PHYSICS -1

Motion in one-
dimension (1D)
• Motion can be defined as the
change in position over time.

• An object that moved from

one position to another
within a period of time is
considered to be in motion.

• Units of motion can be

categorized into vector and
scalar quantities.
Have you experienced commuting or traveling to
an unfamiliar place but after a while you realized
you were lost?

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When traveling from
one place to another it
is not only important
to know how far it is
but you also need to
know the direction
you should follow to
reach your desired
location.
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Today, simple street
maps and online
maps in your phones
can easily give
directions and
instructions for you to
reach your
destination.
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In science, you will encounter
varying physical quantities.
Some of these quantities are
accompanied by directions,
others are not.
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What are vector
quantities and
why is specifying
the direction
important?

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Scalar and
Vector
Quantities
A vector quantity is characterized by having both magnitude
and direction (e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, force).

For example, road

runner running 50 m/s
North is considered a
vector quantity because
it has magnitude (50
m/s) and direction
(North).
scalar quantity has magnitude but no direction (e.g.
distance, mass, temperature, time).

For example, a box

weighing 50 kg is
considered a scalar
quantity since it only
has a magnitude (50
kg) but no direction.
The table below shows the relationship between each quantity.
Kinematic Quantity Definition Formula
∆𝒙 = 𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊
Where:
1. Displacement - a change in position in time ∆𝑥 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
∆𝒙
𝒗=
𝒕
- the rate at which an object Where:
2. Velocity
changes its position 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
∆𝑥 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
∆𝒗 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
𝒂= =
- rate at which an object 𝒕 𝒕
Where:
3. Acceleration changes its velocity over a
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
period of time
∆𝑣 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
• The discipline that deals with
the study of motion and its
mechanics is called Kinematics.
• Kinematics has 4 basic
quantities:
• Displacement,
• Velocity,
• Time,
• Acceleration.
Distance and displacement are two
quantities that may seem to mean the
same thing yet have distinctly different
definitions and meanings.

• Distance is a scalar quantity that refers

to "how much ground an object has
covered" during its motion.

• Displacement is a vector quantity that

refers to "how far out of place an object
is"; it is the object's overall change in
position.
A physics teacher walks 4 meters
East, 2 meters South, 4 meters
West, and finally 2 meters North.
Vector quantities such
as displacement
are direction aware.
Scalar quantities such
as distance are ignorant
of direction.
D = 4m + 2m + 4m + 2m = 12m

d = 4mE - 2mS - 4mW + 2mN = 0

 Problem:
Karl is already walking towards the living room
covering 2 m, his mother asked him to go the
• A. DISPLACEMENT
kitchen so he walked for 8 m. What is Karl’s
displacement?

Given: Solution:
∆𝑥 = ?
∆𝒙 = 𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊
𝑥 =8𝑚
∆𝒙 = 𝟖 𝒎 − 𝟐 𝒎
𝑥 = 2𝑚
∆𝒙 = 𝟔 𝒎
B. Velocity
Solution:
Problem: ∆𝒙
𝒗=
Karl’s mother is cooking food Given: 𝒕
and forgot to buy vinegar. The 𝑣 =? 𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊
𝒗=
food is nearly cooked and Karl 𝑥 = 20 𝑚 𝒕
needs to buy vinegar from a 𝑥 =0𝑚 𝟐𝟎 𝒎 − 𝟎 𝒎
nearby sari-sari store as fast 𝑡 = 10 𝑠
𝒗=
𝟏𝟎 𝒔
as he can. From his house (0 𝟐𝟎 𝒎
m), he ran to the store with a 𝒗=
𝟏𝟎 𝒔
distance of 20 m for 10 𝒗 = 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
seconds. What is his velocity?
C. Acceleration
Solution:
Problem: ∆𝒗
From the sari-sari store, Karl 𝒂=
Given: 𝒕
knew that the food might 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
already be burnt if he would 𝑎 =? 𝒂=
𝒕
not hurry back. As he went 𝑣 = 4 𝑚/𝑠 𝟒 𝒎/𝒔 − 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
back to their house, he ran 𝑣 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 𝒂=
𝟏𝟓 𝒔
the 20-m distance for a 𝑡 = 15 𝑠 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
𝒂=
velocity of 4 m/s (final 𝟏𝟓 𝒔
velocity). Calculate the 𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
acceleration that Karl made
using the initial velocity of 2
m/s and time of 15 seconds.
1. Which car or cars (red, green, and/or blue) are undergoing an
acceleration? Study each car individually in order to determine the
answer.
2. Which car (red, green, or blue) experiences the greatest acceleration?
 Consider the position-time graph at the right. Each one of
the three lines on the position-time graph corresponds to
the motion of one of the three cars. Match the
appropriate line to the particular color of car.

