CH-4: INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY MATHEMATICS/CLASS-X

INTRODUCTION TO
TRIGONOMETRY

4.1 INTRODUCTION :
The word ‘trigonometry’ comes from greek word. ‘tri’ (means three) gon (means side) and metron
(means measurment). Trigonometryis the study of relationship between the side and angle of triangle.

c b

B a C

4.2 MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES :

Thus, an angle is considered as the figure obtained by rotating a given ray about its end-point.
Measure of an angle: The measure of an angle is the amount of rotation from the initial side to the
terminal side.
Sense of An angle: The sense of an angle is said to be positive or negative according as the initial side
rotates in anticlockwise direction or clockwise direction to the terminal side.
B Initial side
O A
e
s id


al

(Negative angle)
Te
in

rm
rm

in
Te

 (Positive angle)
al
sid

O A
B
e

Initial side

4.3 STANDARD POSITION OF THE ANGLE :

The angle is said to be in standard position if its inital side coincides with the positive X-axis.
Note :
Y
1. Rotation of terminal side in anticlockwise direction we
consider the angle formed is positive and rotation in l
m ina
clock wise direction the angle formed is negative. Te
r
2. Depending upon the position of terminal side we decide  X
O Initial
the angle in different quadrants.

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4.4 COTERMINAL ANGLES :

The angles that differ by either 360° or the integral multiples of 360° are called coterminal angles.
Y

360° + 60°
60° X
O

Example :
60°, 360° + 60° = 420°, 2 × 360° + 60° = 780° are coterminal angles.
Note :
1. If  is an angle then its coterminal angle is in the form of (n ×360° + ).
2. The terminal side of coterminal angles in their standard position coincides.

4.5 SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE :

4.5.1 Sexagesimal system
This system is also called as British System.
In this system a right angle is divided into 90 equal parts, called degree. The symbol 1° is used to denote
one degree. Thus, one degree is one-ninetieth part of a right angle. Each degree is divided into 60 equal
parts, called minutes. The symbol 1’is used to denote one [Link] each minute is divided into 60
equal parts, called second. The symbol 1’’is used to denote one second.
Thus, 1 right angle = 90 degrees (= 90°)
1° = 60 mintues (= 60')
1' = 60 seconds (= 60'')
4.5.2 Centesimal system
This system is also called as French System.
In this system a right angle is divided into 100 equal parts, called grades; each grade is subdivided into
100 minutes, and each minute into 100 seconds.
The symbols 1g, 1' and 1'' are used to denote a grade, a minute, and a second respectively.
Thus, 1 right angle = 100 grades (= 100g)
1 grade = 100 minutes (=100')
1 minute = 100 seconds (= 100'')
4.5.3 Circular System
In this system the unit of measurement is radian as defined below.
One radian, written as 1c, is the measure of an angle subtended at the centre of a circle an arc of length
equal to the radius of the circle.
P

O A

Consider a circle of radius r having centre at O. LetAbe a point on the circle. Now cut off an arcAPwhose
length is equal to the radius r of the circle. Then by the definition of the measure AOP is 1 radian (= 1c).

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4.6 RELATION BETWEEN DEGREES AND RADIANS :

Consider a circle with centre O and radius r. LetAbe a point on the circle. Join OAand cut off an arc OP
of length equal to the radius of the [Link], AOP = 1 radian. Produce AO to meet the circle at B.
 AOB = a straight angle = 2 right angles
We know that the angles at the centre of a circle are proportional to the arcs subtending them.
AOP arc AP
 
AOB arc APB

AOP r P
 
2 right angles π r r
B A
2 right angles O r
  AOP 
π
180
 1c 
π
180
Hence, one radian =   radians = 180°
π
Remark 1
When an angle is expressed in radians, the word radian is generally omitted.

Remark 2
Since 180° =  radians. Therefore, 1° = /180 radian.
π π
Hence, 30   30  radians,
180 6
π π
45   45  radians,
180 4
π π
60   60  radians,
180 3
π π
90   90  radians,
180 2
Remark 3
We have,
radians = 180°
180  180 
 1 radian = =  7  = 57° 16' 22" (approx.)
  22 

Remark 4
We have,
180° =  radians
π  22 
 1  radian    radian = 0.01746 radian.
180  7  180 
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Note :
(1) The measure of an angle is a real number.
(2) If no unit of measurement is indicated for any angle, it is considered as
radian measure.

4.7 RELATION BETWEEN THREE SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT OF AN ANGLE

Let D be the number of degrees, R be the number of radians and G be the number of grades in
an angle . Then the relation between three systems of measurement of an angle is :
D G R
= =
90 100 π
2
Now, 90° = 1 right angle
1
 1° = right angle
90
D
 D° = right angles
90
D
 θ rightangles .....(i)
90
100 grades = 1 right angle
1
 1 grade = right angle
100
G
 G grades = right angles
100
G
 = right angles .....(ii)
100
And, Angles,  radians = 2 right angles
2
 1 radian = right angles
π
2R
 R radians = right angles
π
2R
 = right angles .....(iii)
π
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
D G 2R
 
90 100 π
This is required relation between the three systems of measurement of an angle. Where D denotes
degrees, G grades and R radians.

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Illustration 1
Convert 45° into circular measure.
Solution :
Given, D = 45°
D R
We have, = ,
90
2
45 R
So, = 
90
2
1 
  =R
2 2

i.e. R=
4
c
Hence, circular measure of 45° is .
4

Illustration 2
Convert 150g into sexagesimal measure.
Solution :
Given, G = 150g
D G
We have, = ,
90 100
D 150
So, =
90 100
3
 D = × 90 = 135
2
Hence, sexagesimal measure of 150g is 135º.

