Calculus

Collection of tutorial exercises for Bachelor of

Engineering Mathematics (EMA105B) students at
Tshwane University Technology compiled
by
Dr M. Aphane with the help of tutors Ms Daphney
Hlotse and Mr Akis Muepu at the Department of
Mathematics and Statistics

2018
The main purpose of this compilation of tutorial exercise is to collect problems
from different calculus books for students who enrolled for Engineering
Mathematics 1 (EMA105B) at Tshwane University of Technology. The tutorial
guide does not replace the prescribed book, it is an additional tutorial notes to the
prescribed book. Therefore, it is still necessary for students to buy and use the
prescribed book.

Calculus is divided into two parts, which are differentiation and integration. Some
applications on differentiation and integration are also included. The guide is
structured in such a way that problems are sorted by topics and some solutions
are provided at the end of each chapter. Some examples and basic introductions
are also provided at the beginning of each chapter.

We trust that you will find the tutorial guide useful and enjoy using it. If you
encounter any errors, incorrect solutions or suggestions on how to improve this
tutorial guide, feel free to contact us on [email protected]. Your critique is
highly appreciated.

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including photocopy and recording, without permission in writing from the publisher.

ii
Contents
Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 1
Partial Fractions................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Partial Fractions.................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Compose Partial Fractions ................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Limits ................................................................................................................................................. 9
2.1 Limits Rules ........................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 14
Differentiation ................................................................................................................................. 14
3.1 Chain Rule Differentiation ................................................................................................. 15
3.2 Implicit Differentiation ....................................................................................................... 18
3.3 Logarithmic and Some Implicit Differentiation ............................................................... 20
3.4 Higher Order Derivatives ................................................................................................... 23
3.5 Optimization ........................................................................................................................ 25
3.6 Parametric Differentiation ................................................................................................. 29
3.7 Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions ........................................................................... 33
3.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions ...................................................................................... 34
3.9 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions ............................................................................................ 38
Chapter 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 54
Applications of Differentiation ...................................................................................................... 54
4.1 L’Hopital’s rule:.................................................................................................................. 54
4.2 Curve Sketching, Tangents and Normal ........................................................................... 56
4.3 Newtown – Raphson Method ............................................................................................. 60
4.4 Maclaurin Series ................................................................................................................. 62
4.5 The Binomial Expansions ................................................................................................... 65
Chapter 5 ............................................................................................................................................. 70
Partial differentiation ..................................................................................................................... 70
5.1 Partial differentiation notations .............................................................................................. 70
5.2 Clairaut’s theorem and Laplace’s equation ........................................................................... 71
5.3 Application of Partial differentiation ...................................................................................... 72
5.4 Implicit function theorem......................................................................................................... 74
5.5 Small change and Rate of change ............................................................................................ 74
Chapter 6 ............................................................................................................................................. 83
Integration ....................................................................................................................................... 83

iii
 6.1 Single Variable Integration ................................................................................................ 83
6.2 Integration by Substitution ................................................................................................ 84
6.3 Integration of Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions ..................... 87
6.4 Integration by Partial Fraction.......................................................................................... 89
6.5 Integration by Parts ............................................................................................................ 92
6.6 Trigonometric Integrals ..................................................................................................... 96
6.7 Trigonometric Substitution .............................................................................................. 102
6.8 Application of Integration ................................................................................................ 106
Chapter 7 ........................................................................................................................................... 119
Multiple Integrals.......................................................................................................................... 119
7.1 Double Integrals ................................................................................................................ 119
References .......................................................................................................................................... 125

iv
Chapter 1

Partial Fractions

1.1 Partial Fractions

𝑃(𝑥)
Given a rational expression in the form of 𝑓(𝑥) = where both
𝑄(𝑥)
𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) are polynomials and the degree of 𝑃(𝑥) is smaller than the degree
of 𝑄(𝑥). We now factor the denominator as completely as possible. Then for each
factor in the denominator we can use the following :

𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
1. (𝑥±𝑎)(𝑥±𝑏)(𝑥±𝑐)
= + +
𝑥±𝑎 𝑥±𝑏 𝑥±𝑐

𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
2. (𝑥±𝑎)3 (𝑥±𝑏)
= (𝑥±𝑎)3
+ (𝑥±𝑎)2 + +
(𝑥±𝑎) 𝑥±𝑏

𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶
3. (𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐)(𝑥±𝑑)
= + where 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is irreducible
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑥±𝑑
(cannot be factored)

Express the following into partial fractions

Example 1
𝑥+7
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
𝑥+7 𝑥+7
= (𝑥−3)(𝑥+2)
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
𝑥+7 𝐴 𝐵
(𝑥−3)(𝑥+2)
= +
𝑥−3 𝑥+2

𝑥 + 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 3)
Let 𝑥 = −2 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1. Let 𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2
𝑥+7 2 −1
∴ (𝑥−3)(𝑥+2)
= +
𝑥−3 𝑥+2

1
Example 2
3𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4
𝑥 3 +4𝑥
3𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4 3𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4
= , note that 𝑥 2 + 4 cannot be factored any further.
𝑥 3 +4𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 2 +4)

3𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
= +
𝑥(𝑥 2 +4) 𝑥 𝑥 2 +4

3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑥

3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐴 + 𝐶𝑥
Equating the coefficients, we obtain
3=𝐴+𝐵 (1)
4=𝐶 (2)
4𝐴 = 4 ∴ 𝐴 = 1 and 𝐵 = 2
3𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4 1 2𝑥+4
= +
𝑥 3 +4𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 +4

Example 3
8𝑥 3 +13𝑥
(𝑥 2 +2)2

8𝑥 3 +13𝑥 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷

(𝑥 2 +2)2
= + (𝑥 2
𝑥 2 +2 +2)2

8𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 2) + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷

8𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + (2𝐴 + 𝐶)𝑥 + 2𝐵 + 𝐷
Equating the coefficients, we obtain
8=𝐴 (1)
13 = 2𝐴 + 𝐶 (2)
0 = 2𝐵 + 𝐷 (3)
𝐵 = 0 and 𝐷 = 0
8𝑥 3 +13𝑥 8𝑥 −3𝑥
∴ (𝑥 2 +2)2
= + (𝑥 2
𝑥 2 +2 +2)2

2
Example 4
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+1
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−2)

𝑥 2 −3𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−2)
= + (𝑥−1)2 +
𝑥−1 𝑥−2

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)2

Let 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1
Let 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝐶 = −1
Equating the coefficients, we obtain 𝐴 = 2
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+1 2 1 −1
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−2)
= + (𝑥−1)2 +
𝑥−1 𝑥−2

If the degree of the numerator is higher or equal to the degree of the

denominator we first use the long division to simplify the expression and as
method we apply the partial fraction principles.
See below :
Example 5
6𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −7
3𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1

By long division method :

2𝑥 + 3
3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 6𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 7
−(6𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥)
0 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 7
−(9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 3)
8𝑥 − 4
6𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −7 8𝑥−4
∴ = (2𝑥 + 3) +
3𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1 3𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1

3
 8𝑥−4 𝐴 𝐵
Thus: = +
3𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1 𝑥−1 3𝑥−1

8𝑥 − 4 = 𝐴(3𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)
1
Let 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1. Let 𝑥 = − ⇒𝐵=5
3

8𝑥−4 1 5
∴ = +
3𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1 𝑥−1 3𝑥+1

6𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −7 1 5
Hence ; = (2𝑥 + 3) + +
3𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1 𝑥−1 3𝑥+1

Exercise 1.1

Determine the partial fractions of the following

2𝑥−3 𝑥−1
1. 2.
𝑥 2 +𝑥 𝑥 2 +8𝑥+15
5𝑥−7 4𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 +1
3. (𝑥−1)3
4.
4𝑥 3 −𝑥

5𝑥 2 −2𝑥−19 6𝑥−5
5. (𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)2
6.
(𝑥−4)(𝑥 2 +3)

5𝑥 2 −3𝑥+1 −2𝑥 2 −5𝑥−1

7. (2𝑥−3)3 (𝑥 2 +1)4
8. (𝑥+2)3

𝑥 2 +3𝑥−15 𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 −12𝑥+36

9. 10.
(𝑥 2 +9)(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1) 𝑥 4 −16

𝑥 4 −4𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 +𝑥+3 2𝑥 3 +21𝑥 2 +36𝑥−24

11. 12.
𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 +𝑥−1 (𝑥 2 +4)(𝑥+4)2

8𝑥 3 −8𝑥 2 +14𝑥−4 𝑥 3 +1
13. 14.
𝑥 4 −2𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 𝑥 2 +1
2𝑥 4 +3𝑥 2 +1 15+5𝑥+5𝑥 2 −4𝑥 3
15. 16.
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 +5)(𝑥−4)

4𝑥 2 −𝑥+8 −3𝑥−24
17. 18.
(𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3) (𝑥+4)(𝑥 2 +5𝑥+10)

𝑥 2 +6𝑥−3 −8𝑥 2 +23𝑥−5

19. 20.
(𝑥+3)(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+9) (𝑥+7)(2𝑥 2 +𝑥+2)

5𝑥 2 +12𝑥+3 3𝑥+15
21. 22.
𝑥(𝑥+1)2 (𝑥+4)2

4
 (7𝑥+10) 5𝑥 2 +31𝑥+46
23. 24.
(𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 −4) (𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)2

𝑥 2 +4 𝑥 2 −29𝑥+5
25. 26. (𝑥−4)2 (𝑥 2 +3)
𝑥(𝑥+2)(3𝑥−2)

8𝑥 2 −12 3𝑥 3 +7𝑥−4
27. 28.
𝑥(𝑥 2 +2𝑥−6) (𝑥 2 +2)2

𝑥 2 +2 𝑥+3
29. (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+2)
30.
𝑥 3 −1

1.2 Compose Partial Fractions

Partial fraction compose is to combine two or more rational expressions into a

single fraction. Or precisely the converse of partial fraction expansion.

Compose the following partial fraction into single partial fraction expansion
Example 1

3 5
+
𝑥+2 𝑥−1
3 5 3 (𝑥−1) 5 (𝑥+2)
+ = +
𝑥+2 𝑥−1 𝑥+2 (𝑥−1) (𝑥−1) (𝑥+2)
3 5 8𝑥+7
+ =
𝑥+2 𝑥−1 (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1)
8𝑥+7 8𝑥+7
=
(𝑥+2)(𝑥−1) 𝑥 2 +𝑥−2

Example 2

5 −2
(𝑥−1)2
+ (𝑥−1)3
5 −2 5 (𝑥−1) −2
(𝑥−1)2
+ (𝑥−1)3 = (𝑥−1)2 + (𝑥−1)3
(𝑥−1)
5 −2 5𝑥−7
(𝑥−1)2
+ (𝑥−1)3 = (𝑥−1)3

5
Example 3

4 −3 9
+ (𝑥−3) + (𝑥−3)2
𝑥−2
4 −3 9 4 (𝑥−3)2 −3 (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) 9 (𝑥−2)
+ (𝑥−3) + (𝑥−3)2 = + + (𝑥−3)2
𝑥−2 𝑥−2 (𝑥−3)2 𝑥−3 (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) (𝑥−2)
4 −3 9 𝑥2
+ (𝑥−3) + (𝑥−3)2 = (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)2
𝑥−2

Exercise 1.2

Compose the following functions

2 2𝑥 1 𝑥 2 6 2
1. − − + (𝑥 2 2. 𝑥−2+ + +
𝑥−1 𝑥 2 +4 𝑥 2 +4 +4)2 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥−3
3 2 9 1
3. − 4. 1+ −
𝑥+5 𝑥+3 2(𝑥−8) 2𝑥
1 2 1
5. (𝑥+1)2
− (𝑥+1)3 + (𝑥+1)4
1 1 1 3
6. + − +
2(2𝑥+1) 4(2𝑥+1)2 2(2𝑥−1) 4(2𝑥−1)2
1 1 3 2 1
7. (𝑥−1)2
+ − (𝑥+1)2 8. −
𝑥+1 𝑥−2 𝑥 2 +9
1 1 1 3𝑥−1
9. − + 10. 5 +
𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥−1 𝑥 2 +3−4
1 1 1 2 1 3
11. 1 − − + 12. + − (𝑥+2)3
2(𝑥 2 +1) 4(𝑥+1) 4(𝑥−1) 𝑥−1 𝑥+2
2 1 1 1
13. − 14. −
𝑒 𝑥 +2 𝑒 𝑥 +1 2(sin 𝑥+1) 2(sin 𝑥−1)
1 9 7 3𝑥−1
15. 2 + − 16. 2 + +
2(sin 𝑥−1) 2(sin 𝑥+3) 𝑥−3 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+9
5 1 2 1 1
17. − 18. − + +
4𝑥+1 𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥 𝑥−2
3 5𝑥−1 8 1
19. + 20. 𝑥 − 3 + −
𝑥+2 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4 𝑥+2 𝑥+1

6
Solutions to some questions

Chapter 1

Section 1.1

5 3 3 −2
1. − 2. +
𝑥+1 𝑥 𝑥+5 𝑥+3
5 9 5 1
3. (𝑥−1)2
4. 1+ + −
4(2𝑥−1) 4(2𝑥+1) 𝑥
2 3 4 2−𝑥 1
5. + − (𝑥−1)2 6. +
𝑥+3 𝑥−1 𝑥 2 +3 𝑥−4
−2 3 1 3 2
8. + 2
+ 9. −
𝑥+2 (𝑥+2) (𝑥+2)3 𝑥 2 +9 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
1 2 2𝑥−3 −3𝑥+2 2
10. − + 11. 𝑥 − 3 + +
𝑥−2 𝑥+2 𝑥 2 +4 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥−1
3𝑥−1 1 2 3𝑥+4 2 5
12. − + 13. − +
𝑥 2 +4 𝑥+4 (𝑥+4)2 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+2 𝑥2 𝑥

−𝑥+1 6 45
14. 𝑥 + 15. 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 17 + −
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥+1 𝑥+2
6𝑥−11 3 47 7 2 2𝑥−1
16. − − − 17. +
7(𝑥 2 +5) 4𝑥 2 112(𝑥−4) 16𝑥 𝑥−2 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3
2 2𝑥−1 2𝑥+2 1
18. − + 19. −
𝑥+4 𝑥 2 +5𝑥+10 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+9 𝑥+3
4𝑥+1 6 2 4 3
20. − 21. + (𝑥+1)2 +
2𝑥 2 +𝑥+2 𝑥+7 𝑥+1 𝑥
3 3 1 1 2
22. + (𝑥+4)2 23. − − +
𝑥+4 𝑥+1 𝑥+2 𝑥−2
3 2 128 1 1 5
24. − + + 25. − + +
25(𝑥+3) 5(𝑥+3)2 25(𝑥−2) 𝑥 2(𝑥+2) 2(3𝑥−2)

1 5 (−𝑥+2) 2 6𝑥−4
26. − (𝑥−4)2 + 27. +
𝑥−4 𝑥 2 +3 𝑥 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−6
3𝑥 𝑥−4 2 1 1
28. + (𝑥 2 29. + + (𝑥−1)2
𝑥 2 +2 +2)2 3(𝑥+2) 3(𝑥−1)
−4𝑥−5 4
30. +
3(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1) 3(𝑥−1)

7
Section 1.2

𝑥 3 +10𝑥 2 +3𝑥+36 𝑥 4 −5𝑥 3 +6𝑥 2 −18

1. (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +4)2
2.
𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2

𝑥−1 𝑥 2 −4𝑥+4
3. 4.
𝑥 2 +8𝑥+15 𝑥 2 −8𝑥
𝑥2 2𝑥+2
5. (𝑥+1)4
6. (4𝑥 2 −1)2

𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +7𝑥−1 2𝑥 2 −𝑥+20

7. (𝑥 2 −1)2
8. (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +9)

𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1 5𝑥 2 +18𝑥−21
9. 10.
𝑥 3 −𝑥 𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4
𝑥4 3𝑥 3 +15𝑥 2 +21𝑥+15
11. 12.
𝑥 4 −1 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)3

𝑒𝑥
13. 14. sec 2 𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 +3𝑒 𝑥 +2
2 sin2 𝑥 2𝑥 3 +10𝑥 2 +11𝑥+12
15. 16.
sin2 𝑥+2 sin 𝑥−3 𝑥 3 −27
𝑥−1 2𝑥
17. 18.
4𝑥 2 +𝑥 𝑥 4 −3𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2
8𝑥 2 +3𝑥+10 𝑥3
19. 20.
𝑥 3 +8 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2

8
Chapter 2

Limits

2.1 Limits Rules

Let k and a be real constants. Then:

1. lim 𝑘 = 𝑘, where 𝑘 and 𝑎 are constant 2. lim 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Limit of a sum or difference

3. lim (𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ± lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Limit of product
4. lim (𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

5. lim [𝑘𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑘 lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Limit of quotient
𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥)
6. lim = 𝑥→𝑎 provided lim 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎

Limit of exponential function

𝑛 𝑛
7. lim (𝑓(𝑥)) = (lim 𝑓(𝑥)) and lim 𝑛√𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛√ lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Limits at infinity
𝑘
8. lim = 0, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑛

Limits for real numbers

9. For any real number 𝑎, we have
i. lim sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑎 ii. lim cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

iii. if 𝑝 is a polynomial and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿, then lim 𝑓(𝑝(𝑥)) = 𝐿

𝑥→𝑝(𝑎) 𝑥→𝑎

9
Determine the following limits
Example 1

lim (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4). Note that 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5 is continuous at 𝑥 = 5

𝑥→5

= lim(2𝑥 2 ) − lim (3𝑥) − lim(4)

𝑥→5 𝑥→5 𝑥→5

= 2 lim(𝑥 2 ) − 3 lim(𝑥) − lim(4)

𝑥→5 𝑥→5 𝑥→5

= 2(52 ) − 3(5) + 4
= 39

Example 2

𝑥−1
lim .
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −1
𝑥−1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = . Then 𝑓(𝑥) is not continuous at 𝑥 = 1 and it is undefined.
𝑥 2 −1
0
Also 𝑓(1) = , meaning that 𝑥 − 1 is a factor of both the numerator and the
0
denominator, so we factorise the denominator and simplify to obtain an
1
equivalent expression as follows:
𝑥+1
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
= (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
𝑥 2 −1
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
Therefore; lim = lim (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −1 𝑥−1
1
= lim
𝑥−1 𝑥+1
1
=
1+1
1
=
2

10
Example 3
√𝑡 2 +9−3
lim
𝑡→0 𝑡2

√𝑡 2 +9−3 √𝑡 2 +9+3
= lim ∙
𝑡→0 𝑡2 √𝑡 2 +9+3
2
(√𝑡 2+9) −9
= lim
𝑡→0 𝑡 2 (√𝑡 2 +9+3)

𝑡2
= lim
𝑡→0 𝑡 2 (√𝑡 2 +9+3)
1
= lim
𝑡→0 √𝑡 2 +9+3
1
=
lim (𝑡 2 +9)+3
√𝑥→0

1
=
3+3
1
=
6

Example 4
5
lim √3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑥→2

= 5√ lim(3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥)
𝑥→2

5
= √8

Example 5
𝑥 3 +𝜋
lim sin ( )
𝑥→0 2

𝜋
= sin ( )
2

=1

11
Example 6

𝑥 2 +1
lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2 +3
1
𝑥 2 +1 1+ 2
𝑥
lim = lim 3
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2 +3 𝑥→∞ 2+𝑥2
𝑥 2 +1 1
lim =
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2 +3 2

Example 7

lim 3−𝑥
𝑥→∞

lim 3−𝑥 = 0
𝑥→∞

Exercise 2.1

Evaluate the following

𝑥 2 +2𝑥−8
1. lim (3𝑥 − 4) 2. lim√𝑥 2 − 9 3. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥→5 𝑥→2 2𝑥−4

𝑥2 𝑥 3 −8 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
4. lim ( ) 5. lim 6. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→3 𝑥−2 𝑥→3 𝑥−3
𝑥 2 +𝑥−2 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2 𝑥 3 −1
7. lim 8. lim 9. lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −4 𝑥→1 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3
𝑥 cos(−2𝑥+1) √𝑥+4−2 𝑥−1
10. lim 11. lim 12. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 +𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→1 √𝑥−1
𝑥 2 +5 1 2 sin 𝑥
13. lim 14. lim ( − ) 15. lim
𝑥→∞ √64𝑥 4 +1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥 2 −1 𝑥→0 tan 𝑥

𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 𝑥 2 −𝑥+6 𝑥 3 −1
16. lim 17. lim 18. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 𝑥+2 𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −1

√1+ℎ−1 (2+ℎ)3 −8 𝑥 4 −16

19. lim 20. lim 21. lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑥→2 𝑥−2

√𝑥+2+3 1 1 𝑥 2 +𝑥
22. lim 23. lim ( − ) 24. lim
𝑥→7 𝑥−7 𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡 2 +𝑡 𝑥→0 𝑥

12
 4𝑣 2 −8𝑣 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3 ℎ3 −27
25. lim 26. lim 27. lim
𝑣→2 𝑣−2 𝑥→3 3−𝑥 ℎ→3 ℎ−3

3𝑥−1 (2𝑥−1)2 −1
28. lim 2
29. lim 30. lim √𝑝(𝑝 + 1.3)
𝑥→1⁄3 3𝑥 +5𝑥−2 𝑥→1 2𝑥−2 𝑝→−1

√𝑥−1 3𝑥 2 +4.5 √𝑡 2 +16

31. lim 32. lim 33. lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −1.5 𝑡→∞ 𝑡+1

𝑥 2 −3𝑥 2𝑥 2 −6𝑥 2𝑥 2 +𝑥
34. lim 35. lim 36. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→3 𝑥−3 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −3

Solutions to some questions

Chapter 2

Section 2.1

1. 2 2. 4 3. 3 4. 0
3
5. 19 6. 5 8. 10. cos 1
4
1 1 1
11. 12. 2 13. 14.
4 8 2
3
15. 1 16. 5 17. 2 18.
2
1 1
19. 20. 12 21. 32 22.
2 6

23. 24. 1 25. 8 26. 4

7
27. 27 28. 29. 2
3
1
30. Does not exist 31. 32. 3 33. 1
2

34. − 3 35. 6 36. 2

13
Chapter 3

Differentiation

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
First principle differentiation. The derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
provided the limit exists.

Standard and Chain rules: Let c and a real constants

No 𝑦= 𝑦′ = 𝑦= 𝑦′ =
Power rules
0 𝑐𝑥 𝑐 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑛
1 𝑥𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 (𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑛(𝑓(𝑥))
𝑛−1
𝑓′(𝑥)
Exponential rules
2 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
3 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) ln 𝑎 𝑓′(𝑥)
Logarithmic rules
4 ln 𝑥 1 ln 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
5 log 𝑎 𝑥 1 log 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) ln 𝑎
Trigonometric rules
6 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓′(𝑥)
7 cos 𝑥 −sin 𝑥 cos 𝑓(𝑥) −sin 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓′(𝑥)
8 tan 𝑥 (sec 𝑥)2 tan 𝑓(𝑥) (sec 𝑓(𝑥)) 2 𝑓′(𝑥)
9 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑓(𝑥) sec 𝑓(𝑥) tan 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓′(𝑥)
10 csc 𝑥 −csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 csc 𝑓(𝑥) −csc 𝑓(𝑥) cot 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓′(𝑥)

14
 11 cot 𝑥 −(csc 𝑥) 2 cot 𝑓(𝑥) −(csc 𝑓(𝑥)) 2 𝑓′(𝑥)
General (sum and difference) rules
12 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) ± 𝑔′(𝑥)
Product rule
13 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
Quotient rule
14 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥) 2
(𝑔(𝑥))

It is important to note that if 𝑦(𝑥) is a composite function for example 𝑦(𝑥) =

𝑓(𝑔(ℎ(𝑥))) where 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥) and ℎ(𝑥) are differentiable functions. Then
𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(ℎ))𝑔′ (ℎ)ℎ′ (𝑥).

