🖥️ Step-by-Step Instructions in Linux
✅ Step 1: Start MySQL
bash
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sudo systemctl start mysql
✅ Step 2: Log in to MySQL
bash
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mysql -u root -p
(Enter your MySQL root password when prompted)
🗃️ Step 3: Create a Database and Use It
sql
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CREATE DATABASE company;
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USE company;
📄 Step 4: Create Tables
sql
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CREATE TABLE EMP (
E_No INT PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR(50),
Address VARCHAR(100)
);
CREATE TABLE DEPT (
Dept_no VARCHAR(10),
D_name VARCHAR(50),
E_no INT,
FOREIGN KEY (E_no) REFERENCES EMP(E_No)
);
✏️ Step 5: Insert Data
sql
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INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(1, 'RAM', 'PUNE'),
(2, 'HARI', 'NAVIMUMBAI'),
(3, 'GOPAL', 'NAVIMUMBAI'),
(4, 'VARUN', 'DELHI'),
(5, 'NITIN', 'DELHI');
INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES
('D1', 'HR', 1),
('D2', 'IT', 2),
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('D3', 'MRKT', 4);
🔍Department
Step 6: SQL Query to Find Employees Working in HR
sql
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SELECT EMP.ename
FROM EMP
INNER JOIN DEPT ON EMP.E_No = DEPT.E_no
WHERE DEPT.D_name = 'HR';
🟢 Output Expected:
markdown
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ename
------
RAM
🔁 1. INNER JOIN
Get employees who are assigned to a department:
sql
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SELECT EMP.E_No, EMP.ename, DEPT.D_name
FROM EMP
INNER JOIN DEPT ON EMP.E_No = DEPT.E_no;
🟢 Expected Output:
markdown
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E_No | ename | D_name
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-----------------------
1 | RAM | HR
2 | HARI | IT
4 | VARUN | MRKT
⬅️ 2. LEFT JOIN
Get all employees, including those who are not assigned to any department:
sql
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SELECT EMP.E_No, EMP.ename, DEPT.D_name
FROM EMP
LEFT JOIN DEPT ON EMP.E_No = DEPT.E_no;
🟢 Expected Output:
markdown
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E_No | ename | D_name
-----------------------
1 | RAM | HR
2 | HARI | IT
3 | GOPAL | NULL
4 | VARUN | MRKT
5 | NITIN | NULL
➡️ 3. RIGHT JOIN
Get all departments, including those that are not assigned to any employee
(though not applicable here since all DEPT entries have valid E_no ):
sql
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SELECT EMP.E_No, EMP.ename, DEPT.D_name
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FROM EMP
RIGHT JOIN DEPT ON EMP.E_No = DEPT.E_no;
🟢 Expected Output:
markdown
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E_No | ename | D_name
-----------------------
1 | RAM | HR
2 | HARI | IT
4 | VARUN | MRKT
🔄 4. FULL OUTER JOIN
Note: MySQL does not support FULL OUTER JOIN directly, but you can
emulate it using UNION .
