Department of Architecture and Planning

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PATNA,

PATNA - 800005

JAYPRAKSH NARAYAN MULTIMEDIA LIBRARY

At
MARG MANDIR , DELHI

Submitted by : Thesis Guide :

ZAID AHZAM AR.

PRADEEP KORI
Roll No – 2005041 ARCH. Faculty
NIT Patna

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 SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ZAID AHZAM, Roll No. 2005041, is a registered

student for B. Arch. programme under Department of Architecture and
Planning at National institute of Technology, Patna.

The undersigned certify that he has completed all other requirements for
submission of the design project and hereby recommend for the
acceptance of a project entitled “JAYPRAKASH NARAYAN MULTIMEDIA
LIBRARY” in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Architecture degree by National Institute of Technology,
Patna.

Date: Ar.
Pradeep Kori
14th MAY, 2025 Thesis
Supervisor

RECOMMENDATION OF THE PROJECT EVALUATION BOARD

We hereby recommend that the Design project prepared and presented

by ZAID AHZAM, Roll No. 2005041 entitled “JAYPRAKASH NARAYAN
MULTIMEDIA LIBRARY” be accepted for the partial fulfilment of the degree
of Bachelor of Architecture.

Head of the Department, Prof. (Dr.) Fulena Rajak Dr. Mazharul

Haque
Department of Architecture, Head of Department UG
coordinator
NIT Patna

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Examiner: ….................................
Dated: 14TH MAY, 2025.

DECLRATION AND COPYRIGHT TRANSFER

I ZAID AHZAM Roll no.: 2005041 Enrolment no.: ….................. a registered

candidate for undergraduate programme (B.Arch.) under the department
of Architecture And Planning of National Institute of Technology, Patna,
declare that this is my own original work and does not contain any
material for which the copyright belongs to a third party, and it has not
been presented and will not be presented to any other
University/Institution for a similar or any other degree award.

I further confirm that for all third-party copyright material in my

thesis/dissertation (including any electronic attachments) is “blanked out”
third party material from the copies of the thesis/dissertation/book/article
etc; fully refers the deleted materials and where possible, provide links
(URL) to electronic source of material.

I hereby transfer exclusive copyright for this thesis to NIT PATNA. The
following rights have been reserved by the author: -

a) The right to use, free of charge, all or part of this dissertation in

future work of their own, such as books and lectures, giving
references to the original place of publication and copyright holding.
b) The right to reproduce the article or thesis for their own purpose
provided the copies are not offered for sale.

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Signature of the candidate
Date: 14th May,2025

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion and finalization of this thesis project has been made
possible owing to the kind help and efforts of a number of people for
whom any amount of gratitude is simply not enough. Still, it is my humble
duty to try.

My first and biggest ‘thank you’ goes to my thesis guide Ar. Pradeep kori
who has guided me through this process and helped me in giving form to
my raw ideas. Next, I would like to thank Prof. (Dr.) Fulena Rajak, HoD,
Department of Architecture and Planning, NIT Patna.

My sincere thank you also goes to Dr. Mazharul Haque, UG Coordinator,

who not only helped with this project but has always been a source of
good advice and support in my academic and personal life

ZAID AHZAM
NIT PATNA

INDEX
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1. Formulating the thesis
1.1Aim
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Scope of work
1.4 Need for the project
1.5 Limitations of the project

2. About the project

2.1 Introduction – Multimedia Library
2.2 Evolution of Libraries in History
2.3 Typologies of Libraries
2.4 Role of Multimedia in Knowledge Dissemination
2.5 Libraries as Community and Cultural Spaces
2.6 Smart Libraries and Technological Integration
2.7 Democratic Architecture and Civic Design
2.8 Relevance of JP Narayan’s Philosophy in Public Architecture
2.9 Challenges Encountered While Designing a Multimedia Library

3. Literature Case Study

3.1 SEATTLE PUBLIC LIBRARY, USA

3.1.1 Site
3.1.2 Project details
3.1.3 Design concept
3.1.4 Library in a Nutshell
3.1.5 Labelled Sectional Diagrams
3.1.6 In-Between Spaces

3.2 KING FAHAD NATIONAL LIBRARY, KSA

3.2.1 Site
3.2.2 Project details
3.2.3 Form and Concept – King Fahad National Library
3.2.4 Urban Concept
3.2.5 Architectural Concept
3.2.6 Façade Concept
3.2.7 Background
3.2.8 Element Details

INDEX

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 3.3 PARLIAMENT LIBRARY, NEW DELHI
3.3.1 Site
3.3.2 Project details
3.3.3 Form and Concept
3.3.4 Planning, Massing, and Space Usage
3.3.5 Structural Systems, Materials, and Textures
3.3.6 Plan, Section and Site Plan

4. Norms & design considerations for high rise

4.1 General Design Norms
4.2 CPWD Norms
4.3 Circulation Norms

5. Site – Jayprakash Narayan Multimedia Library

5.1 Aim
5.2 Objectives
5.3 Scope of work
5.4 Need for the project
5.5 Limitations of the project
5.6

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Page 7
 1. FORMULATING THE THESIS

2. ABOUT THE PROJECT

1 Formulating the Thesis

1.1 Aim

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To design a modern multimedia library dedicated to Jayaprakash Narayan
that serves as a dynamic knowledge hub, integrating traditional learning
resources with contemporary digital technologies, while promoting
cultural enrichment, civic awareness, and community engagement.

1.2 Objectives

 To create a space that embodies the democratic and educational ideals

of Jayprakash
 To integrate multimedia technology into the library environment for a
more interactive and inclusive learning experience.
 To provide diverse facilities such as reading zones, digital resource
canters, exhibition spaces, seminar halls, and cultural forums under
one roof.
 To design a user-friendly, accessible, and sustainable built
environment.
 To promote community interaction, lifelong learning, and public
engagement in socio-political thought and education.

1.3 Scope of work

 Detailed study and analysis of multimedia libraries and civic-cultural

institutions.
 Site selection and contextual analysis, including climate, access, and
user demographics.
 Development of a comprehensive design program including spatial
requirements and technological needs.
 Conceptual and architectural design of the library and associated
spaces.
 Integration of environmental, structural, and digital infrastructure
systems.
 Visual representation through plans, sections, elevations, 3D renders,
and models.
 Consideration of universal design principles for accessibility and
inclusivity

1.4 Need for the project

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 Traditional libraries are struggling to remain relevant in the digital age;
a hybrid model is needed.
 There is a lack of multifunctional public knowledge spaces that blend
education, technology, and culture.
 Jayaprakash Narayan's contribution to Indian democracy and social
reform is underrepresented in built public spaces.
 To create a civic landmark that fosters intellectual curiosity and public
discourse among citizens.
 Addressing the growing demand for accessible digital literacy centers,
especially in urban areas.

1.5 Limitations of the project

 The project remains theoretical and academic; real-world execution

may require further structural, legal, and budgetary studies.
 Limited access to complete and current user data for forecasting future
space needs.
 Technological integrations are based on current available standards
and may require updates upon implementation.
 Urban development constraints (such as zoning laws or land
availability) are considered only at a conceptual level.
 Budgetary constraints and maintenance aspects are not deeply
addressed within the scope of the design thesis.