3.1 Chain Rule Differentiation

Determine the derivatives of the following:

Example 1

𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑒 sin 𝑥 + (sin 𝑥) 𝑒 − sin(𝑥 𝑒 ) + 𝑒 sin 𝜋

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos(𝑒 𝑥 )𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒(sin 𝑥)𝑒−1 cos 𝑥 − cos(𝑥 𝑒 )𝑒𝑥 𝑒−1 + 0

Example 2

ℎ(𝑡) = ln(ln(ln cos(3𝑡)))

3 sin 3𝑡
ℎ′ (𝑡) = −
ln(ln(cos 3𝑡 ))∙ln(cos 3𝑡 )∙ cos 3𝑡

15
Example 3

𝑓(𝑡) = (tan(9𝑡))4 √9 − 𝑡 2
1
1
𝑓′ (𝑡)
= 4(tan 9𝑡) ∙ sec 3 2 (9𝑡)
∙ 9 ∙ √9 − 𝑡2 + (tan 9𝑡)4 ∙ ∙ (9 − 𝑡 2 )−2 ∙
2
(−2𝑡)

𝑡∙(tan 9𝑡)4
𝑓 ′ (𝑡) = 36 ∙ (tan 9𝑡)3 ∙ sec 2 (9𝑡) ∙ √9 − 𝑡 2 −
√9−𝑡 2

Example 4
Determine the equation of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = sin(sin( 𝑥)), at
(𝜋, 0)

𝑦 ′ = cos(sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = cos(sin 𝜋) cos 𝜋
𝑦 ′ = −1
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑐
0 = −𝜋 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = 𝜋
∴ 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝜋

Exercise 3.1

Determine the following derivatives and simplify if possible

3 3
1. 𝑦(𝑥) = √sin √𝑥
3
2. 𝑦(𝑥) = √sin3 √𝑥

16
 3
3. 𝑦(𝑥) = √sin √𝑥 3

4. 𝑦(𝑥) = √sin3 √𝑥 3

5. 𝑦(𝑥) = cos 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 + cos √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑥 𝑥
6. 𝑦(𝑥) = csc (
𝑥+1
) + csc 2 (𝑥+1)

7. 𝑦(𝑥) = cot(ln √𝑥) + cot(√ln 𝑥) + √cot(ln 𝑥)

ln 𝑥
8. 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + ln(ln 𝑥) + ln ( ) + ln[ln (ln 𝑥)]
𝑥
ln(sin 𝑥)
9. 𝑦(𝑥) =
𝑥3

10. 𝑦(𝑥) = ln(cos 3 2𝑥) 11. 𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥 + 7)5 ∙ sin(2𝑥)

sin(2𝑥+𝑥 2 )
12. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 ∙ ln (sec 𝑥) 13. 𝑦(𝑥) = (5−𝑥 4 )7

14. 𝑦(𝑥) = ln(cos(2𝑥)3 ) 15. 𝑦(𝑥) = ln3 cos 2𝑥

4
16. 𝑦=
√sec2 𝑥+tan2 𝑥

17. 𝑦(𝑥) = ln(sec 𝑥 sin 𝑥) + ln(sec 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)

18. 𝑦(𝑥) = tan4 (2𝑥)√9 − 𝑥 2 19. ℎ(𝑡) = √1 + √1 + √𝑡

20. 𝑓(𝑡) = √(𝑡 2 + 1)2 + √1 + (𝑡 2 + 1)

(𝑡−5)2
21. ℎ(𝑡) = 4 + 2√1 − 22. 𝑔(𝑡) = ((3𝑡 + 1)−1 + 3)−1
9

23. 𝑦(𝑥) = sin(cos (tan 𝑥)) 24. 𝑦(𝑥) = sin(sin(sin 𝑥))

25. 𝑦(𝑡) = (cos(𝑒 𝑡 ))2 26. 𝑓(𝑡) = cos √sin(tan(𝜋𝑡))

27. 𝑦(𝑡) = (𝑡 + (𝑡 + (csc 𝑡)2 )3 )4 28. 𝑦(𝑡) = √𝑡 + √𝑡 + √𝑡

29. 𝑦(𝑡) = tan(sin(√1 + 𝑡 3 )) 30. 𝑦(𝑡) = (cot(cos 𝑡))2

1 2
31. 𝑦(𝑡) = 32. 𝑦(𝑡) = sin2 (𝑒 sin 𝑡 )
tan(𝑡−tan 𝑡)

33. 𝑦(𝑡) = tan2 ( sin 𝑡)

17
 3
4 8
34. 𝑦(𝑥) = √𝑥√𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 √
𝑥+2

3𝑥 2 +2√𝑥 3 +4𝑥 4
35. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
(𝑥 4 −4 ) √𝑥 2 −6

3.2 Implicit Differentiation

Determine the derivative of the following:

Example 1

log(𝑥 2 − 1) + log 𝑥 2 − 1 + [log(𝑥 − 1)]2 = log(𝑦 2 + 1) + log 𝑦 2 + 1

2𝑥 2𝑥 1 2𝑦∙𝑦 ′ 2𝑦∙𝑦 ′
(𝑥 2 −1) ln 10
+ + 2 log(𝑥 − 2) ∙ = +
𝑥 2 ln 10 𝑥−1 ln 10 (𝑦 2 +1) ln 10 𝑦 2 ln 10

2𝑥 2 2 log(𝑥−1) 2𝑦 2
(𝑥 2 −1) ln 10
+ + (𝑥−1) = 𝑦′ ((𝑦2 + )
𝑥 ln 10 ln 10 +1) ln 10 𝑦 ln 10

2𝑥 2 2 log(𝑥−1) (𝑦 2 +1) ln 10 2
𝑦 ′ = [(𝑥 2 + + (𝑥−1) ]×[ + ]
−1) ln 10 𝑥 ln 10 ln 10 2𝑦 𝑦 ln 10

Example 2

𝑒 𝑥𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦
ln(𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 ) = ln(𝑥 𝑦 )
(𝑥 + 𝑦) ln(𝑒) = 𝑦 ln(𝑥)
(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 ln(𝑥)
𝑦
1 + 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 ′ ∙ ln(𝑥) +
𝑥
′ (1 𝑦
𝑦 − ln 𝑥) = − 1
𝑥
𝑦
−1
𝑦′ = 𝑥
1−ln(𝑥)

18
Example 3

2𝑥 3 𝑦 + (𝑦 2 + 𝑥)3 = 𝑥 4
2𝑥 3 𝑦 ′ + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3(𝑦 2 + 𝑥)2 (2𝑦𝑦 ′ + 1) = 4𝑥 3
𝑦 ′ (2𝑥 3 + 6𝑦(𝑦 2 + 𝑥)2 ) = 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3(𝑦 2 + 𝑥)2
4𝑥 3 −6𝑥 2 𝑦−3(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
𝑦′ =
2𝑥 3 +6𝑦(𝑦 2 +𝑥)2

Example 4
Determine the slope of the tangent line to the curve 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 9𝑥𝑦 = 0 at the
point (2,4)
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ − 9(𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦) = 0
3𝑦−𝑥 2
𝑦′ = at (2,4)
𝑦 2 −3𝑥
3(4)−22
𝑦′ =
4 2 −3(2)
4 4
𝑦 ′ = . Therefore the slope of the tangent line at (2,4) is .
5 5

Exercise 3.2

𝑑𝑦
Determine of the following implicit functions
𝑑𝑥

1. 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥 2. 𝑒 𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑒 − 𝑥 3
3. ln(𝑥 − 𝑦) = ln 𝑥 − ln 𝑦
4. 𝑥 cot 𝑦 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 cot 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 cot 𝑦 2
𝑒𝑥 ln 𝑥
5. 𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 − 4) = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑦 − 4) 6. =
ln 𝑦 𝑒𝑦

𝑒 𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑥
7. = 𝑦
ln(𝑥𝑦) 𝑒
𝑥3 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
8. log ( ) + (log )3 = log √ + √log
3 3 4 4
9. 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 = (𝑥𝑦)𝑒 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑒

19
 𝑥 cot 𝑥
10. 𝑥𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑦 𝑒 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 11. cot ( 2) =
𝑦 cot 𝑦 2

12. cot 𝑥 cot 𝑦 2 = cot(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )

13. sec(𝑥 2 𝑦 −1 ) = sec(𝑥 2 ) sec(𝑦 −1 )
14. 9tan(9𝑥𝑦) = [tan(9𝑥𝑦)]9
3)
15. 8tan(𝑥𝑦 = [tan 8𝑥 + tan 𝑦 3 ]8 16. 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
1+ln 𝑦
17. 𝑦 = 𝑥 8 ∙ ln(𝑥𝑦) 18. 𝑦 =
2−ln 3𝑥

19. 𝑦 = cos[ln(𝑥𝑦)]
20. 𝑦 = ln[sin(𝑥𝑦) ∙ cos 𝑥] 21. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = sin(𝑥𝑦)
22. 𝑦 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑦 23. sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥
24. log(𝑥 2 − 1) + log 𝑥 2 − 1 + (log(𝑥 − 1))2 = log(𝑦 2 + 1) + log 𝑦 2 + 1
𝑦
25. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 26. tan(𝑥 − 𝑦) =
1+𝑥 2

27. 𝑒 𝑦 cos 𝑥 = 1 + sec(𝑥𝑦) 28. 𝑦 csc(𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥 cot(𝑦 2 )

29. 𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 3 = 0 30. 𝑦 sec 𝑥 = 𝑥 tan 𝑦
𝑦
31. 𝑥 3 cot 𝑦 + sin(2𝑦) =
𝑥

3.3 Logarithmic and Some Implicit Differentiation

Determine the derivatives of the following:

Example 1

cot3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 2
𝑦= (3𝑥 2 +1)2
ln 𝑦 = ln cot 𝑥 + ln tan 𝑥 2 − 2 ln(3𝑥 2 + 1)
3

𝑦′ 3 csc2 𝑥 sec2 𝑥 2 2𝑥 2∙6𝑥

=− + −
𝑦 cot 𝑥 tan 𝑥 2 3𝑥 2 +1

3 csc2 𝑥 sec2 𝑥 2 2𝑥 12𝑥

𝑦′ = 𝑦[− + − ]
cot 𝑥 tan 𝑥 2 3𝑥 2 +1

20
Example 2

𝑦 = (cot 𝑥)tan(𝑥𝑦)

ln 𝑦 = tan 𝑥𝑦 ln cot 𝑥
𝑦′ csc 𝑥
= sec 2 𝑥𝑦[𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦′] ln cot 𝑥 − tan 𝑥𝑦
𝑦 cot 𝑥

1 csc 𝑥
𝑦′ ( − 𝑥sec 2 𝑥𝑦 ln cot 𝑥) = 𝑦sec 2 𝑥𝑦 ln cot 𝑥 − tan 𝑥𝑦
𝑦 cot 𝑥

csc 𝑥
𝑦sec2 𝑥𝑦 ln cot 𝑥−tan
′ cot 𝑥
𝑦 = 1
−𝑥sec2 𝑥𝑦 ln cot 𝑥
𝑦

Example 3

𝑒𝑥 ln 𝑥
=
ln 𝑦 𝑒𝑦

ln 𝑒 𝑥 − ln(ln 𝑦) = ln(ln 𝑥) − ln 𝑒 𝑦
𝑥 − ln(ln 𝑦) = ln(ln 𝑥) − 𝑦
𝑦′ 1
1− = − 𝑦′
𝑦 ln 𝑦 𝑥 ln 𝑥
1
′(1− ) 1
𝑦 𝑦 ln 𝑦 = −1
𝑥 ln 𝑥
1
−1
′ 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑦 = 1
1−
𝑦 ln 𝑦

1−𝑥 ln 𝑥
′ 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦 ln 𝑦−1
𝑦 ln 𝑦
(1−𝑥 ln 𝑥)𝑦 ln 𝑦
𝑦 ′ = (𝑦
ln 𝑦−1)𝑥 ln 𝑥

21
Exercise 3.3

Determine the following derivatives and simplify if possible

(4𝑥+1)3
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = ln (2𝑥−5)4 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(sin 𝑥 ∙ √𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑒 𝑥𝑦 ∙cos(3𝑥) 5 tan 𝑥
3. 𝑦(𝑥) = 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = (√sec 2𝑥 )
tan2 (5𝑥)

sin3 𝑥 ∙ tan2 𝑥
5. 𝑦(𝑥) = (2𝑥 2 +1)2
6. 𝑦(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 4 − 5)7
3
7. 𝑦(𝑥) = √3𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ (𝑥 2 + 4)8 8. 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑥 tan 𝑦
2
9. 𝑦(𝑥) = (cos 𝑥)sin(𝑥𝑦) 10. 𝑦(𝑥) = (tan 𝑥)𝑥
11. 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑥 ln 𝑥
12. 𝑦(𝑥) = [ln(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)]cos 3𝑥
3𝑥
13. (sin 𝑥)2𝑦 = (cos 𝑦)𝑒 14. 𝑦(𝑥) = (ln 𝑥)tan 𝑥
2 𝑒 𝑥 ∙tan 𝑦
15. 𝑦(𝑥) = (cos 𝑥)3𝑥 16. 𝑦(𝑥) = √
cos 𝑥

17. 𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥 − 7)ln(sin 𝑥) 18. 𝑦(𝑥) = (sin 𝑥)ln 𝑦

2𝑥 𝑒 tan 𝑦 ∙ cos3 𝑥
19. 𝑦(𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥 3 )𝑒 20. 𝑦(𝑥) =
cot(sin 𝑥)
3 3
𝑒 𝑋 +𝑥 ∙ tan2 𝑥 √7𝑥+3 ∙ √1−9 cos 5𝑥
21. 𝑦(𝑥) = 22. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
√𝑥 3 +4 √𝑥 3 −2𝑥+4
cos 3𝑥
23. 𝑓(𝑥) = (10𝑥 − 𝑒 sin 𝑥 ) 24. 𝑓(𝑥) = ln [𝑥√cos(𝑥 2 + 1)]
3
𝑒 𝑥 ∙sin(2𝑦) 7𝑥 ∙𝑒 𝑥𝑦
25. 𝑓(𝑥) = 26. 𝑦(𝑥) = (sin
cos(𝑥𝑦) 3𝑥)cos 𝑦

√𝑥+10 𝑒 sin 𝑥 ∙cos2(𝑥−2)

27. 𝑦(𝑥) = (2𝑥+3)4 28. 𝑦(𝑥) =
∙tan2 (5𝑥−1) 2
√𝑥2 +1
𝑥 −1

sin(𝑥𝑦)
29. 𝑦(𝑥) = ln [ ] 30. 𝑦(𝑥) = (3 + sin 𝑥)ln(cos 𝑦)
𝑒 sin 𝑥

31. 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒 csc 𝑥 ∙ (ln 𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 )7 ∙ sin(4𝑥)

32. 𝑦(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 tan 𝑥 33. 𝑦(𝑥) = 3𝑥 ln 𝑥

22
34. 𝑦(𝑡) = log 5 (𝑡𝑒 𝑡 ) 35. 𝑦(𝑡) = 5𝑡 log √𝑡
36. 𝑦(𝑡) = log 2 (𝑒 −𝑡 cos(𝜋𝑡)) 37. 𝑦(𝑡) = ln(𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 )

3.4 Higher Order Derivatives

Notation for higher order derivatives

Function 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑡) =
First order derivative 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑓
𝑦′ = 𝑓′ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Second order derivative 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑2𝑓
𝑦′′ = 2 𝑓′′ = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Third order derivative 𝑑3𝑦 𝑑3𝑓
𝑦′′′ = 3 𝑓′′′ = 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑛𝑡ℎ order derivative 𝑛
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑛
𝑑𝑛 𝑓
𝑦 = 𝑛 𝑓 = 𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡

Example 1

Determine 𝑓 ′ , 𝑓 ′′ , 𝑓 ′′′ , 𝑓 ′𝑣 and using your observation if 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 ,

determine 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑡).
𝑓 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 𝑡
𝑓 ′′ (𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡
𝑓 ′′ (𝑡) = 2𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 𝑡
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑡) = 2𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 𝑡
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑡) = 3𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 𝑡
𝑓 ′𝑣 (𝑡) = 3𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 𝑡
𝑓 ′𝑣 (𝑡) = 4𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 𝑡
Therefore
𝑓 𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝑛𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 𝑡

23
 𝑑3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑛
It is important to note that ≠( ) , ≠ ( ) see the example below:
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥

Example 2
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
Determine and ( ) if 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑3𝑦
= −1 + 2𝑥, = 2 and =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 3
(𝑑𝑥 ) = (−1 + 2𝑥)3

𝑑3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
Clearly, ≠( )
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

Exercise 3.4

Determine the second order derivatives of the following

1. 2√𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 2. 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑦
3 2
3. 𝑥 +𝑦 =1
2 3 4. 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 = 6
𝑥−𝑦
5. 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 18𝑥𝑦 6. 𝑥2 =
𝑥+𝑦

1 𝑥
7. 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 8. 𝑥 2 cos ( ) = 2𝑥 + sin( )
𝑦 𝑦

9. 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 10. 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝜋𝑥 tan 𝜋𝑥

𝑥
11. 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑒 12. 𝑦 4 + 𝑥 4 = 16
13. 𝑥3 + 𝑦3 = 3 14. sin(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥
15. sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 (2𝑥−3𝑦) 16. 𝑒 𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 𝑥 cos 𝑦
17. 𝑥 5 − 𝑦 5 = 5𝑥𝑦 18. ln(𝑥 − 𝑦) = ln 𝑥 − ln 𝑦
Prove the following:
𝑑2𝑦
19. If 𝑦 = 3 sin(2𝑥 + 3) show that + 4𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
20. If 𝑦 = sin(𝑥) + 2 cos 𝑥 show that 3
+ + +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

24
3.5 Optimization

Example 1
A thin metal sheet with dimensions 30𝑐𝑚 × 21𝑐𝑚 is used to build an open
box by cutting square with side length 𝑥 from each corner. What value of 𝑥
will maximize the volume of the box?
𝑉 = 𝑥(30 − 2𝑥)(21 − 2𝑥) that is 𝑉 = 4𝑥 3 − 102𝑥 2 + 630𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= 12𝑥 2 − 402𝑥 + 630
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= 0 that is 12𝑥 2 − 402𝑥 + 630 = 0
𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝑥 ≈ 1.648 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≈ 31.851
𝑑2𝑣 𝑑2𝑣
= 24𝑥 − 402 If 𝑥 = 1.65 then = 24(1.648) − 402 < 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2

Thus 𝑥 = 1.65 will maximize the volume of the box.

Example 2

The length of a closed rectangular box is twice (2𝑥) the width and the volume
is 250𝑐𝑚3 . Determine the dimensions of the box when the surface area is a
minimum
Let the length of the box be equal to 2𝑥 and the height = ℎ.
𝐴 = 2(2𝑥ℎ) + 2(𝑥ℎ) + 2(2𝑥 2 )
𝐴 = 6𝑥ℎ + 4𝑥 2 and 𝑉 = 2𝑥 2 ℎ
250
250 = 2𝑥 2 ℎ this implies that ℎ =
2𝑥 2
250
𝐴 = 6𝑥( ) + 4𝑥 2
2𝑥 2
750
𝐴= + 4𝑥 2
𝑥
𝑑𝐴
= −750𝑥 −2 + 8𝑥
𝑑𝑥

−750𝑥 −2 + 8𝑥 = 0

25
 3 750
𝑥=√ ≈ 4.54
8

250
Breadth 𝑥 ≈ 4.54, length 2𝑥 ≈ 9.08, ℎ = ≈ 6.06
2(4.54)2

Example 3

An open tank is to be made of sheet iron, it must have square base and sides
perpendicular to the base. It’s capacity is 8𝑚3 . Determine the side of the
square base and the depth, so that the least amount of the sheet iron may be
used.

Let the length of the square base be 𝑥 𝑐𝑚 and the height of the tank be ℎ 𝑐𝑚.
Surface area 𝐴 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥ℎ (1)
8
𝑥 2 ℎ = 8 this implies that ℎ =
𝑥2
8
𝐴 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
𝑥2
32
𝐴 = 𝑥2 +
𝑥
𝑑𝐴 32
= 2𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝐴 32
= 0 implies that 2𝑥 − =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2

∴ 𝑥 = 2.52
𝑑2𝐴 64 𝑑2𝐴 64
=2+ when 𝑥 = 2.52 then =2+ >0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 2 (2.52)3
8
ℎ= = 1.26
(2.52)2

To use the least amount of sheet iron the side of the square base must be 2.52
m and the height must be 1.26 m.

26
Example 4

A closed cylindrical can is to be made to hold 1 L of oil. Determine the

dimensions that will minimize the cost of the metal to manufacture the can.
1𝐿 = 1000𝑐𝑚3 and the area of the cylinder is 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

1000
𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 1000, ∴ ℎ =
𝜋𝑟 2
1000
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟( )
𝜋𝑟 2
2000
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 +
𝑟
2000
𝐴′ = 4𝜋𝑟 −
𝑟2
2000
4𝜋𝑟 − =0
𝑟2

3 2000 2000
𝑟=√ = 5.419𝑐𝑚 this implies that ℎ = = 10.839𝑐𝑚
4𝜋 𝜋(5.419)2

Exercise 3.5

1. An open top box has a square base and a volume of 13500 𝑐𝑚3 .
Determine the dimensions of the box that minimize the amount of
material used.
2. Determine the dimension of a right circular cylinder of maximum volume
that can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius R and height H.
3. Show that a volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed inside the
32𝜋𝑅 3
sphere of radius R is .
81

4. The height in meter of a flare shot upward from the ground is given by
𝑠 = 34.3𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2 , where 𝑡 is the time in seconds. What is the greatest
height to which the flare goes?
5. The power output 𝑃 of a battery of voltage 𝐸 and internal resistance 𝑅 is

27
 𝑃 = 𝐸𝐼 − 𝑅𝐼 2 where 𝐼 is the current. Determine the current for which the
power is maximum.
6. If a resistance 𝑅 and inductance 𝐿 are in parallel with a capacitance 𝐶, the
𝑅 2 +𝜔2 𝐿2
impedance = √ , where 𝜔 is the angular frequency of the
𝜔2 𝐶 2 𝑅 2 +(𝜔2 𝐿𝐶−1)2
circuit impedance. For what value(s) of 𝐶 is 𝑍 a maximum, if 𝑅 and 𝐿 are
constant?
7. A can with a 340𝑚𝑙 volume (𝑉) has to be manufactured. The area of plate
2𝑉
metal used must be kept to a minimum to minimize the cost. If 𝐴 = +
𝑟
2𝜋𝑟 2 , where 𝑟 is the radius of the can determine the radius for the
minimum area.
8. A battery with an electromotive force of 𝐸 in volt and internal resistance
of 𝑟 in ohm is coupled to an external circuit with resitance 𝑅 in ohm. The
power 𝑃 over the terminals of the battery is given by the formula 𝑃 =
𝑅𝐸 2
(𝑅+𝑟)2
where 𝐸 and 𝑟 are the constants. Determine 𝑅 in terms of 𝑟 when 𝑃
is a maximum.
9. An automobile manufacturer in testing a new engine on one of its new
model, found that the efficiency 𝑒 (in %) of the engine as a function of
the speed 𝑠 (in 𝑘𝑚/ℎ) of the car was given by 𝑒 = 0.768𝑠 − 0.00004𝑠 3 .
What is the maximum efficiency of the engine?
10. The speed 𝑣 (𝑚/𝑠) of a car is related to time 𝑡 (𝑠) by
𝑣 = 3 + 12𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 . Determine the maximum speed of the car in 𝑘𝑚/ℎ.
11. A 12 𝑚 ladder leans against the wall. The foot of the ladder is pulled
𝑚
away from the wall at a rate of 0.5 . At what rate is the top of the ladder
𝑠
falling when the foot of the ladder is 4 𝑚 from the wall?
12. A box with no top is to build by taking 12 × 16 sheet of cardboard and
cutting 𝑥 in squares out of each corner and folding up the sides. Calculate
the value of 𝑥 that will maximizes the volume of the box.
13. If 1200𝑐𝑚2 of material is available to make a box with a square base and
an open top, determine the dimensions of the box that minimize the amount
of material used.
14. A farmer wants to fence an area of 1.5million square feet in a rectangular
field and then divide it in half with fence parallel to one of the sides of the
rectangle. How can he do this so as to minimize the cost of the fence?
15. Determine the height and radius of the cylinder of the volume 200𝑐𝑚3

28
 which has the least surface area.

3.6 Parametric Differentiation

Parametric equations
Given any pair of functions 𝑥(𝑡) and 𝑦(𝑡) defined on the same domain, the
equations 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡) are called parametric equations. The
independent variable 𝑡 is called a parameter. Note that
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ÷ provided ≠ 0 and
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=( )÷ provided ≠0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Velocity and acceleration components

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
The velocity components are defined by 𝑣𝑥 = and 𝑣𝑦 = .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑥 𝑑2𝑦
The acceleration components are defined by 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑦 =
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2

The magnitude of the velocity and acceleration are defined as follows

2
|𝑣| = √(𝑣𝑥 )2 + (𝑣𝑦 ) and

2
|𝑎| = √(𝑎𝑥 )2 + (𝑎𝑦 ) respectively.