Illustration 3
Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius 5 cm subtending a central
angle measuring 15°.
Solution
Let s be the length of the arc subtending an angle c at the centre of a circle or
s
radius r. Then, θ  .
r
c c
Here, r = 5 cm and  15° = 15 
π  π
  
 180   12 
s π s 5π
 θ   s cm.
r 12 5 12

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Illustration 4
Find the degrees the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of diameter
50 cm by an arc of length 11 cm.
Solution
Here, r = 25 cm and s = 11 cm
c c o o

s  11   11 180   11 180 
θ  θ        7
r  25   25 π   25 22 
o o '
 126   1  1 
 θ    25   25  60   2512'
 5   5 5 

Illustration 5
In a circle of diameter 40 cm the length of a chord is 20 cm. Find the
length of minor arc corresponding to the chord.
Solution
Let arcAB = s. It is given that OA= 20 cm and chord AB = 20 cm. Therefore,
OAB is an equilateral triangle. Hence,
B
c c
 π  π 20 cm
AOB  60   60     60°
 180   3  O 20 cm A

arc π s 20π
Now, θ   s cm.
radius 3 20 3

4.8 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS :

With reference to angle Ain a right angled ABC, right angle at C. B
a is opposite side of angle A (Perpendicular), b is opposite side of

Perpendicular
angle B and c is opposite side of angle C. e
n us
a b a b c c te
The ratio of sides , , , , , have the following names y po c a
c c b a b a H
a b
is called the sine of A, written as sinA
A
c A Base C

b
is called the co-sine of A, written as cos A
c
a
is called the tangent of A, written as tanA.
b
b
is called the co-tangent of A. written as cot A
a
c
is called the secant of A, written as sec A
b
c
is called the co-secant of A, written as cosec A.
a

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So there are six trigonometric Ratios :

Perpendicular a Base b
sin A = =  cos A = =
Hypotenuse c Hypotenuse c

Prependicular a Base b
tan A = =  cot A = =
Base b Prependicular a

Hypotenuse c Hypotenuse c
cosec A = =  sec A = =
Prependicular a Base b

TRICK : SOME PEOPLE HAVE CURLY BROWN HAIR TO PRODUCE BEAUTY

Fundamental Relation :
(a) Reciprocal Relation

1 1
cosec A = , sin A =
sin A cosec A

1 1
sec A = , cos A =
cos A sec A

1 1
cot A = , tan A =
tan A cot A
(b) Quotient Relation

sin A cos A
tan A = cot A =
cos A sin A

Illustration 6
Find trigonometric ratio:
In a triangle ABC, right-angled at B, AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm. Determine
(i) sin A, cos A (ii) sin C, cos C
Solution A
In  ABC,
AB2 + BC2 = AC2
25 cm
 (24)2 + (7)2 = AC2 24 cm
AC2 = 625
 AC = 25
B 7 cm C
hypotenuse = 25 cm

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(i) For A, AB = base

Perpendicular = BC &
hypotenuse = AC
Perpendicular BC 7
sin A = = =
hypotenuse AC 25

Base 24
cos A = =
hypotenuse 25
(ii) For C, base = BC and
Perpendicular =AB and
hypotenuse = AC
Perpendicular 24
sin C = =
hypotenuse 25

Base 7
cos C = =
hypotenuse 25
 (B)

4.9 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SOME SPECIFIC ANGLES 0°, 30°, 45°,

60° AND 90°:

Angle
0º 30º 45º 60º 90º
Ratio
1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan 0 1 3 Not defined
3
1
cot Not defined 3 1 0
3
2
sec 1 2 2 Not defined
3
2
cosec Not defined 2 2 1
3

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Trigonometric ratios of 0° and 90° :

Let XAY = be an acute angle and let P be a point on its terminal side AY. Draw perpendicular PM
from P onAX. y
In AMP, we have P

PM AM PM
sin  = , cos  = and tan  = A  x
AP AP AM M

It is evident from AMP that as  becomes smaller and smaller, line segment PM also becomes smaller
and smaller; and finally when  become 0°; the point P will coincide with M. Consequently, we have
PM = 0 and AP = AM

PM 0 AM AP PM 0
 sin 0° = = = 0; cos 0° = = = 1 and, tan 0º = = =0
AP AP AP AP AP AP
Thus, we have, sin 0º = 0, cos 0° = 1 and tan 0º = 0
From AMP, it is evident that as  increases, line segmentAM becomes smaller and smaller and finally
when  become 90°, then point M will coincide withA. Consequently, we have
AM = 0, AP = PM

PM PM AM 0
 sin 90° = = =1 and cos 90° = = =0
AP PM AP AP
Thus, we have, sin 90° = 1 and cos 90° = 0

PM PM
Remark : It is evident from the above discussion that tan 90° = = is not defined.
AM 0
Similarly, sec 90°, cosec 0°, cot 0° are not definied.

Trigonometric ratios of 30° and 60° :

Consider an equilateral triangle ABC with each side of length 2a. Since each angle of an equilateral
triangle is of 60°. Therefore, each angle of ABC is of 60°. Let AD be perpendicular from A on BC.
Since the triangle is equilateral. Therefore,AD is the bisector of Aand D is the mid-point of BC.
 BD = DC = a and BAD = 30°
Thus, in ABD, D is a right angle, hypotenuse AB = 2a and BD = a.
So, by Pythagoras theorem, we have
AB2 = AD2 + BD2
 (2a)2 = AD2 + a2
 AD2 = 4a2 – a2

 AD = 3a

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Trigonometric ratios of 30° :

In right triangleADB, in reference with the acute angle A,
Base = AD = 3a , Perpendicular = BD = a, Hypotenuse = AB = 2a and DAB = 30°.
BD a 1
 sin 30° = = = A
AB 2a 2
AD 3a 3 30° 30°
cos 30° = = =
AB 2a 2
2a 2a
BD a 1
tan 30° = = = ;
AD 3a 3
60° 60°
1 B a a C
cosec 30° = = 2; D
sin 30
1 2
sec 30° = = ;
cos 30 3
1
cot 30° = = 3
tan 30

Trigonometric ratios of 60° :

In right triangleADB, in reference with the acute angle A,
Base =BD = a, Perpendicular = AD = 3a , Hypotenuse = AB = 2a and ABD = 60°.
AD 3a 3 BD a 1
 sin 60° = = = cos 60° = = =
AB 2a 2 AB 2a 2

AD 3a 1 2
tan 60° = = = 3; cosec 60° = = ;
BD a sin 60 3
1 1 1
sec 60° = = 2; cot 60° = =
cos 60 tan 60 3

Trigonometric ratios of 45° :

C
Consider a right triangleABC with right angle of B such that
A = 45º, Then, 45°
A + B + C = 180°
 45º + 90° + C = 180° 2a
a
 C = 45°
 A = C
 AB = BC 45°
Let AB = BC = a. Then, by Pythagoras theorem, we have A a B
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
 AC2 = a2 + a2  AC2 = 2a2  AC = 2a