2 About the Project

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2.1 Introduction – Multimedia Library

A multimedia library is a progressive and inclusive space that integrates

traditional knowledge resources like books and journals with advanced
digital tools such as e-books, audio-visual content, virtual reality modules,
and interactive kiosks. It is designed to cater to varied learning
preferences—visual, auditory, and tactile—making information accessible
and engaging for a wider audience. These libraries go beyond silent
reading spaces to become active learning environments that support
collaboration, creativity, and lifelong education.
In an era where information is rapidly evolving and technology is central
to education, multimedia libraries play a vital role in promoting digital
literacy and bridging the gap between the digitally connected and the
underserved. They also serve as cultural and civic hubs by hosting
exhibitions, discussions, and community programs.
In the Indian context, a multimedia library dedicated to Jayaprakash
Narayan gains deeper significance. It not only honors his legacy as a
social reformer and champion of democracy but also serves as a platform
to inspire civic responsibility and social awareness. Such a library reflects
his vision of an empowered, informed society, providing democratic
access to knowledge, encouraging public participation, and creating a
space for critical thought, dialogue, and cultural engagement in a
technology-driven era.

2.2 Evolution of Libraries in History

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1. Ancient Libraries (c. 3000 BCE – 500 CE)
 The earliest records of libraries date back to Mesopotamia, where
clay tablets were stored in temple archives.

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 The Library of Alexandria (Egypt, 3rd century BCE) was among the
most iconic ancient libraries, aiming to collect all human knowledge.
 Ancient Indian institutions like Nalanda and Takshashila housed
large collections of manuscripts in palm-leaf or birch bark formats.
 These libraries were limited to scholars, royals, and priests, often
inaccessible to the general public.

2. Medieval Libraries (500–1500 CE)

 Libraries during the medieval period were typically housed in
monasteries and were used primarily by clergy.
 Islamic libraries flourished during the Golden Age of Islam (e.g.,
House of Wisdom in Baghdad), emphasizing science, medicine, and
philosophy.
 In India, temples and educational centers preserved manuscripts on
religion, astronomy, and language.
 Libraries remained elite institutions, often chained and inaccessible.

3. Renaissance and Enlightenment (1500–1800 CE)

 The printing press (1440) revolutionized access to books, leading to
the creation of more public and university libraries.
 Europe saw the emergence of state-funded and private libraries that
encouraged reading among intellectuals and elites.
 Libraries began to be seen as tools of social reform and education.

4. Modern Public Libraries (1800–2000 CE)

 The 19th century saw the birth of public libraries, especially in the
West (e.g., British Museum Library, Carnegie Libraries).
 In India, colonial institutions established libraries for governance and
education (e.g., The Asiatic Society, 1804).
 Libraries became more inclusive, offering free access to the general
public.
 They were viewed as instruments of social upliftment, national
identity, and public enlightenment.

5. Digital and Multimedia Libraries (2000–Present)

 The digital age has transformed libraries into hybrid knowledge
spaces that combine physical and virtual resources.
 Features include e-books, digital archives, virtual reality
learning, online journals, and interactive media.
 Libraries are now equipped with computer labs, multimedia zones,
maker spaces, and collaborative learning area

2.3 Typologies of Libraries

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 Public Libraries: Funded by the government and open to all, these
libraries aim to provide free access to knowledge, promote literacy,
and serve community needs.
 Academic Libraries: Located in universities and colleges, they
support higher education and research by offering subject-specific
resources and study spaces.
 Special Libraries: Designed for specialized users, such as
professionals in law, medicine, or corporations, with tailored collections
and databases.
 National Libraries: Serve as repositories of a country’s published
work, preserving cultural and literary heritage (e.g., National Library of
India).
 School Libraries: Found in primary and secondary schools, they
support curriculum learning and foster reading habits in children.
 Digital Libraries: Operate online, giving users remote access to e-
books, journals, databases, and digital archives.
 Multimedia Libraries: Incorporate traditional and digital formats,
offering audio-visual materials, VR tools, and interactive content.
 Hybrid Libraries: Combine physical and digital resources, allowing
flexible learning through books, computers, and online platforms.

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2.4 Role of Multimedia in Knowledge Dissemination

Multimedia plays a vital role in knowledge dissemination by integrating

text, audio, video, images, and interactive elements to make information
more engaging and easier to understand. It caters to various learning
styles, enhances retention, and simplifies complex concepts through
visual and audio aids. Multimedia also supports inclusive learning for
individuals with different abilities. In libraries, it transforms traditional
spaces into dynamic, interactive environments that encourage
exploration, creativity, and self-directed learning, thus broadening access
to knowledge in the digital age.

2.5 Libraries as Community and Cultural Spaces

Libraries serve as vital community and cultural spaces, offering inclusive

access to resources, technology, and learning opportunities. They host
events, exhibitions, and discussions that promote civic engagement,
cultural exchange, and social interaction. As safe, neutral spaces, libraries
foster community bonding, lifelong learning, and the preservation of local
heritage.

2.6 Smart Libraries and Technological Integration

Smart libraries represent the next generation of library services, blending

traditional resources with advanced technology to enhance user
experience, efficiency, and access. These libraries use technologies like
RFID for automated book tracking, self-check-in/check-out
systems, AI-powered search tools, IoT sensors, and cloud-based
digital archives to streamline operations. Users can access e-books,

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online databases, and virtual reference services remotely through mobile
apps and integrated platforms.
Technological integration also includes interactive kiosks, virtual
reality learning zones, digital catalogs, and data analytics to
understand user needs and improve services. Smart libraries promote
flexible, user-centred design, allowing 24/7 access to knowledge and
personalized learning. In multimedia libraries, such integration transforms
them into dynamic, responsive environments that support innovation,
collaboration, and lifelong education. These libraries reflect the shift from
static institutions to intelligent, adaptive, and inclusive public
learning spaces.

2.7 Democratic Architecture and Civic Design

Democratic architecture focuses on creating inclusive, accessible

spaces that encourage interaction and equality. In library design, it
ensures open layouts and unrestricted access to knowledge. Civic design
emphasizes the role of public buildings as community hubs, incorporating
elements like open spaces and clear signage. Together, these principles
foster engagement, participation, and social equality.

2.8 Relevance of JP Narayan’s Philosophy in Public

Architecture

In the context of architecture, this means designing buildings—such as

multimedia libraries—not as isolated structures, but as open civic
platforms that encourage public interaction, learning, and dialogue.
Architecture inspired by JP Narayan must reflect values of transparency,

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simplicity, and service to society, allowing every individual equal
access to resources and knowledge.
Thus, his philosophy guides architects and planners to move beyond
aesthetics and functionality toward designing spaces that strengthen
democratic engagement and promote social transformation.