sql
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SELECT EMP.E_No, EMP.ename, DEPT.D_name
FROM EMP
LEFT JOIN DEPT ON EMP.E_No = DEPT.E_no
UNION
SELECT EMP.E_No, EMP.ename, DEPT.D_name
FROM EMP
RIGHT JOIN DEPT ON EMP.E_No = DEPT.E_no;
🟢 Expected Output:
markdown
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E_No | ename | D_name
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-----------------------
1 | RAM | HR
2 | HARI | IT
3 | GOPAL | NULL
4 | VARUN | MRKT
5 | NITIN | NULL
✅Commands
Part 1: DDL (Data Definition Language)
with Constraints
🔹Step 1: Start MySQL
bash
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sudo systemctl start mysql
mysql -u root -p
🔹Step 2: Create a database
sql
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CREATE DATABASE college;
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USE college;
🔹Step 3: Create a table with all constraints
sql
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CREATE TABLE Student (
StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
Age INT CHECK (Age >= 18),
Email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE
);
🔹Step 4: Alter table – Add a column
sql
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ALTER TABLE Student ADD Gender VARCHAR(10);
🔹Step 5: Rename table
sql
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RENAME TABLE Student TO Student_Info;
🔹Step 6: Truncate table (deletes all data)
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TRUNCATE TABLE Student_Info;
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🔹Step 7: Delete table
sql
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DROP TABLE Student_Info;
✅ Part 2: DML, DCL, and TCL Commands
📌 Create the Student Table Again
sql
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CREATE TABLE Student (
StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(50),
Age INT
);
📌 Insert Data
sql
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INSERT INTO Student VALUES (1, 'Ravi', 20);
INSERT INTO Student VALUES (2, 'Sneha', 21);
INSERT INTO Student VALUES (3, 'Arjun', 22);
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📌 Select Data
SELECT * FROM Student;
📌 Update a Record
UPDATE Student SET Age = 23 WHERE StudentID = 3;
📌 Delete a Record
sql
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DELETE FROM Student WHERE StudentID = 2;
🔐 DCL (Data Control Language)
📌 Create a New User
sql
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CREATE USER 'testuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'testpass';
📌 Grant Privileges
sql
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GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON college.Student TO 'testuser'@'localhost';
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📌 Revoke Privileges
sql
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REVOKE INSERT ON college.Student FROM 'testuser'@'localhost';
🔁 TCL (Transaction Control Language)
📌 Using Transactions
sql
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START TRANSACTION;
INSERT INTO Student VALUES (4, 'Kiran', 19);
UPDATE Student SET Name = 'Ravi Kumar' WHERE StudentID = 1;
ROLLBACK; -- or use COMMIT to save
Perfect! Based on the instruction in the image, here is the step-by-step guide
to:
Create tables: Student , College , Library
Create a view on them
Use SHOW , EXEC commands
Take backup of the database
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Use Linux with MySQL (CLI)
✅ Step-by-Step Instructions (Linux + MySQL)
🔹 Step 1: Start MySQL in Linux
bash
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sudo systemctl start mysql
mysql -u root -p
🔹 Step 2: Create a Database and Use It
sql
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CREATE DATABASE my_institute;
USE my_institute;
🔹 Step 3: Create Tables
sql
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CREATE TABLE Student (
StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(50),
Age INT
);
CREATE TABLE College (
CollegeID INT PRIMARY KEY,
CollegeName VARCHAR(100),
Location VARCHAR(100)
);
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CREATE TABLE Library (
LibraryID INT PRIMARY KEY,
BookName VARCHAR(100),
StudentID INT,
FOREIGN KEY (StudentID) REFERENCES Student(StudentID)
);
🔹 Step 4: Insert Sample Data
sql
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INSERT INTO Student VALUES (1, 'Ravi', 20), (2, 'Sneha', 21);
INSERT INTO College VALUES (101, 'IGCE', 'Ghansoli'), (102, 'XYZ College',
'Mumbai');
INSERT INTO Library VALUES (1, 'DBMS Concepts', 1), (2, 'OS Made Easy',
2);
🔹 Step 5: Create a View
sql
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CREATE VIEW StudentLibraryView AS
SELECT s.StudentID, s.Name, l.BookName
FROM Student s
JOIN Library l ON s.StudentID = l.StudentID;
🔹 Step 6: Use SHOW and EXEC commands
sql
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-- Show all databases
SHOW DATABASES;
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-- Show all tables in current database
SHOW TABLES;
-- Show structure of a table
DESC Student;
-- Show views
SHOW FULL TABLES WHERE Table_type = 'VIEW';
-- Execute a view
SELECT * FROM StudentLibraryView;
(Note: EXEC is not a MySQL command; it's used in SQL Server. In MySQL, you
just run queries directly.)
🔹 Step 7: Take Backup of Database (Linux Shell)
Exit MySQL with exit , then run in Linux shell:
bash
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mysqldump -u root -p my_institute > /home/yourusername/database_back
up.sql
📁 Replace /home/yourusername/ with your actual Linux path or the one given in
your question like /sigce/database .