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Thus, in ABC, we have

A = 45°, Base = AB = a, Perpendicular = BC = a and Hypotenuse = AC = 2a
BC a 1 AB a 1
 sin 45° = = = , cos 45° = = =
AC 2a 2 AC 2a 2
BC a 1
tan 45° = = = 1, cosec 45° = = 2,
AB a sin 45
1 1 1
sec 45° = = 2, cot 45° = = =1
cos 45 tan 45 1

Illustration 7
Find the value of the following:
4cos260º + 4sin245º – sin230º
Solution
4cos260º + 4sin245º – sin230º
2 2 2
1  1  1 1 1 1 11
4   4     = 4  4  =
2  2  2 4 2 4 4

4.10 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES :

Let  ABC be a right angle triangle at C = 90º
so A + B = 90º B
So A & B are complement angle of each other
B = 90º – A
c a
a
sin A = = cos B = cos (90º – A)
c
A b C
b
cos A = = sin B = sin (90º – A)
c
a
tan A = = cot B = cot (90º – A)
b
b
cot A = = tan B = tan (90º – A)
a
c
sec A = = cosec B = cosec (90º – A)
b
c
cosec A = = sec B = sec (90º – A)
a
so sin (90º – A) = cos A cos (90º – A) = sin A
tan (90º – A) = cot A cot (90º – A) = tan A
sec (90º – A) = cosec A cosec (90º – A) = sec A

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For example :
sin 30º = sin (90º – 60º) = cos 60º
tan 68º = tan (90º – 22º) = cot 22º

Illustration 8
Without using trigonometric table, find the value of
cot 54 tan 20
(a) sin2 40º – cos2 50º (b)  –2
tan 36 cot 70
Solution
(a) sin2 40º – cos2 (90º – 40º)
= sin2 40º – sin2 40º = 0
cot 54º tan 20º
(b) + –2
tan 36º cot 70º
cot 90º–36º  tan 20º
= + –2
tan 36º cot 90º–20º 
tan 36º tan 20º
= + –2=1+1–2=0
tan 36º tan 20º

4.11 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

If two expressions are equal for all values of the variables, then the relation is called an identity.
x2 4x  1
For example, +x= is an identity since L.H.S. = R.H.S for all real value of x.
3 3
There are three fundamental trignometric identities
(i) cos2 A + sin2 A = 1
(ii) 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A
(iii) 1 + cot2 A = cosec2 A

Trigonometric Identities :
An equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is called a trigonometric identity, if it is true for
all values of the angle(s) involved.
C
In ABC, right-angled at B (see Fig. ), we have:
AB2 + BC2 = AC2 .....(1)
2
Dividing each term of (1) byAC , we get
AB2 BC2 AC2
 =
AC2 AC2 AC2
2 2 2 A B
 AB   BC   AC 
i.e.,     = 
 AC   AC   AC 
i.e., (cos A)2 + (sin A)2 = 1
i.e., cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 .....(2)
This is true for allAsuch that 0° A90°. So, this is a trigonometric identity.

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Let us now divide (1) byAB2. We get

2 2 2
AB2 BC2 AC2  AB   BC   AC 
 = or,     = 
AB2 AB2 AB2  AB   AB   AB 
i.e. 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A .....(3)
tan A and sec A are not defined for A = 90°. So, (3) is true for all A such that 0°  A 90°.
Let us now divide (1) by BC2. We get
2 2 2
AB2 BC2 AC2  AB   BC   AC 
 = i.e.,     = 
BC2 BC2 BC2  BC   BC   BC 
i.e., cot2 A + 1 = cosec2 A .....(4)
Note that cosec A and cot A are not defined for A = 0°. Therefore (4) is true for all A such that
0° < A 90°.
Using these identities, we can express each trigonometric ratio in terms of other trigonometric ratios,
i.e., if any one of the ratios is known, we can also determine the values of other trigonometric ratios.

4.12 RELATION BETWEEN AN ARC, RADIUS AND ANGLE SUBTENDED BY

THE ARC AT THE CENTRE OF THE CIRCLE :
B
Consider a circle with centre 'O', radius 'r',
l
AOB =  and length of arc AB = l as shown in the figure.

Relation between , r and l : O r
A

arc l
angle = ;=
radius r
Here  is always in radian and unit of l and r are always same.

4.13 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPOUND ANGLES :

1. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
2. sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B.
3. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
4. cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B.
tan A  tan B
5. tan (A + B) =
1  tan A tan B

tan A  tan B
6. tan (A – B) =
1  tan A tan B
7. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A (by taking A= B in the above (1) relation)
8. cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A = 2 cos2 A – 1 = 1 – 2sin2 A
(by taking A= B in the above (3) relation)
2 tan A
9. tan 2A = (by taking A= B in the above (5) relation)
1  tan 2 A

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Illustration 9
Find the value of sin 75°.
Solution:
We have,
sin 75° = sin (45° + 30°)
= sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30°
1 3 1 1 3 1
= ·  · =
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1
 sin 75° = .
2 2

Illustration 10
Find the value of tan 15°.
Solution:
We have,
tan 45  tan 30
tan 15° = tan (45° – 30°) =
1  tan 45 tan 30
1
1
3 3 1 ( 3  1) ( 3  1)
= = = 
1 3 1 ( 3  1) ( 3  1)
1
3

( 3  1) 2 3 1 2 3 42 3
= = = = 2 3
3 1 2 2
3 1
 tan 15° = or 2  3 .
3 1

4.14 SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETIC RATIOS :


(i) If  lies in the first quadrant, i.e. 0 <  < , then all the trigonometric ratios are taken positive.
2

(ii) If  lies in the second quadrant, i.e. <  < , then only sin and cosec are taken positive and
2
all the other trigonometric ratios are taken negative.

(iii) If  lies in the third quadrant, i.e.  < < 3 , then only tan and cot are taken positive and
2
all the other trigonometric ratios are taken negative.
3
(iv) If  lies in the fourth quadrant, i.e. <  < , then only cos and sec are taken positive and
2
all the other trigonometric ratios are taken negative.