2.9 Challenges Encountered While Designing a Multimedia

Library

 Integration of Technology: Accommodating digital infrastructure like

high-speed internet, VR zones, interactive displays, and audio-visual
equipment without disrupting spatial aesthetics or usability.
 Acoustic Control: Balancing quiet reading zones with multimedia
areas that may involve sound, requiring effective soundproofing and
zoning.
 Flexibility of Space: Designing adaptable spaces to support various
activities—reading, listening, watching, and interactive learning—while
maintaining user comfort.
 User Diversity: Catering to a wide range of users (students,
researchers, children, disabled individuals) with different needs and
access requirements.
 Digital and Physical Resource Balance: Harmonizing physical book
storage with digital access points in a way that feels intuitive and
uncluttered.
 Security and Data Protection: Safeguarding both physical
equipment and digital data from misuse or cyber threats.
 Sustainability: Ensuring energy efficiency, especially with continuous
use of electronic systems, lighting, and climate control.
 Budget Constraints: Managing costs while incorporating advanced
technologies, infrastructure, and user-friendly architectural design.

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 3. Literature Case Study

SEATTLE PUBLIC LIBRARY, USA

KING FAHAD NATIONAL LIBRARY,

KSA

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PARLIAMENT LIBRARY, NEW DELHi

3.1 SEATTLE PUBLIC LIBRARY, USA

The Seattle Central Library, located in downtown Seattle, is a landmark

public library designed by OMA (Rem Koolhaas) in collaboration with
LMN Architects. Completed in 2004, the library redefines conventional
library design with its bold, geometric glass-and-steel structure and
innovative interior layout. It spans over 11 floors and covers
approximately 33,700 square meters. The design centres around the
idea of transparency, flexibility, and accessibility, offering diverse spaces
like the Books Spiral, public meeting areas, digital media labs, reading
rooms, and a 275-seat auditorium. The building integrates advanced
technology, encourages public interaction, and supports both digital and
traditional learning. It stands as a model of democratic, user-centric
architecture, making knowledge open and engaging for all members of
society.

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3.1.1 Site

The Seattle Public Library is located in downtown Seattle, Washington, at

1000 Fourth Avenue. Positioned on a busy urban block, the site benefits
from excellent public transportation access and strong pedestrian
connectivity. Surrounded by commercial and civic buildings, the location
enhances the library’s visibility and accessibility, reinforcing its role as a
major public and cultural hub within the city

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3.1.2 Project Details

 Name: Seattle Central Library

 Location: Seattle, Washington, USA
 Architects: OMA (Rem Koolhaas) + LMN Architects
 Year of Completion: 2004
 Type: Public LibraryProject

Electrical Engineer: Kugler Tillotson Associates Structural Engineer:

Magnusson Klemecic Associates, Arup Construction Company: Hoffman
Construction
Co. Client: Seattle Public Library
Budget: US $169.2 M
Floors: 11 + 1 basement level
Area: 38,300.0 sq feet
Years of Construction: 1999-2004

3.1.3 Design Concept

 The central idea of the project was to reinvent the library as a hub
that would host information in varying forms of media.
 The Library is distributed as a central spiral instead of a
conventional arrangement of books and other media.
 The debatable and elegant study of form followed by has been
implemented.
 The program was divided into five major platforms stacked vertically
all in an effort to interact differently with the surrounding spaces.
 Two main structural systems were implemented, the first being a
perimeter truss supported by inclined columns with a platform
cantilever of 1.32 meters and the second being diamond shaped
exoskeleton connected to the roof trusses.

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3.1.4 Library in a Nutshell

The library cultivates a more refined approach by organizing itself into

spatial compartments, each dedicated to, and equipped for,
specificduties. Each platform is a programmatic cluster that is
architecturally defined and equipped for maximum, dedicated
performance. Because each platform is designed for a unique
purpose ,their size ,flexibility, circulation,palette,structure,and MEP vary.

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3.1.5 LABELLED SECTIONAL DIAGRAMS

Collections, administration and staff, information and public space

function are arranged to optimize daylight and city views. Other special
elements are the” mixing chamber.”

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3.1.6 IN-BETWEEN SPACES

By detaching and shifting the floors, and at least by providing visual

connection; OMA obtained new spaces and unforeseen relations between
different program pa rts. These new spaces, namely, in between spaces,
are more flexible in character

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The problem of traditional library organization is flatness. Departments
are organized according to floor plans. Each floor is discreet; the
unpredictable fits of growth and contraction in certain sections are,
theoretically, contained with in a single floor

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The Book Spiral implies a reclamation of the much-compromised Dewey
Decimal System. By arranging the collection in a continuous ribbon—
running from 000 to 999—the subjects form a coexistence that
approaches the organic; each evolves relative to the others, occupying
more or less space on the ribbon, but never forcing a rupture.

3.2 KING FAHAD NATIONAL LIBRARY, KSA

The King Fahad National Library, located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is

one of the most important cultural landmarks in the Kingdom. Originally
built in 1980, it underwent a major transformation and expansion
completed in 2013 by Gerber Architekten, a German architectural firm.

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The design blends modern architecture with traditional Islamic
patterns, featuring a striking white textile façade that filters sunlight and
symbolizes openness and knowledge.
The library includes reading halls, book archives, digital research facilities,
exhibition spaces, and administrative areas. As a national repository of
Saudi heritage, it houses millions of books, manuscripts, and digital
documents. The building is designed to be energy-efficient and user-
friendly, with advanced technological integration for information access.
The King Fahad Library stands as a symbol of cultural identity,
innovation, and modernization, serving both academic researchers
and the general public.

3.2.1 Site

The King Fahad National Library is centrally located in Riyadh, the capital
city of Saudi Arabia, in the King Fahad Cultural District near Olaya Street,

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one of the city's main commercial and administrative corridors. The site is
surrounded by government buildings, educational institutions, public
parks, and cultural landmarks, making it highly accessible and
symbolically significant.
The urban context is modern, with wide roads and large city blocks. The
library is integrated into a landscaped public plaza, enhancing its civic
presence and inviting public use. Its prominent location and open
surroundings reflect its function as a national knowledge hub and a
symbol of cultural development in the heart of the city.

3.2.2 Project details

 Project Name: King Fahad National Library

 Location: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
 Architects: Gerber Architekten (Germany)
 Original Structure: Built in 1980
 Renovation & Expansion Completed: 2013
 Site Area: Approx. 58,000 square meters
 Built-Up Area: Approx. 29,000 square meters
 Client: Ministry of Culture and Information, Saudi Arabia
 Typology: National Public Library
 Function: Repository of Saudi Arabian cultural heritage,
public research, reading, digital archives, events,
exhibitions
 Key Features:
 Modern extension integrated with the original building
 Iconic textile façade based on Islamic geometric patterns
 Central atrium and daylight-filled reading zones

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  High-tech multimedia infrastructure
 Sustainable design strategies
 Public plaza and landscaped surroundings

3.2.3 Form and Concept – King Fahad National Library

The form concept of the King Fahad National Library blends modern
architecture with traditional Islamic design. The existing rectangular
structure was preserved and expanded upon with a lightweight steel
structure wrapped in a textile façade, inspired by mashrabiya patterns
(traditional Islamic screens). This design filters light while reducing heat
gain, reflecting both cultural identity and environmental
responsiveness.
The concept emphasizes transparency, openness, and accessibility,
aligning with the idea of the library as a public knowledge canter. The
internal layout is structured around a central atrium that allows natural
light to penetrate deep into the building. The integration of old and new
elements reflects the library's role in preserving heritage while embracing
modern technology and learning methods. The structure thus becomes a
symbol of continuity and transformation, representing Saudi Arabia’s
cultural evolution.

