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Chapter 1
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21 views3 pagesElectric Charges
Chapter 1
Uploaded by
rushinshan002Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 3
uick Revision Notes
oi negative charge.
Charge is @ scalar quantity, it can be added or subty
«0 number. Its I unit is coulomb and its dimension’, 4 Relative Permittivity
formula is (M°L°T J, It is given by the ratio
1 Bose Properties of Electric Charges eg, <2 absolute permittivity of the medium)
See eel
e,
() Conservation of Electric Charge
where, is called relative permittivity of the
During any process, the net electric cha ea denote
sutem remains constant Cie. conserved. In simple words, er mgceect to vacuum 18 soso denoted
chage can neither be created nor be de.
() Quantisation of Charge
Charge exists in discrete amount rather than continuous
sue and hence, itis quantised in nature, Mathematically,
charge on an object, q = + ne, where n is an integer and e
‘s the electronic charge.
© Additivity of Charges
Charges are scalar quantities and they add up like real
tuners. lt means, ia system consists ofm charges 4, tates that, the net fee once am
ioe 4m» then total charge on the system will be charged partileg, die to a oe oe
4 = 4, Hg gy eee particles is equol to the vector sum of the forces
> exerted on it due to all the other charged particles of —
3 Coulomb's Law _ the system taken one at a time,
\t states that, the electrostatic force of attraction or a a ;
"ulsion acting between two stationary point charges is '@ Fy = Fy + Fy, + Fyy a ates
siven by
S. Principle of Superposition of Electrostatic
Forces
a
here, 4, and q, are the magnitudes of charge on
tational eae ‘and r is the distance of separation
tween them in air or vacuum.
x 10 N-m?/ C7
free space
penmitity of ee space
23549 x 10°" C? | Nom ee
24 S :
The magnitude of the electric field a. |
6, Electrostatic Force due to Continuous Charge point P is given by é
Distribution cs Sete |
The region in which charges are closely spaced is said to Gne, 17
have continuous distribution of charge
es If > 0, ke. positive charge, E is dlrectey
‘away from source charge. OM the othe, hag
MMe ifg < 0, ie. negative charge, E is directeg
Linear charge aiserbuion p40 (2a Mae lesan heme!
ss cS
; gies (i) Electric Field due to System of Chara,
If E is electric field at point P due to the
system of charges, then by principle of
superposition of electric fields, we get
screens ESE +E, + E+ +E,
Types of charge Electrostatic force
distribution
Surface charge distribution
4 p
ep eh ae
' + ees,
rots €=— +7,
mig Bae Cea ara
pie 4. Electric Lines of Force
These are the imaginary curves drawn in such o woy
that the tangent to it at each point gives the
direction of electric field at that point.
10. Characteristics of Electric Field Lines
@ Electric field lines originate at positive
charge and terminate at negative charge.
They do net form closed loop.
7“ Electric field lines do not exist inside
ors jie. E = 0 inside a conduct
Gi) Electric field does not cross each other.
2. Electric Field
The electric field due to a charge @ at a point in spoce 0c
tmoy be defined as the force that a unit posite charge thay dit means two drecins of et
would experience, if placed at that point. The charge 4 single point which is absurd.
which is producing the field is clled source charge and ‘N)_Electric field lines originate and termine
effect 0
sees of source charge ‘normally from the surface of a conduct
ell Electric Dipole
Tw point charges of equal magnitude and oppes
rm pr by oma tac seh
of any charge 4.2%
rges (2) cle |
ik Revision Notes
DY ——
pectin fed negative charge (— 4) to positive
ae (+9)
ae 's C-m and it isa vector quanti
i, Electric field at any point on the aval line or
on-n-pecin of electric dipole is given by
2pr
ot” One, Gr? PDE
When lect, Ea! Pie
oul Gre,
Direction of electric field at axial line is
along the direction of deere ecnenag =
|. Electric field at any point on equatorial line or
broad-side on position or perpendicular bisector of
electric dipole i given by
P
equatorial = ane, G? + PPE
If lec, E US aN
equatorial 3
4ne,
Direction of electric field due to a dipole at any
point on equatorial line is parallel to the dipole and
opposite to the direction of dipole moment.
iE
ail _ = 2
equtorel
. Torque on an electric dipole placed in uniform —
electric field is given by t = px E or v = pE sin0.
The SI unit of torque is N-m.
Minimum torque experienced. by an electric dipole *
clectric field is, when 0 = 0° OF => = Typ
Maximum torgue is, when @ = 1/2
= 12 te
. Dipole is in stable equilibrium
field when angle between
unstable equiliorium
When I<< 4,
= pE
| Net force on
dk = Eds cos 6
In vector form, Ab, = E-dS
The SI unit of electric flux is N-m?/ € and
CGS unit is dyne-cm? /stat-C. It is scalar
quantity,
2h Gauss’s Law The total electric flux linked
with closed surface S is
oe =feds =4
5
where, q is the total charge enclosed by the
closed Gaussian (imaginary) surface.
22, Electric field due to various kinds of charge
distribution.
Types of Charge Electric Field (E)
distribution
Infinite long thin ¢ = _*
‘straight charged rey
wire of linear
charge density i.
Thin conducting (a) E=0 for
