445 0.0498 0.0113 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9950 0.9437 0.8059 0.5941 0.3633 0.1737 0.0580 0.0104 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9996 0.9896 0.9420 0.8263 0.6367 0.4059 0.1941 0.0563 0.0050 0.0004 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.9988 0.9887 0.9502 0.8555 0.6846 0.4482 0.2031 0.0381 0.0058 0.0001
6 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9915 0.9648 0.8936 0.7447 0.4967 0.1869 0.0572 0.0027
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9961 0.9832 0.9424 0.8322 0.5695 0.3366 0.0773
9 0 0.3874 0.1342 0.0404 0.0101 0.0020 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.7748 0.4362 0.1960 0.0705 0.0195 0.0038 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9470 0.7382 0.4628 0.2318 0.0889 0.0250 0.0043 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9917 0.9144 0.7297 0.4826 0.2539 0.0994 0.0253 0.0031 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9991 0.9804 0.9012 0.7334 0.5000 0.2666 0.0988 0.0196 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9999 0.9969 0.9747 0.9006 0.7461 0.5174 0.2703 0.0856 0.0083 0.0006 0.0000
6 1.0000 0.9997 0.9957 0.9750 0.9102 0.7682 0.5372 0.2618 0.0530 0.0084 0.0001
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9962 0.9805 0.9295 0.8040 0.5638 0.2252 0.0712 0.0034
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9980 0.9899 0.9596 0.8658 0.6126 0.3698 0.0865
A-6 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts

TABLE II Cumulative Binomial Probabilities P(X s; x) (continued)

n X 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.95 0.99
IO 0 0.3487 0.1074 0.0282 0.0060 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.7361 0.3758 0.1493 0.0464 0.0107 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9298 0.6778 0.3828 0.1673 0.0547 0.0123 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9872 0.8791 0.6496 0.3823 0.1719 0.0548 0.0106 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9984 0.9672 0.8497 0.6331 0.3770 0.1662 0.0473 0.0064 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9999 0.9936 0.9527 0.8338 0.6230 0.3669 0.1503 0.0328 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000
6 1.0000 0.9991 0.9894 0.9452 0.8281 0.6177 0.3504 0.1209 0.0128 0.0010 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9999 0.9984 0.9877 0.9453 0.8327 0.6172 0.3222 0.0702 0.oI15 0.0001
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9893 0.9536 0.8507 0.6242 0.2639 0.0861 0.0043
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9990 0.9940 0.9718 0.8926 0.6513 0.4013 0.0956
11 0 0.3138 0.0859 0.0198 0.0036 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.6974 0.3221 0.1130 0.0302 0.0059 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9104 0.6174 0.3127 0.1189 0.0327 0.0059 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9815 0.8389 0.5696 0.2963 0.1133 0.0293 0.0043 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9972 0.9496 0.7897 0.5328 0.2744 0.0994 0.0216 0.0020 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9997 0.9883 0.9218 0.7535 0.5000 0.2465 0.0782 0.0117 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000
6 1.0000 0.9980 0.9784 0.9006 0.7256 0.4672 0.2103 0.0504 0.0028 0.0001 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9998 0.9957 0.9707 0.8867 0.7037 0.4304 0.1611 0.0185 0.0016 0.0000
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9941 0.9673 0.8811 0.6873 0.3826 0.0896 0.0152 0.0002
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9941 0.9698 0.8870 0.6779 0.3026 0.1019 0.0052
IO 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9964 0.9802 0.9141 0.6862 0.4312 0.1047
12 0 0.2824 0.0687 0.0138 0.0022 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.6590 0.2749 0.0850 0.0196 0.0032 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8891 0.5583 0.2528 0.0834 0.0193 0.0028 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9744 0.7946 0.4925 0.2253 0.0730 0.0153 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9957 0.9274 0.7237 0.4382 0.1938 0.0573 0.0095 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9995 0.9806 0.8822 0.6652 0.3872 0.1582 0.0386 0.0039 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9999 0.9961 0.9614 0.8418 0.6128 0.3348 0.1178 0.0194 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9994 0.9905 0.9427 0.8062 0.5618 0.2763 0.0726 0.0043 0.0002 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9847 0.9270 0.7747 0.5075 0.2054 0.0256 0.0022 0.0000
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9972 0.9807 0.9166 0.7472 0.4417 0.1109 0.0196 0.0002
IO 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9968 0.9804 0.9150 0.7251 0.3410 0.1184 0.0062
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9978 0.9862 0.9313 0.7176 0.4596 0.1136
13 0 0.2542 0.0550 0.0097 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.6213 0.2336 0.0637 0.0126 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8661 0.5017 0.2025 0.0579 0.0112 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9658 0.7473 0.4206 0.1686 0.0461 0.0078 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9935 0.9009 0.6543 0.3530 0.1334 0.0321 0.0040 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9991 0.9700 0.8346 0.5744 0.2905 0.0977 0.0182 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9999 0.9930 0.9376 0.7712 0.5000 0.2288 0.0624 0.0070 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9988 0.9818 0.9023 0.7095 0.4256 0.1654 0.0300 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9988 0.9960 0.9679 0.8666 0.6470 0.3457 0.0991 0.0065 0.0003 0.0000
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9922 0.9539 0.8314 0.5794 0.2527 0.0342 0.0031 0.0000
IO 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9888 0.9421 0.7975 0.4983 0.1339 0.0245 0.0003
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9874 0.9363 0.7664 0.3787 0.1354 0.0072
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9903 0.9450 0.7458 0.4867 0.1225
 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts A-7

TABLE II Cumulative Binomial Probabilities P(X ::S x) (continued)

n X 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.95 0.99
14 0 0.2288 0.0440 0.0068 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.5846 0.1979 0.0475 0.0081 0.0009 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8416 0.4481 0.1608 0.0398 0.0065 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9559 0.6982 0.3552 0.1243 0.0287 0.0039 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9908 0.8702 0.5842 0.2793 0.0898 0.0175 0.0017 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9985 0.9561 0.7805 0.4859 0.2120 0.0583 0.0083 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9998 0.9884 0.9067 0.6925 0.3953 0.1501 0.0315 0.0024 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9976 0.9685 0.8499 0.6047 0.3075 0.0933 0.0116 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9996 0.9917 0.9417 0.7880 0.5141 0.2195 0.0439 0.0015 0.0000 0.0000
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9983 0.9825 0.9102 0.7207 0.4158 0.1298 0.0092 0.0004 0.0000
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9961 0.9713 0.8757 0.6448 0.3018 0.0441 0.0042 0.0000
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9935 0.9602 0.8392 0.5519 0.1584 0.0301 0.0003
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9919 0.9525 0.8021 0.4154 0.1530 0.0084
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9932 0.9560 0.7712 0.5123 0.1313
15 0 0.2059 0.0352 0.0047 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.5490 0.1671 0.0353 0.0052 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8159 0.3980 0.1268 0.0271 0.0037 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9444 0.6482 0.2969 0.0905 0.0176 0.0019 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9873 0.8358 0.5155 0.2173 0.0592 0.0093 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9978 0.9389 0.7216 0.4032 0.1509 0.0338 0.0037 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9997 0.9819 0.8689 0.6098 0.3036 0.0950 0.0152 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9958 0.9500 0.7869 0.5000 0.2131 0.0500 0.0042 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9992 0.9848 0.9050 0.6964 0.3902 0.1311 0.0181 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000
9 1.0000 0.9999 0.9963 0.9662 0.8491 0.5968 0.2784 0.0611 0.0022 0.0001 0.0000
IO 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9907 0.9408 0.7827 0.4845 0.1642 0.0127 0.0006 0.0000
11 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9981 0.9824 0.9095 0.7031 0.3518 0.0556 0.0055 0.0000
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9963 0.9729 0.8732 0.6020 01841 0.0362 0.0004
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9948 0.9647 0.8329 0.4510 0.1710 0.0096
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9953 0.9648 0.7941 0.5367 0.1399
20 0 0.1216 0.0115 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3917 0.0692 0.0076 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.6769 0.2061 0.0355 0.0036 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.8670 0.4114 0.1071 0.0160 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9568 0.6296 0.2375 0.0510 0.0059 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9887 0.8042 0.4164 0.1256 0.0207 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9976 0.9133 0.6080 0.2500 0.0577 0.0065 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7 0.9996 0.9679 0.7723 0.4159 0.1316 0.0210 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8 0.9999 0.9900 0.8867 0.5956 0.2517 0.0565 0.0051 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9 1.0000 0.9974 0.9520 0.7553 0.4119 0.1275 0.0171 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 0.9994 0.9829 0.8725 0.5881 0.2447 0.0480 0.0026 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
11 1.0000 0.9999 0.9949 0.9435 0.7483 0.4044 0.1133 0.0100 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
12 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987 0.9790 0.8684 0.5841 0.2277 0.0321 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000
13 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9935 0.9423 0.7500 0.3920 0.0867 0.0024 0.0000 0.0000
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9984 0.9793 0.8744 0.5836 0.1958 0.Q113 0.0003 0.0000
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9941 0.9490 0.7625 0.3704 0.0432 0.0026 0.0000
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987 0.9840 0.8929 0.5886 0.1330 0.0159 0.0000
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9964 0.9645 0.7939 0.3231 0.0755 0.0010
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9924 0.9308 0.6083 0.2642 0.0169
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992 0.9885 0.8784 0.6415 0.1821
A-8 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts

4' (z)

z 0

TABLE Ill Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution

z -0.09 -0.08 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -0.00
-3.9 0.000033 0.000034 0.000036 0.000037 0.000039 0.000041 0.000042 0.000044 0.000046 0.000048
-3.8 0.000050 0.000052 0.000054 0.000057 0.000059 0.000062 0.000064 0.000067 0.000069 0.000072
-3.7 0.000075 0.000078 0.000082 0.000085 0.000088 0.000092 0.000096 0.000100 0.000104 0.000108
-3 .6 0.000112 0.000117 0.000121 0.000126 0.000131 0.000136 0.000142 0.000147 0.000153 0.000159
-3.5 0.000165 0.000172 0.000179 0.000185 0.000193 0.000200 0.000208 0.000216 0.000224 0.000233
-3.4 0.000242 0.000251 0.000260 0.000270 0.000280 0.000291 0.000302 0.000313 0.000325 0.000337
-3 .3 0.000350 0.000362 0.000376 0.000390 0.000404 0.000419 0.000434 0.000450 0.000467 0.000483
-3 .2 0.000501 0.000519 0.000538 0.000557 0.000577 0.000598 0.000619 0.000641 0.000664 0.000687
-3 .1 0.000711 0.000736 0.000762 0.000789 0.000816 0.000845 0.000874 0.000904 0.000935 0.000968
-3.0 0.001001 0.001035 0.001070 0.001107 0.001144 0.001183 0.001223 0.001264 0.001306 0.001350
-2.9 0.001395 0.001441 0.001489 0.001538 0.001589 0.001641 0.001695 0.001750 0.001807 0.001866
-2.8 0.001926 0.001988 0.002052 0.002118 0.002186 0.002256 0.002327 0.002401 0.002477 0.002555
-2.7 0.002635 0.002718 0.002803 0.002890 0.002980 0.003072 0.003167 0.003264 0.003364 0.003467
-2.6 0.003573 0.003681 0.003793 0.003907 0.004025 0.004145 0.004269 0.004396 0.004527 0.004661
-2.5 0.004799 0.004940 0.005085 0.005234 0.005386 0.005543 0.005703 0.005868 0.006037 0.006210
-2.4 0.006387 0.006569 0.006756 0.006947 0.007143 0.007344 0.007549 0.007760 0.007976 0.008198
-2.3 0.008424 0.008656 0.008894 0.009137 0.009387 0.009642 0.009903 0.010170 0.010444 0.010724
-2.2 0.011011 0.011304 0.011604 0.011911 0.012224 0.012545 0.012874 0.013209 0.013553 0.013903
-2.1 0.014262 0.014629 0.015003 0.015386 0.015778 0.016177 0.016586 0.017003 0.017429 0.017864
-2.0 0.018309 0.018763 0.019226 0.019699 0.020182 0.020675 0.021178 0.021692 0.022216 0.022750
-1.9 0.023295 0.023852 0.024419 0.024998 0.025588 0.026190 0.026803 0.027429 0.028067 0.028717
-1.8 0.029379 0.030054 0.030742 0.031443 0.032157 0.032884 0.033625 0.034379 0.035148 0.035930
-1.7 0.036727 0.037538 0.038364 0.039204 0.040059 0.040929 0.041815 0.042716 0.043633 0.044565
-1.6 0.045514 0.046479 0.047460 0.048457 0.049471 0.050503 0.051551 0.052616 0.053699 0.054799
-1.5 0.055917 0.057053 0.058208 0.059380 0.060571 0.061780 0.063008 0.064256 0.065522 0.066807
-1.4 0.068112 0.069437 0.070781 0.072145 0.073529 0.074934 0.076359 0.077804 0.079270 0.080757
-1.3 0.082264 0.083793 0.085343 0.086915 0.088508 0.090123 0.091759 0.093418 0.095098 0.096801
-1.2 0.098525 0.100273 0.102042 0.103835 0.105650 0.107488 0.109349 0.111233 0.113140 0.115070
-1.1 0.117023 0.119000 0.121001 0.123024 0.125072 0.127143 0.129238 0.131357 0.133500 0.135666
-1.0 0.137857 0.140071 0.142310 0.144572 0.146859 0.149170 0.151505 0.153864 0.156248 0.158655
-0.9 0.161087 0.163543 0.166023 0.168528 0.171056 0.173609 0.176185 0.178786 0.181411 0.184060
-0.8 0.186733 0.189430 0.192150 0.194894 0.197662 0.200454 0.203269 0.206108 0.208970 0.211855
-0.7 0.214764 0.217695 0.220650 0.223627 0.226627 0.229650 0.232695 0.235762 0.238852 0.241964
-0.6 0.245097 0.248252 0.251429 0.254627 0.257846 0.261086 0.264347 0.267629 0.270931 0.274253
-0.5 0.277595 0.280957 0.284339 0.287740 0.291160 0.294599 0.298056 0.301532 0.305026 0.308538
-0.4 0.312067 0.315614 0.319178 0.322758 0.326355 0.329969 0.333598 0.337243 0.340903 0.344578
-0.3 0.348268 0.351973 0.355691 0.359424 0.363169 0.366928 0.370700 0.374484 0.378281 0.382089
-0.2 0.385908 0.389739 0.393580 0.397432 0.401294 0.405165 0.409046 0.412936 0.416834 0.420740
-0.1 0.424655 0.428576 0.432505 0.436441 0.440382 0.444330 0.448283 0.452242 0.456205 0.460172
0.0 0.464144 0.468119 0.472097 0.476078 0.480061 0.484047 0.488033 0.492022 0.496011 0.500000
 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts A-9

0 z

TABLE Ill Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution (continued)