3.2.4 Urban development concept

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The King Fahad National Library represents the new centre of the rapidly
changing Olaya District, and stands out clearly from the heterogeneous
existing building pattern. The square new building in the centre of the
urban park looks open and light, and is tied into the urban space despite
its size. Gerber Architekten designed the existing park including parts of
the available green space as a spacious square, and this and the library
now form an urban unit. Thus the National Library becomes the
iconographic centre of a prestigious urban quarter that will become
increasingly important in future years. The site links King Fahd Road and
Olaya Street, the two main traffic axes of the capital of the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia. The new urban square described above was created on
Olaya Street, offering pedestrians direct access to the library and
guaranteeing an attractive space in which to spend time despite the
heavy traffic. This new square echoes the surrounding basic structure of
public squares, in which desolate and neglected building plots are
redesigned as green oases. These are intended for various new leisure
and recreational activities in the district. The new library stands as an
important element of this spatial sequence, and makes a contribution to
transforming the area into a lively and complex new urban quarter.

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3.2.5 Architectural concept

Gerber Architekten developed a cuboid building surrounding the

existing library on all sides, thus presenting the National Library as a
new architectural image within Riyadh’s urban space. The new
building encloses the old one protectively, and combines itself with
it in an unusual way, following monument preservation principles.
The cruciform existing building, topped by a dome, is concealed
inside the new building. The old structure is integrated as a building
within a building, while its existing dome – originally in concrete –
has now been reconstructed in steel and glass, and continues to be
a cultural symbol of the library. The entire former roof of the
existing building, which occupies an extensive area, now provides a
reading landscape flooded with light and offers a special atmosphere
that will encourage the exchange of knowledge in this way. Inside –
as if hidden in a treasure chest, a knowledge storehouse – are the
book stacks. Visitors access the open-access sections on the third
floor of the new building via bridges from the reading area.
Everything is covered by a new roof, punctuated by skylights under
which white membranes gently distribute the light throughout the
entire interior. The main entrance hall is on the ground floor, which
also houses exhibition areas, a restaurant and a bookshop. A library
area for women only, in which they can spend time without a burka,
is provided on the first floor of the new south wing; this space is
separated from the other building uses, and is also accessed
separately.

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3.2.6 Façade concept
The key element of the façade was developed especially for the
new building. It is a cladding made up of rhomboid textile
awnings, marked by its play with revealing and concealing.
Inserted white membranes, supported by a three-dimensional,
tensile-stressed steel cable structure, act as sunshades and
interpret the Arabian tent structure tradition in a modern,
technological way. This sequence of old and new creates a
uniform and prestigious overall a soft white light and becomes
the city’s cultural lighthouse. This filigree steel cable structure
has a solar penetration level of only 7 per cent, and at the same
time makes it possible to look both in and out. Given exterior
temperatures of up to 50º Celsius, the membrane façade, which
was optimised in relation to the local sun path by means of
complex, three-dimensional light refraction, combines the
required protection from the sun with maximum light penetration
and transparency. This façade was combined with ventilation and
cooling for the building by means of layered ventilation and floor
cooling. In this way, thermal comfort is increased and energy
consumption significantly reduced by using certain methods and
technologies for the first time in the Arab world. “The theme of
sustainability using up-to-date energy concepts and rational
building structures runs through all our activities as a crucial idea
that is taken granted.”

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3.2.7 Background
Gerber Architekten were invited to take part in an international
competition for building the Saudi Arabian National Library in
2003, and won the first prize. The brief was to design a building
that properly reflected Arabian culture and was worthy of this
tradition steeped location. The existing historical building was to
be retained in its essentials in this design.

3.2.8 Element Detail

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3.3 PARLIAMENT LIBRARY, NEW DELHI

The Parliament Library, located in New Delhi, India, is a vital institution

supporting the research and information needs of Members of Parliament.
Designed by Rajat Ray of Raj Rewal Associates, it was completed in 2002
and stands adjacent to the historic Parliament House. The library
symbolizes India’s democratic values and blends traditional Indian
architecture with modern functionality. Featuring a circular plan with a
central courtyard, the design promotes natural ventilation and daylight.
With advanced digital infrastructure, archival facilities, and specialized
reading areas, it serves as a model for integrating knowledge,
architecture, and civic purpose in a public institutional space.

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3.3.1 Site

 📍 Location: Adjacent to the Parliament House, Lutyens’ Delhi, New

Delhi, India
 Context: Situated in India's political and administrative core
 🧭 Surroundings: Flanked by government buildings, green spaces,
and national landmarks
 Connectivity: Excellent access via major roads and public
transport (e.g., Sansad Marg, Rajpath)
 Landscape: Set within a formally landscaped area, blending open
green zones with built form
 Security: High-security zone due to proximity to sensitive national
institutions
 🧱 Architectural Harmony: Circular geometry complements the
existing Parliament building
 ⚖️Symbolic Value: Enhances the democratic and civic identity of
the precinct
 👥 User Access: Primarily for Members of Parliament, researchers,
and authorized staff
 Urban Setting: Located in a heritage-controlled zone with
regulated development

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3.3.2 Project details

 Project Name: Parliament Library

 Location: Lutyens’ Delhi, New Delhi, India
 Client: Government of India
 Architects: Raj Rewal Associates (Lead Architect: Rajat Ray)
 Completion Year: 2002
 Typology: Governmental / Institutional Library
 Built-Up Area: Approx. 45,000 square meters
 Site Area: Approximately 9.25 hectares
 Purpose:
o To support Members of Parliament with research,
documentation, and reference material
o Serve as a national knowledge and archival center

Key Features:
 Circular Plan: Echoes the geometry of the Parliament House
 Central Courtyard: Enhances natural ventilation and light
 Material Use: Red sandstone, jaali screens—reflecting traditional
Indian architecture
 Technology Integration: Digital archives, research terminals,
secure access systems
 Functions Included:
o Reading halls
o Rare manuscripts section
o Committee rooms
o Digital research labs
o Administrative offices
 User Group: Primarily for Members of Parliament, scholars, and
government researchers
 Sustainability: Passive cooling, daylighting, and traditional shading
elements
 Symbolism: Represents knowledge, democracy, and continuity in
civic design

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3.2.3 Design Philosophy and Concept
Raj Rewal’s aim in designing the Parliament Library building was to signify
the symbol of knowledge and show spiritual elegance rather than
overshadowing the ‘power’ of the Parliament.
He took inspiration from the traditional relationship between the Guru and
the King – the Library being the Guru and the Parliament House being the
King. The Guru retains the command of his knowledge while recognising
the power of the King. This way, the library would have a unique identity
of its own, while respecting the Parliament building.
To show this concept in his structure, Raj Rewal decided to keep two of
the four floors of the library underground. Thus aligning the terrace of the
library with the podium level of the Parliament house. Only the domes of
the library rise above. This gives an unobstructed view of the colonnade
and entablature of the Parliament.