✅ Final: Folder Path Example
bash
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mkdir -p /sigce/database
mv /home/yourusername/database_backup.sql /sigce/database/
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🚀 Step-by-Step in Linux (MySQL)
🔹 Step 1: Start MySQL Server in Linux Terminal
bash
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sudo systemctl start mysql
mysql -u root -p
🔹 Step 2: Create Database and Table
sql
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CREATE DATABASE company;
USE company;
CREATE TABLE Employee (
EmpID INT PRIMARY KEY,
EmpName VARCHAR(50),
Salary DECIMAL(10,2),
DepartmentID INT
);
INSERT INTO Employee VALUES
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(1, 'Ravi', 50000, 10),
(2, 'Sneha', 60000, 10),
(3, 'Aman', 45000, 20),
(4, 'Priya', 55000, 20);
🔹 Step 3: Create Stored Function – GetTotalSalary
sql
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DELIMITER $$
CREATE FUNCTION GetTotalSalary(deptID INT)
RETURNS DECIMAL(10,2)
DETERMINISTIC
BEGIN
DECLARE total DECIMAL(10,2);
SELECT SUM(Salary) INTO total
FROM Employee
WHERE DepartmentID = deptID;
RETURN total;
END$$
DELIMITER ;
🔹 Step 4: Call the Function
sql
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SELECT GetTotalSalary(10) AS TotalSalaryForDept10;
SELECT GetTotalSalary(20) AS TotalSalaryForDept20;
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.
🔧 Step-by-Step in Linux Terminal (MySQL)
🔹 Step 1: Start MySQL and Login
bash
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sudo systemctl start mysql
mysql -u root -p
🔹 Step 2: Create Database and Table
sql
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CREATE DATABASE company;
USE company;
CREATE TABLE Employee (
empId INT PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR(50),
esalary DECIMAL(10,2)
);
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🔹 Step 3: Insert 5 Sample Rows
sql
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INSERT INTO Employee VALUES
(1, 'Ravi Kumar', 50000),
(2, 'Sneha Mehta', 65000),
(3, 'Amit Roy', 45000),
(4, 'Priya Singh', 72000),
(5, 'Karan Patil', 55000);
🔹 Step 4: Aggregate Functions
sql
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-- Count total employees
SELECT COUNT(*) AS TotalEmployees FROM Employee;
-- Sum of salaries
SELECT SUM(esalary) AS TotalSalary FROM Employee;
-- Maximum salary
SELECT MAX(esalary) AS HighestSalary FROM Employee;
-- Minimum salary
SELECT MIN(esalary) AS LowestSalary FROM Employee;
-- Average salary
SELECT AVG(esalary) AS AverageSalary FROM Employee;
🔹 Step 5: Simple Queries
sql
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-- Get all employees with salary > 50000
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SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE esalary > 50000;
-- Get names of employees in alphabetical order
SELECT ename FROM Employee ORDER BY ename ASC;
🔹 Step 6: String Manipulation Examples
sql
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-- Convert names to uppercase
SELECT UPPER(ename) AS UpperName FROM Employee;
-- Display length of each name
SELECT ename, LENGTH(ename) AS NameLength FROM Employee;
-- Concatenate name and salary
SELECT CONCAT(ename, ' earns Rs. ', esalary) AS SalaryInfo FROM Emplo
yee;
-- Extract first name (before space)
SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX(ename, ' ', 1) AS FirstName FROM Employee;
✅ Aim
Write a program to implement Triggers using PL/SQL.
When data is deleted from the MAIN table, the deleted row should be
automatically inserted into the BACKUP table using an AFTER DELETE Trigger.