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.500000 0.503989 0.507978 0.511967 0.515953 0.519939 0.532922 0.527903 0.531881 0.535856
0.1 0.539828 0.543795 0.547758 0.551717 0.555760 0.559618 0.563559 0.567495 0.571424 0.575345
0.2 0.579260 0.583166 0.587064 0.590954 0.594835 0.598706 0.602568 0.606420 0.610261 0.614092
0.3 0.617911 0.621719 0.625516 0.629300 0.633072 0.636831 0.640576 0.644309 0.648027 0.651732
0.4 0.655422 0.659097 0.662757 0.666402 0.670031 0.673645 0.677242 0.680822 0.684386 0.687933
0.5 0.691462 0.694974 0.698468 0.701944 0.705401 0.708840 0.712260 0.715661 0.719043 0.722405
0.6 0.725747 0.729069 0.732371 0.735653 0.738914 0.742154 0.745373 0.748571 0.751748 0.754903
0.7 0.758036 0.761148 0.764238 0.767305 0.770350 0.773373 0.776373 0.779350 0.782305 0.785236
0.8 0.788145 0.791030 0.793892 0.796731 0.799546 0.802338 0.805106 0.807850 0.810570 0.813267
0.9 0.815940 0.818589 0.821214 0.823815 0.826391 0.828944 0.831472 0.833977 0.836457 0.83891 3
1.0 0.841345 0.843752 0.846136 0.848495 0.850830 0.853141 0.855428 0.857690 0.859929 0.862143
1.1 0.864334 0.866500 0.868643 0.870762 0.872857 0.874928 0.876976 0.878999 0.881000 0.882977
1.2 0.884930 0.886860 0.888767 0.890651 0.892512 0.894350 0.896165 0.897958 0.899727 0.901475
1.3 0.903199 0.904902 0.906582 0.908241 0.909877 0.911492 0.913085 0.914657 0.916207 0.917736
1.4 0.919243 0.920730 0.922196 0.923641 0.925066 0.926471 0.927855 0.929219 0.930563 0.931888
1.5 0.933193 0.934478 0.935744 0.936992 0.938220 0.939429 0.940620 0.941792 0.942947 0.944083
1.6 0.945201 0.946301 0.947384 0.948449 0.949497 0.950529 0.951543 0.952540 0.953521 0.954486
1.7 0.955435 0.956367 0.957284 0.958185 0.959071 0.959941 0.960796 0.961636 0.962462 0.963273
1.8 0.964070 0.964852 0.965621 0.966375 0.967116 0.967843 0.968557 0.969258 0.969946 0.970621
1.9 0.971283 0.971933 0.972571 0.973197 0.973810 0.974412 0.975002 0.975581 0.976148 0.976705
2.0 0.977250 0.977784 0.978308 0.978822 0.979325 0.979818 0.980301 0.980774 0.981237 0.981691
2.1 0.982136 0.982571 0.982997 0.983414 0.983823 0.984222 0.984614 0.984997 0.985371 0.985738
2.2 0.986097 0.986447 0.986791 0.987126 0.987455 0.987776 0.988089 0.988396 0.988696 0.988989
2.3 0.989276 0.989556 0.989830 0.990097 0.990358 0.990613 0.990863 0.991106 0.991344 0.991576
2.4 0.991802 0.992024 0.992240 0.992451 0.992656 0.992857 0.993053 0.993244 0.993431 0.993613
2.5 0.993790 0.993963 0.994132 0.994297 0.994457 0.994614 0.994766 0.994915 0.995060 0.995201
2.6 0.995339 0.995473 0.995604 0.995731 0.995855 0.995975 0.996093 0.996207 0.996319 0.996427
2.7 0.996533 0.996636 0.996736 0.996833 0.996928 0.997020 0.997110 0.997197 0.997282 0.997365
2.8 0.997445 0.997523 0.997599 0.997673 0.997744 0.997814 0.997882 0.997948 0.998012 0.998074
2.9 0.998134 0.998193 0.998250 0.998305 0.998359 0.998411 0.998462 0.998511 0.998559 0.998605
3.0 0.998650 0.998694 0.998736 0.998777 0.998817 0.998856 0.998893 0.998930 0.998965 0.998999
3.1 0.999032 0.999065 0.999096 0.999126 0.999155 0.999184 0.999211 0.999238 0.999264 0.999289
3.2 0.999313 0.999336 0.999359 0.999381 0.999402 0.999423 0.999443 0.999462 0.999481 0.999499
3.3 0.999517 0.999533 0.999550 0.999566 0.999581 0.999596 0.999610 0.999624 0.999638 0.999650
3.4 0.999663 0.999675 0.999687 0.999698 0.999709 0.999720 0.999730 0.999740 0.999749 0.999758
3.5 0.999767 0.999776 0.999784 0.999792 0.999800 0.999807 0.999815 0.999821 0.999828 0.999835
3.6 0.999841 0.999847 0.999853 0.999858 0.999864 0.999869 0.999874 0.999879 0.999883 0.999888
3.7 0.999892 0.999896 0.999900 0.999904 0.999908 0.999912 0.999915 0.999918 0.999922 0.999925
3.8 0.999928 0.999931 0.999933 0.999936 0.999938 0.999941 0.999943 0.999946 0.999948 0.999950
3.9 0.999952 0.999954 0.999956 0.999958 0.999959 0.999961 0.999963 0.999964 0.999966 0.999967
A-10 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts

Percentage Points x~,v of the Chi-Squared Distribution

-
TABLE IV

.995 .990 .975 .950 .900 .500 .100 .050 .025 .010 .005
1 .00+ .00+ .00+ .00+ .02 .45 2.71 3.84 5.02 6.63 7.88
2 .01 .02 .05 .10 .21 1.39 4.61 5.99 7.38 9.21 10.60
3 .07 .11 .22 .35 .58 2.37 6.25 7.81 9.35 11.34 12.84
4 .21 .30 .48 .71 1.06 3.36 7.78 9.49 11.14 13.28 14.86
5 .41 .55 .83 1.15 1.61 4.35 9.24 11.07 12.83 15.09 16.75
6 .68 .87 1.24 1.64 2.20 5.35 10.65 12.59 14.45 16.81 18.55
7 .99 1.24 1.69 2.17 2.83 6.35 12.02 14.07 16.01 18.48 20.28
8 1.34 1.65 2.18 2.73 3.49 7.34 13.36 15.51 17.53 20.09 21.96
9 1.73 2.09 2.70 3.33 4.17 8.34 14.68 16.92 19.02 21.67 23.59
10 2.16 2.56 3.25 3.94 4.87 9.34 15.99 18.31 20.48 23.21 25.19
11 2.60 3.05 3.82 4.57 5.58 10.34 17.28 19.68 21.92 24.72 26.76
12 3.07 3.57 4.40 5.23 6.30 11.34 18.55 21.03 23.34 26.22 28.30
13 3.57 4.11 5.01 5.89 7.04 12.34 19.81 22.36 24.74 27.69 29.82
14 4.07 4.66 5.63 6.57 7.79 13.34 21.06 23.68 26.12 29.14 31.32
15 4.60 5.23 6.27 7.26 8.55 14.34 22.31 25.00 27.49 30.58 32.80
16 5.14 5.81 6.91 7.96 9.31 15.34 23.54 26.30 28.85 32.00 34.27
17 5.70 6.41 7.56 8.67 10.09 16.34 24.77 27.59 30.19 33.41 35.72
18 6.26 7.01 8.23 9.39 10.87 17.34 25.99 28.87 31.53 34.81 37.16
19 6.84 7.63 8.91 10.12 11.65 18.34 27.20 30.14 32.85 36.19 38.58
20 7.43 8.26 9.59 10.85 12.44 19.34 28.41 31.41 34.17 37.57 40.00
21 8.03 8.90 10.28 11.59 13.24 20.34 29.62 32.67 35.48 38.93 41.40
22 8.64 9.54 10.98 12.34 14.04 21.34 30.81 33.92 36.78 40.29 42.80
23 9.26 10.20 11.69 13.09 14.85 22.34 32.01 35.17 38.08 41.64 44.18
24 9.89 10.86 12.40 13.85 15.66 23.34 33.20 36.42 39.36 42.98 45.56
25 10.52 11.52 13.12 14.61 16.47 24.34 34.28 37.65 40.65 44.31 46.93
26 11.16 12.20 13.84 15.38 17.29 25.34 35.56 38.89 41.92 45.64 48.29
27 11.81 12.88 14.57 16.15 18.11 26.34 36.74 40.11 43.19 46.96 49.65
28 12.46 13.57 15.31 16.93 18.94 27.34 37.92 41.34 44.46 48.28 50.99
29 13.12 14.26 16.05 17.71 19.77 28.34 39.09 42.56 45.72 49.59 52.34
30 13.79 14.95 16.79 18.49 20.60 29.34 40.26 43.77 46.98 50.89 53.67
40 20.71 22.16 24.43 26.51 29.05 39.34 51.81 55.76 59.34 63.69 66.77
50 27.99 29.71 32.36 34.76 37.69 49.33 63.17 67.50 71.42 76.15 79.49
60 35.53 37.48 40.48 43.19 46.46 59.33 74.40 79.08 83.30 88.38 91.95
70 43.28 45.44 48.76 51.74 55.33 69.33 85.53 90.53 95.02 100.42 104.22
80 51.17 53.54 57.15 60.39 64.28 79.33 96.58 101.88 106.63 112.33 116.32
90 59.20 61.75 65.65 69.13 73.29 89.33 107.57 113.14 118.14 124.12 128.30
100 67.33 70.06 74.22 77.93 82.36 99.33 118.50 124.34 129.56 135.81 140.17

v = degrees of freedom.
 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts A-11