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Trigonometric Ratios of (90° – ) :

sin (90° – ) = cos ; cos (90° – ) = sin 
tan (90° – ) = cot ; cot (90° – ) = tan 
cosec (90° – ) = sec ; sec (90° – ) = cosec 

Trigonometric Ratios of (90° + ) :

sin (90° + ) = cos ; cos (90° + ) = – sin 
tan (90° + ) = – cot ; cot (90° + ) = – tan 
cosec (90° + ) = sec ; sec (90° + ) = – cosec 

Trigonometric Ratios of (180° – ) :

sin (180° – ) = sin ; cos (180° – ) = – cos 
tan (180° – ) = – tan ; cot (180° – ) = – cot 
cosec (180° – ) = cosec ; sec (180° – ) = – sec 

Trigonometric Ratios of (180° + ) :

sin (180° + ) = – sin ; cos (180° + ) = – cos 
tan (180° + ) = tan ; cot (180° + ) = cot 
cosec (180° + ) = – cosec ; sec (180° + ) = – sec 

Similarly, the trigonometric ratios of 270° ±  and 360° ± can be written.

Note: The trigonometic ratios of (–) are the same the trigonometric ratios of (360° – ).
So, sin (–) = sin (360° – ) = – sin  and as on.

Illustration 11
Find the value of sin2 135º + sec2 135°.
Solution
1
sin 135° = sin (180° – 45°) = sin 45° =
2
sec 135° = sec (180° – 45°) = – sec 45° = – 2
2
 1  1 5
 sin2 135° + sec2 135° =    ( 2 ) 2 =  2 =
 2 2 2

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example 1
If  is an acute angle and tan + cot = 2, find the value of tan7 + cot7.
Solution
tan  + cot  = 2
1
 tan   2  tan2 +1 = 2tan
tan 
 tan2 –2tan +1 = 0  (tan–1)2 = 0
 tan = 1   = 45°
tan7 + cot7 = (tan45°)7 + (cot45°)7
=1+1=2

Example 2

cos θ  sin θ 1 – 3
If  , then find the acute angle .
cos θ  sin θ 1  3
Solution
cos   sin  1  3

cos   sin  1  3
Applying componendo and dividendo

  
(cos   sin )  (cos   sin ) 1  3  1  3




(cos   sin )  (cos   sin )  
1 3  1 3 
2cos  2 1
   cot  
2sin  2 3 3
 tan   3   = 60°

Example 3
In an acute angled triangle ABC if tan(A + B – C) = 1 and sec(B + C – A) = 2, find the value of
A, B and C.
Solution
We have
 tan(A + B–C) = 1 and sec(B + C – A) = 2
 tan(A + B–C) = tan 45° and sec(B + C – A) = sec 60°
 A + B – C = 45° .....(1)
and B + C –A = 60° .....(2)
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get
2B = 105°
1
 B = 52 
2
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1
Putting 52  in B + C –A = 60°, we get
2
1
52  + C – A = 60°
2
1
 C –A = 7  .....(3)
2
Also, in ABC we have
A + B + C = 180°
1
 A + 52  + C = 180°
2
1
 C + A = 127  .....(4)
2
Adding and substituting (3) and (4), we get
2C = 135° and 2A = 120°
1
 C = 67  and A = 60°
2
1 1
So, A = 60°, B = 52  and C = 67 
2 2

Example 4
Prove that
cot A  cosec A  1 1  cos A
(a) sec 2   cos ec 2   tan   cot  (b) 
cot A  cosec A  1 sin A
Solution
(a) LHS = sec 2   cos ec 2  = (1  tan 2 )  (1  cot 2 )

 2  tan 2   c ot 2   tan 2   2 tan .cot   cot 2 

 (tan   cot ) 2 = tan + cot
= RHS

2 2
cot A  cos ecA  1 (cot A  cos ecA)  (cos ec A  cot A)
(b) LHS = 
cot A  cos ecA  1 (cot A  cos ecA)  1

(cos ecA  cot A)  (cos ecA  cot A)(cos ecA  cot A)


cot A  cos ecA  1
(cosecA  cot A)  [1  (cos ecA  cot A)]

(cot A  cos ecA  1)

(cosec A  cot A) (1  cosec A  cot A)


(1  cosec A  cot A)
= cosec A + cot A = RHS

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Example 5
sin A  cos A sin A – cos A 2 2
Prove :  = 2 2 =
sin A – cos A sin A  cos A sin A – cos A 1 – 2 cos2 A
Solution
sin A  cos A sin A – cos A
L.H.S. 
sin A – cos A sin A  cos A

sin 2  cos2 A  2 sin A cos A  sin 2 A  cos2 A  2 sin A cos A

=
(sin A  cos A)(sin A  cos A)

2 2 2
= = = R.H.S.
sin 2 A  cos2 A 1  cos 2 A  cos2 A 1  2 cos2 A

Example 6
sec  – 1 sin  – 1
For all values of , what is the value of the expression cot2  + sec2 .
1  sin  1  sec 
Solution
sec   1 sin   1
cot2  + sec2 
1  sin  1  sec 

=
  
cot 2  sec 2   1  sec 2  sin 2   1
=
 
cot 2  tan 2   sec 2  1  sin 2  
1  sin  1  sec   1  sin  1  sec  
1  sec 2  cos 2  11
=
1  sin  1  sec   1  sin  1  sec   = 0.
=

Example 7
If a sec  + b tan  + c = 0 and p sec  + q tan + r = 0. Prove that (br – qc)2 – (pc – ar)2 = (aq – pb)2
Sol. We have
a sec  + b tan  + c = 0 and p sec  + q tan  + r = 0
Solving these two equations for sec and tan by the cross multiplication, we get
sec  tan 1
 
br  qc cp  ar aq  bp

br  cq cp  ar
sec   and tan  
aq  bp aq  bp
Now, sec2 – tan2 = 1
2 2
 br  cq   cp  ar 
     1
 aq  bp   aq  bp 
 (br –cq)2 – (cp – ar)2 = (aq – bp)2

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Example 8
If sin + sin2 + sin3 = 1, then prove that cos6 – 4cos4 + 8cos2 = 4
Solution
We have
sin  + sin2  + sin3  = 1
 sin  + sin3  = 1– sin2 
 sin  (1 + sin2 ) = cos2 
Now squaring both side
 sin2  (1+ sin2 )2 = cos4 
 (1 – cos2 ) {1 + (1 – cos2}2 = cos4 
 (1 – cos2 ) {2 – cos2 }2 = cos4 
 (1 – cos2 ) (4 – 4cos2  + cos4 )= cos4 
 4 – 4cos2  + cos4  – 4cos2 + 4 cos4  – cos6  = cos4 
 4 – 8cos2  + 4cos4  – cos6  = 0
 cos6  – 4cos4  + 8cos2  = 4