Square and Symmetrical planning with Charbagh concept

3.2.4 Planning, Massing, and Space Usage

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The architectural style and planning are stimulated from the pre-
colonial Indian architecture of the Taj Mahal which showcases its square
base and symmetrical composition. It is also inspired by the ancient Indian
mandala that has a deep existential and spiritual meaning. When used in
temple architecture of ancient central India, it is said to give the user a
spiritual and calming experience.

Colored marble floor pattern in the form of a yantra, an ancient Indian

graphic that aids meditation
Another inspiration is from western India’s Adinatha temple at Ranakpur.
Its cardinal axes meet at the center and courtyards in the remaining
areas. Courtyards have social and climatic advantages and also promote
intellectual encounters. Courtyards also keep the atmosphere cool and
dust-free which is much needed in Delhi’s hot summers.

Regionally quarried sandstone characterizes the Parliament Library in New

Delhi

Internally, the light defines its spaces. Light enters through the three
courtyards and twelve domes. The library building can accommodate
three million volumes on the two underground floors and has all the new
networks and facilities for multimedia and satellite links.
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The corners of the squares and the nodes of the axes are designated for
various functions. The axes and the outlines of the squares form
pathways. All courtyards symbolize an aspect of the Indian Constitution –
an amphitheatre symbolising the freedom of expression, a pool of water
symbolising equality, trees in the third courtyard representing social
justice.

The calm pond in one courtyard symbolizes equality

3.2.5 Structural Systems, Materials, and Textures

Structural Systems are based on the new and
changing innovative technologies and the spatial enclosures based on
passive energy control systems of shaded interlinked courtyards. These

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spaces create a series of experiences, interconnected yet distinct from
one another.

The external façade has red sandstone cladding to match the colonial
structures and geometrical jali patterns on the walls that resemble the
ones seen in ancient Indian architectural structures. The use of jalis in pre-
colonial Indian architecture was for decoration, for diffusing sunlight, and
to create a permeable barrier between two spaces – visually and audibly
connected. The jalis are craftily merged to create a typical Indian look.

Hand crafted stone jails are used throughout the building.

The domes are of various sizes and are constructed of lightweight Ferro
cement, bright steel lattice and tensile cables, structural glass, and glass
bricks – the tensile forces being transferred through the tubular steel
frames. The central dome pours down daylight to the lower floors, which
illuminates the whole labyrinth of knowledge i.e. the library. It also
provides a view of the sky to its visitors. Conventional reflective glass is
used for the domes to reduce glare and resist heat transfer.

The glass dome above the central core illuminating the lower floors

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 The glass dome above the central core

The central glass dome adorns the structure with respect to its
surroundings. A roof garden provides a gathering space for scholars and
parliamentarians in the winter and acts as a thermal barrier in the
summer.

Other structural elements of the building are made of reinforced concrete

and to cover long spans, the slabs are coffered.

Dome for the entrance hall View showing the structural framework

White painted steel ring beam The glass bricks form of the domical
shells

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3.2.6 PLANS AND SECTIONS AND SITE

Ground Floor plan

First Floor plan

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First And Second Basement Plan

Roof Garden Plan

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 Section AA’

Section BB’

Site Plan

Page 44
4. BUILDING NORMS & DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS

Page 45
4.1 General Design Norms (as per Neufert)
Aspect Norms / Guidelines
User Area 2.5–4 m² per reader in reading
areas
0.1–0.15 m² per book; shelf height
Book Storage 2.10 m max; width of aisle
between stacks 1.0–1.2 m
Digital Access Zone 2.5–3 m² per computer terminal
AV Room 2.5–3 m² per computer terminal
Clear Height 2.0–3.0 m² per seat with acoustic
isolation
Circulation Space 25–30% of total library area
300–500 lux for reading; 200–300
Lighting lux for stacks; glare-free and
evenly distributed
Cross-ventilation preferred;
Ventilation mechanical air changes 3–6 ACH
(Air Changes per Hour)

Planning Norms (based on NBC and TSS Occupancy Load

Space Type Occupant Load Factor
Reading / Study Halls 1 person per 2.5–3 m²
Stack Area 1 person per 5 m²
Computer Work Area 1 person per 2.5 m²
Seminar Room 1 person per 1.5 m²

Toilet Provision
User Group Male Female
Up to 50 users 1 WC + 1 Urinal 1 WC
Every additional 50 +1 WC +1 Urinal
1 unisex accessible toilet
Differently-abled
per floor

Fire Safety Norms

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Planning Norms (based on NBC and TSS Occupancy Load
 Minimum two staircases if floor area > 500 m²

 Fire extinguishers every 200 m²

 Smoke detectors and alarms mandatory

 Emergency exit signage and lighting

Accessibility Norms (Universal Design + TSS)

Element Norm / Dimension
Ramp Gradient 1:12 with handrails on both sides
Door Width (Accessible) Min. 900 mm
Circulation Aisle Width Min. 1200 mm
1100 mm x 1400 mm (wheelchair
Elevator Size
accessible)
From entrance to key areas (as per
Tactile Flooring
CPWD)
At least 5% of all desks to be
Furniture for Disabled Users
wheelchair accessible

Environmental Norms
Criteria Standard
Minimum 10% of floor area to
Natural Lighting
be glazed
Indoor temp. range 23–27°C
Thermal Comfort
(with HVAC)
Noise Levels Below 40 dB in reading zones
IGBC/GRIHA norms if pursuing
Green Building (optional)
sustainability rating

Parking Norms (as per TSS and NBC)

Category Norm
Four-Wheelers 1 car per 100 m² of built-up area
Two-Wheelers 1 per 50 m²
1 accessible bay per 25 regular
Differently-abled Parking
parking slots
Cycle Parking 1 per 50 users recommended

IT & Digital Infrastructure Norms

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 Provision Specification
1 Gbps minimum backbone, Wi-Fi
LAN / Wi-Fi
in all zones
12–15 m²; raised floor; climate-
Server Room
controlled
Digital Catalog System OPAC terminals every 100 m²
Full coverage in public zones, 30-
CCTV & Security
day backup

4.2 CPWD Norms

1. Space and Area Planning

According to CPWD norms, public institutional buildings like a multimedia

library must maintain a minimum plinth height of 450 mm to 600 mm
above the finished ground level. The Floor Area Ratio (FAR) should comply
with local building regulations, generally ranging from 1.5 to 2.0, and
must maintain setbacks of 3 to 6 meters around the structure. Efficient
space utilization is critical: approximately 50–55% of the built-up area
should be dedicated to functional (usable) spaces such as reading rooms
and media centers, 25–30% to circulation areas, and 10–15% to building
services like toilets, electrical rooms, and HVAC systems.