"
0 t a,v

-
TABLE V Percentage Points t,.,. of the t Distribution

.40 .25 .10 .05 .025 .01 .005 .0025 .001 .0005
1 .325 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 127.32 318.31 636.62
2 .289 .816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 14.089 23.326 31.598
3 .277 .765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.213 12.924
4 .271 .741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610
5 .267 .727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.893 6.869
6 .265 .718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 .263 .711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 .262 .706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041
9 .261 .703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781
10 .260 .700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587
11 .260 .697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437
12 .259 .695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318
13 .259 .694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221
14 .258 .692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140
15 .258 .691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073
16 .258 .690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015
17 .257 .689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
18 .257 .688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.610 3.922
19 .257 .688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883
20 .257 .687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850
21 .257 .686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819
22 .256 .686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792
23 .256 .685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.767
24 .256 .685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745
25 .256 .684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725
26 .256 .684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
27 .256 .684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.690
28 .256 .683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674
29 .256 .683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.659
30 .256 .683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646
40 .255 .681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
60 .254 .679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
120 .254 .677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 2.860 3.160 3.373
00 .253 .674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.090 3.291

v = degrees of freedom.
 TABLE VI Percentage Points/a,,,,,, ofthe F Distribution

- I
2
3
4
5
6
1
5.83
2.57
2.02
1.81
1.69
1.62
2
7.50
3.00
2.28
2.00
1.85
1.76
3
8.20
3.15
2.36
2.05
1.88
1.78
4
8.58
3.23
2.39
2.06
1.89
1.79
5
8.82
3.28
2.41
2.07
1.89
1.79
6
8.98
3.31
2.42
2.08
1.89
1.78
7
9.10
3.34
2.43
2.08
1.89
1.78
Degrees of freedom for the numerator (v1 )
8
9.19
3.35
2.44
2.08
1.89
1.78
9
9.26
3.37
2.44
2.08
1.89
1.77
JO
9.32
3.38
2.44
2.08
1.89
1.77
12
9.41
3.39
2.45
2.08
1.89
1.77
15
9.49
3.41
2.46
2.08
1.89
1.76
20
9.58
3.43
2.46
2.08
1.88
1.76
24
9.63
3.43
2.46
2.08
1.88
1.75
30
9.67
3.44
2.47
2.08
1.88
1.75
40
9.71
3.45
2.47
2.08
1.88
1.75
60
9.76
3.46
2.47
2.08
1.87
1.74
120
9.80
3.47
2.47
2.08
1.87
1.74
oo
9.85
3.48
2.47
2.08
1.87
1.74
7 1.57 1.70 1.72 1.72 1.71 1.71 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.68 1.67 1.67 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.65 1.65
8 1.54 1.66 1.67 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.64 1.63 1.63 1.62 1.62 1.61 1.60 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.58 1.58
£. 9 1.51 1.62 1.63 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.60 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.54 1.53 1.53

.
.s 10
11
1.49
1.47
1.60
1.58
1.60
1.58
1.59
1.57
1.59
1.56
1.58
1.55
1.57
1.54
1.56
1.53
1.56
1.53
1.55
1.52
1.54
1.51
1.53
1.50
1.52
1.49
1.52
1.49
1.51
1.48
1.51
1.47
1.50
1.47
1.49
1.46
1.48
1.45

-~ 12 1.46 1.56 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.42

.
=
-=.
13
14
15
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.55
1.53
1.52
1.55
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.52
1.51
1.49
1.51
1.50
1.48
1.50
1.49
1.47
1.49
1.48
1.46
1.49
1.47
1.46
1.48
1.46
1.45
1.47
1.45
1.44
1.46
1.44
1.43
1.45
1.43
1.41
1.44
1.42
1.41
1.43
1.41
1.40
1.42
1.41
1.39
1.42
1.40
1.38
1.41
1.39
1.37
1.40
1.38
1.36
=.
.s
16
17
1.42
1.42
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.44
1.43
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.41
1.41
1.40
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.38
1.38
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.33
18 1.41 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.42 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32
§
.... .
il
J:
19
20
21
1.41
1.40
1.40
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.40
1.41
1.40
1.39
1.40
1.39
1.38
1.38
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.35
1.36
1.35
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.32
1.33
1.32
1.31
1.32
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.28
'5 22 1.40 1.48 1.47 1.45 1.44 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.39 1.37 1.36 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28

l.
A
23
24
25
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.29
1.30
1.29
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.25
26 1.38 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.37 1.35 1.34 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.25
27 1.38 1.46 1.45 1.43 1.42 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.24
28 1.38 1.46 1.45 1.43 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.34 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.24
29 1.38 1.45 1.45 1.43 1.41 1.40 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.23
30 1.38 1.45 1.44 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.32 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.24 1.23
40 1.36 1.44 1.42 1.40 1.39 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.19
60 1.35 1.42 1.41 1.38 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.17 1.15
120 1.34 1.40 1.39 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.13 1.10
00 1.32 1.39 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.22 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.08 1.00
 TABLE VI Percentage Pointsfa,v,,v, oftbe F Distribution (continueti)

Degrees of freedom for the numerator (v1 )

1 2 3 4 s 6 7 s 9 w u u w 24 ~ ~ 60 m oo
1 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20 58.91 59.44 59.86 60.19 60.71 61.22 61.74 62.00 62.26 62.53 62.79 63.06 63.33
2 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.41 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.48 9.49
3 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24 5.23 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.18 5.17 5.16 5.15 5.14 5.13
4 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.94 3.92 3.90 3.87 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.80 3.79 3.78 3.76
5 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.14 3.12 3.10
6 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.96 2.94 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74 2.72
7 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.58 2.56 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.47
8 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.56 2.54 2.50 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.29

..
£
s
9
10
3.36
3.29
3.01
2.92
2.81
2.73
2.69
2.61
2.61
2.52
2.55
2.46
2.51
2.41
2.47
2.38
2.44
2.35
2.42
2.32
2.38
2.28
2.34
2.24
2.30
2.20
2.28
2.18
2.25
2.16
2.23
2.13
2.21
2.11
2.18
2.08
2.16
2.06
11 3.23 2.86 2.66 2.54 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.00 1.97
=
·e= 12 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.96 1.93 1.90
13 3.14 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.93 1.90 1.88 1.85
..,"= 14 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.83 1.80
15 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.90 1.87 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.76
,s"
.
.s
16
17
3.05
3.03
2.67
2.64
2.46
2.44
2.33
2.31
2.24
2.22
2.18
2.15
2.13
2.10
2.09
2.06
2.06
2.03
2.03
2.00
1.99
1.96
1.94
1.91
1.89
1.86
1.87
1.84
1.84
1.81
1.81
1.78
1.78
1.75
1.75
1.72
1.72
1.69