Example 9
If sec  + tan  = p, obtain the value of sec  , tan  and sin  in terms of P
Solution
Its given that
∵ sec + tan  = P .....(1)
sec  – tan  = 1
2 2

 (sec  + tan ) (sec  – tan ) = 1

 p(sec  – tan ) = 1
 (sec  – tan ) = 1/p .....(2)
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get

1 p2  1
2sec = p  p  p

p2  1 p2  1
sec = 2p and tan = 2p

tan  p 2  1
sin = sec   2
p 1

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[NCERT Questions]
Q.1 In ABC, right angled at B, AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm. Determine:
(i) sin A, cos A (ii) sin C, cos C
Sol. (i) In ABC, A
∵ B = 90° (Given)
 2 2
AC = AB + BC 2 (By Pythagoras theorem) 24 cm
2 2
= (24) + (7) = 576 + 49 = 625
 AC = 625 = 25 cm
C 7 cm B
BC 7
 sin A = =
AC 25
AB 24
and cos A = = .
AC 25

AB 24 BC 7
(ii) sin C = = ; cos C = =
AC 25 AC 25

3
Q.2 If sin A = , calculate cos A and tan A.
4
C
Sol. Let us draw a right triangleABC.
3
sin A = (Given) 4k 3k
4
BC 3 BC AC
 =  = = k (say)
AC 4 3 4 A B
where k is a positive number
 BC = 3k; AC = 4k
By using the Pythagoras theorem, we have
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
 (4k)2 = AB2 + (3k)2
 16k2 = AB2 + 9k2
 AB2 = 16k2 – 9k2
 AB2 = 7k2
 AB = 7k

AB 7k 7
Now, cos A = = =
AC 4k 4

BC 3k 3
and tan A = = =
AB 7k 7

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Q.3 In PQR, right angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the values of

sin P, cos P and tan P.
Sol. In PQR,
∵ Q = 90° (Given) P
 PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 (By Pythagoras theorem)
 2 2
(25 – QR) = (5) + QR 2 (∵ PR + QR = 25 (given)) 13 cm 5 cm

 625 + QR2 – 50QR = 25 + QR2

 50 QR = 600 R 12 cm Q

600
 QR = = 12 cm
50
Now, PR + QR = 25
 PR + 12 = 25
 PR = 25 – 12
 PR = 13 cm

QR 12 PQ 5 QR 12
So, sin P = = ; cos P = = and tan P = =
PR 13 PR 13 PQ 5

Q.4 State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) The value of tan A is always less than 1.

12
(ii) sec A = for some value of angle A.
5
(iii) cos A is the abbreviation used for the cosecant of angle A.
(iv) cot A is the product of cot and A.

4
(v) sin  = for some angle .
3

Perpendicular
Sol. (i) False since tan A = and perpendicular may be longer than base.
Base

Hypotenuse 12
(ii) True since sec A = and hypotenuse being the longest side may be times the
Base 5
base.
(iii) False since cos A is the abbreviation used for the cosine of angle A.
(iv) False since cot Ais used as an abbreviation for 'the cotangent' of the angle A.
(v) False since the hypotenuse is the longest side in a right triangle. As such the value of sin A is
always less than 1 (or, in particular equal to 1).

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CH-4: INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY MATHEMATICS/CLASS-X

Q.5 Evaluate the following

sin 30  tan 45  cosec 60 5 cos2 60  4 sec 2 30  tan2 45
(i) sec 30  cos 60  cot 45 (ii)
sin 2 30  cos2 30

1 2 32 3 4 3 34
1
sin 30  tan 45  cosec 60 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 34
Sol. (i) = 2 1 = = =
sec 30  cos 60  cot 45 4 3 2 3 43 3 43 3
 1
3 2 2 3 2 3

(3 3  4) (4  3 3 ) 12 3  27  16  12 3
=  =
(4  3 3 ) (4  3 3 ) 16  27

24 3  43 43  24 3
= =
 11 11

2 2
1  2  2 5 16
2 2 2
5  4   (1)  1
5 cos 60  4 sec 30  tan 45 2
   3  4 3
(ii) = =
sin 2 30  cos 2 30 2 2 1 3
 1   3  
   4 4
 2   2 

15  64  12 67
= 12 =
12
1

1
Q.6 If tan (A + B) = 3 and tan (A – B) = ; 0º < A + B  90°; A > B, find A and B.
3

Sol. tan (A + B) = 3 = tan 60°  A + B = 60° .....(1)

1
tan (A – B) = = tan 30°  A – B = 30° .....(2)
3

Solving (1) and (2), we get

A = 45° and B = 15°

Q.7 If tan A = cot B, prove that A + B = 90°.

Sol. tan A = cot B
 tan A = tan (90° – B) (∵ tan (90° – ) = cot )
 A = 90° – B (∵ A and 90° – B are both acute angles)
 A + B = 90°

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Q.8 Evaluate :
tan 26
(i) cot 64 (ii) cosec 31° – sec 59°

tan 26 tan 26 tan 26

Sol. (i) cot 64 = = (∵ cot (90° – ) = tan )
cot(90  26º ) tan 26º
=1

(ii) cosec 31° – sec 59° = cosec 31° – sec (90° – 31°)
= cosec 31° – cosec 31° (∵ sec (90° – ) = cosec )
=0

Q.9 If sec 4A = cosec (A – 20°), where 4A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
Sol. sec 4A = cosec (A – 20°)
 cosec (90° – 4A) = cosec (A – 20°) (∵ cosec (90° – ) = sec )
 90° – 4A = A – 20° (∵ 90° – 4AandA– 20° are both acute angles)
 5A = 110°
110
 A= = 22°
5

BC A
Q.10 If A , B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC, then show that sin   = cos .
 2  2

 B  C  sin  180  A 
Sol. L.H.S. = sin  =  
 2   2 
[∵ A + B + C = 180° (the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°)]

 A A
= sin  90   = cos (∵ sin (90° – ) = cos )
 2 2
= R.H.S.