2. Accessibility (Barrier-Free Design)

CPWD mandates full compliance with universal accessibility standards in

all public buildings. Ramps with a maximum gradient of 1:12 and a
minimum width of 1200 mm must be provided, with handrails on both
sides. All main doors along accessible routes should have a clear width of
at least 900 mm to facilitate wheelchair movement. Each floor must
contain at least one accessible/unisex toilet, measuring a minimum of
1500 mm x 1750 mm, equipped with grab bars and proper circulation
space. Tactile flooring should be installed to guide visually impaired users
from the entrance to key functional areas such as lifts, staircases, and
toilets. Signage should include braille, tactile lettering, and visual contrast,
mounted at a height of 1500 mm.
3. Structural and Fire Safety
All construction must follow relevant Indian Standard (IS) codes, such as IS
456 for RCC design and IS 875 for load calculations. For safety, CPWD
norms require fire-resistant construction materials and provisions like fire-

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rated doors. Fire extinguishers must be placed every 150–200 square
meters, and at least one fire exit staircase with a minimum width of 1.5
meters should be provided. Emergency lighting and exit signage must be
installed throughout all public zones and escape routes. Electrical rooms
must be isolated, fire-rated, and constructed away from other critical
service zones.

4. Electrical and IT Infrastructure

Electrical systems must be planned based on load requirements, with a

preference for energy-efficient LED lighting that provides 300–500 lux in
reading and study areas. Structured cabling (Cat 6 or higher) is
recommended for IT systems, including LAN and Wi-Fi, and should be
routed through concealed conduits. A dedicated server room should be
air-conditioned and feature a raised floor for cable management. CCTV
surveillance must cover all public areas, with footage archived for a
minimum of 30 days to ensure safety and monitoring.

5. Ventilation and HVAC

Ventilation is essential for user comfort and the preservation of sensitive

materials. Where feasible, natural cross-ventilation should be incorporated
into the design. In enclosed areas like audio-visual rooms, archival
storage, and server rooms, mechanical ventilation must ensure 6 to 8 air
changes per hour (ACH). Air-conditioning systems should maintain
thermal comfort with indoor temperatures ranging from 23°C to 27°C and
relative humidity between 40% and 60%, particularly in temperature-
sensitive areas.

6. Sustainability and Green Building Norms

CPWD promotes green building practices aligned with GRIHA and similar
rating systems. Libraries should implement dual plumbing systems and
install low-flow fixtures to conserve water. Rainwater harvesting is
encouraged to supplement non-potable water use. Energy-efficient HVAC
systems (BEE 5-star rated), along with solar photovoltaic panels (1–2 kW
per 100 m² of rooftop area), are recommended to reduce energy
consumption. Construction materials should include fly ash bricks, low-
VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) paints, and recycled content wherever
feasible to reduce the building’s environmental footprint.

7. Sanitation Facilities

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Toilet provisions must be made based on projected occupancy. For every
50 users, there must be at least one WC and one urinal for males, and one
WC for females, with one washbasin each. With every additional 50 users,
an extra set of sanitary fittings must be provided. Separate toilets must be
planned for staff, and one accessible toilet should be included per floor for
differently-abled users, following barrier-free design principles.

4.3 Circulation Norms for Multimedia Library

CPWD and General Circulation Area Norms

 Total Circulation Area Allocation:
According to CPWD guidelines, circulation areas should comprise
25–30% of the total built-up area in a public building like a library.
This includes all internal corridors, staircases, entrance lobbies,
ramps, and lift lobbies.

Horizontal Circulation (Corridors & Passageways)

Element Minimum Width Standard/Reference

Main Corridors 1800–2400 mm CPWD & Neufert

Secondary Corridors 1200–1500 mm CPWD

Passages near shelves 900–1200 mm (min) Neufert

Lobby Minimum 10–15% of

Design best practice
(Entry/Reception) total usable area

Minimum 1200 mm CPWD Barrier-Free

Ramp Width
(barrier-free) Handbook

Functional Recommendations (From Neufert & Library Standards)

 Circulation routes in the stack area should allow at least 900

mm clearance between book racks.

 Reading areas should be accessed directly from main corridors

and have smooth flow from the entrance to avoid congestion.

 Avoid narrow or obstructed corridors near AV rooms or

computer labs due to high footfall and equipment handling

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Vertical Circulation

Element Minimum Dimension Standard/Reference

1500 mm (main),
1200 mm
Staircase Width CPWD, NBC
(secondary/emergenc
y)

Landing Depth Equal to stair width IS 962, Neufert

Tread 300 mm, Riser

Tread/Riser Ratio CPWD, IS 456
150 mm

Min width 1200 mm,

CPWD Barrier-Free
Ramp (slope 1:12) handrails at 800–900
Design
mm height

Minimum 1100 mm ×
Lift Size 1400 mm (accessible CPWD
lift)

Lift Lobby Width Minimum 1500 mm CPWD

4. Emergency and Egress Circulation

 Fire Exit Staircases must be:

o Minimum 1.5 m wide (CPWD fire safety norms)

o Located at safe and accessible distances

o Provided with illuminated exit signage and emergency lighting

 Corridor Length should not exceed 30 m without a fire exit

or cross-ventilation opening.

 Escape Route should be planned to avoid dead ends and

allow easy movement of large crowds during emergencies.

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 SITE ANALYSIS

JAYPRAKASH NARAYAN MULTIMEDIA LIBRARY

Page 52
5.1 Aim

The Jayaprakash Narayan Multimedia Library is a landmark initiative

by the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC), envisioned as the first
high-tech multimedia library in the capital city. Named after the
eminent freedom fighter and political thinker Jayaprakash Narayan, the
library aims to foster educational enrichment, digital literacy, and
inclusive access to knowledge through a multimedia and technology-
integrated environment.
It is envisioned as Delhi’s first modern, fully digital multimedia library,
accessible to all, including marginalized communities. The facility is
designed to cater to a broad demographic—from children and students to
researchers and senior citizens—by offering traditional and electronic
resources in an accessible, technology-driven environment.

5.2 Objective

1. Promote Inclusive and Equitable Access to Knowledge

The library is envisioned as a public knowledge hub accessible to
people from all walks of life, especially underprivileged communities in
areas like Valmiki Basti and Gole Market. It aims to provide free access
to books, digital resources, internet, and learning materials, breaking
barriers caused by socioeconomic inequality.

2. Integrate Technology with Learning

As a multimedia library, it moves beyond traditional book-based models
by integrating audiovisual content, digital archives, and e-learning
platforms. The objective is to enable visitors to learn through varied
formats—books, videos, podcasts, online courses, and virtual reality,
supporting diverse learning styles.

3. Foster a Culture of Reading and Lifelong Learning

A key mission is to revive the culture of reading and intellectual
curiosity, especially among children and youth. Dedicated spaces such as
the children’s library, reading lounges, and storytelling zones are meant to
encourage early reading habits and critical thinking.

4. Support Students, Researchers, and Job Seekers

The library intends to serve as an academic and professional support
system. With research cabins, e-journal access, and preparation zones for
competitive exams, it provides tools for higher education, skill

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development, and job readiness—especially for students who lack private
study spaces at home.
5. Create a Safe and Inclusive Learning Environment
Designed to be fully accessible, the library includes tactile paths, braille
signage, accessible washrooms, and an elevator for the physically
challenged. The goal is to create an inclusive space where individuals of
all abilities can learn without physical or social barriers.