..,=e 18
19
3.01
2.99
2.62
2.61
2.42
2.40
2.29
2.27
2.20
2.18
2.13
2.11
2.08
2.06
2.04
2.02
2.00
1.98
1.98
1.96
1.93
1.91
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.81
1.81
1.79
1.78
1.76
1.75
1.73
1.72
1.70
1.69
1.67
1.66
1.63
1 20
21
2.97
2.96
2.59
2.57
2.38
2.36
2.25
2.23
2.16
2.14
2.09
2.08
2.04
2.02
2.00
1.98
1.96
1.95
1.94
1.92
1.89
1.87
1.84
1.83
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.75
1.74
1.72
1.71
1.69
1.68
1.66
1.64
1.62
1.61
1.59
'S
.~
~
22
23
24
25
2.95
2.94
2.93
2.92
2.56
2.55
2.54
2.53
2.35
2.34
2.33
2.32
2.22
2.21
2.19
2.18
2.13
2.11
2.10
2.09
2.06
2.05
2.04
2.02
2.01
1.99
1.98
1.97
1.97
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.93
1.92
1.91
1.89
1.90
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.86
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.80
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.72
1.70
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.67
1.66
1.67
1.66
1.64
1.63
1.64
1.62
1.61
1.59
1.60
1.59
1.57
1.56
1.57
1.55
1.53
1.52
26 2.91 2.52 2.31 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.71 1.68 1.65 1.61 1.58 1.54 1.50
27 2.90 2.51 2.30 2.17 2.07 2.00 1.95 1.91 1.87 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.60 1.57 1.53 1.49
28 2.89 2.50 2.29 2.16 2.06 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.59 1.56 1.52 1.48
29 2.89 2.50 2.28 2.15 2.06 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.68 1.65 1.62 1.58 1.55 1.51 1.47
30 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.85 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.50 1.46
40 2.84 2.44 2.23 2.09 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.76 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.47 1.42 1.38
60 2.79 2.39 2.18 2.04 1.95 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.66 1.60 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.44 1.40 1.35 1.29
120 2.75 2.35 2.13 1.99 1.90 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.48 1.45 1.41 1.37 1.32 1.26 1.19
00 2.71 2.30 2.08 1.94 1.85 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.63 1.60 1.55 1.49 1.42 1.38 1.34 1.30 1.24 1.17 1.00
 TABLE VI Percentage Pointsf11, • 1, ., of the F Distribution (continuetl)

■
Degrees of freedom for the numerator ( v1 )

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 W U U W 24 ~ ~ @ UO oo
1 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5 241.9 243.9 245.9 248.0 249.1 250.1 251.1 252.2 253.3 254.3
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49 19.50
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.59 8.57 8.55 8.53
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.46 4.43 4.40 4.36
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.77 3.74 3.70 3.67
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.34 3.30 3.27 3.23
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.97 2.93

..
£ 9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86 2.83 2.79 2.75 2.71
g
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.54
-~
0
11
12
4.84
4.75
3.98
3.89
3.59
3.49
3.36
3.26
3.20
3.11
3.09
3.00
3.01
2.91
2.95
2.85
2.90
2.80
2.85
2.75
2.79
2.69
2.72
2.62
2.65
2.54
2.61
2.51
2.57
2.47
2.53
2.43
2.49
2.38
2.45
2.34
2.40
2.30
=
.
~
-s. 14
13 4.67
4.60
3.81
3.74
3.41
3.34
3.18
3.11
3.03
2.96
2.92
2.85
2.83
2.76
2.77
2.70
2.71
2.65
2.67
2.60
2.60
2.53
2.53
2.46
2.46
2.39
2.42
2.35
2.38
2.31
2.34
2.27
2.30
2.22
2.25
2.18
2.21
2.13
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.07
.s
.... s 16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.01
0 17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.01 1.96
i! 18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92
~ 19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.88
~
i 20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.84

i
~
21
22
4.32
4.30
3.47
3.44
3.07
3.05
2.84
2.82
2.68
2.66
2.57
2.55
2.49
2.46
2.42
2.40
2.37
2.34
2.32
2.30
2.25
2.23
2.18
2.15
2.10
2.07
2.05
2.03
2.01
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.92
1.89
1.87
1.84
1.81
1.78
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.76
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.73
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.69
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.73 1.67
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71 1.65
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.81 1.75 1.70 1.64
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.62
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.58 1.51
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.59 1.53 1.47 1.39
120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.17 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.55 1.43 1.35 1.25
00 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.39 1.32 1.22 1.00
 TABLE VI Percentage Points fa,,,, ,, of the F Distribution (continued)

■
Degrees of freedom for the numerator (v1 )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 oo
647.8 799.5 864.2 899.6 921.8 937.1 948.2 956.7 963.3 968.6 976.7 984.9 993.1 997.2 1001 1006 1010 1014 1018
2 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.39 39.40 39.41 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.46 39.47 39.48 39.49 39.50
3 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47 14.42 14.34 14.25 14.17 14.12 14.08 14.04 13.99 13.95 13.90
4 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.75 8.66 8.56 8.51 8.46 8.41 8.36 8.31 8.26
5 [Link] 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.52 6.43 6.33 6.28 6.23 6.18 6.12 6.07 6.02
6 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.37 5.27 5.17 5.12 5.07 5.01 4.96 4.90 4.85
7 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.67 4.57 4.47 4.42 4.36 4.31 4.25 4.20 4.14
8 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.95 3.89 3.84 3.78 3.73 3.67
9 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.61 3.56 3.51 3.45 3.39 3.33
10 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.37 3.31 3.26 3.20 3.14 3.08

.
£ 11 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04
s 12 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89
3.88
3.73
3.76
3.61
3.66
3.51
3.59
3.44
3.53
3.37
3.43
3.28
3.33
3.18
3.23
3.07
3.17
3.02
3.12
2.96
3.06
2.91
3.00
2.85
2.94
2.79
2.88
2.72
13 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.89 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.66 2.60
·e"=
0
14 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.79 2.73 2.67 2.61 2.55 2.49
.,= 15 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.52 2.46 2.40
"'., 16 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05 2.99 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.63 2.57 2.51 2.45 2.38 2.32

.
,5 17
.s 18
6.04
5.98
4.62
4.56
4.01
3.95
3.66
3.61
3.44
3.38
3.28
3.22
3.16
3.10
3.06
3.01
2.98
2.93
2.92
2.87
2.82
2.77
2.72
2.67
2.62
2.56
2.56
2.50
2.50
2.44
2.44
2.38
2.38
2.32
2.32
2.26
2.25
2.19
e
0
19 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.20 2.13
20 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.41 2.35 2.29 2.22 2.16 2.09
] 21 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97 2.87 2.80 2.73 2.64 2.53 2.42 2.37 2.31 2.25
2.21
2.18 2.11 2.04
'5 22 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 2.93 2.84 2.76 2.70 2.60 2.50 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.14 2.08 2.00
:fl 23 5.75 4.35 3.75 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.11 2.04 1.97
~ 24 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.15 2.08 2.01 1.94
~ 25 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68 2.61 2.51 2.41 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.12 2.05 1.98 1.91
26 5.66 4.27 3.67 3.33 3.10 2.94 2.82 2.73 2.65 2.59 2.49 2.39 2.28 2.22 2.16 2.09 2.03 1.95 1.88
27 5.63 4.24 3.65 3.31 3.08 2.92 2.80 2.71 2.63 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.25 2.19 2.13 2.07 2.00 1.93 1.85
28 5.61 4.22 3.63 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.45 2.34 2.23 2.17 2.11 2.05 1.98 1.91 1.83
29 5.59 4.20 3.61 3.27 3.04 2.88 2.76 2.67 2.59 2.53 2.43 2.32 2.21 2.15 2.09 2.03 1.96 1.89 1.81
30 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.51 2.41 2.31 2.20 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.87 1.79
40 5.42 4.05 3.46 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.53 2.45 2.39 2.29 2.18 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.80 1.72 1.64
60 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63 2.51 2.41 2.33 2.27 2.17 2.06 1.94 1.88 1.82 1.74 1.67 1.58 1.48
120 5.15 3.80 3.23 2.89 2.67 2.52 2.39 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.05 1.94 1.82 1.76 1.69 1.61 1.53 1.43 1.31
00 5.02 3.69 3.12 2.79 2.57 2.41 2.29 2.19 2.11 2.05 1.94 1.83 1.71 1.64 1.57 1.48 1.39 1.27 1.00
 TABLE VI Percentage Pointsf0 , , , , ,, of the F Distribution (continueti)