Example1
Determine the first and second order derivatives of the parametric equations
𝑦 = 1 − cos 3𝑡 and 𝑥 = 2 sin 3𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 3 sin 3𝑡 , = 6 cos 3𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 3 sin 3𝑡
=
𝑑𝑥 6 cos 3𝑡
𝑑𝑦 tan 3𝑡
=
𝑑𝑥 2

29
 3
𝑑2𝑦 sec2 3𝑡
2
=
𝑑𝑥 2 6 cos 3𝑡

𝑑2𝑦 sec3 3𝑡
=
𝑑𝑥 2 4

Example 2
𝜋
Determine the equation of the tangent line at 𝜃 = if the parametric equations
12
are given as follows: 𝑥 = cos 2𝜃 and 𝑦 = 1 + sin 2𝜃

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −2 sin 2𝜃 , = 2 cos 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 2 cos 2𝜃
=−
𝑑𝑥 2 sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝑦
= − cot 2𝜃
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
When 𝜃 = then = − cot 2 ( ) = −1.73, 𝑥 = cos ( ) = 0.866, 𝑦 = 1 +
12 𝑑𝑥 12 6
𝜋
sin ( ) = 1.5. Therefore the equation of a tangent is 𝑦 = −1.73𝑥 + 3
6

Example 3
The component of a particle moving in the 𝑥𝑦 plane are given by 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃, where 𝑟 is a constant. Calculate the magnitude of the velocity.
𝑣𝑥 = −𝑟 sin 𝜃, 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑣𝑥𝑥 = −𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑣𝑦𝑦 = −𝑟 sin 𝜃
|𝑣| = √(−𝑟 cos 𝜃)2 + (−𝑟 sin 𝜃)2
|𝑣| = √𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃)
|𝑣| = 𝑟

Exercise 3.6

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
Determine the and of the following parametric functions
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

1. 𝑥(𝑡) = 8 + 𝑡 2 , 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 3

30
2. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 12𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 − 2
3. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡
4. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 + ln 𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 − ln 𝑡
5. 𝑥(𝑡) = sin 2𝑡, 𝑦 (𝑡) = 5 cos 𝑡
6. 𝑥(𝑡) = tan 3𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = tan 𝑡
7. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 − cos 𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = 6 − sin 𝑡
8. 𝑥(𝑡) = 8 cos(3𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡) = sin2 𝑡
9. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 3𝑡 cos 𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 3𝑡
10. 𝑥(𝑡) = 5(1 − cos 𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡) = 5(𝑡 − sin 𝑡)
11. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 3𝑡
12. 𝑥(𝑡) = cos 3 𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = sin3 𝑡
13. 𝑥(𝑡) = tan(3𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡) = sec(3𝑡)
14. 𝑥(𝑡) = 2(tan 𝑡 − 𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡) = sec 𝑡
15. 𝑥(𝜃) = −cot 𝜃 − 𝜃, 𝑦(𝜃) = − csc 𝜃
16. 𝑥(𝜃) = cot 2 (2𝜃), 𝑦(𝑡) = csc(2𝜃)
17. 𝑥(𝜃) = 𝜃 sin 𝜃, 𝑦(𝜃) = 𝜃 cos 𝜃
18. 𝑥(𝜃) = csc 2 𝜃 , 𝑦(𝜃) = cot 2 𝜃
19. 𝑥(𝜃) = cos 3 𝜃, 𝑦(𝜃) = sin3 𝜃
20. 𝑥(𝜃) = sec 2 𝜃, 𝑦(𝜃) = tan3 𝜃
21. 𝑥(𝑡) = 1 + √𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 − 4𝑡
22. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = ln(sin 𝑡) − 𝑡
23. 𝑥(𝑡) = 5 cos 𝑡 + 4𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = sinh(2𝑡) − ln 𝑡
2)
24. 𝑥(𝑡) = 4 cos(ln 𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡) = 2ln(𝑡
25. 𝑥(𝑡) = sin 2𝑡 , 𝑦(𝑡) = sin(𝑡 + sin 2𝑡)
26. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 + sin 3𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 tan(5𝑡) − 𝑡 3
sin 2𝑡 cos 2𝑡
27. 𝑥(𝑡) = , 𝑦(𝑡) =
4+𝑡 2 4+𝑡 2

31
28. 𝑥(𝑡) = 2 cos 5𝑡 , 𝑦(𝑡) = 2 sin 5𝑡
29. 𝑥(𝑡) = 3(𝑡 − sin 𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡) = 3(1 − cos 𝑡)
30. 𝑥(𝑡) = 4 cos 3 𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = 4 sin3 𝑡
31. 𝑥(𝑡) = cos 𝑡 + cos 2𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = sin 𝑡 + sin 2𝑡
𝑡
32. 𝑥(𝑡) = cos 𝑡 + ln (tan ) , 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡
2
𝑡
33. 𝑥(𝑡) = , 𝑦(𝑡) = ln(1 + 𝑡)
1+𝑡

34. 𝑥(𝑡) = sin2 𝑡 , 𝑦(𝑡) = sin 3𝑡

35. 𝑥(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦(𝑡) = (𝑡 2 + 1)𝑒 𝑡
Determine the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point corresponding to
the given value of the parameter
36. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 4 + 1, 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 + 𝑡 2 , 𝑡 = −1
37. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 − 𝑡 −1 , 𝑦(𝑡) = 5 + 𝑡 3 , 𝑡 = 1
𝜋
38. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 − sin 𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = 1 − cos 𝑡, 𝑡 =
3
𝜋
39. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 sin 𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 cos 𝑡, 𝑡=
2

Solve the following:

40. A particle has a position given by 𝑟⃗ = (4𝑡 2 , 3𝑡 3 − 1). What is the
particle speed at 𝑡 = 2?
41. Determine the slope of the cycloid 𝑥 = 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 1 − cos 𝑡.
42. A curve C is defined by the parametric equations 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 3 − 3𝑡.
Determine the points on C where the tangent is horizontal or vertical.
43. Determine the tangent to the cycloid 𝑥 = 𝑟(𝜃 − sin 𝜃) , 𝑦 = 𝑟(1 − cos 𝜃)
𝜋
at the point where 𝜃 = .
3
44. Determine the slope of the tangent line to the trochoid
𝑥 = 𝑟𝜃 − 𝑑 sin 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 − 𝑑 cos 𝜃 in terms of 𝜃.
What curve is represented by the following parametric equation?
45. 𝑥(𝑡) = sin 3𝑡, 𝑦 = cos 3𝑡 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
46. 𝑥(𝑡) = cos 𝑡, 𝑦 = cos 2 𝑡 − 1 ≤ cos 𝑡 ≤ 1
47. 𝑥(𝑡) = 5 cos 𝑡, 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑡 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
32
48. 𝑥(𝑡) = 3 cos(2𝑡), 𝑦 = 1 + cos 2 (2𝑡) 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
49. 𝑥(𝑡) = 4 sec 𝑡, 𝑦 = 3 tan 𝑡 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋

3.7 Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions

Function Definition
cosh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
2

sinh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
2

tanh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥

coth 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
when 𝑥 > 0
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
2
sech 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
2
csch 𝑥 when 𝑥 > 0
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥

Derivatives of hyperbolic functions

𝑦= 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥

sinh 𝑢 cosh 𝑢𝑑𝑢

cosh 𝑢 sinh 𝑢𝑑𝑢
tanh 𝑢 sech2 𝑢𝑑𝑢
sech 𝑢 − sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢𝑑𝑢
csch 𝑢 − csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢𝑑𝑢
coth 𝑢 − csch2 𝑢𝑑𝑢

The reader should note that with hyperbolic functions it is also possible
determine the higher order derivatives.

33
Exercise 3.7

Determine the derivatives of the following and simplify if possible.

2
1. 𝑦 = tanh(𝑒 sinh 𝑡 ) 2. 𝑦 = csch(sin 𝑡 + cosh 𝑡)
3. 𝑦 = sech3 𝑡 2 4. 𝑦 = sinh(cosh 𝑡)
5. 𝑦 = sinh 𝑡 cosh 𝑡 6. 𝑦 = 𝑒 cos 𝑡 cosh 𝑡
1−cosh 𝑡
7. 𝑦= 8. 𝑦 = 𝑒 cosh 4𝑡
1+cosh 𝑡

9. 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 coth 𝑡 10. 𝑦 = ln(coth √𝑡)

11. 𝑦 = sinh(sin(sinh 𝑡)) 12. 𝑦 = cosh(√sin(tanh(ln 𝑡)))

2 2 2
13. 𝑦 = sinh2 (𝑒 sinh 𝑡 ) 14. 𝑦 = cosh(𝑒 cosh 𝑡 )

15. 𝑦 = (coth(cosh 𝑡))2 16. 𝑦 = tanh4 (𝜋𝑡)√𝜋 − 𝑡 2

1
17. 𝑦= 18. 𝑦 = 𝑡 cosh 2𝑡
tanh(𝑡−tan 𝑡)
2𝑡
19. 𝑦 = tanh 𝑒 sinh 20. 𝑦 = csch(sin 𝑡 + cosh 𝑡)
21. 𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑡 tanh 𝑡 22. 𝑦 = 𝑒 sinh 𝑡 ln cosh 𝑡

3.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Function sin−1 𝑥 cos −1 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥

Name Inverse sine Inverse cosine Inverse tangent
Definition 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥
<=> 𝑥 = sin 𝑦 <=> 𝑥 = cos 𝑦 <=> 𝑥 = tan 𝑥
Domain −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 all real numbers
Range 𝜋 𝜋 0≤𝑦≤𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
− ≤𝑦≤ − <𝑦<
2 2 2 2

34
Function cot −1 𝑥 sec −1 𝑥 csc −1 𝑥

Name Inverse cotangent Inverse secant Inverse cosecant

Definition 𝑦 = cot −1 𝑥 𝑦 = sec −1 𝑥 𝑦 = csc −1 𝑥

<=> 𝑥 = sec 𝑦 <=> 𝑥 = csc 𝑦
<=> 𝑥 = cot 𝑦
Domain all real numbers 𝑥 ≤ −1 or 𝑥 ≥ 1 𝑥 ≤ −1 or 𝑥 ≥ 1
𝜋 𝜋
Range 0<𝑦<𝜋 0≤𝑦< or − ≤ 𝑦 < 0 or
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
<𝑦≤𝜋 0<𝑦≤
2 2

1 1
Note that cot −1 𝑥 ≠ ,since cot −1 𝑥 = tan−1 ( ). Can you prove this?
tan−1 𝑥 𝑥

Since 𝑓(𝑓 −1 )(𝑥) = 𝑥 and 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 we have the following

−𝜋 𝜋
1. sin(sin−1 (𝑥)) = 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1] and sin−1 (sin(𝑥)) = 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [ , ]
2 2

2. cos(cos −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1] and cos −1 (cos(𝑥)) = 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [0, 𝜋]

−𝜋 𝜋
3. tan(tan−1 (𝑥)) = 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [−∞, ∞] and tan−1 (tan(𝑥)) = 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [ , ]
2 2

The derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions

Functions sin−1 𝑢 cos −1 𝑢 tan−1 𝑢 cot −1 𝑢 sec −1 𝑢 csc −1 𝑢

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Derivative 𝑑𝑥
−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−
𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑢2 √1−𝑢2 1+𝑢2 1+𝑢2 𝑢√𝑢2 −1 𝑢√𝑢2 −1

35
Determine the derivatives of the following functions and simplify your answer
as much as possible.
Examples 1
𝑦 = tan(cos−1 (𝑥 3 ))
3𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = − sec 2 (cos −1 (𝑥 3 ))
√1−𝑥 2

1 2 −3𝑥 2
𝑦′ = [ ]
cos(cos−1 𝑥 3) √1−𝑥 2

−3𝑥 2
𝑦′ =
𝑥 6 √1−𝑥 2
−3
𝑦′ =
𝑥 4 √1−𝑥 2

Example 2
𝑦 = sec(tan−1 (−𝑥))
−1
𝑦 ′ = sec(tan−1 (−𝑥)) tan(tan−1 (−𝑥))
1+𝑥 2
(−1)
𝑦 ′ = √1 + tan2 (tan−1 (−𝑥)) (−𝑥)
1+𝑥 2

𝑥√1+𝑥 2
𝑦′ =
1+𝑥 2
𝑥
𝑦′ =
√1+𝑥 2

Example 3

𝑦 = tan(sin−1 𝑥 5 )
5𝑥 4
𝑦 ′ = sec 2 (sin−1 𝑥 5 )
√1−𝑥 10

1 2 5𝑥 4
𝑦′ = [ ]
cos(sin−1 𝑥 5) √1−𝑥 10

1 5𝑥 4
𝑦′ =
1−sin2 (sin−1 𝑥 5 ) √1−𝑥 10

36
 1 5𝑥 4
𝑦′ =
1−𝑥 10 √1−𝑥 10

5𝑥 4
𝑦′ = 3
(1−𝑥 10 )2

Exercise 3.9

Determine the derivatives of the following inverse trigonometric functions.

1. 𝑦 = sin−1 (9𝑥 2 ) 2. 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑥 2 ) cos −1 (𝑥 4 )
3. 𝑦 = tan−1 (cot 𝑥) 4. 𝑦 = sec −1 (𝑥 sin 𝑥)
5. 𝑦 = csc −1 (8𝑥 ) 6. 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑥 ln 𝑥)
7. 𝑦 = tan−1 (sin(2𝑥)) 8. 𝑦 = tan−1 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 )
−1 𝑥
9. 𝑦 = 5tan 10. 𝑦 = √cos −1 (𝑥 7 )
𝑥+1
11. 𝑦 = tan−1 ( ) 12. 𝑦 = sin(sin−1 3𝑥)
𝑥−1

13. 𝑦 = sin−1 (sin 3𝑥) 14. 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑥 2 ) √1 − 𝑥 2

−1 𝑥
15. 𝑦 = 𝑥 cot 16. 𝑦 = (tan−1 𝑥)sin 𝑥
2 −1 𝑥
17. 𝑦 = (cos−1 𝑥)𝑥 18. 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 tan

Differentiate the following and simplify your answer as much as possible.

19. 𝑦 = sin(tan−1 𝑥 2 ) 20. 𝑦 = tan(cos −1 𝑥 3 )
21. 𝑦 = cos(sin−1 √𝑥) 22. 𝑦 = sec(sin−1 2𝑥)
1
23. 𝑦 = sec(tan−1 (−𝑥)) 24. 𝑦 = sin(cos −1 ( ))
𝑥

25. 𝑦 = tan(sin−1 𝑥 5 ) 26. 𝑦 = cos(tan−1 (−3𝑥))

27. 𝑦 = tan(tan−1 𝑥) 28. 𝑦 = cos(sin−1 2𝑥)
𝑥
29. 𝑦 = sin(sec −1 𝑥) 30. 𝑦 = tan (sec −1 ( ))
3

37
 𝑥
31. 𝑦 = csc (tan−1 ( )) 32. 𝑦 = sin(cos −1 𝑡)
2 √
1 1 𝑥+1
33. 𝑦 = ( ln ( ) + tan−1 𝑥) 34. 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2
2 2 𝑥−1

Show that
𝑑 sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
35. ( + ) = − cos(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 1+cot 𝑥 1+tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑛 𝑛𝜋
36. (sin4 𝑥 + cos 4 𝑥) = 4𝑛−1 cos (4𝑥 + ) where 𝑛 ∈ of real numbers
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 2
𝑑
37. (cos( sin−1 𝑥)) = √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
38. (sec 2 (tan−1 𝑥)) = 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1
39. (tan(sec −1 𝑡)) = |𝑡|√1 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑡2

𝑑 1
40. (cos(tan−1 𝑡)) =
𝑑𝑡 √1+𝑡 2

Determine the derivatives of the following:

41. 𝑦 = cos(𝑥 −1 ) + (cos 𝑥)−1 + cos −1 𝑥
42. 𝑦 = tan−1 (tan−1 𝑡)

3.9 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Function sinh−1 𝑥 cosh−1 𝑥 tanh−1 𝑥

Name Inverse hyperbolic Inverse hyperbolic Inverse hyperbolic

sine cosine tangent

Definition sinh−1 𝑥 cosh−1 𝑥 tanh−1 𝑥

= ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) 1 1+𝑥
= ln ( )
2 1−𝑥

38
 Domain (−∞; ∞) [1; ∞) (−1; 1)

Range (−∞; ∞) [0; ∞) (−∞; ∞)

Function coth−1 𝑥 sech−1 𝑥 csch−1 𝑥

Name Inverse hyperbolic Inverse hyperbolic Inverse hyperbolic

cotangent secant cosecant
Definition coth−1 𝑥 sech−1 𝑥 csch−1 𝑥
1 𝑥+1 1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 1 √1 + 𝑥 2
= ln ( ) = ln ( ) = ln ( + )
2 𝑥−1 𝑥 𝑥 |𝑥|

Domain (−∞; −1) ∪ (1; ∞) [0; 1) (−∞; 0) ∪ (0; ∞)

Range (−∞; 0) ∪ (0; ∞) [0; ∞) (−∞; 0) ∪ (0; ∞)

It is important to note the following:

𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥 if and only if sinh 𝑦 = 𝑥

𝑦 = cosh−1 𝑥 if and only if cosh 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 ≥ 0
𝑦 = tanh−1 𝑥 if and only if tanh 𝑦 = 𝑥

The remaining inverse hyperbolic functions are defined the same way.

39
 Furthermore,
sinh−1 ( sinh 𝑥) = 𝑥
cosh−1 ( cosh 𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0
tanh−1 ( tanh 𝑥) = 𝑥 = tanh(tanh−1 𝑥)

Derivatives of inverse hyperbolic functions

Functions sinh−1 𝑢 cosh−1 𝑢 tanh−1 𝑢 coth−1 𝑢 sech−1 𝑢 csch−1 𝑢

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Derivative 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−
𝑑𝑥
−
𝑑𝑥
−
𝑑𝑥
√1+𝑢2 √𝑢2 −1 1−𝑢2 𝑢2 −1 𝑢√1−𝑢2 |𝑢|√1+𝑢2

Different functions tanh−1 𝑥 and coth−1 𝑥 have “the same” derivatives. This is
due to the fact that the domain of tanh−1 𝑥 is 𝑥 ∈ (−1,1) and that of coth−1 𝑥 is
𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞). So, these functions have different domains!!!

It is important to note that the derivatives of inverse hyperbolic functions

correspond closely to the derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions.

Exercise 3.9

Determine the derivatives of the following and simplify if possible

1. 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 cosh−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑥
2. 𝑦 tanh 𝑦 = 𝑥 sinh−1 𝑥
−1 𝑡
3. 𝑦 = ln(sinh−1 𝑡)cos
4. 𝑦 = sinh−1 (sin 𝑡) + sin(sinh−1 𝑡)
40
5. 𝑦 = tanh−1 (𝑒 −𝑡 √𝑡)
6. 𝑦 = tanh−1 (tanh 𝑡) + tanh(tanh−1 𝑡) explain your observation
7. 𝑦 = cosh−1 (cosh 𝑡) + cosh(cosh−1 𝑡) explain your observation
8. 𝑦 = tanh−1 (tan 𝑡) + tan(tanh−1 𝑡)
9. 𝑦 csch−1 𝑡 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑒 𝑡𝑦
10. 𝑦 = tan−1 (tanh−1 (tan 𝑡))
11. 𝑦 = tan(tanh−1 (tan−1 𝑡))
12. 𝑦 = tanh(tan−1 (tanh−1 (tan 𝑡)))
13. 𝑦 = tanh−1 (tan(tanh(tan−1 𝑡)))
14. 𝑦 = sech(ln 𝑡) + sech−1 (ln 𝑡)
15. 𝑦 tanh 𝑦 = 𝑡 sinh−1 𝑡
−1 𝑡
16. 𝑦 = (ln 𝑡)cosh
tanh−1 𝑡
17. 𝑦=
√1−𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡

Prove that:
𝑑 1
18. (tanh−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 sech2(tan−1 𝑥)

𝑑
19. (sech2 (tan−1 𝑥)) = 1
𝑑𝑥

Solutions to some questions

Chapter 3

Section 3.1

3 3 3
𝑑𝑦 cos( √𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 sin2 ( √𝑥) cos( √𝑥 )
1. = 2 2. = 2
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 3
9(𝑥 sin( √𝑥 ))3 2𝑥 3 √sin3 ( √𝑥)

41
 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 cos(√𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑦 9𝑥 2 sin2 (√𝑥 3 ) cos(√𝑥 3 )
3. = 2 4. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 sin3 (√𝑥 3 )√𝑥 3 4 √𝑥 3 √sin3 (√𝑥 3 )

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 sin(√1−𝑥 2 )+𝑥 sin(2 √1−𝑥 2 )

5. =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 − cot( ) csc( ) −2 csc2 ( ) cot( )
𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1
6. = (1+𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 csc2(√ln 𝑥) csc2( )
2
7. = √cot(ln 𝑥) − −
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 √ln 𝑥 2𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2 − ln 𝑥 1
8. = 𝑥 𝑥 [ln(𝑥) + 1] + +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑥 ln[ln 𝑥] ∙ ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 cot(𝑥) − 3 ln[sin(𝑥)]
9. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥4
𝑑𝑦
10. = − 6 sec 3 (2𝑥) cos 2 (2𝑥) sin(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
11. = 15(3𝑥 + 7)4 sin(2𝑥) + 2(3𝑥 + 7)5 cos(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
12. = cos(𝑥) ln(sec 𝑥) + tan(𝑥) sin(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2(14𝑥 3 sin(𝑥(𝑥+2))+cos(𝑥(𝑥+2)) (𝑥+1)(5−𝑥 4 ))

13. = (5−𝑥 4 )8
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
14. = −24𝑥 2 tan(2𝑥)3 15. = −6 tan 2𝑥 ln2 cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥+cos 𝑥

16. = tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 17. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥+sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −8 sec2 𝑥 tan 𝑥
18. = 3
𝑑𝑥
(sec2 𝑥+tan2 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 tan4 2𝑥
19. = 8 tan3 2𝑥 sec 2 2𝑥 (9 − 𝑥 2 ) −
𝑑𝑥 √9−𝑥 2
1
19. ℎ′ (𝑡) =
8√𝑡 √1+𝑡 √1+√1+√𝑡

′ 4𝑡(𝑡 2 +1) 2(𝑡−5)

20. 𝑓 (𝑡) = 21. ℎ′ = −
(𝑡−5)2
√(𝑡 2 +1)2 +√1+(𝑡 2 +1)2 9√1− 9

3𝑡
22. 𝑔′ = 2
((3𝑡+1)+3) (3𝑡+1)2

42
23. 𝑦 ′ = − cos(cos(tan 𝑥)) sin(tan 𝑥) sec 2 𝑥
24. 𝑦 ′ = cos(sin(sin 𝑥)) cos(sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥
25. 𝑦 ′ = −2(cos(𝑒 𝑡 )) sin(𝑒 𝑡 ) 𝑒 𝑡
′ 𝜋 sec2 (𝜋𝑡) cos(tan 𝜋𝑡) sin √sin(tan 𝜋𝑡)
26. 𝑓 =−
2√sin(tan 𝜋𝑡)

27. 𝑦 ′ = −4(𝑡 + (𝑡 + (csc 𝑡)2 )3 )3 (1 + 3(𝑡 + (csc 𝑡)2 )2 (1 +

2 csc 𝑡)(csc 𝑡 cot 𝑡)
1
28. 𝑦′ =
4√𝑡 √𝑡+√𝑡√𝑡+√𝑡+√𝑡

3𝑡 2 sec2 (sin √1+𝑡 3 ) cos √1+𝑡 3

29. 𝑦′ =
2√1+𝑡 3

30. 𝑦 ′ = −2 cot(cos 𝑡) csc 2 (cos 𝑡) sin 𝑡

sec2 (𝑡−tan 𝑡)(1−sec2 𝑡)
31. 𝑦′ = (tan(𝑡−tan 𝑡))2
2 2 2𝑡
32. 𝑦 ′ = 4 sin(𝑒 sin 𝑡 ) cos(𝑒 sin 𝑡 )𝑒 sin sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡
33. 𝑦 ′ = 2 tan(sin 𝑡) sec 2 (sin 𝑡) cos 𝑡
34. 𝑦′ =
2
−
3 1 5
3 − 𝑥 − 4
1 4 8 4 8 1 4𝑥 +((𝑥+2) 4 −4(𝑥+5) 4 )2 √8
3
(𝑥 √𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 √𝑥+2) √𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 √ 𝑥
𝑥+2 2
4 8
√𝑥 4 +2𝑥 √(𝑥+2)
( [ ])

Section 3.2

𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥 ln 𝑥−𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 ln(3)−3𝑥 2

1. = 2. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑦 ln 𝑥−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒𝑦 𝑒−1

𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦2
3. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑥−2𝑦)

43
 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 cot(𝑦 2 )−2𝑦 2 𝑥 csc2 (𝑥 2 )− cot(𝑦)+𝑦 csc2 (𝑥)
4. =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦𝑥 2 csc2 (𝑦 2 )−2𝑦 cot(𝑥 2 )−𝑥 csc2 (𝑦)+ cot(𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑒 2(𝑦+𝑥) −4𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑦2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 ln2 (𝑦)−𝑦𝑥𝑒 𝑦+𝑥 ∙ln(𝑦)

5. = 6. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑥 2 −4𝑦−𝑒 2(𝑦+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑦 ln2 (𝑦) ln(𝑥)−𝑒 𝑦+𝑥 )
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
7. = −𝑦+ ÷𝑥− +1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑥 ln(𝑥𝑦) 𝑦 ln(𝑥𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 12𝑦
8. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒(𝑥+𝑦)𝑒−1 + 𝑒𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒−1 −2𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
9. =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑒 𝑦+𝑥 −𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 𝑒−1 −𝑒(𝑦+𝑥)𝑒−1

𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑥 𝑒−1 +𝑦 2 −𝑒 𝑦𝑥 −𝑦𝑥𝑒 𝑦𝑥 −𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑦𝑥
10. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑥𝑒 𝑦𝑥 −2𝑦𝑥−𝑒𝑦 𝑒−1 +𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦𝑥 +𝑒 𝑦𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑦 3 csc2 (𝑥) cot(𝑦 2 )+ 𝑦 cot2 (𝑦 2 ) csc2 ( 2 )
𝑦
11. = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2(xcot2 (𝑦 2 ) csc2 ( 2 )−𝑦 4 cot(𝑥) csc2 (𝑦 2 ))
𝑦

𝑑𝑦 − csc2 (𝑥+𝑦 2 )+ csc2 (𝑥) cot(𝑦 2 )

12. =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦(csc2 (𝑦 2 +𝑥)− cot(𝑥) csc2 (𝑦 2 ))

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 sec 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 2 sec(𝑦 −1 )−2𝑥𝑦 −1 sec(𝑥 2 𝑦 −1 ) tan(𝑥 2 𝑦 −1 )

13. =
𝑑𝑥 −𝑥 2 𝑦 −2 sec(𝑥 2 𝑦 −1 ) tan(𝑥 2 𝑦 −1 )+sec 𝑥 2 sec(𝑦 −1 ) tan(𝑦 −1 )𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
14. = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
7 3
𝑑𝑦 64(tan 8𝑥+tan 𝑦 3 ) sec2 8𝑥−𝑦3 8tan 𝑥𝑦 ln 8 sec2 𝑥𝑦 3
15. = 3
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥𝑦 2 8tan 𝑥𝑦 ln 8 sec2 𝑥𝑦 3 −3𝑦 2 sec2 𝑦 3

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 8𝑦𝑥 7 ln(𝑦𝑥)+𝑦𝑥 7
16. = 17. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 2 −2𝑦+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑦−𝑥 8
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 ln(𝑦)+𝑦
18. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(ln(3𝑥)−2+𝑦 ln2 (3𝑥)+4𝑦−4𝑦 ln(3𝑥))
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 sin(ln(𝑦𝑥))
19. =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑦+sin(ln(𝑥𝑦)))
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 cos(𝑥) cos(𝑦𝑥)− sin(𝑥) sin(𝑦𝑥)
20. =
𝑑𝑥 cos(𝑥)(sin(𝑦𝑥)−𝑥 cos(𝑦𝑥))

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦−2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑦−𝑦 2

21. = 22. =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦−𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑥−𝑥 2

44
 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥+cos(𝑥+𝑦)
23. =
𝑑𝑥 − cos(𝑥+𝑦)+2𝑦 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
24. =
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑦−1)
25. =
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑦(sin 𝑥−1)

𝑑𝑦 sec2 (𝑥−𝑦)(1+𝑥 2 )+2𝑥 tan(𝑥−𝑦)

26. =
𝑑𝑥 1+sec2 (𝑥−𝑦)(1+𝑥 2 )

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 sec 𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑥𝑦+𝑒 𝑦 sin 𝑥

27. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 cos 𝑥−𝑥 sec 𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑥𝑦

𝑑𝑦 cot 𝑦 2 +2𝑥𝑦 csc 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 −4𝑦 3 −4𝑥 3 𝑦 2

28. = 29. =
𝑑𝑥 csc 𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦 csc2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 4 𝑦−𝑥 3 +12𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 tan 𝑦−𝑦 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 sin 2𝑦−4𝑥 3 cot 𝑦
30. = 31. =
𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥−𝑥 sec2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 cos 2𝑦−𝑥 4 csc2 𝑦−1