6. Encourage Civic Engagement and Community Participation

Through its auditorium and community spaces, the library aims to host
events, public lectures, workshops, film screenings, and storytelling
sessions. This encourages community interaction, civic participation,
and the development of public discourse.

7. Preserve and Promote the Legacy of Jayaprakash Narayan

Named after the visionary social reformer, the library embodies
Jayaprakash Narayan’s ideals of education as a tool for democracy,
equality, and social justice. It aims to inspire citizens to uphold his
legacy through access to political, historical, and social literature.

8. Provide a Model for Sustainable, Smart Public Infrastructure

The library is designed with sustainability in mind—using solar energy,
rainwater harvesting, and energy-efficient systems. As a civic facility, it
demonstrates how smart, green infrastructure can enhance public
welfare and serve as a blueprint for future government projects.

9. Bridge the Digital Divide

In an age where digital access defines opportunity, the library’s free Wi-Fi,
computer terminals, and e-library are crucial in bridging the digital
divide. This is especially important in underserved communities where
internet access is still limited.

10. Promote Multilingual and Cultural Learning

With periodicals, AV materials, and resources in multiple languages, the
library supports multilingual literacy, cultural awareness, and
intellectual inclusivity, reflective of Delhi’s diverse social fabric.

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5.3 Scope of Work

The scope of work for the Jayaprakash Narayan Multimedia Library

encompasses the planning, design, construction, and commissioning of a
state-of-the-art public library facility integrating traditional reading spaces
with modern digital and multimedia infrastructure. The key components
include:

 Architectural Design and Civil Construction of a G+2 public

library building with reading halls, children’s areas, multimedia
rooms, an auditorium, and administrative spaces.
 Interior Works and Furniture including custom shelving, seating,
and activity zones suited to varied user groups such as children,
students, and researchers.
 ICT and AV Integration featuring an e-library, digital learning
stations, high-speed internet, smart boards, projectors, and a
centralized server room.
 HVAC, Electrical, and Plumbing Systems to ensure comfort,
safety, and efficiency, in compliance with CPWD and NBC standards.
 Fire Safety, Accessibility, and Security including lifts, ramps,
tactile flooring, braille signage, CCTV, and fire detection systems.
 Sustainable Design Measures such as rainwater harvesting, LED
lighting, solar panels, and energy-efficient systems.
 External Development with landscaping, signage, pedestrian
pathways, and public seating.

5.4 NEED OF PROJECT

The Jayaprakash Narayan Multimedia Library is conceived to address

the growing need for inclusive, accessible, and technology-integrated
public learning spaces in Central Delhi. Despite being a major institutional
hub, the area lacks a dedicated library that serves students, children,
researchers, and the general public—especially those from
underprivileged backgrounds. The digital divide remains a significant
challenge, with many lacking access to the internet, e-resources, and
study environments. This project aims to provide a free, modern facility
offering books, digital content, computer access, and interactive learning
zones. It also includes a children’s section and community auditorium to
support early education and civic engagement. As a tribute to Jayaprakash
Narayan, the library reflects his vision of democracy, education, and social

Page 55
justice. The project is not only a cultural and educational asset but also a
step toward equitable urban development and lifelong learning for all.

5.4 Limitation of Project

While the Jayaprakash Narayan Multimedia Library aims to be a

transformative public resource, there are several limitations to consider:
 Space Constraints: The urban location limits the available area for
expansion, potentially restricting the number of users and resources
the library can accommodate at any given time.
 Budget and Funding: Although the project is funded by NDMC,
cost constraints may impact the scale of certain features, such as
the extent of multimedia equipment or specialized spaces.
 Technological Accessibility: Although the library will provide
digital resources, ongoing maintenance and upgrades to IT
infrastructure will be required to keep pace with rapidly evolving
technology.
 User Overload: As a public facility, there is a risk of overcrowding,
particularly in peak hours, leading to potential discomfort and
reduced user experience.
 Security and Maintenance: Ensuring continuous security, proper
functioning of tech infrastructure, and regular maintenance of the
building could pose long-term operational challenges.

5.6 Site Detail

Location:
 Address: Mandir Marg, Central Delhi, New Delhi, India
 Coordinates: Context: The site is located in a bustling, high-traffic
area of central Delhi, surrounded by educational institutions,
residential neighborhoods (e.g., Valmiki Basti), and commercial
spaces. It lies within the jurisdiction of the New Delhi Municipal
Council (NDMC).
Site Area:
 Plot Size: Approximately 2,500 square meters.
 Built-Up Area: ~2,250 square meters spread over three floors
(G+2).

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5.7 Surrounding Context

 Nearby educational institutions, government offices, and residential

areas contribute to a high footfall of students, professionals, and
families.
 The library is designed to be integrated within the urban fabric,
enhancing the city’s educational and cultural landscape.

5.8 Site Overview

he Jayaprakash Narayan Multimedia Library is located on Mandir

Marg, Central Delhi, within the NDMC area. The site spans
approximately 2,500 square meters and is well-connected by roads,
metro, and public transport. Surrounded by schools, government offices,
and residential areas like Valmiki Basti, the location ensures high
accessibility and public relevance. The flat terrain and urban setting make
it ideal for a civic facility that promotes education, digital access, and
community engagement.

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 Google Earth Image of the Site

5.9 Site Accessibility

 Public Transport: Close proximity to multiple Delhi Metro stations

and DTC bus routes, ensuring smooth access for daily commuters,
students, and visitors.
 Road Network: Located along a major arterial road with good
vehicular movement and pedestrian sidewalks.
 Pedestrian Access: Walkable from nearby schools, residential
colonies, and government institutions, promoting community use.

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5.10 Connectivity

 Metro Connectivity: The site is located near Karol Bagh and R.K.
Ashram Marg Metro Stations (Blue Line), providing fast and
convenient access from across the city.
 Bus Services: Multiple DTC and cluster buses operate along
Mandir Marg and nearby routes, linking the site to key residential
and institutional areas.
 Road Access: Located on a major arterial road, the site benefits
from smooth vehicular flow and easy drop-off zones for private
vehicles, auto-rickshaws, and school buses.
 Pedestrian and Bicycle Access: Safe walkways and moderate
traffic volumes make the area pedestrian-friendly; cycle access is
also feasible due to nearby residential zones.
 Regional Access: Central location allows easy reach from North,
South, and West Delhi.

Major Connectivity Showcasing

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 Nearest metro statiion New Delhi Railway Station
Connectivity Connectivity

Nearest bus statiion Indira Gandhi International

Connectivity Connectivity

5.11 Climatic Study

📍 Location Overview
 Latitude: 28.61° N
 Longitude: 77.23° E
 Altitude: ~216 meters above sea level
 Climate Type: Composite (according to the ECBC and NBC India
classifications)

Delhi features a monsoon influenced humid subtropical climate bordering

a hot semi-arid climate with high variation between summer and winter
temperatures and precipitation.