🛠️ Step-by-step MySQL in Linux Terminal
🔹 Step 1: Start MySQL and Login
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bash
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sudo systemctl start mysql
mysql -u root -p
🔹 Step 2: Create Database and Use It
sql
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CREATE DATABASE company;
USE company;
🔹 Step 3: Create MAIN Table and Insert Data
sql
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CREATE TABLE MAIN (
ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Salary DECIMAL(10,2)
);
INSERT INTO MAIN VALUES
(1, 10000),
(2, 20000),
(3, 30000),
(4, 40000);
🔹 Step 4: Create BACKUP Table
sql
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CREATE TABLE BACKUP (
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ID INT,
Salary DECIMAL(10,2),
Deleted_At TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
🔹 Step 5: Create Trigger for AFTER DELETE
sql
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DELIMITER //
CREATE TRIGGER after_delete_backup
AFTER DELETE ON MAIN
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO BACKUP (ID, Salary) VALUES (OLD.ID, OLD.Salary);
END;
//
DELIMITER ;
🔹 Step 6: Test the Trigger
sql
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-- Delete a record from MAIN
DELETE FROM MAIN WHERE ID = 2;
-- Check BACKUP table
SELECT * FROM BACKUP;
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🧾 What the question asks:
Write a PHP program to connect to a MySQL database using:
servername = "localhost"
username = "username"
password = "password"
It should display:
"DBMS connection connected"
✅ Step-by-Step Guide on Ubuntu
Step 1: Install Required Software
Open your terminal (Ctrl + Alt + T) and run:
bash
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sudo apt update
sudo apt install apache2 php libapache2-mod-php mysql-server php-mysq
l
This installs:
Apache (web server)
PHP
MySQL (backend)
PHP extension to talk to MySQL
Step 2: Start Apache and MySQL Services
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bash
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sudo systemctl start apache2
sudo systemctl start mysql
sudo systemctl enable apache2
sudo systemctl enable mysql
Step 3: Secure MySQL and Create a User (Optional but
Recommended)
bash
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sudo mysql_secure_installation
When prompted:
Press Enter (set root password? No)
Remove anonymous users? Yes
Disallow root remote login? Yes
Remove test DB? Yes
Reload privilege tables? Yes
Now create the user username and give access:
bash
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sudo mysql -u root -p
In MySQL prompt:
sql
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CREATE USER 'username'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
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GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'username'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
EXIT;
Step 4: Write the PHP Code
Create a file named connect.php in your Apache server directory:
bash
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sudo nano /var/www/html/connect.php
Paste this code:
php
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<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";
// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
echo "DBMS connection connected";
?>
Save and close ( Ctrl + O , Enter, then Ctrl + X )
Step 5: Run the PHP File in Your Browser
Open your browser and go to:
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arduino
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http://localhost/connect.php
You should see:
DBMS connection connected
✅ Summary Checklist
Step Task Command/Action
1 Install Apache, PHP, MySQL sudo apt install ...
2 Start services systemctl start
3 Secure MySQL + create user mysql_secure_installation + SQL queries
4 Write connect.php Use nano /var/www/html/connect.php
5 Run in browser Visit http://localhost/connect.php
If you want, I can also help you:
Create a sample table and insert data
Build a frontend form (HTML) to insert data into MySQL
Fetch/display MySQL data using PHP
Just let me know what you're curious about next!
4o
You said:
sudo nano /var/www/html/connect.php this command and its code to be run in
the linux terminal only?
ChatGPT said:
Great question! Let's break it down so you clearly understand:
🟡 sudo nano /var/www/html/connect.php
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✅ Yes, this command is meant to be run in the Linux terminal.
Here's what it's doing:
sudo : Run as superuser (needed to write in the /var/www/html/ directory, which
is protected).
nano : Opens the Nano text editor (terminal-based).
/var/www/html/connect.php : This is the full path to the PHP file you'll create.
Apache serves files from /var/www/html , so if you save your PHP file here, you
can access it via http://localhost/connect.php .
🧾 After running that command:
You’ll be inside the nano editor. Paste the code below inside nano (you can
right-click to paste if you're using a terminal):
php
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<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";
// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
echo "DBMS connection connected";
?>
✅ How to Save and Exit Nano:
Press Ctrl + O (letter O) → then hit Enter to save.
Press Ctrl + X to exit nano.
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📍 Then, in your browser (not terminal), go to:
arduino
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http://localhost/connect.php
And you'll see the output.
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