Section 3.3

𝑑𝑦 4(−2𝑥−17) 𝑑𝑦 cos(𝑥)(𝑥 2 −1) + 𝑥 sin(𝑥)

1. = 2. =
𝑑𝑥 (4𝑥+1)(2𝑥−5) 𝑑𝑥 sin(𝑥) (𝑥 2 −1)
𝑑𝑦 10𝑦 sec2 5𝑥
3. = (𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 tan 3𝑥 − ) ÷ (1 − 𝑥𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 tan 5𝑥
tan(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 1 1 2 tan(2𝑥) tan(𝑥)
4. = (sec 5 (2𝑥)) (sec 2 (𝑥) ln (sec 5 (2𝑥)) + )
𝑑𝑥 5
𝑑𝑦 sin3 𝑥 ∙ tan2 𝑥 8𝑥
5. = (2𝑥 2 +1)2
[3 cot 𝑥 + 2 sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥 − ]
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑦 6 28𝑥 3
6. = (2𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 4 − 5)7 [ + ]
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥−1 𝑥 4 −5
𝑑𝑦 2 1 16𝑥
7. = √3𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ (𝑥 2 + 4)8 [ + 2𝑥 + 2 ]
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥 +4

𝑑𝑦 tan 𝑦 [𝑥 tan 𝑦 ]
8. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 [1−ln 𝑥(sec2 𝑦) 𝑥 tan 𝑦 ]
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥𝑦 ln cos 𝑥−𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑥
9. =
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 ln cos 𝑥

45
 2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥−2 ln(tan 𝑥)
10. = (tan 𝑥 ) [ 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 2 ln 𝑥
11. = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 cos 3𝑥(2𝑥−2)
12. = − 3𝑦 sin 3𝑥 ln(ln(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1))
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1) ln(𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1)

𝑑𝑦 3𝑒 3𝑥 ln cos 𝑦−2𝑦 cot 𝑥

13. =
𝑑𝑥 2 ln sin 𝑥+𝑒 3𝑥 tan 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 ln(tan 𝑥)
14. = (ln 𝑥)tan 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 ∙ csc 𝑥 ∙ ln 𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
15. = (cos 𝑥)3𝑥 [6𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥) − 3𝑥 2 tan 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (1+tan 𝑥)
16. = 1 sec2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑦−2 tan 𝑦)

𝑑𝑦 3 ln(sin 𝑥)
17. = (3𝑥 − 7)ln(sin 𝑥) [tan 𝑥 ln(3𝑥 − 7) − ]
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥−2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 ln 𝑦 cot 𝑥
18. =
𝑑𝑥 1−ln sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 3𝑥 2
19. = (1 + 𝑥 3 )𝑒 ∙ 𝑒 2𝑥 ∙ [2 ln(1 + 𝑥 3 ) + ]
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 3

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 csc2(sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥
20. =( − 3𝑦 tan 𝑥) ÷ (1 − 𝑦 sec 2 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 cot(sin 𝑥)
3
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑥 tan2 𝑥 2
2 sec 2 𝑥 3𝑥 2
21. = [3𝑥 + 1 + − 3 ]
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 3 + 4 tan 𝑥 2𝑥 + 8
3
𝑑𝑦 √7𝑥+3 √1−9 cos 5𝑥 7 15 sin 5𝑥 (3𝑥 2 −2)
22. = 4 [ + − ]
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 3 −2𝑥+4 14𝑥+6 1−9 cos 5𝑥 4𝑥 3 −8𝑥+16
𝑑𝑦 cos 3𝑥 (10−𝑒 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
23. = (10𝑥 − 𝑒 sin 𝑥 ) [cos 3𝑥 − 3 sin(3𝑥) ln(10𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥 10𝑥−𝑒 sin 𝑥
𝑒 sin 𝑥 )]
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 3𝑦𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 tan(𝑥𝑦)
24. = − 𝑥 tan(𝑥 2 + 1) 25. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1−2𝑦 cot(2𝑦)−𝑥𝑦 tan(𝑥𝑦)

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 ln 7−3𝑦 cos 𝑦 cot 3𝑥

26. =
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥𝑦−𝑦 sin 𝑦 ln sin 3𝑥

𝑑𝑦 √𝑥+10 1 8 10 sec2 (5𝑥−1)

27. = (2𝑥+3)4 2 [ − − ]
𝑑𝑥 tan (5𝑥−1) 2𝑥+20 2𝑥+3 tan(5𝑥−1)

46
 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 sin 𝑥 cos2 (𝑥−2) 𝑥 𝑥
28. = [cos 𝑥 − 2 tan(𝑥 − 2) − + ]
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 −1
√𝑥2 +1
𝑥 −1

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 cos(𝑥𝑦)−cos 𝑥
29. =
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 cos(𝑥𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 cos 𝑥 ln cos 𝑦
30. =( ) ÷ (1 + 𝑦 tan 𝑦 ln(3 + sin 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 3+sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (7−56𝑥 2 )
31. = 𝑒 csc 𝑥 (ln 𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 )7 sin(4𝑥) [4 cot(4𝑥) + − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(ln 𝑥−4𝑥 2 )

𝑑𝑦 tan 𝑥
32. = sec 2 (𝑥 ln 𝑥) +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
33. = 3𝑥 ln 𝑥 ln 3(ln 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑦
34. = 35. = 10 + 5 log √𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 ln 5 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 1 𝜋 𝑑𝑦 −𝑡
36. = + tan 𝜋𝑡 37. =
𝑑𝑡 ln 2 ln 2 𝑑𝑡 1+𝑡

Section 3.4

1 2 1 1
1. 𝑦′ = −1 , 𝑦 ′′ = 1 3 3 2. 𝑦′ = , 𝑦 ′′ = − (𝑦+1)3
𝑦+1
𝑦 2 +1 (𝑦 −2 +1) 𝑦 2

4
1.5𝑥 0.5 −27𝑦 3
3. 𝑦′ = , 𝑦 ′′ =
0.67𝑦 −0.33 8√𝑥

−𝑦 2 −2𝑥𝑦 −2𝑦−𝑦 2
4. 𝑦′ = , 𝑦 ′′ =
𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦 𝑥 2 +2𝑥

′
18𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ (−324𝑥 − 54𝑦 2 + 18𝑥 2 𝑦) − 18𝑥𝑦 2 + 324𝑦
′′
5. 𝑦 = 2 , 𝑦 =
3𝑦 − 18𝑥 (3𝑦 2 − 18𝑥)2

1−3𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑦 1−3𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑦

6. 𝑦′ = , 𝑦 ′′ = (−8𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 − (2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) ( )) ÷
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1

(𝑥 2 + 1)2
𝑦−1 (cos 𝑦−𝑥+𝑦 sin 𝑦−sin 𝑦)𝑦 ′ +1
7. 𝑦′ = , 𝑦 ′′ =
cos 𝑦−𝑥 (cos 𝑦−𝑥)2

47
 1 𝑥 1
2−2𝑥 cos( )+cos( )
′ 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
8. 𝑦 = 1 1 𝑥 𝑥 ,
𝑥 2 sin(𝑦) 2 +cos(𝑦) 2
𝑦 𝑦

2𝑥−2𝑥(𝑥−𝑦)2 −2𝑥 3 +2𝑦𝑥 2

9. 𝑦′ = ,
2𝑦𝑥 2 −2𝑥 3 +2𝑦

10. 𝑦 ′ = 𝜋𝑒 𝜋𝑥 tan 𝜋𝑥 + 𝜋𝑒 𝜋𝑥 sec 2 𝜋𝑥, 𝑦 ′′ = 𝜋 2 𝑒 𝜋𝑥 tan 𝜋𝑥 +

2𝜋 2 𝑒 𝜋𝑥 sec 2 𝜋𝑥(1 + tan 𝜋𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
11. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1), 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑥 (3 + 𝑥) + 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
𝑥3 −3𝑥 2 (𝑦 2 +𝑥 2 )
12. 𝑦′ = − 3
, 𝑦 ′′ =
𝑦 𝑦7

𝑥2 2𝑥 2𝑥 4
13. 𝑦′ = − 2
, 𝑦 ′′ = − 2
−
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦5

2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥
14. 𝑦′ = − + +1
cos(𝑥−𝑦) cos(𝑥−𝑦)

5𝑥 4 −5𝑦 75𝑥 4 −100𝑥 3 𝑦 4 +100𝑦 4 −𝑦 ′ (25𝑥+25𝑦 4 +100𝑦 7 )

17. 𝑦′ = 4
, 𝑦 ′′ = (5𝑥+5𝑦 4 )2
5𝑥+5𝑦

𝑦 2 𝑥−𝑦 3
18. 𝑦′ = ,
(𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑦)(2𝑦−𝑥)

Section 3.5

32𝜋𝑅 3 𝐸
3. 4. 60𝑚 5.
81 2𝑅

𝐿 3 𝑉
6. 7. 𝑟= √ 8. 𝑅=𝑟
𝑅 2 +𝜔2 𝐿2 2𝜋

9. Maximum efficiency is about 41% 10. 54 𝑘𝑚/ℎ

8 √19
12. − ≈ 1.2137 13. 4000𝑐𝑚3 14. 1000 × 1500
3 3

15. 3.169𝑐𝑚; 6.339𝑐𝑚

Section 3.6

48
 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑2𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 2𝑡 𝑑2𝑦 −2𝑡 2 −6
1. = 1 + 𝑡, = 𝑡 2. = , =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 4 𝑑𝑥 3𝑡 2 −12 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑡 2 −4

𝑑𝑦 1−𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑2𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑡−𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑡−1 𝑑2𝑦 2𝑡

3. = , = 4. = , =
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑡 −1 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑡 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑡+1 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑡+1
𝑑𝑦 −5 sin 𝑡 𝑑2𝑦
5. = , = −5 cos 𝑡 − 10 sin 𝑡 tan 2𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2 cos 2𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 sec2 𝑡 𝑑2𝑦
6. = , = 2 sec 2 𝑡(tan 𝑡 − 3 tan 3𝑡)
𝑑𝑥 3 sec2 3𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 −cos 𝑡 𝑑2𝑦
7. = , =1
𝑑𝑥 1+sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑑2𝑦
8. = , = 2(cos2 𝑡 − sin2 𝑡 − 3 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 cos 3𝑡)
𝑑𝑥 −12 sin 3𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑒 3𝑡 (9 sin 𝑡+cos 𝑡)
9. = , =
𝑑𝑥 3 cos 𝑡−sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2 3 cos 𝑡−sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 1
10. = csc 𝑡 − cot 𝑡, = − (cot 𝑡 + csc 𝑡)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 5
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
11. = −3𝑒 4𝑡 , = 12𝑒 5𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
12. = − tan 𝑡, = csc 𝑡 13. = sin 3𝑡, = sec 3𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑2𝑦
14. = , =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 csc 𝜃 𝑑2𝑦 csc 𝜃
15. =− , = − csc 3 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 cot 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 2 cot2 𝜃

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑2𝑦
16. = , = cot 2𝜃
𝑑𝑥 2 csc2 2𝜃 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 cos(𝜃)− 𝜃 sin(𝜃) 𝑑2𝑦 𝜃2 cos(2𝜃)+𝜃 sin(2𝜃)−2
17. = =
𝑑𝑥 sin(𝜃)+ 𝜃 cos(𝜃) 𝑑𝑥 2 (sin(𝜃)+ 𝜃 cos(𝜃))3

𝑑2𝑦 − sec 𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 sec3 𝜃

18. = 19. = − tan 𝑥, =
𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 3
3 1
𝑑𝑦 3 tan 𝜃 𝑑2𝑦 cot 𝜃 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
20. = , = 21. = 4𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 2 , = 4𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 cot 𝑡−1 𝑑2𝑦 csc2 𝑡(1−𝑒 −𝑡 )−𝑒 −𝑡(cot 𝑡−1)

22. = , =−
𝑑𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑡 +1 𝑑𝑥 2 (1−𝑒 −𝑡)
1 1 1
𝑑𝑦 2 cosh 2𝑡− 𝑑2 𝑦 (4−5sin 𝑡)(4 sinh 2𝑡+ 2 )+5 cos 𝑡(2 cosh 2𝑡− )
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
23. = , =
𝑑𝑥 4−5 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2 4−5 sin 𝑡
2
𝑑𝑦 22 ln 𝑡 ln 2 𝑑2𝑦 2ln |𝑡 | ln 2(cos(ln 𝑡)−2 ln 2 sin(ln 𝑡))
24. =− , =
𝑑𝑥 2 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2 (−2 sin(ln 𝑡))3

49
 𝑑𝑦 cos(𝑡+sin 2𝑡)
25. = cos(𝑡 + sin 2𝑡) + ,
𝑑𝑥 2 cos 2𝑡
𝑑2𝑦 sin(𝑡+sin 2𝑡)
= 2 cos(𝑡 + sin 2𝑡) tan2t −2 sin(𝑡 + sin 2𝑡) −
𝑑𝑥 2 2 cos 2𝑡

𝑑𝑦 5𝑒 tan 5𝑡 sec2 5𝑡−3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑦 (4+𝑡 2 ) sin 2𝑡+𝑡 cos 2𝑡

26. = 27. =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡+3 cos 3𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑡 sin 2𝑡−(4+𝑡 2 ) cos 2𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 csc2 5𝑡
28. = − cot 5𝑡, =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2 sin 5𝑡
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑡 𝑑2𝑦 cos 𝑡 sin2 𝑡
29. = , = −
𝑑𝑥 1−cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2 3 1−cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 sec2 𝑡
30. = tan 𝑡, =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 −12 cos2 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑡+2 cos 𝑡 𝑑2𝑦 −9 sin 3𝑡 sin 2𝑡−6 cos 3𝑡 cos 2𝑡
31. = , =
𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑡−2 sin 2𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2 (− sin 𝑡−2 sin 2𝑡)3
𝑡
𝑑𝑦 sec2
𝑡 2
32. = 𝑒 (cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡) ÷ ( 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑥 2 tan
2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
33. = 1 + 𝑡, = (1 + 𝑡)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 3 cos 3𝑡 𝑑2𝑦 −9 sin 3𝑡 sin 2𝑡−6 cos 3𝑡 cos 2𝑡

34. = , =
𝑑𝑥 2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2 (sin 2𝑡)3

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 1
35. = 𝑡 + 1, =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑡

Section 3.7

𝑑𝑦 2𝑡 2𝑡
1. = sinh 2𝑡𝑒 sinh sech2 𝑒 sinh
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
2. = −(cos 𝑡 + sinh 𝑡) csch(sin 𝑡 + cosh 𝑡) coth(sin 𝑡 − cosh 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
3. = −6𝑡 sech3 𝑡 2 tanh 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
4. = cosh(cosh 𝑡) sinh 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
5. = cosh(2𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
6. = 𝑒 sin 𝑡 sinh 𝑡 (cos 𝑡 sinh 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 cosh 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

50
 𝑑𝑦 −2 sinh 𝑡 𝑑𝑦
7. = (1+cosh 8. = 4𝑒 cosh 4𝑡 sinh 4𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − csch2 √𝑡
9. = 2𝑡 coth 𝑡 − 𝑡 2 csch2 𝑡 10. =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2√𝑡 coth 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
11. = cosh(sin(sinh 𝑡)) cos(sinh 𝑡) cosh 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 sinh(√sin(tanh(ln 𝑡))) cos(tanh(ln 𝑡)) sech2 (ln 𝑡)

12. =
𝑑𝑡 2𝑡√sin(tanh(ln 𝑡))

𝑑𝑦 2 2 2𝑡
13. = 4 sinh(𝑒 sinh 𝑡 ) cosh(𝑒 sinh 𝑡 ) 𝑒 sinh sinh 𝑡 cosh 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 2 2 2
14. = 4𝑡 sinh(𝑒 cosh 𝑡 ) 𝑒 2 cosh 𝑡 sinh 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
15. = −2 coth(cosh 𝑡) csch2 (cosh 𝑡) sinh 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑡 tanh(𝜋𝑡)
16. = 4𝜋 tanh3 (𝜋𝑡) sech2 (𝜋𝑡)√𝜋 − 𝑡 2 −
𝑑𝑡 √𝜋−𝑡 2

𝑑𝑦 − sech2(𝑡−tan 𝑡)(1−sec2 𝑡)
17. =
𝑑𝑡 tanh(𝑡−tan 𝑡)2

𝑑𝑦 cosh 2𝑡
18. = 𝑦( + 2 ln 𝑡 sinh 2𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 2𝑡 2𝑡
19. = sinh 2𝑡𝑒 sinh sech2 𝑒 sinh
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
20. = −(cos 𝑡 + sinh 𝑡) csc(sin 𝑡 + cosh 𝑡) coth(sin 𝑡 + cosh 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 sech2 𝑡
21. = 𝑦 (ln 𝑡 + 1 + )
𝑑𝑡 tanh 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
22. = 𝑒 sinh 𝑡 (tanh 𝑡 + cosh 𝑡 ln cosh 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

Section 3.8

𝑑𝑦 18𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 cos−1(𝑥 4 ) 4x3 sin−1 (𝑥 2 )

1. = 2. = +
𝑑𝑥 √1−81𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 4 √1−𝑥 8
𝑑𝑦 1 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4. = + 3. = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 (sin 𝑥)2 −1 √𝑥 2 (sin 𝑥)2 −1 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 ln 8 𝑑𝑦 ln 𝑥+1
5. = 6. =
𝑑𝑥 √(8𝑥 )2 −1 𝑑𝑥 √1−(𝑥 ln 𝑥)2

51
 𝑑𝑦 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑥𝑒 𝑥
7. = 8. =
𝑑𝑥 1+(sin 2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 1+(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 )2
−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5tan ln 5 𝑑𝑦 −7𝑥 6
9. = 10. =
𝑑𝑥 √1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2√1−𝑥 14 √cos−1(𝑥 7 )

𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑑𝑦 3 cos(sin−1 3𝑥)
11. = 12. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 √1−9𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥√1−𝑥 2 𝑥 sin−1 (𝑥 2 )
13. =3 14. = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 4 √1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥 cot−1 𝑥 ln 𝑥
15. = 𝑥 cot [ − ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥
16. = (tan−1 𝑥)sin 𝑥 [ cos 𝑥 ln tan−1 𝑥 + (1+𝑥 2) ]
𝑑𝑥 tan−1 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2 𝑥2
17. = cos −1 𝑥 𝑥 [2𝑥 ln cos −1 𝑥 − ]
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 cos−1 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥 ln 𝑦−𝑦(1+𝑥 2 )) 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
18. = 19. = 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(1+𝑥 2 )(𝑦 ln 𝑥−tan−1 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥 4 )2
𝑑𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦 −1
20. = 21. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4 √1−𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 2√1−𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
22. = 3 23. =
𝑑𝑥 (1−4𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 √1+𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 5𝑥 4
24. = 25. = 3
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 (1−𝑥 10 )2
𝑥 3 √1− 2
𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −9𝑥 𝑑𝑦
26. = 3 27. =𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (1+9𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 √𝑥 2 −1
28. = √1 − 4𝑥 2 29. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 √𝑥 2 −9 𝑑𝑦 √𝑥 2 +2
30. = 31. =
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑡 𝑑𝑦 1
32. = 33. =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑡 2 𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦
34. = sin−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

52
Section 3.9

𝑑𝑦 −[(𝑥 2 +1) cosh−1 𝑦+1]√𝑦 2 −1 𝑑𝑦 𝑥+(sinh−1 𝑥)√𝑥 2 +1

1. = 2. =
𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥 2 )(𝑥−√𝑦 2 −1) 𝑑𝑥 √1+𝑥 2 (𝑦 sech2 𝑦+tanh 𝑦)

𝑑𝑦 − ln sinh−1 𝑡 cos−1 𝑡 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑡 cos(sinh−1 𝑡)

3. = + 4. = +
𝑑𝑡 √1−𝑡 2 sinh−1 𝑡 (√1+𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 √1+sin2 𝑡 √1+𝑡 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑡 −2𝑡𝑒 𝑡
5. =
𝑑𝑡 2√𝑡(𝑒 2𝑡−𝑡)

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 sinh(cosh−1 𝑡)
6. = 1 + sech2 (tanh−1 𝑡) 7. =1+
𝑑𝑡 1−𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 √𝑡 2 −1

𝑑𝑦 sec2 𝑡 sec2 (tanh−1 𝑡)

8. = +
𝑑𝑡 1−tan2 𝑡 1−𝑡 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑦+𝑡𝑦𝑒 𝑡𝑦 √1+𝑡 2
9. =
𝑑𝑡 𝑡√1+𝑡 2 (csch−1 𝑡−2𝑦−𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑦 )

𝑑𝑦 sec2 𝑡
10. =
𝑑𝑡 (1−tan2 𝑡)(1+(tanh−1 (tan 𝑡))2 )

𝑑𝑦 1
11. =
𝑑𝑡 (1+𝑡 2 )(1−(tan−1 𝑡)2 )

𝑑𝑦 sec2 (𝑡)
12. =
𝑑𝑡 (1−tan2 𝑡)(1+(tanh−1 (tan 𝑡))2 )

𝑑𝑦 sec2 (tanh(tan−1 𝑡)) sech2 (tan−1 𝑡)

13. =
𝑑𝑡 (1+𝑡 2 )(1−(tan(tanh(tan−1 𝑡))))

𝑑𝑦 1 1
14. = − sech(ln 𝑡) tanh(ln 𝑡) ( ) −
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 ln 𝑡√1−(ln 𝑡)2

𝑑𝑦 𝑡+sinh−1 𝑡√1+𝑡 2
15. =
𝑑𝑡 √1+𝑡 2 (tanh 𝑦+𝑦 sech2 𝑦)

𝑑𝑦 ln|ln|𝑡|| cosh−1 𝑡
16. = 𝑦( + )
𝑑𝑡 √𝑡 2 −1 𝑡 ln|𝑡|

𝑑𝑦 ln|tanh−1 𝑡| ln|𝑡|
17. = 𝑦( + )
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 tanh−1 𝑡(1−𝑡 2 )

53
Chapter 4

Applications of Differentiation

4.1 L’Hopital’s rule:

𝑓(𝑥) 0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)

If lim = , then lim = lim provided that 𝑔′(𝑎) ≠ 0.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 0 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′(𝑥)

Note that there are cases were L’Hopital’s rule could be used more than once
until the denominator is no longer zero.
Determine the following limits
Example 1

sin2 𝑥
lim Let 𝑓(𝑥) = sin2 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 − cos 2 𝑥. Then
𝑥→0 1−cos2 𝑥
𝑓(0) 0
lim = . We differentiate both 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥). That is
𝑥→0 𝑔(0) 0

sin2 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

lim = lim
𝑥→0 1−cos2 𝑥 𝑥→0 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin2 𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 1−cos2 𝑥

Example 2

𝑥 4 −7𝑥 2 +12
lim Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 12 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2. Then
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
𝑓(2) 0
lim = . We differentiate both 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥).
𝑥→2 𝑔(2) 0

54
 𝑥 4 −7𝑥 2 +12
lim = lim 4𝑥 3 − 14𝑥
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2
𝑥 4 −7𝑥 2 +12
lim = 4(2)3 − 14(2)
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

𝑥 4 −7𝑥 2 +12
lim =4
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

Example 3

𝑥+tan 2𝑥
lim Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + tan 2𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − tan 2𝑥. Then
𝑥→0 𝑥−tan 2𝑥
𝑓(0) 0
lim = . We differentiate both 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥).
𝑥→0 𝑔(0) 0

𝑥+tan 2𝑥 1+2 sec2 𝑥

lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥−tan 2𝑥 𝑥→0 1−2 sec2 𝑥
𝑥+tan 2𝑥
lim = −3
𝑥→0 𝑥−tan 2𝑥

Exercise 4.1

4𝑥 2 −8𝑥 𝑥 |𝑥−3|
1. lim 2. lim+ |𝑥| 3. lim−
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→0 𝑥→3 𝑥−3

𝑡+1 √𝑥−1 𝑥−27

4. lim 5. lim 6. lim 3
𝑡→−1 |𝑡+1| 𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→27 √𝑥−3

√𝑡 2 +16 2𝑥 −4 4𝑥 −4
7. lim 8. lim 9. lim
𝑡→∞ 𝑡+1 𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→1 𝑥−1

𝑥 2 +3𝑥−10 √𝑥+3−√6 √𝑥+4−2

10. lim 11. lim 12. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2 𝑥→3 𝑥−3 𝑥→0 𝑥
1 2 𝑥
13. lim 14. lim 15. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 3 𝑥→−1 (𝑥+1)2 𝑥→0 3−√𝑥+9
1−sin 𝑡 1+cos 𝑥 1 1
16. lim𝜋 17. lim 18. lim ( − )
𝑡→ cos 𝑡 𝑥→𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥)2 𝑥→0 sin 𝑥 𝑥
2

55
 1
sin 𝑡−𝑡
19. lim −(𝑥 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥+1 − 1) 20. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑡→0 tan 𝑡
sin 3𝑡 1 1
21. lim 22. lim 𝑥 sin ( ) , Hint ( z = )
𝑡→0 sin 𝑡 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 x

−𝑥 1 𝑥 1
23. lim 𝑥𝑒 24. lim (1 + ) 25. lim (ln 𝑥) 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞
𝑥
26. lim 27. lim [ln 𝑥 − ln(1 + 𝑥)] 28. lim 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→0

2 )𝑥
1
1 sin 𝑥 𝑥 2 −50
29. lim (1 + 𝑥 30. lim ( ) 31. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→0𝑥 𝑥→5 𝑥−5
𝑥 2 −16 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥 4 −1
32. lim 33. lim 34. lim
𝑥→−4 𝑥+4 𝑥→3 −4+√𝑥 2 +1 𝑥→1 𝑥 3 −1
4𝑥−𝑥 2 −10+ √𝑥 2 +100 5𝑥 3 +8𝑥 2
35. lim 36. lim 37. lim
𝑥→4 2−√𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→0 3𝑥 4 −16𝑥 2

4.2 Curve Sketching, Tangents and Normal

Guide line on curve sketching:

Given 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), determine 𝑓 ′ (𝑥).