Q.11 Expresss the trigonometric ratios sin A, sec A and tan A in terms of cot A.

1 1 1
Sol. (i) sin A = = =
cosec A cosec 2 A 1  cot 2 A

1 1  cot 2 A
(ii) sec A = sec A = 1  tan A = 1  cot 2 A =
2 2
cot A

1
(iii) tan A =
cot A

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Q.12 Write all the other trigonometric ratios of A in terms of sec A.

1 1 1 1 1 1
Sol. sinA = = = = = =
cosec A cosec 2 A 1  cot 2 A 1 tan 2 A  1 tan 2 A  1
1
tan 2 A tan 2 A tan A

tan A tan A tan 2 A sec 2 A  1

= = = =
tan 2 A  1 sec A sec A sec A
Aliter.

sin A
sin A cos A tan A tan 2 A sec 2 A  1
sin A = = = = = ;
1 1 sec A sec A sec A
cos A

1
cos A= ; tan A = tan 2 A = sec 2 A  1 ;
sec A

1 sec A 1 1
cosec A= = ; cot A = =
sin A sec 2 A  1 tan A sec 2 A  1

Q.13 Prove the following identies, where the angles involved are acute angles for which the
expressions are defined.

tan θ cot θ
(i)  = 1 + sec  + cosec 
1  cot θ 1  tan θ

[Hint : Write the expression in terms of sin  and cos ]

1  sec A sin 2 A
(ii) =
sec A 1  cos A

[Hint : Simplify LHS and RHS separately]

cos A  sin A  1
(iii) = cosec A + cot A
cos A  sin A  1

using the identity cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A

sin θ  2sin 3θ
(iv) = tan 
2cos3θ  cos θ

1
(v) (cosec A – sin A) (sec A – cos A) =
tan A  cot A

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tan  cot 
Sol. (i) L.H.S. = 
1  cot  1  tan 

sin  cos 
= cos   sin 
cos  sin 
1 1
sin  cos 

sin 2  cos 2 
= +
cos (sin   cos ) sin (cos   sin )

sin 3   cos 3 
=
sin  cos  (sin   cos )

(sin   cos ) (sin 2   cos 2   sin  cos  

=
sin  cos  (sin   cos )

1  sin  cos 
= (∵ sin2 + cos2 = 1)
sin  cos 
1 sin  cos 
= 
sin  cos  sin  cos 
1 1
=  1 = cosec  sec  + 1
sin  cos 
= 1 + sec  · cosec 
= R.H.S.

1
1
1 sec A cos A
(ii) L.H.S. = = 1
sec A
cos A

cos A  1
cos A
= 1 = cos A + 1 = 1 + cos A
cos A

(1  cos A) (1  cos A )
=
1  cos A

1  cos 2 A sin 2 A
= = (∵ sin2A + cos2 A = 1 )
1  cos A 1  cos A
= R.H.S.

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cos A sin A 1
 
cos A  sin A  1 sin A sin A sin A
(iii) L.H.S. = = cos A sin A 1
cos A  sin A  1  
sin A sin A sin A
[Dividing the numerator and denominator by sinA]
cot A  1  cosec A cot A  cosec A  1
= =
cot A  1  cosec A cot A  cosec A  1
{(cot A  cosec A )  1} (cot A  cosec A )
=
{(cot A  cosec A )  1} (cot A  cosec A )
[Multiplying both numerator and denominator by (cot A+ cosecA)]
{(cot A  cosec A)  1} (cot A  cosec A)
=
{(cot 2 A  cosec2 A)  (cot A  cosec A)}
{(cot A  cosec A)  1} (cot A  cosec A)
= (∵ 1 + cot2 A = cosec2 A)
{1  (cot A  cosec A)}
= cosec A + cot A = R.H.S.

sin   2 sin 3  sin (1  2 sin 2 )

(iv) L.H.S. = = 2
2 cos3   cos  cos ( 2 cos   1)

sin (cos 2   sin 2   2 sin 2 )

= (∵ cos2 + sin2  = 1)
cos (2 cos 2   cos 2   sin 2 )

sin  (cos 2   sin 2 )

= = tan = R.H.S.
cos (cos 2   sin 2 )

(v) L.H.S. = (cosec A – sin A) (sec A – cos A)

 1  1 
=  sin A    cos A 
 sin A   cos A 

1  sin 2 A 1  cos 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 A

= · = · (∵ sin2 A + cos2 A = 1)
sin A cos A sin A cos A
sin A cos A sin A cos A
= = (∵ sin2 A + cos2 A = 1)
1 sin 2 A  cos 2 A
sin A cos A
sin A cos A
= 2 (Dividing the numerator and denominator by sinAcosA)
sin A cos 2 A

sin A cos A sin A cos A
1
=
tan A  cot A
= R.H.S.
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[Previous Year Questions]

Q.1 Find the value of the given expression 3 (sin x – cos x)4 + 6 (sin x + cos x)2 + 4(sin6 x + cos6 x)

[NSTSE-2013]
(A) 1 – 3 sin2 x cos2 x (B) 11 (C) 13 (D) 2 cos x sin x – 1

   3   5   7   9 
Q.2 Find the value of the trigonometric expression cot   cot   cot   cot   cot  
 20   20   20   20   20 
[NSTSE-2013]
1
(A) 0 (B) 3 3 (C) (D) 1
3 3

   3   5   7 
Q.3 Evaluate sin 2    sin 2    sin 2    sin 2   [NSTSE-2013]
4  4   4   4 
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 2 2

3 3
Q.4 If sin (A + B) = , cos (A – B) = and 0 < A + B  90º, if A > B, then the value of A and B are
2 2
[NTSE-2013]
(A) A = 45°, B = 15° (B) A = 60°, B = 30° (C) A = 0°, B = 30° (D) A = 30°, B = 0°

2 tan 
Q.5 In a right triangle, perpendicular is 1 and hypotenuse is 2. Find the value of .
1  tan 2 
[IOM-2011]
1 1 1
(A) 3 (B) (C) (D)
3 2 2

5 1  tan 2 
Q.6 If sec  = , then find the value of . [IOM-2011]
4 1  tan 2 
9 9 7 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25 16 25 16

cos 60  sin 45  cot 30 sin 30  sin 45  tan 60
Q.7 Find the value of  [IOM-2011]
tan 60  sec 45  cosec 30 cot 30  cosec 45  sec 60
2 2 2 6 2 2 2 6
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D) 0
2 6 44 2 2 6 44 2