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Temperature

Summer starts in early April and peaks in late May or early June, with
average temperatures near 38 °C (100 °F) although occasional heat
waves can result in highs close to 45 °C (113 °F) on some days and
therefore higher apparent temperature. The monsoon starts in late June
and lasts until mid-September, with about 797.3 mm (31.39 inches)[2] of
rain. The average temperatures are around 29 °C (84 °F), although they
can vary from around 25 °C (77 °F) on rainy days to 35–40 °C (95–104 °F)
during dry spells. The monsoons recede in late September, and the post-
monsoon season continues till late October, with average temperatures
sliding from 29 to 21 °C (84 to 70 °F).
Winter starts in November and peaks in January, with average
temperatures around 14 °C (57 °F).

Page 61
 Average Hourly Temperature in New Delhi

Cloud Cover Categories in New Delhi

Precipation

A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent

precipitation. The chance of wet days in New Delhi varies very
significantly throughout the year.
The wetter season lasts 2.9 months, from June 16 to September 14, with a
greater than 28% chance of a given day being a wet day. The month with
the most wet days in New Delhi is July, with an average of 16.0 days with
at least 0.04 inches of precipitation.
The drier season lasts 9.1 months, from September 14 to June 16. The
month with the fewest wet days in New Delhi is November, with an
average of 0.7 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation

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 Daily Chance of Precipitation in New Delhi

Rainfall

To show variation within the months and not just the monthly totals, we
show the rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered
around each day of the year. New Delhi experiences extreme seasonal
variation in monthly rainfall.
The rainy period of the year lasts for 9.3 months, from January
9 to October 19, with a sliding 31-day rainfall of at least 0.5 inches. The
month with the most rain in New Delhi is August, with an average rainfall
of 6.7 inches.
The rainless period of the year lasts for 2.7 months, from October
19 to January 9. The month with the least rain in New Delhi is November,
with an average rainfall of 0.1 inches.

Average Monthly Rainfall in New Delhi

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Sun Path

The length of the day in New Delhi varies over the course of the year. In
2025, the shortest day is December 21, with 10 hours, 19 minutes of
daylight; the longest day is June 21, with 13 hours, 58 minutes of daylight.

Hours of Daylight and Twilight in New Delhi

Solar Elevation and Azimuth in New Delhi

Topography

The Hindon River separates Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Delhi. The
Delhi ridge originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles
the west, northeast, and northwest parts of the city. It reaches a height of
318 m (1,043 ft) and is a dominant feature of the region.

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Name: New Delhi topographic map, elevation, terrain.
Location: New Delhi, Delhi, India (28.48122 77.05037 28.64568 77.25514)
Average elevation: 230 m
Minimum elevation: 193 m
Maximum elevation: 290 m

Geology

The area is a part of the Indo-Gangetic plain. A spur of the Aravalli hills
from Rajasthan enters Delhi through Gurgaon on the southern border and
expands into an elongated ridge of 5-6 km wide forming ridges along
north to north east and south to south west separated by flat lands and
depressions filled with alluvial material. Quartzites are interbedded with
micaceous stets that belong to the Alwar formatioms of the Delhi system
which are believed to be of pre-Cambrian age. They also include
pegmatites and quartz vein representing the acid igneous phase of post
Delhi age. Quartzite out-crops are fine grained to coarse grained with
variegated colours viz. grey, pink, brick red and buff. The rocks indicate
evidences of surface weathering and disintegration into loose grains of
quartz with slight pressure. Major part of the Territory is covered by a
mantle of the Yamuna alluvium which forms a part of the IndoGangetic
system. They are unconsolidated fluvial deposits and are wind modified.
Nodular concretions of calcium carbonate are present at places.

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Natural Vegetation

The natural vegetation consists of trees, herbs and shrubs. The comon
trees are Acacia arabica Wild (Babul). Balanites roxburgil; Butea
monosperma (Pales); Dalbergia sisoo; Ficus bengalensis Linn. (Banyan); F.
glomerata Roxb; F. religiosa Linn. (Peerul); Morus alba L. (Saitoot);
Prosopis spicigera L.; Zizyphus jujube Lank. (Ber); Azadirachta indica
(Neem). The herbs and shrubs include Anogeissus pondula; Calotrors
procera (AX); Cassia fistula L. (Chakunda); Euphorbia antiguorum;
Salvadora persica; Tribulus terrestris L. (Gohkru); Tizyphus numelaria. The
common weeds occurring in this area are Hyena fatual (Wild oat);
Cenchrus spp. (Anjan); Cyperus rotundus L. (Motha); Erianthus ravennae
Beauv. (Dolser, Dolu); Phalaris minor Katz. (Chiraya Bajra); Saccharum
soontaneum Linn. (Kans); S. Munja; Anagalis arvensis (Krishna neel);
Euphorbia hirta (Bari Duddhi); Fumaria indica (Gajri); Lathyrue sativus
(Khesari); Parthenium hysterophorus (congress grass); Phyllanthns niruri
(Hazardana); Solanum nigrum (Makoi).

Present Land Use

As mentioned earlier, the total geographical area of the Delhi Territory is

1,47,488 ha of which nearly 70 percent i.e. 103, 328 ha is rural while the
remaining 30 percent i.e. 44.160 ha is urban. Detailed data on land use
are given in Table 1. From the table it is seen that 51.4 percent of the
total geographical area of the Territory is net area sown. There has been a
gradual decrease

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Irrigation

Water resources in the area are generally satisfactory. Ground water is

relatively at shallow depth except in areas around Mehrauli. Details
regarding irrigation sources and area under irrigation are given in Table 2
and 3 (p.7). A comparative study of five years data shows that the area
irrigated by canals remains unchanged whereas the area irrigated by
Lanes has decreased substantially. Owing to increase in the number of
tube wells, wellirrigated area has increased considerably. The net area
irrigated during the year 1974-75 was 56,396 ha which shows a steady
increase in the irrigated area since 1971. Page 9Soil Survey and Land Use
Plan of Delhi Territory About 25 percent of the total irrigated area of the
Delhi Territory receives water from three Government canals i.e. (i)
Western Yamuna Canal, (ii) Eastern Yamuna Canal and (iii) Agra Canal.
The total length of these canals is about 56 km. But major portion of the
canal-irrigated area is from western Yamuna canal, which irrigates parts of
Alipur and Kanjhawala Development Blocks. Eastern Yamuna canal
irrigates the Shahadra Development Block.

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Soil Type

The soils of the Delhi area are mostly light with subordinate amount of
medium texture soils. The light texture soils are represented by sandy,
loamy, sand and sany loam; whereas medium texture soils are
represented by loam silty loam.

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Land Use/Land Cover

Page 69
Drainage Zones

Page 70
shows drainage zones of Delhi as defined by I&FC. Delhi has been
demarcated into six drainage zones namely (i) North Zone, (ii) West Zone,
(iii) Central North West and South East Zone, (iv) Central South and South
East Zone, (v) East Zone, and (vi) South Zone. Table 1.2-2 lists all the
agencies that manage the storm runoff emanating from the entire urban
expanse of Delhi carried by a total of 426.55 km of natural drainage lines
and a cumulative length of 3,311.54 km of engineered storm water drains

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