Critical points or turning points occurs when 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0.
Second order derivatives test/ investigations of the nature of turning points.
When 𝑓 ′′ > 0 we obtain a local minimum and the curve is concave up.
When 𝑓 ′′ < 0 we obtain a local maximum and the curve is concave down.

Inflection points occurs where the direction of concavity changes that is

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0.
Stationary inflection points occurs when 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0.
Determine the 𝑥 and 𝑦 intercepts. To obtain the 𝑥 intercepts let 𝑦 = 0 and to
obtain the 𝑦 intercepts let 𝑥 = 0.
You can now plot the graph.

56
 Tangent and Normal Line:

The tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the point 𝑝(𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)) is the line
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑎)
through 𝑝 with the slope 𝑚 = lim provided the limit exits. An
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
equation of the tangent line is given by 𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎).

Normal line: It is a straight line perpendicular to the tangent line. The slope of
the normal line is obtained from the formula 𝑀𝑇 𝑀𝑁 = −1. The equation of a
normal line is given by 𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑀𝑁 (𝑥 − 𝑎).

Exercise 4.2

𝑑𝑦
1. Given the function 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 3, determine the value of at the
𝑑𝑥
points where the graph crosses the 𝑥 axis.

2. Determine the value of the constants 𝑎 and 𝑏 given the function defined by
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 2 = 𝑏, where = 2 at the point (1, 1).
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
3. Determine the value of when 𝑥 = 8 given that (𝑥 − 5)2 + 𝑦 2 = 25.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
4. Determine the value of given that 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦(𝑥 − 3) = 𝑥 2 − 15 when 𝑥 = 4
𝑑𝑥
5. Determine all points on the curve 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 = 2 where the slope of the
tangent line is -1.

6. Where does the normal line to the ellipse 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 3 at the point (-1,
1) intersect the ellipse a second time ?

7. Show by implicit differentiation that the tangent to the ellipse

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
At the point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) is

57
 𝑥0 𝑥 𝑦0 𝑦
+ 2 =1
𝑎2 𝑏

√𝑥 2 +1− √𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 3
8. If 𝑦 = √𝑥2+1 + √𝑥2−1 ,show that 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − √𝑥4−1

9. Use trigonometric identities to prove that the derivative of tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥.

10. Suppose the function 𝐹(𝑥) and 𝐺(𝑥) satisfy the following properties:

𝐹 (3) = 2,
𝐹 ′ (3) = −1,
𝐺 (3) = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐺 ′ (3) = 0

𝐹(𝑥)
a. If 𝑆(𝑥) = , determine 𝑆 ′ (3).
𝐺(𝑥)
b. If 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑥) × 𝐺(𝑥), determine 𝑇 ′ (3).

11. Suppose that 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are differentiable functions and that
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥). Determine 𝑔′(1) given the following values :

ℎ(1) = 24,
𝑔(1) = 6,
𝑓 ′ (1) = −2 and
ℎ′ (1) = 20

12. If 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑥 2 [𝑓(𝑥)]3 = 10 and 𝑓(1) = 2, determine 𝑓′(1).

13. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥), where 𝑔(0) = 2 and 𝑔′ (0) = 5, determine 𝑓′(0).

14. Suppose that 𝑓(5) = 1, 𝑓 ′ (5) = 6, 𝑔(5) = −3, and 𝑔′ = 2. Determine

the following values.

(a) (𝑓𝑔)′ (5)

𝑓 ′
(b) ( ) (5)
𝑔

58
 𝑔
(c) ( )′(5)
𝑓

15. Suppose that 𝑓(2) = −3, 𝑔(2) = 4, 𝑓 ′ (2) = −2, and 𝑔′ (2) = 7.
Determine ℎ′(2).
(a) ℎ(𝑥) = 5𝑓(𝑥) − 4𝑔(𝑥)
(b) ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥)
(c) ℎ(𝑥) =
𝑔(𝑥)

𝑔(𝑥)
(d) ℎ(𝑥) =
1+𝑓(𝑥)

16. Differentiate 𝑦 = cosh(sin−1 (𝑥 2 ln 𝑥)).

cos 𝑥 −2 cos(1−sin 𝑥)
17. If 𝑓(𝑥) = prove that 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (2+sin 𝑥)3
2+sin 𝑥

𝑥3 2𝑥(3−𝑥 2 )
18. If 𝑓(𝑥) = prove that 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) =
𝑥 2 +1 (𝑥 2 +1)3
1
19. If 𝑓(𝑥) = determine 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥)
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+𝑐
sin 𝑥
20. If 𝑓(𝑥) = determine 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥)
2+cos 𝑥

21. Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 determine 𝑓 ′ , 𝑓 ′′ , 𝑓 ′′′ , 𝑓 ′𝑣 and explain your observation

22. Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡 determine 𝑓 ′ , 𝑓 ′′ , 𝑓 ′′′ , 𝑓 ′𝑣 and explain your
observation
𝑥−1
23. Determine the equations of the tangent to the curve 𝑦(𝑥) = that are
𝑥+1
parallel to the line 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2
24. Determine the equations of the tangent and normal line to the following
curves
𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑒𝑥
(𝑎). 𝑦(𝑥) = at (1, ) (𝑏). 𝑦(𝑥) = at (1, 𝑒)
1+𝑥 2 2 𝑥

(𝑐). 𝑦(𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 at (0,0) (𝑑). 𝑦(𝑥) = sin(sin 𝑥) at (𝜋, 0)

1
(𝑒). 𝑦(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 at (0,0) (𝑓). 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 at (1, )
𝑒
𝜋
(𝑔). 𝑦(𝑥) = sec 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 at ( , 1)
3
𝜋
(ℎ). 𝑦(𝑥) = 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 at ( , 𝜋)
2

25. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑥) where 𝑔(𝑥)and ℎ(𝑥) are differentiable for all

59
 orders then
(a) Show that 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) + 2𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′′ (𝑥).
(b) Furthermore determine a similar formula for both
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) and 𝑓 ′𝑣 (𝑥)
1+𝑥
26. Show that the curve 𝑦(𝑥) = has three points of inflection and they
1+𝑥 2
all lie on one straight line.
1
27. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = (1+𝑒 𝑥)2.

(a) Determine the 𝑥 and 𝑦 intercepts.

(b) Prove that there are no critical points
(c) Calculate the point(s) of inflection.
Determine the 𝑥 and 𝑦 intercepts, critical points and point(s) of inflection if any
of the following:
𝑥 2 −4𝑥 4−4𝑥
28. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥+4)2 29. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2
1 4
𝑥 2 +2
30. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3 31. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 2 −4
1
32. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 33. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥
2
34. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −2𝑥 35. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥+5
18(𝑥−1) 𝑥+3
36. 𝑓(𝑥) = 37. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2 √𝑥 2 +1
2
𝑥
38. 𝑓(𝑥) = (5 − 2𝑥)𝑥 3 39. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 2 −1
𝑥 3 −2𝑥 𝑥 2 −1
40. 𝑓(𝑥) = 41. 𝑓(𝑥) =
3𝑥 2 −9 𝑥

4.3 Newtown – Raphson Method

𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
The Newton-Raphson formula is given by 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 )

Determine the root(s) of the following using the Newton-Raphson method.

Example 1

60
 Use Newton-Raphson method to determine the root of equation tan 𝑥 = 𝑥,
with the initial guess of 𝑥0 = 4.6, round your answer to 4 decimal places.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 , 𝑓 ′ = 1 − sec 2 𝑥
xn −tan 𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
1−sec2 𝑥𝑛
𝑥0 = 4.6
𝑥1 ≈ 4.54573
𝑥2 ≈ 4.50615
𝑥3 ≈ 4.49417
𝑥4 ≈ 4.49341
𝑥5 ≈ 4.49341

The root is 𝑥5 ≈ 4.4934

Example 2

Determine the root of cos 𝑥 = 𝑥 to six decimal places.

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − 𝑥. Then 𝑓 ′ = − sin 𝑥 − 1. To guess a suitable value of
𝑥1 plot both graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = cos 𝑥. They intersect at the point less
than 1. So we take our 𝑥1 = 1.
cos 𝑥𝑛 −𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
− sin 𝑥𝑛 −1
𝑥2 ≈ 0.75036387
𝑥3 ≈ 0.73911289
𝑥4 ≈ 0.73908513
𝑥5 ≈ 0.73908513

The root is 𝑥5 ≈ 0.73908513

Exercise 4.3

Use Newton-Raphson’s method to determine the root(s) of the following

equation with the provided starting point. Give your answer correct to three
decimal places.
1. cos 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑥0 = 0.5 2. 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 5 = 0, 𝑥0 = 2

61
3. 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑥 + 6 4. 3𝑥 + ln 𝑥 = 7
5. 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥
6. 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 4 = 0, 𝑥0 = 17 7. 𝑒 𝑥 = 3 − 2𝑥
8. (𝑥 − 2)2 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑥0 = 1 and 𝑥0 = 3 9. tan 𝑥 = √1 − 𝑥 2
10. 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0, 𝑥0 = 1 11. 5𝑒 sin 𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 9, 𝑥0 = 2.5
12. ln(2𝑥 + 3) = (𝑥 − 3)2 + 1 13. cos 𝑥 = √𝑥, 𝑥0 = 0.5
4
14. 𝑥 2 (4 − 𝑥 2 ) =
𝑥 2 +1
2
15. 4𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥0 = 0.9
16. ln(2𝑥 + 1) = 3 − 2𝑥 , 𝑥0 = 1
17. 3 sin(𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥, 𝑥0 = 0; 𝑥0 = 0.5 and 𝑥0 = 1
18. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 5 = 0 19. 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0
20. ln(𝑥 + 2) = 𝑒 log2 𝑥 − 1 , 𝑥0 = 1.5

4.4 Maclaurin Series

Maclaurin series expansion of a function is given by

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0) + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑛 (0) + ⋯
2! 3! 𝑛!

Determine the first three non-zero terms using the Maclaurin series method.
Example 1
𝑓(𝑡) = (1 + 𝑡)𝑒 −𝑡
𝑓(𝑡) = (1 + 𝑡)𝑒 −𝑡 𝑓(0) = 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 + −(1 + 𝑡)𝑒 −𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑓′(0) = 0
𝑓 ′′ (𝑡) = −𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑓′′(0) = −1
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑡) = 2𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑓′′′(0) = 2
𝑡2 𝑡3
Therefore the Maclaurin series of 𝑓(𝑡) = (1 + 𝑡)𝑒 −𝑡 is 𝑓(𝑡) = 1 − + +⋯
2! 3!

62
Example 2

𝑥3 𝑥5
𝑓(𝑥) = sin(sin 𝑥). We know that Maclaurin series of sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + + ⋯
3! 5!
Then
3 5
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥3 𝑥5
𝑥3 𝑥5 (𝑥 − 3! + + ⋯ ) (𝑥 − 3! + + ⋯ )
5! 5!
sin(sin 𝑥) = (𝑥 − + ) − + +⋯
3! 5! 3! 5!
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥3 3𝑥 5 𝑥5
sin(sin 𝑥) = 𝑥 − − − + + +⋯
3! 5! 3! 3!3! 5!
𝑥3 𝑥5
Therefore the Macluarin series of sin(sin 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + +⋯
3 10

Example 3

ln(1+𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = .
𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥3
We know that Maclaurin series of ln(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + +⋯
2 3
ln(1+𝑥) 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
Therefore =1− + − +⋯
𝑥 2 3 4

Example 4

√1+2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ln( ).
2−3𝑥
√1+2𝑥 1 −3𝑥
We know that ln ( ) = ln|1 + 2𝑥| − ln[2(1 + )] and Maclaurin series
2−3𝑥 2 2
1 4𝑥 3 −3𝑥 3 9𝑥 2 9𝑥 3
of ln(1 + 2𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + + ⋯ and ln (1 + ) =− 𝑥− − +⋯
2 3 2 2 8 8

√1+2𝑥 1 5 𝑥2 59𝑥 3
∴ ln ( ) = ln + 𝑥 + + +⋯
2−3𝑥 2 2 8 24

Exercise 4.4

63
Use Maclaurin series to determine the following nonzero terms as specified.
𝑥
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥, First three terms
1+𝑥 2
1
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin2 𝑥 + , First four terms
𝑒 𝑥+1

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + ln(1 + 𝑥), First four terms

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = cos(sin 𝑥) + 𝑥 2 , First three terms
1
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = + 𝑒 sin 𝑥 , First five terms
1−𝑥 2
sin 𝑥
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = , First two terms
𝑥 2 −1

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 ln(1 + 𝑥), First three terms

8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 √1 + 𝑥, First two terms
9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 4𝑥, First four terms
10. 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(1 + sin 𝑥), First three terms
11. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥, First three terms
2
12. 𝑓(𝑥) = + 3cos 𝑥 , First two terms
1−𝑥 2

𝑥 2 +1
13. 𝑓(𝑥) = ln ( ), First three terms (Hint: use log rules)
cosh 𝑥

14. 𝑓(𝑡) = √1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 First three terms

1
15. 𝑓(𝑡) = First four terms
1+𝑡 2
1
16. 𝑓(𝑡) = First four terms (Hint use partial fraction)
1−𝑡 2
𝑡+1
17. 𝑓(𝑡) = First four terms (Hint use partial fraction)
𝑡 2 −5𝑡+6

First three terms of the followings:

2
18. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 19. 𝑓(𝑡) = cos(2𝑡 3 )
2
20. 𝑓(𝑡) = tan−1 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 21. 𝑓(𝑡) = sec 𝑡 tan 𝑡
22. 𝑓(𝑡) = tan−1 (𝑒 𝑡 − 1)

64
 4.5 The Binomial Expansions

The Binomial formula is given by

𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛−2 2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 𝑛−3 3
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 +⋯
2! 3!

Combinatorial
𝑛 𝑛!
( ) =𝑛 𝐶𝑟 = 𝐶(𝑛, 𝑟) = 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!
𝑟
𝑛
𝑟 𝑡ℎ term = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−(𝑟−1) 𝑏 𝑟−1
𝑟−1

Example 1
Determine the 6𝑡ℎ term only of the Binomial expansion of (1 + 3 sin 𝜃)10 .
10
𝑇6 = ( ) (1)5 (3 sin 𝜃)5
5
𝑇6 = 61236(sin 𝜃)5

Example 2
Determine the 8𝑡ℎ term only of the Binomial expansion of (3𝑥 − 𝑦)10 .
10
𝑇8 = ( ) (3𝑥)3 (−𝑦)7
7
𝑇8 = −3240𝑥 3 (𝑦)7

Exercise 4.5

Use the Binomial series to determine the expansion of:

1 1 −5
1. √1 + 𝑥 2. (1+𝑥)4
3. (𝑥 2 − )
𝑥
4
4. (2 + 𝑥)3 5. (𝑎 + 𝑏)5 6. (𝑥 − √𝑥)
1
1 −6 −3 1 3
7. (√𝑥 − ) 8. (𝑎 − 𝑏) 9. (𝑥 − √2)
𝑥 2

65
 3
10. (√2 − 𝑥)

Without fully expanding, determine the specified term of the following:

1 6
11. (𝑥 − 𝑥) , third term 12. (1 − 𝑥)5 , fourth term

1 20
13. (2𝑎 − 𝑥 −1 )11 , fifth term 14. (𝑏 2 + ) , sixth term
2𝑏
1
15. , third term 16. √1 − 𝑥 2 , fourth term
√4−𝑥

𝑥 12
17. (𝑎 + 2𝑒)10 , fifth term 18. ( − 𝑦) , sixth term
4

19. (𝑛 + 2𝜋)5 , the term in 𝑛3 20. (3 − 2𝑎−3 )9 , seventh term

Evaluate the following using the Binomial theorem correct to 3 decimal places
5 −4
21. (1 + √2) up to 6 terms 22. (√5 − √2) up to 10 terms
1
23. 4 24. (0.214)4 up to 5 terms
(√5−√2)

1 −5
25. ( + √2) 26. (3 + 0.1)4 up to 5 terms
2

Solutions to some questions

Chapter 4

Section 4.1

1. 8 2. 1 3. −1
1
4. does not exist 5. 6. 27 7. 1
2

7 √6
8. 4 ln 2 9. 8 ln 2 10. 11.
3 12

66
 1
12. 13. does not exist 14. ∞
4
1
15. −6 16. 0 17. 18. 0
2

19. − 1 20. 0 21. 3 22. 1

23. 0 24. 𝑒 25. 1 26. 0
27. 0 28. 1 29. 1 30. 1
4
31. ∞ 32. − 8 33. 0 34.
3
16 1 1
35. − 36. 37. −
7 20 2

Section 4.2

𝑑𝑦
1. =2 2. 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑏 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3 3 𝑑𝑦
3. =− or 4. =4
𝑑𝑥 4 4 𝑑𝑥

5. (1; 1), (1; −2), (−1; −1) and (−1; 2)

6. (1; −1)
1
10. 𝑆 ′ (3) = − and 𝑇 ′ (3) = −4 11. 𝑔′ (1) = 8
4
16
12. 𝑓 ′ (1) = − 13. 𝑓 ′ (0) = 7
13

𝑓 ′ 20 𝑔 ′
14. (𝑓𝑔)′ (5) = −16; ( ) (5) = − and ( ) (5) = 20
𝑔 9 𝑓
13 3
15. − 38; −29; and −
16 2
𝑥(2 ln 𝑥+1) sinh(sin−1 (𝑥 2 ln 𝑥))
16. 𝑦′ =
√1−𝑥 4 ln2 𝑥

2(2𝑥+2)2 −2(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+𝑐)

19. 𝑓 ′′ =
(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+𝑐)

(2 cos 𝑥+1)−(2+cos 𝑥)
20. 𝑓 ′′ = 2 sin 𝑥 (2+cos 𝑥)3

30. Int (−4,0) and (0,0);IP (0,0) and (2,6 ∙ 20.333 )

32. (0,0) and (3,9𝑒 2 ); max (3, 9𝑒 2 ); IP (0,0), (1.268,85.137)and (4.732,138.521)

67
Section 4.3

1. 𝑥 = 0.739 2. 𝑥 = 2.094 3. 𝑥 = 0.970 or 𝑥 = −6

4. 𝑥 = 2.087 5. 𝑥 = −1.895; 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 1.895
6. 1.179 7. 𝑥 = 0.594 8. 𝑥 = 1.412 or 𝑥 = 3.05
9. 𝑥 = 0.649 10. 𝑥 = 1.167 11.
12. 𝑥 = 2.024 or 𝑥 = 4.197 13. 𝑥 = 0.641
14. 𝑥 = −1.943; 𝑥 = −0.843; 𝑥 = 0.843 or 𝑥 = 1.943
15. 𝑥 = 1.084 18. 𝑥 = −1.449 or 𝑥 = 3.449
19. 𝑥 = 0.465 20. 𝑥 = 1.800

Section 4.4

2𝑥 3 1 1 2𝑒+1 1
1. 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 2. − 𝑥+ 𝑥2 − 𝑥3
3 𝑒 𝑒 2𝑒 6𝑒
1 1 5 1 5
3. 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥4 4. 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥4
2 3 12 2 24
3 7 1 5
5. 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑥5 6. − 𝑥 − 𝑥 3
2 8 15 6
1 1 2 ln 2+1
7. 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 8. 1 + 𝑥
2 3 2
9 7 1 1
9. 1 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 10. 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3
2 2 2 6
2 1 4−3 ln 3
11. 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥5 12. 5 + 𝑥
3 20 2
1 1 14 𝑡 3𝑡 3
13. 𝑥2 − 𝑥4 + 𝑥6 14. 1 − + +⋯
2 6 45 2 8

15. 1 − 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4 − 𝑡 6 + ⋯ 16. 1 + 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4 + ⋯
1 11𝑡 49𝑡 2 179𝑡 3 7𝑡 3 27𝑡 5
17. + + + +⋯ 18. 𝑡 − + +⋯
6 36 216 1296 6 40

68
 2𝑡 12 4𝑡 18 4𝑡 3 31𝑡 5
19. 1 − 2𝑡 6 + − +⋯ 20. 𝑡 − + +⋯
3 45 3 30

5𝑡 3 61𝑡 5 𝑡2 𝑡3
21. 𝑡 + + +⋯ 22. 𝑡 + − +⋯
6 120 2 6

Section 4.5

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 5𝑥 4 7𝑥 5
1. 1 + − + − + …
2 8 16 128 256
1 5 15 35
2. 1 − 4𝑥 + 10𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 3 + 35𝑥 4 … 3. + + + …
𝑥 10 𝑥 13 𝑥 16 𝑥 19

4. 8 + 12𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3
5. 𝑎5 + 5𝑎4 𝑏 + 10𝑎3 𝑏 2 + 10𝑎2 𝑏 3 + 5𝑎𝑏 4 + 𝑏 5
6. 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 √𝑥 + 6𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 √𝑥 + 𝑥 2
1 6 21 56 126 252
7. + + + + +
𝑥3 √𝑥 9 𝑥6 √𝑥 15 𝑥9 √𝑥 21

1 3𝑏 6𝑏 2 10𝑏3 15𝑏4
8. 3
+ 4
+ + + … 10. 2√2 − 6𝑥 + 3√2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎5 𝑎6 𝑎7
42 240 𝑎7
11. 15𝑥 2 12. − 10𝑥 3 13.
𝑥4
969 3𝑥 2 1
14. 𝑏 25 15. 16. − 𝑥6
2 256 16
2048
17. 3360𝑎6 𝑒 4 18. 𝑥 12 19. 40𝜋 2 𝑛3
99
145152
20. 21. 82.012 22. 1. 674
𝑎18

23. 2.192 24. 0.002 25. 0.039

26. 92.352

69
Chapter 5

Partial differentiation

Functions of several independent variables and higher order derivatives. We

will focus only on two independent variables. Suppose that 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). Then
𝜕𝑓
the partial derivative of 𝑓 with respect to 𝑥, is given by = 𝑓𝑥 and consider 𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
as a constant. The partial derivative of 𝑓 with respect to 𝑦 is given by = 𝑓𝑦
𝜕𝑦
and consider 𝑥 as a constant.

5.1 Partial differentiation notations

Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), we use the following notations:

𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
(𝑓𝑥 )𝑥 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = ( )= 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
(𝑓𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = ( )=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
(𝑓𝑦 )𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = ( )=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
(𝑓𝑦 )𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = ( )= 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
(𝑓𝑦 )𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = ( )=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
2
𝜕 𝜕 𝑓 𝜕3𝑓
(𝑓𝑥𝑦 )𝑦 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 = ( )= 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕3𝑓
(𝑓𝑦𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥𝑦 = ( )=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
2
𝜕 𝜕 𝑓 𝜕3𝑓
(𝑓𝑦𝑥 )𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥𝑥 = ( )= 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2
𝜕 𝜕 𝑓 𝜕3𝑓
(𝑓𝑥𝑦 )𝑥 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑥 = ( )=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

70
 𝜕 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕3𝑓
(𝑓𝑦𝑦 )𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 = ( )= 3
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
4
𝜕 𝜕 𝑓 𝜕5𝑓
(𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 )𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 = ( )= 2 3
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
4
𝜕 𝜕 𝑓 𝜕5𝑓
(𝑓𝑦𝑦 )𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥𝑥 = ( )= 3 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

5.2 Clairaut’s theorem and Laplace’s equation

Clairaut’s Theorem
Suppose 𝑓 is defined on a disk 𝐷 that contains the point (𝑎, 𝑏). If the
functions 𝑓𝑥𝑦 and 𝑓𝑦𝑥 are both continuous on 𝐷, then
𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏).

Laplace’s equation
𝑓𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 0.

Example 1
Verify that Clairaut’s theorem holds if 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 −3𝑥 cos 𝑦

𝑢𝑥 = −3𝑒 −3𝑥 cos 𝑦, 𝑢𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 𝑦

𝑢𝑦 = −𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 𝑦, 𝑢𝑦𝑥 = 3𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 𝑦
Therefore 𝑢𝑥𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦𝑥

Example 2
Verify that Clairaut’s theorem holds if 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 3 cos 𝑦

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 y 3 cos 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 3 cos 𝑦,
𝑢𝑥𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥)3𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 2 cos 𝑦 + (−1 − 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 3 sin 𝑦
𝑢𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 3𝑦 2 cos 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 3 sin 𝑦
𝑢𝑦𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥)3𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 2 cos 𝑦 + (−1 − 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 3 sin 𝑦

71
 Therefore 𝑢𝑥𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦𝑥

Example 3
Verify that Laplace’s equation holds if 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 2
𝑢𝑦 = −2𝑦, 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = −2
𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 2 − 2
Therefore 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0

Example 4
Verify that Laplace’s equation holds if 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 cos 𝑥

𝑢𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 sin 𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 cos 𝑥

𝑢𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑦, 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 cos 𝑥
𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 cos 𝑥
Therefore 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0

5.3 Application of Partial differentiation

To obtain stationary points or critical points of a function 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) we let

𝑓𝑥 = 0 and 𝑓𝑦 = 0. Then solve for 𝑥 and 𝑦. To investigate the nature of
2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑥𝑦
stationary points, we determine 𝐷 = (𝑓𝑥𝑥 )(𝑓𝑦𝑦 ) − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = | |.
𝑓𝑦𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦
Then there are four possibilities:
If 𝐷 > 0 and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 > 0: The critical point is a minimum point.
If 𝐷 > 0 and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 < 0: The critical point is a maximum point.
If 𝐷 < 0: The critical point is a saddle point (neither a minimum nor a
maximum point)
If 𝐷 = 0: The is no conclusion.

72
Example 1

Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑦. Determine the stationary point(s) and

hence, investigate their nature.

𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 … (1) 𝑥=𝑦

𝑓𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 − 1 … (2)

(1) + (2) yield −2𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 1 = 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 1

3𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 1 = (3𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 1)

(3𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 1) = 0
1
∴𝑦=− 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 1.
3

1 1
Stationary points are (− ; − ) and(1; 1)
3 3

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2 ; 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑦

𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = −2

2 −2
𝐷=| | = 12𝑦 − 4
−2 6𝑦

1 1 1
At (− ; − ) , 𝐷 = 12 (− ) − 4 = −8 < 0
3 3 3

1 1
Therefore (− ; − ) is a saddle point
3 3

At (1; 1), 𝐷 = 12(1) − 4 = 8 > 0 and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2 > 0

∴ (1; 1) = min point

73
5.4 Implicit function theorem

Implicit Function Theorem

Implicit differentiation using partial differentiation. Solution to the function

𝑑𝑦 𝑓
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐, is = − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑦

Example 1

𝑑𝑦
Determine if 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 3 + 5𝑦 2 𝑒 4𝑥 − csc 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −𝑓𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑥 = 20𝑦 2 𝑒 4𝑥 +csc 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥 2 2𝑥
𝑓𝑦 = 3𝑦 2 + 10𝑦𝑒 4𝑥
𝑑𝑦 20𝑦 2 𝑒 4𝑥 +csc 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥 2 2𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 2 +10𝑦𝑒 4𝑥

5.5 Small change and Rate of change

Small change

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
∆𝑓 ≈ ∆𝑥 + ∆𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Rate of change

𝑑𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= + where , and are the rates at which
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑓, 𝑥 and 𝑦 change at time 𝑡.

74
Example 1

𝐸2
The power consumed in an electrical resistor is given by 𝑃 = watts. If 𝐸 =
𝑅
150 volts and 𝑅 = 9 ohms, by how much does the power change if 𝐸
decreases by 7 volts and 𝑅 is decreased by 0.3 ohms.

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
∆𝑃 = ∆𝐸 + ∆𝑅
𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝑅
2𝐸 𝐸2
∆𝑃 = ∆𝐸 − ∆𝑅
𝑅 𝑅2
2(150) (150)2
∆𝑃 = (−7) − (−0.3)
9 (9)2
∆𝑃 = −150
The power is reduced by approximately 150 watts.

Example 2

In a right angle triangle the sides 𝑥 and 𝑦 increase at 2 cm\s and decrease at 3
cm\s respectively. Determine the rate at which the hypotenuse changes when
𝑥 = 5cm and 𝑦 = 3cm.

𝑧 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= +
𝑑𝑡 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑑𝑡 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 5 3
= (2) + (−3)
𝑑𝑡 √52 +32 √52 +32
𝑑𝑧
= 0.17 cm/s.
𝑑𝑡
The hypotenuse is increasing at a rate of 0.17cm/s.

Section 5.1

Determine the first partial derivatives of the following functions.

2 −𝑦 2
1. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 2. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑡) = √𝑥 ln 𝑡
𝑦
3. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑥𝑡 sin−1 (𝑥𝑡) 4. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = tan−1 ( )
𝑥

75
 𝑡
5. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑡) = 6. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 cos(𝜋𝑥)
𝑥+𝑡

7. 𝑢 = sin(𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑥𝑛 )

8. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 5 − 4𝑥𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 3 − 98
9. 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑒 3𝑥 − ln 𝑦 10. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 )4
11. 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 ln(𝑥𝑦) 12. 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑝2 +3𝑟
13. 𝑔(𝑝, 𝑟) =
4𝑝+5𝑟 2

14. 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 3 − 6𝑦𝑒 𝑥

𝑥3𝑦
15. 𝑓(𝑡, 𝑚) = 𝑡𝑒 𝑚 + 𝑡 2 (𝑚2 + 2𝑚) 16. 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝑦+1
2𝑣
17. 𝑡(𝑟, 𝑠) = (𝑠 2 + 𝑟𝑠)(𝑟 + 𝑠 3 ) 18. ℎ(𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑣𝑒 𝑢
5𝑥
19. 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 3 ln(𝑥 2 𝑦) + 4𝑥 2 −
𝑦
𝑢+𝑤
20. ℎ(𝑢, 𝑤) = 21. 𝑥4𝑦2 − 𝑥 2𝑦6
𝑢−𝑤

22. 𝑧(𝑚, 𝑝) = (𝑚2 𝑝 + 𝑝2 )(𝑚 + 𝑝)3

23. 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = cos(𝑥 2 𝑦) 24. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 3 − 𝑦𝑥 3
2 −𝑦 2
25. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (5 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑒 1−𝑥
Determine all second order partial derivatives
26. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 5 + 2𝑥 4 𝑦
27. 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = sin2 (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦) 28. 𝑤(𝑢, 𝑣) = √𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
𝑥𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
29. 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 30. 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = tan−1 ( )
𝑥−𝑦 1−𝑥𝑦

31. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = cos −1 𝑥 sec 𝑦 32. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦

𝑥
33. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 34. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑥−𝑦

Section 5.2

Verify that Clairaut’s theorem holds:

76
35. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 36. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 sin 𝑦
37. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = ln(𝑥 + 2𝑦) 38. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 cos(𝜋𝑥𝑦 + 𝜋)
𝑥 4 −𝑦 4
39. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 40. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 ln(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑥+𝑦

41. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 42. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦

43. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )10 44. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 −3𝑥 cos 𝑦
45. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑦 46. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 5

47. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦) 48. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = ln(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

49. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 50. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 3 cos 𝑦
51. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 3 − 7𝑥 2 𝑦 3 52. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 3
𝑦
53. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 cos(𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 54. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 −
𝑥+ln 𝑥
𝑥 3 𝑦−𝑥𝑦 3
55. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 6 𝑦10 cos 𝑦 56. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

57. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 𝑦 3 − 𝑦 4 58. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + cos 𝑦

59. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦𝑒 3𝑦 60. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 3 + 5𝑦 2 𝑒 4𝑥 −
cos 𝑥 2
Determine whether each of the following is a Laplace’s equation that is 𝑢𝑥𝑥 +
𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0.
61. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
62. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 cos 𝑥

63. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = ln √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 64. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2

65. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 66. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
67. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 68. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 5𝑥𝑦
𝑦
69. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 cos 𝑥 70. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = tan−1 ( )
𝑥

Section 5.3

Determine the critical points of the following

77
71. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 + √3(𝑥 − 1)2 + 4(𝑦 + 1)2
72. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 73. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2
74. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑦
Determine the maximum and minimum values and the saddle points for each of
the following:
75. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 76. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 − 4𝑥𝑦
77. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = (1 + 𝑥𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)
78. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 6𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑦 4 79. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2
Show that each of the following is a the wave equation, that is, 𝑢𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎2 𝑢𝑥𝑥
80. 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = sin(𝑥 − 𝑡) + sin(𝑥 + 𝑡)
𝑡
81. 𝑢(𝑡, 𝑥) = sin(𝑘𝑥) sin(𝑎𝑘𝑡) 82. 𝑢(𝑡, 𝑥) =
𝑎2 𝑡 2 −𝑥 2

83. 𝑢(𝑡, 𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡)6 + (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡)6

84. 𝑢(𝑡, 𝑥) = sin(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡) + ln(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡)
Determine the indicated partial derivatives
85. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦
86. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑐𝑡 ; 𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑡 , 𝑓𝑡𝑥𝑥 where c is a constant
𝜕3 𝑢
87. 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑒 𝑟𝜃 sin 𝜃;
𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃

88. Show that 𝑦𝑓𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓𝑦 if 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑔(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

89. When two resistors having resistances 𝑅1 ohms and 𝑅2 ohms are
connected in parallel, their combined resistance 𝑅 in ohms is
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝜕2 𝑅𝜕2 𝑅 4𝑅 2
𝑅 = (𝑅 . Show that = (𝑅
1 +𝑅2 )4 𝜕𝑅12 𝜕𝑅22 1 +𝑅2 )
4

Section 5.5

𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
90. The volume of a right-circular cone of radius 𝑟 and height ℎ is 𝑉 = .
3
Show that if the height remain constant while radius changes, then the
𝜕𝑉 2𝑉
volume satisfies = .
𝜕𝑟 𝑟

78
 𝜋
91. The volume of a right-circular cone is given by 𝑉 = 𝑑 2 √4𝑠 2 − 𝑑 2
24
where 𝑠 is the slant height and 𝑑 is the diameter of the base. Determine a
formula for the instantaneous rate of change of 𝑉 with respect to 𝑠.
92. Show that the Cobb-Douglas production function 𝑃 = 𝑏𝐿𝛼 𝐾𝛽 satisfies the
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
equation 𝐿 +𝐾 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑃 .
𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝐾
93. Show that the function 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 is a solution of the equation
𝜕3 𝑧 𝜕3 𝑧 𝜕3 𝑧 𝜕3 𝑧
3
+ =𝑥 +𝑦 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 3 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
94. The total resistance 𝑅 produced by three conductors with resistances
𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 connected in a parallel electrical circuit is given by the formula
1 1 1 1 𝜕𝑅
= + + . Determine .
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝜕𝑅1
95. The gas law for the fixed mass 𝑚 of an ideal gas at absolute temperature,
pressure and volume 𝑇, 𝑃, 𝑉 respectively is given by 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇, where 𝑅
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑇
is the gas constant. Show that = −1.
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑃
𝑉
96. Let 𝐼 = determine the change in 𝐼 if 𝑉 = 250 volts, 𝑅 = 50 ohms and
𝑅
both 𝑉 and 𝑅 increases at 1 volt and 0.5 ohms respectively.
𝐸2
97. The power consumed in an electrical resistor is given by 𝑃 = watts. If
𝑅
𝐸 = 150 volts and 𝑅 = 9 ohms, by how much does the power change if
𝐸 decreases by 7 volts and 𝑅 is decreased by 0.3 ohms.
98. The radius of a cylinder increases at 0.2 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 and the height decrease at
0.3𝑐𝑚/𝑠. Determine the rate at which the volume change when
𝑟 = 6 and ℎ = 10.
99. The total resistance 𝑅 produced by two conductors with resistances
𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , connected in a parallel electrical circuit is given by the formula
1 1 1 𝜕𝑅
= + . Determine .
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝜕𝑅1
𝑥𝑦 3
100. Given 𝑧 = , determine the percentage increase in 𝑧 when 𝑥 increase
𝑟4
by 2%, 𝑦 decrease by 3% and 𝑟 decrease by 0.5%.
101. The circumference of a circle is 250𝑐𝑚 and the radius increase at a rate
of 3𝑐𝑚/𝑠. At what rate does the area change?
102. What rate is the area of a right angle triangle changing if its length 𝑥 is
15𝑚 and increasing at 3𝑚/𝑠 while its width 𝑦 is 6𝑚 and increasing at
2𝑚/𝑠.
103. A cylindrical tank is 1𝑚 high and 0.3𝑚 radius. If height is increased by
5𝑐𝑚 and radius by 1𝑐𝑚 what is the effect on volume?
104. A cylinder has height ℎ, radius 𝑟 and volume 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ. If measured

79
 of ℎ and 𝑟 are each in error of 2%. Use the total differential of 𝑉 to
estimate the maximum percentage error in the calculated value of 𝑉.
𝐸2
105. The power consumed in an electrical resistor is given by 𝑃 = watts.
𝑅
If 𝐸 = 150 volts and 𝑅 = 9 ohms, by how much does the power change
if 𝐸 decreases by 7 volts and 𝑅 is decreased by 0.3 ohms.

Solutions to some questions

Section 5.1

2 −𝑦 2 2 −𝑦 2 2 −𝑦 2
1. 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥
ln 𝑡 √𝑥
2. 𝑓𝑥 = , 𝑓𝑡 =
2 √𝑥 𝑡

𝑥𝑡 2 𝑥2𝑡
3. 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑡 sin−1 (𝑥𝑡) + 2
, 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑥 sin−1 (𝑥𝑡) +
√1−(𝑥𝑡) √1−(𝑥𝑡)2
𝑦 𝑥
4. 𝑓𝑥 = − , 𝑓𝑦 =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑡 𝑥
5. 𝑓𝑥 = − (𝑥+𝑡)2 , 𝑓𝑡 = (𝑥+𝑡)2

6. 𝑓𝑥 = −𝜋𝑒 −𝑡 sin(𝜋𝑥), 𝑓𝑡 = −𝑒 𝑥 cos(𝜋𝑥)

7. 𝑈𝑥1 = cos(𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑥𝑛 ), 𝑈𝑥2 = 2cos(𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑥𝑛 )
8. 𝑓𝑥 = 5𝑥 4 − 4𝑦 2 , 𝑓𝑦 = −8𝑥𝑦 + 21𝑦 2
1
9. 𝑧𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑧𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −
𝑦

10. 𝑓𝑥 = 8𝑥(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 )3 , 𝑓𝑦 = −12𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 )3

𝑥
11. 𝑧𝑥 = ln(𝑥𝑦) + 1, 𝑧𝑦 =
𝑦

12. 𝑧𝑥 = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦, 𝑧𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑒 𝑥
4𝑝2 +10𝑟 2 𝑝−12𝑟 12𝑝−10𝑟𝑝2 −15𝑟 2
13. 𝑔𝑝 = (4𝑝+5𝑟 2 )2
, 𝑔𝑟 = (4𝑝+5𝑟 2 )2

14. 𝑧𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑧𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 9𝑦 2 − 6𝑒 𝑥

80
15. 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑚 + 2𝑡(𝑚2 + 2𝑚), 𝑓𝑚 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑚 + 𝑡 2 (2𝑚 + 2)
3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑥3
16. 𝑧𝑥 = , 𝑧𝑦 = (𝑦+1)3
𝑦+1

17. 𝑡𝑟 = 2𝑟𝑠 + 𝑠 2 + 𝑠 4 , 𝑡𝑠 = 5𝑠 4 + 4𝑟𝑠 3 + 2𝑟𝑠 + 𝑟 2

2 2
18. ℎ𝑢 = 2𝑢𝑣 2 𝑒 𝑢 𝑣 , ℎ𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑣 (1 + 𝑣𝑢2 )
6 5 3 5𝑥
19. 𝑝𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 + − , 𝑝𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 + +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦2
2𝑤 2𝑢
20. ℎ𝑢 = − (𝑢−𝑤)2 , ℎ𝑤 = (𝑢−𝑤)2

21. 𝑓𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 6 , 𝑓𝑦 = 2𝑥 4 𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 5
22. 𝑧𝑚 = (𝑚 + 𝑝)2 (5𝑚2 𝑝 + 2𝑚𝑝2 + 3𝑝2 ),
𝑧𝑝 = (𝑚 + 𝑝)2 (𝑚3 + 4𝑚2 𝑝 + 2𝑚𝑝 + 5𝑝2 )
23. 𝑧𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑦 sin(𝑥 2 𝑦), 𝑧𝑦 = −𝑥 2 sin(𝑥 2 𝑦)
24. 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑦 3 − 3𝑦𝑥 2 , 𝑓𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3
2 −𝑦 2 −𝑦 2
25. 𝑓𝑥 = −8𝑥𝑒 1−𝑥 − 2𝑥(5 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑒 1−𝑥 ,
2 −𝑦 2
𝑓𝑦 = 2𝑦𝑒 1−𝑥 (−4 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
26. 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦 5 + 24𝑥 2 𝑦, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 15𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 8𝑥 3 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 20𝑥 3 𝑦 3
27. 𝑧𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑚2 (cos 2 (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦) − sin2 (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦)),
𝑧𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑛2 (cos 2 (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦) − sin2 (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦)),
𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 𝑧𝑦𝑥 = 2𝑚𝑛(cos 2 (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦) − sin2 (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦))
𝑢2 𝑣2 𝑢𝑣
28. 𝑤𝑣𝑣 = 3 , 𝑤𝑢𝑢 = 3 , 𝑤𝑢𝑣 = 𝑤𝑣𝑢 = − 3
√𝑢2 +𝑣 2 √𝑢2 +𝑣 2 √𝑢2 +𝑣 2

2𝑦 2 2𝑥𝑦
29. 𝑣𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥−𝑦)3 , 𝑣𝑦𝑦 = − (𝑥−𝑦)3 = 𝑣𝑥𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦𝑥
2𝑥 2𝑦
30. 𝑧𝑥𝑥 = − (1+𝑥 2)2 , 𝑧𝑦𝑦 = − (1+𝑦2 )2 , 𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 𝑧𝑦𝑥
𝑥 sec 𝑦
31. 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 3 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥 sec 𝑦(tan2 𝑦 + sec 2 𝑦),
√1−𝑥 2
sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = −
√1−𝑥 2

32. 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦

81
Section 5.3

79. (0,0) Maximum

85. 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 = 12𝑥𝑦, 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 72𝑥𝑦
86. 𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑡 = −𝑥 2 𝑐 3 𝑒 −𝑐𝑡 , 𝑓𝑡𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑐𝑒 −𝑐𝑡
𝜕3 𝑢
87. = 𝜃𝑒 𝑟𝜃 (2 sin 𝜃 + 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟𝜃 sin 𝜃)
𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃

Section 5.5

96. Decrease 0.03𝐴 97. 150 watts

𝑅2 2
98. 41.47𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠 increase 99. (𝑅 )
1 +𝑅2

100. 5% decrease 101. 750𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠 increase

102. 48𝑚2 /𝑠 103. 0.033𝑚3
104. 6% maximum error 105. 150 watts

82
Chapter 6

Integration

6.1 Single Variable Integration

Table of integrals
𝑢𝑛+1 14. ∫ csc 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝑐
1. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝑐; 𝑛 ≠ 1
𝑑𝑢
2. ∫ = ln|𝑢| + 𝑐 15. ∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑢
𝑑𝑢
3. ∫ 𝑢 ln 𝑎 = log a |𝑢| + 𝑐 16. ∫ sinh 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝑐

4. ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐 17. ∫ cosh 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 + 𝑐

𝑎𝑢 18. ∫ tanh 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln|cosh 𝑢| + 𝑐
5. ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑎 + 𝑐

6. ∫ sin 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝑐 19. ∫ coth 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln|sinh 𝑢| + 𝑐

7. ∫ cos 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝑐 20. ∫ sech2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = tanh 𝑢 + 𝑐
8. ∫ tan 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln | sec 𝑢 | + 𝑐 21. ∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = − sech 𝑢 +𝑐
9. ∫ sec 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝑐 22. ∫ csch2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = − coth 𝑢 + 𝑐
10. ∫ csc 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln|csc 𝑢 − cot 𝑢| + 𝑐 23. ∫ csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = − csch 𝑢 + 𝑐
11. ∫ cot 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln|sin 𝑢| + 𝑐 24. ∫ log a 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢[log a 𝑢 − log a 𝑒] + 𝑐
12. ∫ sec 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝑐 25. ∫ ln 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢[ln 𝑢 − 1 + 𝑐]
13. ∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝑐 26. ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑢 = 𝑘𝑢 + 𝑐

Determine the following integrals

3
− 4√𝑥+ √𝑥 2 3∙2𝑥 −2∙3𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2𝑥

83
 1+cos2 𝑥 (1+2𝑥 2 )
3. ∫ 1+cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ 𝑥 2(1+𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
5. ∫ 1+𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ √1−𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ 1+𝑥 4 8. ∫ sin2 𝑥√1+cot 𝑥
sin 2𝑥 tan 𝑥
9. ∫ 1+cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫ cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑒 2𝑡−1
11. ∫ (1+𝑡 2) tan−1 𝑡 12. ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑒𝑡

𝑒 2𝑥 3
13. ∫ 72𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 14. ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 ( 7
+
𝑒 3𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥

15. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 2𝑒 𝑥 )4 𝑑𝑥 16. ∫(𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 −4𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥

3𝑥 +4𝑥
17. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )10 𝑑𝑥 18. ∫ 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
8𝑒 𝑥 (3+𝑒 𝑥 )
19. ∫ √𝑒 2𝑥+6𝑒 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 20. ∫ sech2 (5𝑥 − 8)𝑑𝑥

21. ∫ csch2 (𝑒 3𝑥 ) 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 22. ∫ 𝑡 2 csch2 (1 − 3𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡

1
23. ∫ sech(cos 𝑡) tanh(cos 𝑡) sin 𝑡𝑑𝑡 24. ∫ 𝑥 csch(ln 𝑥) coth(ln 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
csch(𝑒 𝑥 ) coth(𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 1 1 1
25. ∫ 26. ∫ 𝑥 2 csch (𝑥) coth (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥
1 𝜋
27. ∫ 𝑥 2 cosh (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 28. ∫ cosh 𝑥 sin(sinh 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

29. ∫ tanh2 𝜃 sech2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 30. ∫ sinh 𝑥 cos(cosh 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

cosh(ln 𝑥)
31. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 32. ∫ tanh 𝑥 ln | cosh 𝑥 | 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

6.2 Integration by Substitution

Determine the following integrals

Example 1

2
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥.

84
 Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 then 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥. We will use ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐 but 𝑑𝑢
is not balance, we have to balance as follows
2 2 2 1 2
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 1 2
Therefore ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
2

Example 2
𝑒𝑥
∫ 1−𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 then 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. We will use rule number 2 from table of
𝑑𝑢
integrals in section 6.1 that is ∫ = ln |1 − 𝑒 𝑥 | + 𝑐.
𝑢
𝑒𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
So ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
1−𝑒 𝑥 −1 1−𝑒 𝑥
Therefore
𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = − ln|1 − 𝑒 𝑥 | + 𝑐
1−𝑒

Example 3
1
∫(27𝑒 9𝑥 + 𝑒 12𝑥 )3 𝑑𝑥
1 1
∫(27𝑒 9𝑥 + 𝑒 12𝑥 )3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑒 9𝑥 (27 + 𝑒 3𝑥 ))3 𝑑𝑥
1 1
∫(27𝑒 9𝑥 + 𝑒 12𝑥 )3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 (27 + 𝑒 3𝑥 )3 𝑑𝑥
1 4
1
∫(27𝑒 9𝑥 + 𝑒 12𝑥 )3 𝑑𝑥 = 4 (27 + 𝑒 3𝑥 )3 + 𝑐

Determine the following integrals

𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑥 2
1. ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
2
3. ∫[(𝑥 − 1)5 + 3(𝑥 − 1) + 5] 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 4 +12𝑥 3 +6 6𝑥−3
5. ∫ 𝑥 5+5𝑥 4 +10𝑥+12 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ 4𝑥 2−4𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑒 √𝑥
7. ∫ 𝑥(ln 𝑥)2 8. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

85
 ln 5𝑥 2𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 +1)
9. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 2 +1
2 −𝑡
11. ∫(3𝑡 2 − 1)𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 12. ∫ sin3 𝑡 cos 𝑡𝑑𝑡
sin 3𝑡
13. ∫ tan 2𝑡 sec 2 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 14. ∫ √5+cos 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡
(ln 𝑡)3
15. ∫ cot 4 3𝑡 csc 2 3𝑡𝑑𝑡 16. ∫ 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

sec5 𝑡 sec 𝑡 2
17. ∫ 𝑑𝑡 18. ∫ (1+tan 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
csc 𝑡

(𝑒 𝑡 +sin 𝑡)
19. ∫3 𝑑𝑡 20. ∫ 2cos 3𝑡 sin 3𝑡𝑑𝑡
√𝑒 𝑡 −cos 𝑡
𝑡
tan( ) 𝑡
21. ∫ 𝑒 2 sec 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 2

22. ∫(𝑥 + 2) cos[(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3)]𝑑𝑥

23. ∫ cos 𝑡 cos(sin 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 24. ∫ cos(2𝑡 )2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
25. ∫ −16𝑡 sec(2𝑡 2 − 3) tan(2𝑡 2 − 3)𝑑𝑡
26. ∫ 3 csc 2 3𝑡 sec(cot 3𝑡) tan(cot 3𝑡)𝑑𝑡
20𝑡 4 25𝑡 4
27. ∫ 9+16𝑡 4 28. ∫ √25−25𝑡 10 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
29. ∫ csc 𝑡 cot 𝑡√1 − csc 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 30. ∫ 1+𝑡 6
1 tan−1 𝑡𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
31. ∫−1 1+𝑡 2 32. ∫ ln 𝑡 𝑡
3 3𝑦 3𝑦 2𝑡 3 +1 2𝑡 3 +1
33. ∫ 5𝑦+4 + 5𝑦2+4 + (5𝑦2+4)2 𝑑𝑦 34. ∫ (𝑡 4+2𝑡)3 + 𝑡 4+2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
4
35. ∫ sin(1 − 𝑡) (2 − cos(1 − 𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡 36. ∫ sec 2 (4𝑡) (3 − tan 4𝑡)3 𝑑𝑡
2 0
37. ∫ln1(𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 38. ∫−3(2𝑥 + 6)4 𝑑𝑥
2

2 𝑥2 𝑒2 1
39. ∫1 (𝑥 3 +1) 2
𝑑𝑥 40. ∫𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑒
2 1 2𝑥 ln|𝑥 2 +1|
41. ∫ 𝑡 ln 2𝑡𝑑𝑡
1 42. ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1
2

43. Determine the function whose tangent has slope 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 5 for each value
of 𝑥 and whose graph passes through the point (2,10).