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tan A  tan B
Q.8 Find the value of , if A = 60° and B = 30°. [IOM-2011]
1  tan A tan B
1 1
(A)  (B) 3 (C) (D)
3 3

Q.9 Which one is correct? [NIMO]

(A) sin2  + cos2  = 1 (B) 1 + tan2  = cosec2 
(C) 1 + cot2  = sec2  (D) None of these

Q.10 Evaluate : sec 40° sin 50° + cos 50° cosec 40° [NIMO]
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) None of these

sin 23
Q.11 Evaluate : [NIMO]
cos 67
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None of these

8
Q.12 If  is an acute angle and tan  = , find the value of sin . [NIMO]
15
17 8 17
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
8 17 15

Q.13 If tan 2 = cot ( + 6°), where 2and + 6° are acute angles, find the value of . [NIMO]
(A) 26° (B) 27° (C) 28° (D) None of these

Q.14 Evaluate : [NIMO]

cos2 20  cos2 70
2 2 + 2 cosec2 58° – 2 cot 58° tan 32° – 4 tan 13° tan 37° tan 45° tan 53° tan 77°
sec 50  cot 40
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) –1 (D) –2

sin  1  cos 
Q.15 The value of  is [5th IMO]
1  cos  sin 
(A) 2 sin  (B) 2 cosec  (C) 2 tan  (D) 2 cot 

3 3
Q.16 If sin(A  B)  , cos(A  B)  and 0 < A + B  90°. If A > B then the value of A and B are
2 2
[Raj. NTSE Stage-1_2013]
(A) A = 45°, B = 15° (B) A = 60°, B = 30° (C) A = 0°, B = 30° (D) A = 30°, B = 0°

Q.17 If cos A + cos2 A = 1, then the value of sin2A + sin4 A is [Delhi NTSE Stage-1_2013]
1
(A) 1 (B) (C) 2 (D) 3
2

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Q.18 If sin and cos  are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then [Harayana NTSE Stage-1_2013]
(A) (a – c)2 + c2 = b2 (B) (a – c)2 – c2 = b2 (C) (a + c)2 + c2 = b2 (D) (a + c)2 – c2 = b2

Q.19 If tan A + sec A = 2, 0° <A < 90°, then value of cos Alies between [Harayana NTSE Stage-1_2013]
(A) 0.7 and 0.9 (B) 0.7 and 0.8 (C) 0.8 and 0.9 (D) 0.5 and 0.7

Q.20 If sin  + cos  = 1, then sin  cos is equal to [MP NTSE Stage-1_2013]
1 1 2
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D)
3 1 1 3

Q.21 If sin  – cos  = 2 sin (90° – ), then tan  = [Raj. NTSE Stage-1_2014]
(A) 2 1 (B) 2 (C) 1 2 (D) 2 1

Q.22 If tan  + 4 cot  = 4, the value of tan3  + cot3  is [West Bengal NTSE Stage-1_2014]
1 9 1
(A) 8 (B) 16 (C) 7 (D) 27
8 8 27

Q.23 The maximum value of cos6  + sin6  is [West Bengal NTSE Stage-1_2014]
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 4 (D) 2

Q.24 If sin  + cos  = a, then find the value of sin6  + cos6 . [IMO - 2016]
3  4(a 2  1) 2 4  3(a 2  1)2 4  3(a 2  1) 2 3  4(a 2  1)2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 4 4 4

Q.25 Select the INCORRECT match [IMO - 2016]

2 1
(A) cos   1 (B) (1  tan 2 )(1  sin )(1  sin )  1
1  cot 2 
tan   sin  sec   1 sin    cos3 
(C)  (D)  sin  cos   1
tan   sin  sec   1 sin   cos 

p  2 p3
Q.26 If sin  = p and cos  = q, then the value of is [NTSE-2016]
2q 3  q
(A) sec  (B) cosec  (C) cot  (D) tan 

Q.27 Value of tan 25° tan 35° tan 45° tan55° tan65° is [NTSE-2016]

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

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SECTION-A
 Multiple choice questions with one correct answer
Q.1 If sin  + cos  = 2 cos (90º – ) then cot  is equal to

1 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 2 1
2 2 2 1

Q.2 If sec  + tan  = x then the value of sec  – tan  is equal to

1 1
(A) – x (B) (C) – (D) x
x x

Q.3 If x = a sin  and y = b cos , then the value of b2x2 + a2y2 is

1 1
(A) a2b2 (B) ab (C) (D)
a b2
2
ab

Q.4 An equation is called an identity if

(A) If is true for all values of variable
(B) Not for all values of variabls but some values of variables
(C) Exactly one value of variables
(D) Exactly two value of variables

Q.5 If x = (secA+ tan A)(sec B + tan B)(sec C + tan C) & y = (sec A – tanA)(sec B – tan B)(sec C – tan C)
and x = y then x & y is equal to
(A) ± 1 (B) 0 (C) ± 2 (D) None of these

1
Q.6 If x = cot2  – , then the value of x is
sin 2θ
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) ± 1 (D) zero

Q.7 2(sin6  + cos6 ) – 3(sin4  + cos4 ) is equal

(A) zero (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) None of these

1 sin θ
Q.8 is equal to
1 – sin θ
(A) sec  + tan  (B) sec  – tan  (C) sec2  + tan2  (D) sec2  – tan2 

Q.9 sec4 A – sec2 A is equal to

(A) tan2 A – tan4 A (B) tan4 A – tan2 A (C) tan4 A + tan2 A (D) sec2 A + tan4 A

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Q.10 cos4 A – sin4 A is equal to

(A) 2 cos2 A + 1 (B) 2 cos2 A – 1 (C) 2 sin2 – 1 (D) 2 sin2 A + 1

Q.11 P = (1 + cot  – cosec )(1 + tan  + sec ), the value of P is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) zero

Q.12 (cosec  – sin )(sec  – cos )(tan  + cot ) is equal to

(A) zero (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) none of these

Q.13 If cosec  – sin = m and sec – cos = n, then
2 2 2/3 2 2 2/3
2 2/3 2 2/3
(A ) ( m n )  ( mn ) 1 (B) (m n )  (m n )  1
2/3 1/ 3
(C) (mn )  (mn )  1 (D) None of these