■
Degrees offreedom for the numerator (v1 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ffi U U W ~ ~ ~ ~ uo oo
1 4052 4999.5 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5982 6022 6056 6106 6157 6209 6235 6261 6287 6313 6339 6366
2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.00 26.50 26.41 26.32 26.22 26.13
4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.93 13.84 13.75 13.65 13.56 13.46
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38 9.29 9.20 9.11 9.02
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23 7.14 7.06 6.97 6.88
7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99 5.91 5.82 5.74 5.65
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20 5.12 5.03 4.95 4.46
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.73 4.65 4.57 4.48 4.40 4.31
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.91

s
.
£. 11
12
9.65
9.33
7.21
6.93
6.22
5.95
5.67
5.41
5.32
5.06
5.07
4.82
4.89
4.64
4.74
4.50
4.63
4.39
4.54
4.30
4.40
4.16
4.25
4.01
4.10
3.86
4.02
3.78
3.94
3.70
3.86
3.62
3.78
3.54
3.69
3.45
3.60
3.36
"
.5
E
13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.34 3.25 3.17
0
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.43 3.35 3.27 3.18 3.09 3.00
C
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.36 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.87
"',s"" 16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.18 3.10 3.02 2.93 2.84 2.75
.
.s
17
18
8.40
8.29
6.11
6.01
5.18
5.09
4.67
4.58
4.34
4.25
4.10
4.01
3.93
3.84
3.79
3.71
3.68
3.60
3.59
3.51
3.46
3.37
3.31
3.23
3.16
3.08
3.08
3.00
3.00
2.92
2.92
2.84
2.83
2.75
2.75
2.66
2.65
2.57
E
0 19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.67 2.58 2.59
al 20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.42
1: 21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.80 2.72 2.64 2.55 2.46 2.36
'= 22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.58 2.50 2.40 2.31
~ 23
24
7.88
7.82
5.66
5.61
4.76
4.72
4.26
4.22
3.94
3.90
3.71
3.67
3.54
3.50
3.41
3.36
3.30
3.26
3.21
3.17
3.07
3.03
2.93
2.89
2.78
2.74
2.70
2.66
2.62
2.58
2.54
2.49
2.45
2.40
2.35
2.31
2.26
2.21
~
i:l 25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.36 2.27 2.17
26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.58 2.50 2.42 2.33 2.23 2.13
27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.38 2.29 2.20 2.10
28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.35 2.26 2.17 2.06
29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00 2.87 2.73 2.57 2.49 2.41 2.33 2.23 2.14 2.03
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.30 2.21 2.11 2.01
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.02 1.92 1.80
60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.12 2.03 1.94 1.84 1.73 1.60
120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.66 1.53 1.38
6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.79 1.70 1.59 1.47 1.32 1.00
 AP PEN DIX A Statistical Tables and Charts A-17

-:F
OJ)
C:

~ 0 .6
u
u
"'
'E
~ 0.4
:0
1l
e
c..
0.2

0
0 2 3 4 5
d

(a) O.C. curves for different values of n for the two-sided normal test for a level of significance
a= 0.05.

0.80

-:F
OJ)
C:
:g_ 0.60
"'uu
"'
'E
~
:0 0.40
"'
.0
e
c..

0.20

(b) O.C. curves for different values of n for the two-sided normal test for a level of significance
a= 0.01.

Source: Charts Via, e,f, k, m, and q are reproduced with permission from "Operating Character-
istics for the Common Statistical Tests of Significance," by C. L. Ferris, F. E. Grubbs, and C. L.
Weaver, Annals of Mathematical Statistics, June 1946.
Charts Vlb, c, d , g, h, i, j, l, n, o, p , and rare reproduced with permission from Engineering
Statistics, 2nd Edition, by A.H. Bowker and G. J. Lieberman, Prentice-Hall, 1972.
•3:@;1191 ■ Operating Characteristic Curves
A-18 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts

0.80

-:F
Oll
C:
:;::;
C. 0.60
Q)
u
u
ro
0
~
:0 0.40
ro
.0
e
CL

0.20

-0.50 0.0 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3 .00

d

(c) O.C. curves for different values of n for the one-sided normal test for a level of significance
a= 0.05.

-:F
Oll
C:
'5_ 0 .60 1 - - - - + - - + - - + - - - + -- , ;>tt-H \+ \- -\-\·\>\-\-r-t-r-- 'H- -, ,t---+--...,-..,, - + - - + - - - - - 1 - - - i
Q)
u
u
ro
0
~
:0 0.40 1 - - - - + - - + - - + - - + - -l fl l-lc-l+--1-1,+ 't-\-\--\<--\c- \-+-'\- - '- - + -'l.- - + - - + - --+-''c-'--+----l
1l
e
CL

-0.50 0.0 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3 .00

d

(d) O.C. curves for different values of n for the one-sided normal test for a level of significance
a= 0.01.
•3:@;119i1 Operating Characteristic Curves (continued)
 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts A-19

-:E
OD
C:

iu 0 .6 f--ll-~H-1--1-~+-\- --\- - - ' J --->,- - + -___,,_, , --+---+--------l

u
"'
'5
~
:.0 0,4 1 - - -1--1--l+ I· --\,--\---\--- \ ,+ - - - -+

"'
.0
12
a..

0 .2

0
0 1 2 3
d

(e) O.C. curves for different values of n for the two-sided t-test for a level of significance a= 0.05.

1.00

0.90

0.80

0.70
-:E
OD
C:

~ 0.60
Q)
u
u
"'
'5
0.50
~
:.0 0.40
"'
.0
12
a.. 0.30

0.20

0.10

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 .0 3.2
d

(f) O.C. curves for different values of n for the two-sided t-test for a level of significance a= 0.01.

13:@;1191 ■ Operating Characteristic Curves (continued)

A-20 APPEND IX A Statistical Tables and Charts

1.00

0 .90
-
-.

~ ~
~~
-f:
0.80

0 .70
·1~\' ~ ~ ' -
00
C:
:g_ 0.60
ll~\\ \\ \" ..... I'- '-
Q)
u
u
"' 0 .50
\\\\' \ \ \ ~ ~ \

'15
\\\ ,\' \ \ "-....,
~ 0.40
]5
"'
.D 0.30
1\\\ \\ \ \ '\_ "" "' '~ ->,_;,

·~~
e
a..
"'-
0 .20
-~
;Ii

·· -~~~ \\
-, i'----
--;,. ? . -:, ·- ? ? ?~ ~,S i'-... '-

--
'--
----
~ -''b'6 'b ~ 0 ' '
0.10

0
f ~'i-- " ,....__
i'~ ~ -
- ---- r---1
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3 .2
d

(g) O.C. curves for different values of n for the one-sided t-test for a level of significance a= 0.05 .

1.00

0.90

0.80
~ ~ .....
1 '
'
~ ~ '\."'- ~ I'-...
\\\ \
...... ......
- r-- r---
r---..

--
-f:
00
C:
:g_
0.70

0.60
-~,\: \
~\

\\ \ \
\\

'\
'"' " I"-
I"\. I'-...
-............. ....__12,, 3
---........
r---...._
...... ~
Q)
u
u
"' 0 .50
\ \ \ " ~
' I'-..
"-..._ ,:,~
'15
~ 0.40 1\ \ \ \ "\. '1',
~
]5
~\\\\ \ \ ----....
"'e ~ S'

"
x\' \~~K ">
.D 0 .30 ? ..........
a.. ;Ii -J ? ? -:, ? '\',
'I'-... r--- r-
0.20 \\ "' \\ ~ - \\ _,, - ✓.
.... , ., 'b '6 ''b ~
g 'I'--.
II ':,, \" I '--....,

-- ~r---..
0 .10
0 ~~ ,>l"'-~ I'--.,._ I'--- ~ i--

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3 .2
d

(h) O.C. curves for different values of n for the one-sided t-test for a level of significance a= 0.01 .

•3:@;Ji9i ■ Operating Characteristic Curves (continued)

 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts A-21

-:f 0.70
OD
C:
'g_ 0.60
Q)
u
u
; 0. 50 11 -- 1+ --l-+H- -I--/I+>/.;+++Hi+--

~
:0
"'
.0
£_ 0.30 t--f--t-f-1-t-'f·t-ft--lt-f- H<#fa~

0.10

0.40 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 2.80 3.20 3.60 4.00
,\

(i) O.C. curves for different values of n for the two-sided chi-square test for a level of significance
a= 0.05.