86
 2𝑥
44. Determine the function whose tangent has slope for each value of 𝑥
1−3𝑥 2
and whose graph passes through the point (0,5).
45. A tree has been transplanted and after 𝑥 years is growing at the rate of
1
1 + (𝑥+1)2 meters per year. After two years it has reached a height of five
meters. How tall was it when it was transplanted?
46. It is projected that 𝑡 years from now the population of a certain country
will be changing at the rate of 𝑒 0.02𝑡 million per year. If the current
population is 50 million, what will the population be 10 years from now?
47. Suppose a certain car supplies a constant deceleration of 𝐴 meters per
second. If it is traveling at 90 kilometres per hour (25 meters per second)
when the brakes are applied, its stopping distance is 50 meters.
(a) What is 𝐴?
(b) What would the stopping distance have been if the car had been
traveling at only 54 kilometres per hour when the brakes were
applied?
(c) At what speed is the car travelling when the brakes are applied if the
stopping distance is 56 meters?
48. Determine 𝑓(𝑥) if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 8 − 20𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 9
49. Determine 𝐻(𝑡) if 𝐻′ (𝑡) = 𝑡 4 − 𝑡 3 + 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 − 1

6.3 Integration of Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse

Hyperbolic Functions

Table of inverse trigonometry and inverse hyperbolic

𝑓′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ = sin−1 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 or − cos −1 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑘
2
√1−(𝑓(𝑥))

𝑓′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 2 = tan−1 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 or − cot −1 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑘
1+(𝑓(𝑥))

𝑓′(𝑥)
3. ∫ = sinh−1 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
2
√(𝑓(𝑥)) +1

𝑓′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ = cosh−1 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
2
√(𝑓(𝑥)) −1

87
 𝑓′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2
5. ∫ 2 = tanh−1 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐, (𝑓(𝑥)) < 1
1−(𝑓(𝑥))

𝑓′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2
6. ∫ 2 = − coth−1 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐, (𝑓(𝑥)) > 1
(𝑓(𝑥)) −1

𝑓′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ = sec −1 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑜𝑟 − csc −1 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑘
2
𝑓(𝑥)√(𝑓(𝑥)) −1

𝑓′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
8. ∫ = − sech−1 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
2
𝑓(𝑥)√1−(𝑓(𝑥))

𝑓′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
9. ∫ = − csch−1 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
2
𝑓(𝑥)√1+(𝑓(𝑥))

Determine the following integrals

Example 1

𝑒 𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 1−𝑒 2𝑥 (compare the denominator with Example 2 in section 6.2)
𝑒 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 1−𝑒 2𝑥 = ∫ 1−(𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑒 𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 1−𝑒 2𝑥 = tanh−1 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑐

Example 2

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ √𝑥 6+1
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ √𝑥 6+1 = 3 ∫
√(𝑥 3 )2 +1

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 sinh−1 𝑥 3
∫ √𝑥 6+1 = 3
+𝑐

88
Example 3
𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 9+𝑥 4
𝑥𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥2
∫ 2 = tan−1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑥2 6 3
1+( )
3

Determine the following integrals

𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ √4−𝑥 2 2. ∫ √1+𝑒 4𝑥
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 4+𝑥 6 4. ∫ √sin2 𝑥−9
sec2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ √1−9 tan2 𝑥 6. ∫ 4−𝑥 6
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ 25+𝑥 2 8. ∫ 5+𝑥 2
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 sin 4𝑥𝑑𝑥
9. ∫ √16+9 sec2 𝑥 10. ∫ 16+sin4 2𝑥

6.4 Integration by Partial Fraction

More partial fraction expressions

𝑥 4 +𝑥−1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷𝑥+𝐸 𝐹𝑥+𝐺

1. = + + + + (𝑥 2
𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 +9)2 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥 2 +9 +9)2
1 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
2. = +
(𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 +4) (𝑥 2 +1) (𝑥 2 +4)

𝑥 5 −6 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹
3. = + + (2𝑥+1)2 + + + (9−𝑥 2)2
𝑥(2𝑥+1)2 (9−𝑥)3 𝑥 2𝑥+1 9−𝑥 2 (9−𝑥 2 )
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
4. = + +
𝑥 4 −1 𝑥+1 𝑥−1 𝑥 2 +1
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
5. = + + (𝑥−3)2
𝑥(𝑥−3)(3𝑥−9) 𝑥 𝑥−3

89
See example 1-7 on page 4-7 of Chapter one for all detailed steps of expressing
into partial fractions of the upcoming examples.

Example 1

𝑥+7
∫ 𝑥 2−𝑥−6 𝑑𝑥
2 1
= ∫[ − ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+3 𝑥+2

= 2 ln|𝑥 + 3| − ln|𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶

Example 2

3𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +4𝑥
1 2𝑥+4
= ∫[ + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 2 +4
1 2𝑥 4
= ∫[ + + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 2 +4 𝑥 2 +4
𝑥
= ln|𝑥| + ln|𝑥 2 + 4| + 2 tan−1 ( ) + 𝐶
2

Example 3

8𝑥 3 +13𝑥
∫ (𝑥 2 +2)2
𝑑𝑥
8𝑥 3𝑥
= ∫[ − (𝑥 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +2 +2)2
3
= 4 ln|𝑥 2 + 2| + +𝐶
2(𝑥 2 +2)

90
Example 4
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+1
∫ (𝑥−1)2(𝑥−2) 𝑑𝑥
2 1 −1
= ∫[ + (𝑥−1)2 + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑥−2
1
= 2 ln|𝑥 − 1| − − ln|𝑥 − 2| + 𝐶
𝑥−1

Example 5
6𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −7
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1
1 5
= ∫ [2𝑥 + 3 − + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1 3𝑥+1
5
= 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + ln|𝑥 − 1| + ln|3𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
3

Determine the following integrals

5𝑡 3 −17𝑡 2 +19𝑡−13 4𝑡 3 −7𝑡 2 +31𝑡−38
1. ∫ (𝑡+1)(𝑡−2)3
𝑑𝑡 2. ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 4 +13𝑡 2 +36

12𝑡 4 +190𝑡 2 +13𝑡−6 𝑡2

3. ∫ 𝑑𝑡 4. ∫ 𝑡 2−1 𝑑𝑡
(2𝑡−1)(𝑡 2 +16)

𝑡3 𝑡2
5. ∫ 𝑡 2−1 𝑑𝑡 6. ∫ 3𝑡−1 𝑑𝑡
𝑡+2 𝑡8
7. ∫ 3𝑡−1 𝑑𝑡 8. ∫ (𝑡+2)2(𝑡−2)2 𝑑𝑡
3𝑡+2 𝑡 2 +2𝑡+6
9. ∫ 𝑡 2+𝑡 𝑑𝑡 10. ∫ (𝑡−1)(𝑡−2)(𝑡−4) 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1
11. ∫ 6𝑥 3−7𝑥 2−3𝑥 12. ∫ (𝑥 2 −1)(𝑥 2−4) 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 5 +𝑥 4 −8 𝑑𝑥
13. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 14. ∫ 𝑥(𝑥−1)2
𝑥 3 −4𝑥
𝑥−8 2𝑥−1
15. ∫ 𝑥 3−4𝑥 2+4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 16. ∫ 𝑥 2(𝑥−1)2 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥−2 1
17. ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥 18. ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2+2𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥

1 3𝑥 2 +5𝑥+12
19. ∫ 𝑥 3+1 𝑑𝑥 20. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 +4𝑥 2 +3

91
 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑡
21. ∫ (𝑥 2 +2)2 22. ∫ 𝑒 2𝑡+1 𝑑𝑡
𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
23. ∫ 𝑒 𝑡+1 𝑑𝑡 24. ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 +𝑒 2𝑡
𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑥 3 +𝑥
25. ∫ 𝑒 2𝑡−6𝑒 𝑡+13 26. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1 𝑥 4 −2𝑥 2 +4𝑥+1
27. ∫ 2𝑥 3+3𝑥 2−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 28. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
2𝑥 2 −𝑥+4 4𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
29. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 30. ∫ 4𝑥 2−4𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +4𝑥

6.5 Integration by Parts

The general formula for integration by parts is given by: ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
General guideline to choose 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣:
Choose 𝑢 to be the function that come first in this list:
L: Logarithmic function
I: Inverse trig/hyperbolic function
A: Algebraic function
T: Trigonometric function/hyperbolic function
E: Exponential function

Alternatively, you can use the DETAIL method:

D: dx
E: Exponential
T: Trigonometric/hyperbolic
A: Algebraic
I: Inverse trig/hyperbolic
L: Logarithmic

92
Note the reduction formulas.
Let 𝑛 be an integer such that 𝑛 ≥ 2. Then

1 𝑛−1
∫ sinn 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑛 cos 𝑥 sinn−1 𝑥 + 𝑛
∫ sinn−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 𝑛−1
∫ cos n 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 sin 𝑥 cos n−1 𝑥 + 𝑛
∫ cos n−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

∫(ln 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(ln 𝑥)𝑛 − 𝑛 ∫(ln 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 1.

∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥, and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 2

𝑥3 𝑥3
∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 3
ln 𝑥 −
9
+𝑐

Example 2.

∫ ln 𝑥𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 1

∫ ln 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

Example 3.

∫ cosh−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑢 = cosh−1 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 1

∫ cosh−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 cosh−1 𝑥 − √𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑐

93
Example 4.

∫ 𝑥 3 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 , and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥√4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥√4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫(−2𝑥)(√4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
2
3
3 (4−𝑥 2 )2
1 2 2 )2
𝑣 = (− ) ( ) (4 − 𝑥 =−
2 3 3
3 3
3 2 (4−𝑥 2 )2 (4−𝑥 2 )2
∴ ∫ 𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 (− ) − ∫− (2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3 3

3 5
3 𝑥 2 (4−𝑥 2 )2 2(4−𝑥 2 )2
∫ 𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =− − +𝑐
3 15

In the following examples we use the table method.

Example 5
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Sign u v'
+ 𝑥2 𝑒𝑥
- 2𝑥 𝑒𝑥
+ 2 𝑒𝑥
- 0 𝑒𝑥

∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐

Example 6
∫ 𝑥 2 sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Sign u v'
+ 𝑥2 sin𝑥
- 2𝑥 −cos𝑥
+ 2 −sin𝑥
- 0 cos𝑥

∫ 𝑥 2 sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2 cos𝑥 + 2𝑥sin𝑥 + 2cos𝑥 + 𝑐

94
Example 7

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥

u v'
+ 𝑒𝑥 sin𝑥
- 𝑒𝑥 −cos𝑥
+ 𝑒𝑥 −sin𝑥
- 𝑒𝑥 cos𝑥

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 cos𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥 𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑒 sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (sin𝑥 − cos𝑥) + 𝑐
2

Determine the following integrals

𝑥 𝑥
1. ∫ √𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫ √2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑥
7. ∫ 𝑥(ln 𝑥)2 8. ∫ 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
2
9. ∫(ln 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫1 𝑥 4 (ln 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
11. ∫ 𝑥 7 (𝑥 4 + 5)8 𝑑𝑥 12. ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
13. ∫ 𝑥 3 sinh 𝑥𝑑𝑥 14. ∫ cos 𝑥 ln(sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
15. ∫ cos(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 16. ∫ sin3 𝑡𝑑𝑡
17. ∫ tan−1 (4𝑡)𝑑𝑡 18. ∫(ln 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥
19. ∫ 𝑒 2𝑡 cos 5𝑡𝑑𝑡 20. ∫ sin 𝑡 ln(cos 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
21. ∫ sin−1 𝑡𝑑𝑡 22. ∫ 𝑡 3 √4 − 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
23. ∫ 𝑡 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡𝑑𝑡 24. ∫ 𝑡(ln 𝑡)3

25. ∫ 𝑡 3 √9 − 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 26. ∫ 𝑡 2 √𝑡 − 1𝑑𝑡

27. ∫ 𝑡 2 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 28. ∫(𝑡 + 1)2 ln 3𝑡𝑑𝑡

95
29. ∫ cosh 𝑡 sin 𝑡𝑑𝑡 30. ∫ 𝑥 sinh 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑒
1
31. 2
∫ 𝑡 ln 2𝑡𝑑𝑡
1 32. ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

5−𝑡
5 −
33. ∫0 𝑡𝑒 20 𝑑𝑡
34. Determine the function whose tangent has slope (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 −𝑥 for each
value of 𝑥 and whose graph passes through the point (1,5).
35. Determine the function whose tangent has slope 𝑥 ln √𝑥 for each value of
𝑥 > 0 and whose graph passes through the point (2, −3).
𝑡
36. After 𝑡 seconds, an object is moving at the speed of 𝑡𝑒 −2 meters per
second. Express the distance the object travels as a function of time.
37. It is projected that 𝑡 years from now the population of a certain city will
be changing at the rate of 𝑡 ln √𝑡 + 1 thousand people per year. If the
current population is 2 million, what will the population be 5 years from
now?

6.6 Trigonometric Integrals

Table of trigonometric identities

1 1
sin 𝜃 = or csc 𝜃 = or sin 𝜃 csc 𝜃 = 1
csc 𝜃 sin 𝜃

Reciprocals Relations 1 1
cos 𝜃 = or sec 𝜃 = or cos 𝜃 sec 𝜃 = 1
sec 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 1
tan 𝜃 = or cot 𝜃 = or tan 𝜃 cot 𝜃 = 1
cot 𝜃 tan 𝜃
sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 =
Quotient Relations cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃
cot 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
sin 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
2

Pythagorean Relations 1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃

1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
Sine of twice an angle sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
Cosine of twice an cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃
angle cos 2𝜃 = 2cos2 𝜃 − 1

96
Determine the following integral

Example 1
1
∫ sin2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫(1 − cos4𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 sin4𝑥
∫ sin2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 [𝑥 − 4
]+𝑐

Example 2
∫ cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − sin2 𝑥) cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
sin3 𝑥
∫ cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 − 3
+𝑐

Example 3
∫ sin4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(sin2 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
1−cos 2𝑥 2
∫ sin4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 2
) 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ sin4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫(1 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + cos 2 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
∫ sin4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫[1 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + 2 + 2 cos 4𝑥]𝑑𝑥
1 3𝑥 1
∫ sin4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 4 ( 2 − sin 2𝑥 + 8 sin 4𝑥) + 𝑐

Example 4
∫ tan2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
∫ tan2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = tan𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

97
Example 5

∫ tan3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥

∫ tan3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan𝑥sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan𝑥𝑑𝑥
tan2 𝑥
∫ tan3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2
− ln sec𝑥 + 𝑐

Example 6

∫ cot 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(cosec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

∫ cot 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −cot𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

Example 7

∫ cot 3 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(cosec 2 3𝑥 − 1)cot3𝑥𝑑𝑥

∫ cot 3 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cot3𝑥cosec 2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cot3𝑥𝑑𝑥
cot2 3𝑥 1
∫ cot 3 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 6
− ln sin3𝑥 + 𝑐
3

Example 8

∫ sin2 𝑥cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 𝑥cos 2 𝑥cos𝑥𝑑𝑥

∫ sin2 𝑥cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 𝑥(1 − sin2 𝑥)cos𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ sin2 𝑥cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 𝑥cos𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin4 xcos𝑥𝑑𝑥
sin3 𝑥 sin5 𝑥
∫ sin2 𝑥cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 3
−
5
+𝑐

98
Example 9
∫ cos 3 2𝑥sin2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 2 2𝑥sin2 2𝑥cos2𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ cos 3 2𝑥sin2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − sin2 2𝑥)sin2 2𝑥cos2𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ cos 3 2𝑥sin2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 2𝑥cos2𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin4 2𝑥cos2𝑥𝑑𝑥
sin3 2𝑥 sin5 2𝑥
∫ cos 3 2𝑥sin2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 6
−
10
+𝑐

Example 10

∫ tan6 𝑡 sec 4 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = ∫ tan6 𝑡 sec 2 𝑡 sec 2 𝑡𝑑𝑡

∫ tan6 𝑡 sec 4 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = ∫ tan6 𝑡(1 + tan2 𝑡) sec 2 𝑡𝑑𝑡
∫ tan6 𝑡 sec 4 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = ∫ tan6 𝑡 sec 2 𝑡 + tan8 𝑡 sec 2 𝑡𝑑𝑡
tan7 𝑡 tan9 𝑡
∫ tan6 𝑡 sec 4 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 7
+
9
+𝑐

Example 11

∫ tan5 𝑡 sec 7 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = ∫ tan4 𝑡 sec 6 𝑡 sec 𝑡 tan 𝑡𝑑𝑡

∫ tan5 𝑡 sec 7 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = ∫(sec 2 𝑡 − 1)2 sec 6 𝑡 sec 𝑡 tan 𝑡𝑑𝑡
∫ tan5 𝑡 sec 7 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = ∫(sec10 𝑡 − 2 sec 8 𝑡 + sec 6 𝑡) sec 𝑡 tan 𝑡𝑑𝑡
sec11 𝑡 2 sec9 𝑡 sec7 𝑡
∫ tan5 𝑡 sec 7 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 11
−
9
+
7
+𝑐

Example 12

∫ sec 4 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = ∫(1 + tan2 𝑡) sec 2 𝑡𝑑𝑡

tan3 𝑡
∫ sec 4 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = tan 𝑡 + 3
+𝑐

99
To evaluate integrals like ∫ sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥, ∫ sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥,
and ∫ cos 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑚𝑥𝑑𝑥 use the corresponding identity below:

1
1. sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2
1
2. sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2
1
3. cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2

Example 13
1
∫ sin2𝑥cos4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫[sin(−2𝑥) + sin6𝑥]𝑑𝑥
1
∫ sin2𝑥cos4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫[sin6𝑥 − sin2𝑥]𝑑𝑥
cos 6𝑥 cos 2𝑥
∫ sin2𝑥cos4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 12
+
4
+𝑐

Example 14

1
∫ sin6𝑥sin3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2
∫[cos3𝑥 − cos9𝑥]𝑑𝑥
sin3𝑥 sin9𝑥
∫ sin6𝑥sin3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 6
−
18
+𝑐

Example 15

1
∫ cos8𝑥cos2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫[cos6𝑥 + cos10𝑥]𝑑𝑥
sin6𝑥 sin10
∫ cos8𝑥cos2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 12
+
20
+𝑐

100
Example 16

1
∫ cos 𝑥 cos 4𝑥 cos 8𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ cos 𝑥 cos 12𝑥 + cos 𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ cos 𝑥 cos 4𝑥 cos 8𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ (cos 13𝑥 + cos 11𝑥 + cos 5𝑥 + cos 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 sin 13𝑥 sin 11𝑥 sin 5𝑥 sin 3𝑥
∫ cos 𝑥 cos 4𝑥 cos 8𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 4 ( 13
+
11
+
5
+
3
)+𝑐

Determine the following integrals and simplify if possible

1. ∫ sec 3 𝑡𝑑𝑡 2. ∫ tan3 𝑡𝑑𝑡
3. ∫ sin2 𝑡𝑑𝑡 4. ∫ sin3 𝑡 √cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
5 4
5. ∫ cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡𝑑𝑡 6. ∫0 cos 2 𝑡𝑑𝑡
2

𝜋 1−sin 𝑡
7. ∫0 sin4 (3𝑡)𝑑𝑡 8. ∫ cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
tan3 𝑡
9. ∫ cos4 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 10. ∫ cot 3 𝑡 csc 3 𝑡𝑑𝑡

11. ∫ sin 5𝑡 sin 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 12. ∫ 𝑡 sec 2 (𝑡 2 ) tan4 (𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡

13. ∫ sin(sin 𝑡) cos 𝑡 cos 4 (sin 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 14. ∫ cos 7𝑡 cos 5𝑡𝑑𝑡
tan3 𝑦
15. ∫ sin5 𝑡𝑑𝑡 16. ∫ sec3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1−cot 𝑦
17. ∫ 4(cos 4 𝑦 − sin4 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 18. ∫ sin4 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝜋
sin 2𝑦
19. ∫ cot 5 𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝜋
4
20. ∫ cos3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
6

21. ∫ sin2 (4𝑡) cos 2 (4𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 22. ∫ tan2 (5𝑡) cos(5𝑡)𝑑𝑡

2
23. ∫ sin3 𝑡 sec 2 𝑡𝑑𝑡 24. ∫(tan 𝑡 + cot 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
25. ∫ sin 𝑡 cos(2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 26. ∫0 𝜋 sin2 (𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑎

27. ∫ sin 4𝑥 cos 5𝑥𝑑𝑥 28. ∫ sin 5𝑥 sin 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

101
29. ∫ cos 7𝑥 cos 5𝑥𝑑𝑥 30. ∫ sin 3𝑥 sin 6𝑥𝑑𝑥

Prove the following formula, where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are positive integers

𝜋
31. ∫−𝜋 sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝜋 0 if 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
32. ∫−𝜋 sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = { }
𝜋 if 𝑚 = 𝑛
𝜋 0 if 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
33. ∫−𝜋 cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = { }
𝜋 if 𝑚 = 𝑛
1 1
34. ∫ sin3 𝑡 cos 3 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 4 sin4 𝑡 − 6 sin6 𝑡 + 𝑐
sin3 𝑎𝑡
35. ∫ sin2 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 3𝑎
+𝑐
cos 2𝑡 cos3 2𝑡 cos2 2𝑡
36. ∫ sin 𝑡 sin 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡𝑑𝑡 = − + − +𝑐
4 6 8
2𝜋
37. ∫0 sin 𝑡 sin 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 0

6.7 Trigonometric Substitution

Table of Trigonometric integrals

Function 𝑢= 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜃=
𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑎 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑢
√𝑎 2 − 𝑢 2 sin−1
𝑎
𝑎 sinh 𝜃 𝑎 cosh 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑢
√𝑎 2 + 𝑢 2 sinh−1
𝑎
𝑎 cosh 𝜃 𝑎 sinh 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑢
√𝑎 2 − 𝑢 2 cosh−1
𝑎
𝑎2 + 𝑢2 𝑎 tan 𝜃 𝑎 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑢
tan−1
𝑎
𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎 tanh 𝜃 𝑎 sech2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑢
tanh−1
𝑎

102
Determine the following integrals

Example 1

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ √𝑥 2+1 let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃, then 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 tan2 𝜃sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∫ √𝑥 2+1 = ∫ √tan2 𝜃+1

= ∫ tan2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= ∫(sec 2 𝜃 − 1) sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1 1
= sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − ln(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) + 𝑐
2 2
𝑥 1
= √𝑥 2 + 1 − ln(√𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑥) + 𝑐
2 2

Example 2

𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2√𝑥 2−9
𝑥
let 𝑥 = 3 sec 𝜃 ⇒ sec 𝜃 = , then 𝑑𝑥 = 3 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3

𝑑𝑥 3 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∫ 𝑥 2√𝑥 2−9 = ∫ 9sec2𝜃√9sec2𝜃−9
1 𝑑𝜃
= ∫
9 sec 𝜃
1
= ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
9
1
= sin 𝜃 + 𝑐
9

1 √𝑥 2 −9
= +𝑐
9 𝑥

103
Example 3

𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2√4−𝑥 2
𝑥
let 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 ⇒ sin 𝜃 = , then 𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2

𝑑𝑥 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∫ 𝑥 2√4−𝑥 2 = ∫ 4sec2𝜃√4−4sec2𝜃
1
= ∫ cosec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4
1
= − cot 𝜃 + 𝑐
4

1 √4−𝑥 2
=− +𝑐
4 𝑥

Example 4
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2√𝑥 2+4
𝑥
let 𝑥 = 2 tan 𝜃 ⇒ tan 𝜃 = , then 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 and
2

√𝑥 2 + 4 = √4(tan2 𝜃 + 1)

√𝑥 2 + 4 = √4 sec 2 𝜃
√𝑥 2 + 4 = 2 sec 𝜃 Thus
𝑑𝑥 2 sec2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫ 𝑥 2√𝑥 2+4 =∫
4 tan2 𝜃∙2 sec 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 1 sec 𝜃𝑑𝜃 sec 𝜃 cos 𝜃
∫ 𝑥 2√𝑥 2+4 = 4 ∫ tan2 𝜃
Note that
tan2 𝜃
=
sin2 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 1
∫ 𝑥 2√𝑥 2+4 = − 4 csc 𝜃 + 𝑐

𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 +4
∴∫ =− +𝑐
𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 +4 𝑥

104
Use trigonometric substitution to determine the following integrals
3𝑑𝑥 3𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 4+𝑥 2 2. ∫ 4𝑥 2−9
𝑑𝑥 √9−𝑥 2
3. ∫ 𝑥 2√𝑥 2−9 4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ √𝑥 2+9

Use trigonometric substitutions to show the following

𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
6. ∫ 𝑥 2√1−𝑥 2 = − +𝑐
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ √𝑥 2+4 = ln |√𝑥 2 + 4 + 𝑥| + 𝑐
2𝑑𝑥
8. ∫ √𝑥 2−4 = 2 ln |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 4| + 𝑐
5𝑑𝑥
9. ∫ √𝑥 2+2𝑥+2 = 5 ln |𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2| + 𝑐
2𝑑𝑥
10. ∫ √𝑒 2𝑥−1 = 2 sec −1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
11. ∫ √𝑥 2+𝑎2 = ln|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐

𝑑𝑥 √25−𝑥 2
12. ∫ 𝑥 2√25−𝑥 2 = − +𝑐
25𝑥
𝑑𝑥
13. ∫ √𝑥 2+16 = ln |√𝑥 2 + 16| + 𝑐
sin−1 2𝑥 𝑥√1−4𝑥 2
14. ∫ √1 − 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4
+
2
+𝑐

√𝑥 2 −9 1 𝑥 √𝑥 2 −9
15. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sec −1 − +𝑐
𝑥3 6 3 2𝑥 2

√𝑥 2 −9 1 𝑥 √𝑥 2 −9
16. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sec −1 − +𝑐
𝑥3 6 3 2𝑥 2
𝑥𝑑𝑥
17. ∫ √𝑥 2−7 = √𝑥 2 − 7 + 𝑐
9 𝑥−2 1
18. ∫ √5 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin−1 3
+ (𝑥 − 2)√5 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2
1
19. ∫ 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4 [sin−1 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑐]

Use hyperbolic substitution, 𝑥 = 𝑎 sinh 𝑡 to show that

𝑑𝑥 𝑥
20. ∫ √𝑥 2+𝑎2 = sinh−1 𝑎 + 𝑐

105
6.8 Application of Integration

The mean (average) value of y over the interval a ≤ x ≤ b is given by:

𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑦̅ =
𝑏−𝑎

Determine the mean of the following

Example 1
𝜋
𝑦 = sin 2𝜃 ; where: 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤
4
𝜋
1
𝑦̅ = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝜃
4
−0 0
4

𝜋 4
𝑦̅ = ∫0 sin2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4
𝜋
4 cos2𝜃 4
𝑦̅ = [− ]
𝜋 2 0

2 𝜋 4
𝑦̅ = − [cos2 ( ) − cos0]
𝜋 4 0
2
𝑦̅ = − (0 − 1)
𝜋
2
𝑦̅ = 𝑜𝑟 0.637
𝜋

Example 2
𝑦 = 4𝑒 𝑡 ; where: 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 4
1 4
𝑦̅ = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑡
4−1 1
1 4
𝑦̅ = ∫1 4𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3
1
𝑦̅ = [4𝑒 𝑡 ]14
3
4
𝑦̅ = [𝑒 4 − 𝑒 1 ]
3

𝑦̅ = 69.17

106
The general formula of root mean square (RMS) is given by:
1 𝑏
(RMS)2 = ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑏−𝑎 𝑎

Determine the following RMS of the following

Example 3

𝑦 = 25sin𝜃; where: 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
1 2𝜋
(RMS)2 = { ∫ (25sin𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃}
2𝜋−0 0