Q.14 The expression sin 4 (37.5)  4 cos2 (37.5)  cos4 (37.5)  4 sin 2 (37.5) simplifies to:

(A) an irrational number (B) a prime number

(C) a natural number which is not composite (D) a real number of the form a  b

Q.15 If 15 sin 4   10 cos 4   6, then the value of 8cosec 4  27 sec 6  is

(A) 200 (B) 250 (C) 220 (D) None of these

Q.16 If sin and cosare the roots of the equation ax2  bx + c = 0, then
(A) a2  b2 = 2ac (B) a2 + b2 = 2ac (C) a2 + b2 + 2ac = 0 (D) b2  a2 = 2ac

Q.17 If 0 <  <  2sin2 + 5sin  3 = 0, then , in radians must be

   5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12 6 3 6

Q.18 Exact value of cos273° + cos247°  sin243° + sin2107° is equal to:

1 3
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) None of these
2 4

Q.19 If sin and sec (0 <  < /2) are the roots of the equation 2x2 + kx + 1 = 0, then the value of
'k' is equal to
7 2 7 5 7 5 7 5
(A)  (B) (C) (D) 
5 5 2 5

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cot θ tan θ
Q.20 If a = and b = , then a  b is equal to
cot θ – cot 3θ tan θ – tan 3θ
(A) ± 2 (B) – 2 (C) + 1 (D) – 1

Q.21 If a cos  – b sin  = C then a sin  + b cos  =

(A) ± a 2  b2  c2 (B) ± a 2  b2 – c2 (C) ± c2 – a 2 – b2 (D) None of these

Q.22 If a cos  + b sin  = 4 and a sin  – b cos  = 3 then (a2 + b2) is equal to
(A) 7 (B) 12 (C) 25 (D) None of these

Q.23 If sin  + sin2  + sin3  = 1 the value of cos6  – 4cos4  + 8cos2  = p the value of p is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Q.24 If cos ( + ) = m cos ( – ) then tan is equal to

1 m  1– m  1– m  1 m 
(A)   tan  (B)   tan  (C)   cot  (D)   cot 
1– m  1 m  1 m  1– m 

Q.25 If sin  – cos  = 1 then the value of sin3  – cos3  is if ( R)

(A) zero (B) 1 (C) 2/3 (D) 3/2

Q.26 If 0°  90° and 3 tan   sec   1 then has the value
(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60° (D) 90°

Q.27 If a cot  + b cosec  = p and b cot  + a cosec  = q, then p2  q2 is equal to:

(A) a2 – b2 (B) b2 – a2 (C) a2 + b2 (D) b – a

Q.28 If sin4 – cos4 = x then the value of x is

(A) 2sin2 – 1 (B) 1 – 2sin2 (C) cos2– sin2 (D) sin2+cos2

Q.29 If tan2 + cot2 = 17/4 then (tan + cot) is equal to

17 17 17
(A) (B) 5/2 (C)  2 (D)  2
2 2 2

SECTION-B
 Multiple choice questions with one or more than one correct answers
Q.1 Given that  lies in the first quadrant and cos = tan  then sin  is equal to
1  5 1 5 1  5 1 5 
(A) (B) (C) (D)   
2 2 2  2 

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Q.2 If y  tan  1  si n 2  the y is equal to

(A) sin (B) cos (C) 1  cos 2  (D) 1  sin 2 

sin 60o  cos 60o

Q.3 Value of is
tan 60o

2 3 3 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 3( 3  1)
3 1 2 3 3( 3  1)

SECTION-C
 Comprehension
1  tan 2 A
If p = (sec A + tan A)(1 – sin A), q = then
1  cot 2 A
Q.1 The value of p2qis
(A) sec2 A (B) sin2 A (C) 1 – cos2 A (D) cos2 A

Q.2 The value of pq is

tan 2 A sin 2 A sin 2 A cos 2 A

(A) (B) (C) (D)
cos A cos A 1 – sin 2 A 1 – cos 2 A

Q.3 Then the value of p – q

(A) cos A (B) cos A – tan A (C) tan A – cos A (D) tan A – sec A

SECTION-D
 Match the following (one to many)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of [Link] or more thanone entries of column-Imayhave the matchingwith the same entries
of column-II and one entryof column-IImayhave one or more than one matching with entries of column-I
Q.1 Column I Column II
2 1
(A) The solution of equation  cos   sin   1  0 (P) 0°  < 45°
2
lies in the interval
(B) If sin  + cos  > 1 then  lies in the interval (Q) 45° <   90°
(C) If sin  – cos  < 0 then  lies in the interval (R)  = 0° or  = 30°
(D) If cos  – sin  < 0 then  lies in the interval (S) 0 <  < 90°

Q.2 Column I Column II

(A) If tan2 + cot2  = x, then the value of x is (P) 0  x  1/16
(B) If sin4 – cos4  = x, then the value of x is (Q) 1/2  x  1
(C) If sin4.cos4  = x, then the value of x is (R) –1  x  1
(D) If cos4  + sin4  = x, then the value of x is (S) x  2
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ANSWER KEY

Q.1 C Q.2 D Q.3 C Q.4 A Q.5 A Q.6 C Q.7 B

Q.8 A Q.9 A Q.10 C Q.11 C Q.12 B Q.13 C Q.14 C
Q.15 B Q.16 A Q.17 A Q.18 D Q.19 A Q.20 A Q.21 D
Q.22 A Q.23 A Q.24 B Q.25 C Q.26 D Q.27 B

SECTION-A
Q.1 D Q.2 B Q.3 A Q.4 A Q.5 A Q.6 B Q.7 C
Q.8 A Q.9 C Q.10 B Q.11 B Q.12 B Q.13 A Q.14 C
Q.15 B Q.16 D Q.17 B Q.18 C Q.19 D Q.20 C Q.21 B
Q.22 C Q.23 D Q.24 C Q.25 B Q.26 C Q.27 B Q.28 A
Q.29 B

SECTION-B
Q.1 A, D Q.2 A, C Q.3 B, C

SECTION-C
Q.1 B, C Q.2 B,C Q.3 B

SECTION-D
Q.1 (A)-(R), (B)-(S), (C)-(P), (D)-(Q)
Q.2 (A)-(S), (B)-(R), (C)-(P), (D)-(R)

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