0.90

0.80

-:F 0.70 l -ll-ff~ -ltt-+>-1--1-1'-f 1·0·11- - + - -H<H c-\

OD
C:
'g_ 0.60
Q)
u
u
; 0.50 ~ --f+ -f-l---l-lH
,..._
- ,_
1"1+-
fl-----+l:_,,
< :-,
--ff~ -

~
:o 0.40
"'
.0
e
a.

0.10

0.40 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 2.80 3.20 3.60 4.00
,\

(j) O.C. curves for different values of n for the two-sided chi-square test for a level of significance
a= 0.01.
13:@;jijj ■ Operating Characteristic Curves (continued)
A-22 APPEND IX A Statistical Tables and Charts

0.80

:f
OD
C:
:g_
Q)
0.60
u
u
"'
'5
~
:0 0.40
"'
..0
12
c..

0.20

,\

(k) O.C. curves for different values of n for the one-sided (upper-tail) chi-square test for a level
of significance a= 0.05.

1.00

0 .80

:f
OD
C:
:g_ 0 .60
Q)
u
u
"'
'5
~
:0 0.40 100
"'
..0
75
12
c.. 50
40
0.20
30
20
15
0
0 1.0 2.0 3 .0 4 .0 5.0 6 .0 7.0 8 .0 9.0
,\

(/) O.C. curves for different values of n for the one-sided (upper-tail) chi-square test for a level of
significance a = 0.01.
•3:@;ii9i1 Operating Characteristic Curves (continuetl)
 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts A-23

:f
on
:g_ 0 .6 1----1' - - + --l-- -l--l--l -l-- l - l -l+-I ·h ~H l - - + - - - - - + - - - - - f - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - l
Q)
u
u
"'
15
-~
:0 0.4 l - -' f -- - - j' i - - -, - 1

"'0
.0

a:

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

,\

(m) O.C. curves for different values of n for the one-sided (lower-tail) chi-square test for a level
of significance a= 0.05.

0.80

:f
on
C:

R 0.60
Q)
u
u
"'
15
~
:0 0.40
"'
.0
e
Cl..

0.20

0 ' - ' - - ' - £ -<-L..L,CL--"'--.-,c_--"''-":..IL.--"'-L- - ' - - - - - ' - - - - - ' - - - - - '

0 0.20 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
,\

(n) O.C. curves for different values of n for the one-sided (lower-tail) chi-square test for a level
of significance a = 0.01.
13:@;Jijj ■ Operating Characteristic Curves (continued)
A-24 APPEND IX A Statistical Tables and Charts

0.80

:F
OD
C:

R 0.60
Q)
(.)
(.)

"'
'l5
~
:.0 0.40
"'
.D
e
0..

0.20

0.40 0 .80 1.00 1.40 1.80 2.20 2.60 3 .00 3.40 3 .80 4 .00
,\

( o) O.C. curves for different values of n for the two-sided F-test for a level of significance a = 0.05.

1.00

0.80

:F
OD
C:

R
Q)
0.60
(.)
(.)

"'
'l5
~
:.0 0.40
"'
.D
e
0..

0.20

0.40 0 .80 1.00 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 2.80 3 .20 3 .60 4 .00
,\

(p) O.C. curves for different values ofn for the two-sided F-test for a level of significance a= 0.01.

•3:@;119!1 Operating Characteristic Curves (continued)

 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts A-25

0.80

-:F
OD
C:

iu
0.60
u
"'
'E
~
:0 0.40 ~ -.-.-.--n - n

D"'
e
c..

2 3 4
,\

(q) O.C. curves for different values of n for the one-sided F-test for a level of significance a = 0.05.

1.00
n1 =n2 =2

0.80

-:F
OD
C:

~
Q)
0 .60
u
u
"'
'E
~
:0 0.40
D"'
e
c..

o L_l_ill~~._1.__=:::;~ ;;t:::;;;=,J,;I=====:::±=:~ ~ t=== ±== d

0 1.00 2.00 4.00 5.00 8 .00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
,\

(r) O.C. curves for different values ofn for the one-sided F-test for a level of significance a = 0.01.
•3:@;119i1 Operating Characteristic Curves (continued)
A-26 APPEND IX A Statistical Tables and Charts

TABLE VIII Critical Values for the Sign Test

a 0.10 0.05 0.01 1\vo-sided tests I I I I I I I , .,

, .,
n
5
0.05
0
0.025 0.005 One-sided tests
23
I I
7
I I
6
I II
4
•
6 0 0 24 7 6 5
7 0 0 25 7 7 5
8 0 0 26 8 7 6
9 0 27 8 7 6
10 0 28 9 8 6
11 2 1 0 29 9 8 7
12 2 2 30 10 9 7
13 3 2 31 10 9 7
14 3 2 1 32 10 9 8
15 3 3 2 33 11 10 8
16 4 3 2 34 11 10 9
17 4 4 2 35 12 11 9
18 5 4 3 36 12 11 9
19 5 4 3 37 13 12 10
20 5 5 3 38 13 12 10
21 6 5 4 39 13 12 11
22 6 5 4 40 14 13 11

TABLE IX Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

a 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 1\vo-sided tests

n* 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 One-sided tests
4
5 0
6 2 0
7 3 2 0
8 5 3 1 0
9 8 5 3 1
10 10 8 5 3
11 13 10 7 5
12 17 13 9 7
13 21 17 12 9
14 25 21 15 12
15 30 25 19 15
16 35 29 23 19
17 41 34 27 23
18 47 40 32 27
19 53 46 37 32
20 60 52 43 37
21 67 58 49 42
22 75 65 55 48
23 83 73 62 54
24 91 81 69 61
25 100 89 76 68

*If n > 25, w- (or w-) is approximately normally distributed with mean n(n + 1)/4
and variance n(n + 1)(2n + 1)/24.
 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts A-27

TABLE X Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test

[Link]

• 4
5
6
7
8
9
4
10
II
12
13
14
15
5

17
18
20
21
22
6

26
27
29
31
7

36
38
40
8

49
51
9

63
10 11 12 13 14 15

10 15 23 32 42 53 65 78
11 16 24 34 44 55 68 81 96
12 17 26 35 46 58 71 85 99 115
13 18 27 37 48 60 73 88 103 119 137
14 19 28 38 50 63 76 91 106 123 141 160
15 20 29 40 52 65 79 94 110 127 145 164 185
16 21 31 42 54 67 82 97 114 131 150 169
17 21 32 43 56 70 84 100 117 135 154
18 22 33 45 58 72 87 103 121 139
19 23 34 46 60 74 90 107 124
20 24 35 48 62 77 93 110
21 25 37 50 64 79 95
22 26 38 51 66 82
23 27 39 53 68
24 28 40 55
25 28 42
26 29
27
28

*For n 1 and 712 > 8, W 1 is approximately normally distributed with mean ½n 1 (n 1 + 712 + 1) and variance
n 1712 (n 1 + 712 + 1)/12.

TABLE X Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test (continued)

Wo.01

- 5
6
7
8
9
4

10
10
II
II
5
15
16
17
17
18
6

23
24
25
26
7

32
34
35
43
45
8 9

56
10 11 12 13 14 15

10 12 19 27 37 47 58 71
II 12 20 28 38 49 61 74 87
12 13 21 30 40 51 63 76 90 106
13 14 22 31 41 53 65 79 93 109 125
14 14 22 32 43 54 67 81 96 112 129 147
15 15 23 33 44 56 70 84 99 115 133 151 171
16 15 24 34 46 58 72 86 102 119 137 155
17 16 25 36 47 60 74 89 105 122 140
18 16 26 37 49 62 76 92 108 125
19 17 27 38 50 64 78 94 Ill
20 18 28 39 52 66 81 97
21 18 29 40 53 68 83
22 19 29 42 55 70
23 19 30 43 57
24 20 31 44
25 20 32
26 21
27
28
A-28 APPEND IX A Statistical Tables and Charts