1 2𝜋
RMS = √{ ∫ (25sin𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃}
2𝜋−0 0

252 2𝜋
RMS = √{
2𝜋
∫0 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃}

252 2𝜋 1
RMS = √{ ∫0 (1 − cos2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃}
2𝜋 2

252 sin2𝜃 2𝜋
RMS = √{ [𝜃 − ] }
4𝜋 2 0

252
RMS = √{ [(2𝜋 − 0) − (0)]}
4𝜋

252
RMS = √{ }
2

25
RMS = or 17.38
√2

107
Example 4

𝑦 = 1 + sin𝑡; where: 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
1 2𝜋
(RMS)2 = { ∫ (1 + sin𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡}
2𝜋−0 0

1 2𝜋
RMS = √{ ∫ (1 + sin𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡}
2𝜋−0 0

1 2𝜋
RMS = √{ ∫ (1 + 2sin𝑡 + sin2 𝑡)𝑑𝑡}
2𝜋 0

1 2𝜋 1
RMS = √{ ∫ [1 + 2sin𝑡 + 2 (1 − cos2𝑡)𝑑𝑡]}
2𝜋 0

1 2𝜋 3 1
RMS = √{ ∫ (2 + 2sin𝑡 − 2 cos2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡}
2𝜋 0

1 3𝑡 sin2𝑡 2𝜋
RMS = √{ [ − cos𝑡 − ] }
2𝜋 2 4 0

1
RMS = √{ [(3𝜋 − 2 − 0) − (0 − 2 − 0)]}
2𝜋

1
RMS = √{ (3𝜋)}
2𝜋

3
RMS = √ or 1.225
2

Example 5

𝑦 = 3cos2𝑥; where: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
1 𝜋
(RMS)2 = { ∫ (3cos2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥}
𝜋−0 0

1 𝜋
RMS = √{ ∫ (3cos2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋−0 0

9 𝜋
RMS = √{ ∫0 cos 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋

108
 9 𝜋1
RMS = √{ ∫0 (1 + cos4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥}
𝜋 2

9 sin4𝑥 𝜋
RMS = √{ [𝑥 + ] }
2𝜋 4 0

9
RMS = √{ [(𝜋 + 0) − (0)]}
2𝜋

9
RMS = √ 𝑜𝑟 2.121
2

The general formula for the area enclosed by the curve and the horizontal is
𝑏
given by 𝐴 ≈ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑠, 𝑣 and 𝑎 be displacement, velocity and acceleration respectively. Then

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣 𝑑2𝑠
𝑣= ,𝑎 = = , 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑡, and 𝑠 = ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑡.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2

Exercise 6.8

Determine the root mean square of the following and give your answer accurate
to three decimal places.
1. 𝑓(𝑡) = 3 cos 2𝑡, 0≤𝑡≤𝜋
2. 𝑖 = 𝐼 sin 𝜃 , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋, where I is a constant
3. 𝑓(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2
𝜋
4. 𝑔(𝑡) = cos 𝑡, 0≤𝑡≤
2
1
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = , 1≤𝑥≤2
𝑥

6. 𝑓(𝑡) = sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡, 0≤𝑡≤𝜋

𝜋
7. 𝑓(𝑡) = 3 cos 2𝑡, 0≤𝑡≤
2

109
8. 𝑓(𝑡) = sin 𝑡 cos 2𝑡, 0≤𝑡≤𝜋
9. 𝑣(𝑡) = −25𝑡 + 5 , 0≤𝑡≤5
Determine the mean of the following functions
10 . 𝑣(𝑡) = −25𝑡 + 5 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 0.2
11 . 𝑣(𝑡) = 5t 2 , 0≤𝑡≤5
12 . 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑡 4 + 5 , 7 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 15
13 . 𝑓(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2
𝜋
14 . 𝑔(𝑡) = cos 𝑡, 0≤𝑡≤
2
1
15 . 𝑓(𝑥) = , 1≤𝑥≤2
𝑥

16 . 𝑓(𝑡) = sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡, 0≤𝑡≤𝜋

𝜋
17. 𝑓(𝑡) = 2 sin 2𝑡 , 0≤𝑡≤
2

18 . 𝑓(𝑡) = sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡, 0≤𝑡≤𝜋

Determine the area enclosed by the curves on the given interval
19 . 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −1 , 1≤𝑥≤3
20 . 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +2 , 0≤𝑥≤2
21 . 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 −1 , −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
22 . 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 1≤𝑥≤4
Determine the area enclosed by the following curves
23 . 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑦 = 7 − 𝑥 2
24 . 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
25 . 𝑦 = |𝑥|, 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 2
26 . 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 6
27 . 𝑦 = 2 + 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 4
28 . 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
29 . 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 4
30 . 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 4

110
Section 6.9 Review problems

Indicate the method of integration you will use for these integrals

1. ∫ 𝑥 cos(2𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 2. ∫ 𝑥 cos(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ cos 2 (2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ cos(2𝑥 + 1) sin(2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ cos 3 (2𝑥 + 1) sin5 (2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ sin 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
sin(2𝑥+1)
7. ∫ cos 4 (2𝑥 + 1) sin2 (2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫ cos(2𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
9. ∫ √9+𝑥 2 10. ∫ √9+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
11. ∫ √9−𝑥 2 12. ∫ 9−𝑥 2
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
13. ∫ 9−𝑥 2 14. ∫ 9−𝑥 2

15. ∫ √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 16. ∫ 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
17. ∫ 𝑥√1−𝑥 2 18. ∫ 1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
19. ∫ √1−𝑥 2 20. ∫ 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
21. ∫ (1−𝑥 2 )2 22. ∫ (1−𝑥 2 )
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1
23. ∫ 1−𝑥 2 24. ∫ 𝑥 2+4𝑥+8 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
25. ∫ 𝑥 2+4𝑥+8 𝑑𝑥 26. ∫ 4−𝑥 2
𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
27. ∫ 4−𝑥 2 28. ∫ 4−𝑥 2
𝑥𝑑𝑥
29. ∫ 4−𝑥 2 30. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
30. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 31. ∫ 𝑒𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
32. ∫ 1+𝑒 2𝑥 32. ∫ 1+𝑒 2𝑥

111
Solutions to some questions

Section 6.1

6 4
6𝑥 √𝑥 4 √𝑥 3 2∙(1.5)𝑥
1. − +𝑐 2. 3𝑥 − +𝑐
7 3 ln 1.5
tan 𝑥+𝑥 1
3. +𝑐 4. tan−1 𝑥 − + 𝑐
2 𝑥

5. tan−1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 6. sin−1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
tan−1 𝑥 2
7. +𝑐 8. − 2√1 + cot 𝑥
2
tan2 𝑥
9. − ln(1 + cos 2 𝑥) + 𝑐 10. +𝑐
2

11. ln | tan−1 𝑡 | + 𝑐 12. 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑐

Section 6.2

1. ln | ln 𝑥 | + 𝑐 2. (ln 𝑥)2 + 𝑐
(𝑥−1)6 1 6
3. + (𝑥 − 1)3 + 5(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐 4. − 𝑒 1−𝑥
6 6
3 3
5. ln|𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 + 10𝑥 + 12| + 𝑐 6. ln|2𝑥 − 1| + 𝑐
5 2
1
7. − +𝑐 8. 2𝑒 √𝑥 + 𝑐
ln 𝑥
ln2 5𝑥 ln2 (𝑥 2 +1)
9. +𝑐 10. +𝑐
2 2
3 −𝑡 sin4 𝑡
11. 𝑒𝑡 +𝑐 12. +𝑐
4

ln | sec 2𝑡+tan 2𝑡| 2√5+cos 3𝑡

13. +𝑐 14. − +𝑐
4 3

cot5 3𝑡 (ln 𝑡)4

15. − +𝑐 16. +𝑐
15 4
−1
17. 18. +𝑐
1+tan 𝑡

112
 33 −2cos 3𝑡
19.
2
√(𝑒𝑡 − cos 𝑡) + 𝑐 20.
3 ln 2
+𝑐
𝑡
21. 2𝑒 tan2 + 𝑐
sin[(𝑥+1)(𝑥+3)]
22. +𝑐 23. sin(sin 𝑡) + 𝑐
2
sin(2𝑡 )
24. +𝑐 25. − 4 sec(2𝑡 2 − 3) + 𝑐
ln 2
1 4𝑡 5
26. − sec(cot 3𝑡) + 𝑐 27. tan−1 ( )+𝑐
3 3

5𝑡 5 2
28. sin−1 ( )+𝑐 29. √(1 − csc 𝑡)3
5 3

tan−1 (𝑡 3 )
30. +𝑐 31. 0
3

32. ln|ln 𝑡| + 𝑐
3 ln |5𝑦+4| 3 ln |5𝑦 2 +4| 3
33. + − +𝑐
5 10 10(5𝑦 2 +4)3

1 ln|𝑡 4 +2𝑡| (2−cos(1−𝑡))5

34. − + +𝑐 35. − +𝑐
4(𝑡 4 +2𝑡) 2 2 5

(3−tan 4𝑡)4 5
36. − +𝑐 37. 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 −
16 2
3888 7
38. 39.
5 54

40. ln 2 41.
(ln 2)2 (𝑥 2 +5)√𝑥 2 +5
42. 43. 𝑓(𝑥) = +1
2 3

ln|1−3𝑥 2 | 7
44. 𝑓(𝑥) = − +5 45. meters
3 3

46. 61 million

Section 6.3

𝑥 sinh−1 (𝑒 2𝑥 )
1. 2 sin−1 ( ) + 𝑐 2. +𝑐
2 2

2 𝑥3 sin 𝑥
3. tan−1 ( ) + 𝑐 4. 3 cosh−1 ( )+𝑐
3 2 3

113
 sin−1(3 tan 𝑥) 4 𝑥3
5. +𝑐 6. tanh−1 ( ) + 𝑐
3 3 2
1 𝑥
7. ln|1 + 𝑥 4 | + 𝑐 8. √5 tan−1 ( 5) + 𝑐
4 √

4 3 sec 𝑥 sin2 2𝑥
9. sinh−1 ( )+𝑐 10. 2 tan−1 ( )+𝑐
3 4 4

Section 6.4

4 1
1. 2 ln(𝑡 + 1) + 3 ln(𝑡 − 2) − + +𝑐
𝑡−2 2(𝑡−2)2
𝑡 𝑡
3 ln(𝑡 2 +4) 2 tan−1 ln(𝑡 2 +9) 5 tan−1
2 3
2. − + − +𝑐
2 2 2 3
𝑡
3 tan−1( )
4
3. 3𝑡(𝑡 + 1) + 3 ln √2𝑡 − 1 − ln √𝑡 2 + 16 + +𝑐
2
ln(𝑡−1) ln(𝑡+1) 𝑡2 ln(𝑡−1) ln(𝑡+1)
4. 𝑡+ − +𝑐 5. + + +𝑐
2 2 2 2 2
𝑡2 𝑡 ln(3𝑡−1) 𝑡 7 ln(3𝑡−1)
6. + + +𝑐 7. + +𝑐
6 9 27 3 9

𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡4 𝑡5 𝑎2
8. 𝐴0 𝑡 + 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 + 𝑎1 ln(𝑡 − 2) − + 𝑏1 ln(𝑡 − 2) −
2 3 4 5 𝑡−2
𝑏2
+𝑐
𝑡+2

9. 2 ln |𝑡| + ln |𝑡 + 1| + 𝑐 10. 3 ln|𝑡 − 1| − 7 ln|𝑡 − 2| + 𝑐

2 ln |2𝑥−3| 3 ln |3𝑥+1| ln |𝑥| 1 𝑥+1 5 𝑥−2
11. + − +𝑐 12. ln | |+ ln | |+𝑐
33 11 3 3 𝑥−1 12 𝑥+2
𝑥3 𝑥2
13. + + 4𝑥 + 2 ln |𝑥| + 5 ln |𝑥 − 2| − 3 ln |𝑥 + 2| + 𝑐
3 2
𝑥 1 3 (𝑥−2)2
14. ln | |− +𝑐 15. + ln | |+𝑐
𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−2 𝑥2

1 1 𝑥 2 +1
16. − +𝑐 17. ln | | + 3 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥2

ln |𝑥| ln|𝑥 2 +2𝑥+2| tan−1 (𝑥+1)

18. − − +𝑐
2 4 2
ln |𝑥+1| ln |𝑥 2 −𝑥+1| 1 2𝑥−1
19. − + tan−1 ( )+𝑐
3 6 √3 √3

5 ln |𝑥 2 +1| 5 ln |𝑥 2 +3| 9 tan−1 𝑥 √3 𝑥

20. − + − tan−1 ( ) +𝑐
4 4 2 2 √3

114
 𝑥2 ln(𝑥 2 +2)
21. − + +𝑐 22. tan−1 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐
2(𝑥 2 +2) 2

23. 𝑒 𝑡 − ln|𝑒 𝑡 + 1| + 𝑐 24. ln |1 + 𝑒 𝑡 | − 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑡 + 𝑐

1 𝑒 𝑡−3
25. tan−1 ( )+𝑐
2 2

𝑥3 𝑥2 ln |𝑥| ln |2𝑥−1| ln|𝑥+2|

26. + + 2𝑥 + 2 ln|𝑥 − 1| + 𝑐 27. + − +𝑐
3 2 2 2 10
𝑥2 2 𝑥−1
28. +𝑥− + ln | |+𝑐
2 𝑥−1 𝑥+1

ln |4𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3| 1 2𝑥−1

29. 𝑥+ − tan−1 +𝑐
8 4√2 √2

Section 6.5

3
4
1. 2𝑥√(𝑥 + 2) − (𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑐
3
3
1
2. 𝑥√(2𝑥 + 1) − (2𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑐 3. − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2)𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐
3
1 2 2
4.
3
(𝑥 2 − 3 𝑥 + 9) 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐 5. 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 6) + 𝑐
𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥2 1
6.
3
−
9
+𝑐 7.
2
(ln2 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐
(ln 𝑥+1)
8. − +𝑐 9. 𝑥(ln 𝑥)2 − 2𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
32 64 62 𝑥 4 (𝑥 4 +5)9 (𝑥 4 +5)10
10. (ln 2)2 − ln 2 + 11. − +𝑐
5 25 125 36 360

12. − 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

13. 𝑥 3 cosh 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 sinh 𝑥 + 6𝑥 cosh 𝑥 − 6 sinh 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥(cos( ln 𝑥)+sin(ln 𝑥))
14. sin 𝑥(ln sin 𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐 15. +𝑐
2
(cos 𝑡 sin2 𝑡+2 cos 𝑡) ln(1+16𝑡 2 )
16. − +𝑐 17. 𝑡 tan−1 4𝑡 − +𝑐
3 8

25 𝑒 2𝑡 sin 5𝑡 2𝑒 2𝑡 cos 5𝑡
18. 𝑥(ln 𝑥)3 − 3𝑥(ln 𝑥)2 + 6𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 6𝑥 19. [ + ]
29 5 25

20. − cos 𝑡 ln(cos 𝑡) + cos 𝑡 + 𝑐 21. 𝑡 sin−1 𝑡 + √1 − 𝑡 2 + 𝑐

115
 3 5
𝑡 2 (4−𝑡 2 )2 2(4−𝑡 2 )2 𝑡 cos 2𝑡 sin 2𝑡
22. − − +𝑐 23. − + +𝑐
3 15 4 8
3 5
−1 𝑡 2 (9−𝑡 2 )2 2(9−𝑡 2 )2
24. +𝑐 25. − − +𝑐
2(ln 𝑡)2 3 15
3 5 7
2𝑡 2 (𝑡−1)2 8𝑡(𝑡−1)2 16(𝑡−1)2 2𝑡 2𝑡 2
26.
3
−
15
+
105
+𝑐 27.
ln 2
(𝑡 2 − ln 2 + ln2 2) + 𝑐
(𝑡+1)3 𝑡3 𝑡2 ln 𝑡 sin 𝑡 sinh 𝑡 cos 𝑡 cosh 𝑡
28. ln 3𝑡 − − −𝑡− +𝑐 29. − +𝑐
3 9 2 3 2 2
1
30. 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 − sinh 𝑥 + 𝑐 31. (𝑒 2 + 1)
16
1
1
32. (𝑒 2 − 1) 33. 100 (4𝑒 −4 − 3)
4
3
34. 𝑓(𝑥) = −(𝑥 + 2)𝑒 −𝑥 + + 5
𝑒
𝑡
1 1 5
35. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (ln 𝑥 − ) − − ln 2 36. 𝑠(𝑡) = −2(𝑡 + 2)𝑒 −2 + 4
4 2 2

37. 2008875

Section 6.6

1
1. (sec 𝑡 tan 𝑡 + ln|sec 𝑡 + tan 𝑡|) + 𝑐
2
tan2 𝑡 1 1
2. − ln|sec 𝑡| + 𝑐 3. (𝑡 − 2 sin 2𝑡) + 𝑐
2 2

2 cos3 𝑡 2 cos 𝑡 sin5 𝑡 2 sin7 𝑡 sin9 𝑡

4. ( − ) √cos 𝑡 + 𝑐 5. − + +𝑐
7 3 5 7 9
𝜋 3𝜋
6. 7.
4 8
tan6 𝑡 tan4 𝑡
8. ln(1 + sin 𝑡) + 𝑐 9. + +𝑐
6 4

csc3 𝑡 csc5 𝑡 sin 3𝑡 sin 7𝑡

10. − +𝑐 11. − +𝑐
3 5 6 14

tan5 (𝑡 2 ) cos5 (sin 𝑡)

12. +𝑐 13. +𝑐
10 5

sin 2𝑡 sin 12𝑡 cos5 𝑡 2 cos3 𝑡

14. + +𝑐 15. − + − cos 𝑡 + 𝑐
4 24 5 3

116
 cos3 𝑦
16. − cos 𝑦 + 17. 2 sin 2𝑦
3
cot4 𝑦 cot3 𝑦 cot2 𝑦 ln 2
18. − + − cot 𝑦 + 𝑐 19. 1+ = 1.347
4 3 2 2
1 sin 16𝑡
20. 2 sec 𝑦 + 𝑐 21. − +𝑐
8 128
ln(sec 5𝑡+tan 5𝑡)−sin 5𝑡
22. +𝑐 23. cos 𝑡 + sec 𝑡 + 𝑐
5
2 cos3 𝑡
24. tan 𝑡 − cot 𝑡 + 𝑐 25. cos 𝑡 − +𝑐
3

𝜋2 1 1
26. 27. (cos 𝑥 − 9 cos 9𝑥) + 𝑐
2𝑎 2
1 1 sin 2𝑥 sin 12𝑥
28. sin 3𝑥 − sin 7𝑥 + 𝑐 29. + +𝑐
3 14 4 24
sin 3𝑥 sin 9𝑥
30. − +𝑐
6 18

Section 6.7

3 𝑥 5 3𝑥
1. tan−1 + 𝑐 2. tan−1 +𝑐
2 2 2 4

√𝑥 2 −9 √9−𝑥 2 𝑥
3. +𝑐 4. − − sin−1 + 𝑐
9𝑥 𝑥 3
𝑥 2 −18
5. +𝑐
3√𝑥 2 +9

Section 6.8

𝐼
1. 2.121 2. 3. 2.0817
√2

4. 0.07071 5. 0.07071 6. 1
7. 1.142 8. 0.3536 9. 2.121
10. 2.5 11. 5 13. 2
14. 0.6366 15. 0.6391 16. 06366

117
 40
17. 1.2732 18. 0 19.
3
52 64 27
21. 23. 24.
5 3 4
7 125
25. 26. 27. 4.01449
3 6

28. 0.135698

118
Chapter 7

Multiple Integrals

7.1 Double Integrals

Fubini’s Theorem: If f is continuous on the rectangle

𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑}, then

𝑏 𝑑 𝑑 𝑏
∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑎 ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑐 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
More generally, this is true if we assume that f is bounded on R, f is
discontinuous only on a finite number of smooth curves, and the iterated
integral exist. In addition, when using cross – sections perpendicular to the y –
axis:

𝑑 𝑏
∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑐 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Determine the following double integrals

Example 1

Evaluate the double integral ∬𝑅 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴, where

𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2}.

Solution 1
2 2
∬𝑅 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴 = ∫0 ∫1 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

119
 2 𝑦=2
∬𝑅 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴 = ∫0 [𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 3 ]𝑦=1 𝑑𝑥
2
2 𝑥2
∬𝑅 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴 = ∫0 (𝑥 − 7)𝑑𝑥 = 2
− 7𝑥]
0

∬𝑅 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴 = −12

Solution 2

2 2
∬𝑅 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴 = ∫1 ∫0 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥=2
2 𝑥2
∬𝑅 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴 = ∫1 [ 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
𝑥=0
2
∬𝑅 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴 = ∫1 (2 − 6𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑦 − 2𝑦 3 ]12

∬𝑅 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴 = −12

Example 2

Evaluate ∬𝑅 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝐴, where 𝑅 = [1,2] × [0, 𝜋].

Solution 1
𝜋 2
∬𝑅 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫0 ∫1 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜋 𝑥=2
∬𝑅 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫0 [−cos(𝑥𝑦)]𝑥=1 𝑑𝑦
𝜋
∬𝑅 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫0 (−cos2𝑦 + cos𝑦)𝑑𝑦
1
∬𝑅 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = − 2 sin2𝑦 + sin𝑦]𝜋0

∬𝑅 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = 0

120
Solution 2
2 𝜋
∬𝑅 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫1 ∫0 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

To evaluate the inner integral, we use integration by part:

𝑢=𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦
cos(𝑥𝑦)
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑣=−
𝑥

So that,
𝜋 𝑦cos(𝑥𝑦) 𝑦=𝜋 1 𝜋
∫0 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑥
] + ∫0 cos(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑥
𝑦=0
𝜋 𝜋cos𝜋𝑥 1 𝑦=𝜋
∫0 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = − + [sin(𝑥𝑦)]𝑦=0
𝑥 𝑥2
𝜋 𝜋cos𝜋𝑥 sin𝜋𝑥
∫0 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑥
+
𝑥2

Now integrating the first term by parts:

1
𝑢=− 𝑑𝑣 = 𝜋cos𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑣 = sin𝜋𝑥
𝑥2
𝜋cos𝜋𝑥 sin𝜋𝑥 sin𝜋𝑥
∫ (− 𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥
−∫
𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
𝜋cos𝜋𝑥 sin𝜋𝑥 sin𝜋𝑥
∫ (− + ) 𝑑𝑥 = −
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥

2 𝜋 sin𝜋𝑥 2
∫1 ∫0 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = [−
𝑥
]
1
2 𝜋 sin2𝜋
∫1 ∫0 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = − 2
+ sin𝜋
2 𝜋
∫1 ∫0 𝑦sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0

121
Calculate the following iterated integrals:
3 1 2 1
1. ∫1 ∫0 (1 + 4𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 2. ∫0 ∫0 (2𝑥 + 𝑦)8 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
4 2 𝑥 𝑦 ln 2 ln 5
3. ∫1 ∫1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 4. ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

4 2 2 3 𝑦2
5. ∫1 ∫−1(2𝑥 + 6𝑥 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 6. ∫1 ∫𝜋⁄6 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 2𝑥 4 2
7. ∫0 ∫𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 4𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 8. ∫0 ∫√𝑦 𝑦 cos 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 √𝑥 2 2𝑦
9. ∫1 ∫1−𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 10. ∫0 ∫𝑦 2 (4𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 𝑥 𝑦⁄ 𝑒 𝑥
11. ∫1 ∫𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 12. ∫1 ∫0 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝜋 ⁄4 sec 𝑥
13. ∫𝜋⁄6 ∫tan 𝑥 (𝑦 + sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

Calculate the following double integral:

14. ∬𝑅 (6𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 5𝑦 4 )𝑑𝐴, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1}

𝑥𝑦 2
15. ∬𝑅 𝑑𝐴, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, −3 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3}
𝑥 2 +1

16. ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑦√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1}

1
17. ∬𝑅 (𝑥+𝑦+1)3
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1}

18. ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 𝜋 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2𝜋}

19. ∬𝑅 (2𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2}

20. ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|−√𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋}

21. ∬𝑅 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2}

Express the following double integrals as a product of single integrals and
evaluate them:
𝑥2
22. ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1}
1+𝑦 2

𝑥
23. ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑒}
𝑦

24. ∬𝑅 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1}

122
25. ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1}
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
26. ∬𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|− ≤ 𝑥 ≤ , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ }
4 4 4
𝑥
27. ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑒, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2}
𝑦

Calculate double integrals over regions bounded by curves.

1
28. ∬𝐷 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝐷: 𝑦 = −√𝑥, 𝑦 = , 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 2
𝑥

29. ∬𝐷 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝐷: 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 4, 𝑦 = 3√𝑥, 𝑦 = 0

30. ∬𝐷 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝐷: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 2 = 𝑥
𝑥2 1
31. ∬𝐷 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝐷: 𝑦 = , 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 2
𝑦2 𝑥

32. ∬𝐷 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝐷: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2

33. ∬𝐷 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝐷: 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + 2, 𝑦 = −𝑥, 𝑥 = 2

34. ∬𝐷 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝐷: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 2 + |𝑥|

35. ∬𝐷 (𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝐷: 𝑦 = −√𝑥, 𝑦 = −2√𝑥, 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4

Solutions to some questions

Section 7.1

32
5. 234 6.
3
1
7. cos 1 − cos 9 − 4 ≈ −2.55 8. sin 32 ≈ 0.055
10
163 36
9. 10.
120 5
(4𝑒−𝑒 4 ) (𝑒 2 +1)
11. 12.
2 4

123
 𝜋 3 1 1
13. + ln | |+ − ≈ 0.2087 14.
24 (2+√ 2) √2 2

1−8√2+9√3
15. 16.
15
5
17. 18. 0
24

19. − 16 20. 2
𝑒 2 −1 𝜋
21. 22.
4 12
1
23. 2 24. 𝑒 2 + −2
𝑒2
1
25. 26. 1
4
3 11
27. 𝑒 2 ( − ln 2) + ln 2 28. −
4 8
19 33
29. 30.
12 140

9 16√2
31. 32.
4 3
182
33. 34. 0
15
101
35. −
10

124
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