TABLE XI Factors for Constructing Variables Control Charts

Factor for Control Limits

XChart R Chart S Chart
-------
n* A1 A2 d2 D3 D4 C4 n
2 3.760 1.880 1.128 0 3.267 0.7979 2
3 2.394 1.023 1.693 0 2.575 0.8862 3
4 1.880 .729 2.059 0 2.282 0.9213 4
5 1.596 .577 2.326 0 2.115 0.9400 5
6 1.410 .483 2.534 0 2.004 0.9515 6
7 1.277 .419 2.704 .076 1.924 0.9594 7
8 1.175 .373 2.847 .136 1.864 0.9650 8
9 1.094 .337 2.970 .184 1.816 0.9693 9
10 1.028 .308 3.078 .223 1.777 0.9727 10
11 .973 .285 3.173 .256 1.744 0.9754 11
12 .925 .266 3.258 .284 1.716 0.9776 12
13 .884 .249 3.336 .308 1.692 0.9794 13
14 .848 .235 3.407 .329 1.671 0.9810 14
15 .816 .223 3.472 .348 1.652 0.9823 15
16 .788 .212 3.532 .364 1.636 0.9835 16
17 .762 .203 3.588 .379 1.621 0.9845 17
18 .738 .194 3.640 .392 1.608 0.9854 18
19 .717 .187 3.689 .404 1.596 0.9862 19
20 .697 .180 3.735 .414 1.586 0.9869 20
21 .679 .173 3.778 .425 1.575 0.9876 21
22 .662 .167 3.819 .434 1.566 0.9882 22
23 .647 .162 3.858 .443 1.557 0.9887 23
24 .632 .157 3.895 .452 1.548 0.9892 24
25 .619 .153 3.931 .459 1.541 0.9896 25

*n > 25 :A 1 = 3/vn where n = number of observations in sample.

 APPENDIX A StatisticalTablesandCharts A-29

TAB L E XI I Factors for Tolerance Intervals

Values of k for Two-Sided Intervals

Confidence Level
0.90 0.95 0.99
Probability of Coverage
Sample Size 0.90 0.95 0.99 0.90 0.95 0.99 0.90 0.95 0.99
2 15.978 18.800 24.167 32.019 37.674 48.430 160.193 188.491 242.300
3 5.847 6.919 8.974 8.380 9.916 12.861 18.930 22.401 29.055
4 4.166 4.943 6.440 5.369 6.370 8.299 9.398 11.150 14.527
5 3.949 4.152 5.423 4.275 5.079 6.634 6.612 7.855 10.260
6 3.131 3.723 4.870 3.712 4.414 5.775 5.337 6.345 8.301
7 2.902 3.452 4.521 3.369 4.007 5.248 4.613 5.488 7.187
8 2.743 3.264 4.278 3.136 3.732 4.891 4.147 4.936 6.468
9 2.626 3.125 4.098 2.967 3.532 4.631 3.822 4.550 5.966
10 2.535 3.018 3.959 2.839 3.379 4.433 3.582 4.265 5.594
11 2.463 2.933 3.849 2.737 3.259 4.277 3.397 4.045 5.308
12 2.404 2.863 3.758 2.655 3.162 4.150 3.250 3.870 5.079
13 2.355 2.805 3.682 2.587 3.081 4.044 3.130 3.727 4.893
14 2.314 2.756 3.618 2.529 3.012 3.955 3.029 3.608 4.737
15 2.278 2.713 3.562 2.480 2.954 3.878 2.945 3.507 4.605
16 2.246 2.676 3.514 2.437 2.903 3.812 2.872 3.421 4.492
17 2.219 2.643 3.471 2.400 2.858 3.754 2.808 3.345 4.393
18 2.194 2.614 3.433 2.366 2.819 3.702 2.753 3.279 4.307
19 2.172 2.588 3.399 2.337 2.784 3.656 2.703 3.221 4.230
20 2.152 2.564 3.368 2.310 2.752 3.615 2.659 3.168 4.161
21 2.135 2.543 3.340 2.286 2.723 3.577 2.620 3.121 4.100
22 2.118 2.524 3.315 2.264 2.697 3.543 2.584 3.078 4.044
23 2.103 2.506 3.292 2.244 2.673 3.512 2.551 3.040 3.993
24 2.089 2.489 3.270 2.225 2.651 3.483 2.522 3.004 3.947
25 2.077 2.474 3.251 2.208 2.631 3.457 2.494 2.972 3.904
30 2.025 2.413 3.170 2.140 2.529 3.350 2.385 2.841 3.733
40 1.959 2.334 3.066 2.052 2.445 3.213 2.247 2.677 3.518
50 1.916 2.284 3.001 1.996 2.379 3.126 2.162 2.576 3.385
60 1.887 2.248 2.955 1.958 2.333 3.066 2.103 2.506 3.293
70 1.865 2.222 2.920 1.929 2.299 3.021 2.060 2.454 3.225
80 1.848 2.202 2.894 1.907 2.272 2.986 2.026 2.414 3.173
90 1.834 2.185 2.872 1.889 2.251 2.958 1.999 2.382 3.130
100 1.822 2.172 2.854 1.874 2.233 2.934 1.977 2.355 3.096
A-30 APPEND IX A Statistical Tables and Charts

TABLE XII Factors for Tolerance Intervals (continuetl)

Values of k for 1\vo-Sided Intervals

Confidence Level
0.90 0.95 0.99
Probability of Coverage
Sample Size 0.90 0.95 0.99 0.90 0.95 0.99 0.90 0.95 0.99
2 10.253 13.090 18.500 20.581 26.260 37.094 103.029 131.426 185.617
3 4.258 5.311 7.340 6.155 7.656 10.553 13.995 17.370 23.896
4 3.188 3.957 5.438 4.162 5.144 7.042 7.380 9.083 12.387
5 2.742 3.400 4.666 3.407 4.203 5.741 5.362 6.578 8.939
6 2.494 3.092 4.243 3.006 3.708 5.062 4.411 5.406 7.335
7 2.333 2.894 3.972 2.755 3.399 4.642 3.859 4.728 6.412
8 2.219 2.754 3.783 2.582 3.187 4.354 3.497 4.285 5.812
9 2.133 2.650 3.641 2.454 3.031 4.143 3.240 3.972 5.389
10 2.066 2.568 3.532 2.355 2.911 3.981 3.048 3.738 5.074
11 2.011 2.503 3.443 2.275 2.815 3.852 2.898 3.556 4.829
12 1.966 2.448 3.371 2.210 2.736 3.747 2.777 3.410 4.633
13 1.928 2.402 3.309 2.155 2.671 3.659 2.677 3.290 4.472
14 1.895 2.363 3.257 2.109 2.614 3.585 2.593 3.189 4.337
15 1.867 2.329 3.212 2.068 2.566 3.520 2.521 3.102 4.222
16 1.842 2.299 3.172 2.033 2.524 3.464 2.459 3.028 4.123
17 1.819 2.272 3.137 2.002 2.486 3.414 2.405 2.963 4.037
18 1.800 2.249 3.105 1.974 2.453 3.370 2.357 2.905 3.960
19 1.782 2.227 3.077 1.949 2.423 3.331 2.314 2.854 3.892
20 1.765 2.028 3.052 1.926 2.396 3.295 2.276 2.808 3.832
21 1.750 2.190 3.028 1.905 2.371 3.263 2.241 2.766 3.777
22 1.737 2.174 3.007 1.886 2.349 3.233 2.209 2.729 3.727
23 1.724 2.159 2.987 1.869 2.328 3.206 2.180 2.694 3.681
24 1.712 2.145 2.969 1.853 2.309 3.181 2.154 2.662 3.640
25 1.702 2.132 2.952 1.838 2.292 3.158 2.129 2.633 3.601
30 1.657 2.080 2.884 1.777 2.220 3.064 2.030 2.515 3.447
40 1.598 2.010 2.793 1.697 2.125 2.941 1.902 2.364 3.249
50 1.559 1.965 2.735 1.646 2.065 2.862 1.821 2.269 3.125
60 1.532 1.933 2.694 1.609 2.022 2.807 1.764 2.202 3.038
70 1.511 1.909 2.662 1.581 1.990 2.765 1.722 2.153 2.974
80 1.495 1.890 2.638 1.559 1.964 2.733 1.688 2.114 2.924
90 1.481 1.874 2.618 1.542 1.944 2.706 1.661 2.082 2.883
100 1.470 1.861 2.601 1.527 1.927 2.684 1.639 2.056 2.850