A = BLUE
B= GREEN
C= RED
The diagram below shows the position of a cross-country skier at
various times. At each of the indicated times, the skier turns around and
reverses the direction of travel. In other words, the skier moves from A
to B to C to D.
Consider a football coach pacing back and forth along the sidelines. The
diagram below shows several of coach's positions at various times. At each
marked position, the coach makes a "U-turn" and moves in the opposite
direction. In other words, the coach moves from position A to B to C to D.
Find the distance, displacement, speed and velocity.
 Activity:
• Directions: Solve the following problem using the concept of kinematics. Write
your answer in your notebook.

1. Mark is driving a motorcycle 2. Art and Cardo passed by a big

towards the city market with an mango tree and Art decided to climb the
initial velocity of 5 m/s. Along the tree while Cardo would catch the
road, he encountered a dog that mangos that Art would pick. From an
suddenly chased him. He then initial displacement of 3 m on top of the
stopped the motorcycle as fast as tree, Art dropped the mango until it
he could with a velocity of 65 m/s reaches Cardo’s hands with a distance
for 0.5mins. What is his of 18 m for 4 seconds. What is the
acceleration? velocity of the mango as it falls?
Assignment:
• Bring a graphing paper
• Pencil
• Eraser
• Ruler
Draw each of the following vectors.

30N 42deg N
12 km south
of W (1cm
(1cm = 2km)
=5N)
MOTION IN 2 DIMENSION
 Representing Vectors
Vector Diagrams Vectors are commonly
represented in diagrams by an arrow … known
as a vector arrow. The length of the vector
arrow represents the magnitude; the direction
of the arrow is in the direction of the vector
quantity.

NOTE:
• a scale is clearly listed
• A vector arrow (with arrowhead) is drawn in a specified direction.
The vector arrow has a head and a tail.
• the magnitude and direction of the vector is clearly labeled. In this
case, the diagram shows the magnitude is 20 m and the direction is
(30 degrees West of North).
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Representing Vector
Quantities
Suppose you have initial point, P1, and
final point, P2.
Representing Vector Quantities 29

There are many ways to go

from P1 to P2. All of them are
different distances.
 Representing Vector Quantities

But the shortest distance is defined as displacement.

longer distance shorter distance

(the shortest,
30
actually)
 31
Representing Vector
Quantities

Displacement is a vector
quantity, and it is
represented by an arrow.
 Representing Vector Quantities

The length of the arrow represents the vector’s magnitude.

shorter arrow,
smaller magnitude

longer arrow,
bigger magnitude

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 Representing Vector Quantities

The arrowhead indicates the direction of the vector.

going more north

than east

going more east

than north

A more accurate description requires the use of xy planes. 33

 Representing Vector Quantities

Rules in Representing Vectors

1. Begin by deciding on the scale that you want to use.

Scale: 1 cm = 1 km

This 5-cm arrow is 5 km in reality.

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Representing Vector Quantities

Rules in
Representing
Vectors
2. Identify where
to place the
vector based on
its direction.

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Representing Vector Quantities

The direction of the

vector is expressed
as an angle of
rotation either from
the north, south,
east, or west.

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Representing Vector Quantities

By default, angles
are measured from
the east direction.

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Conventions for Describing Directions of Vectors
CCW convention - counterclockwise
convention.
In the counter-clockwise (CCW) from East
convention, the direction east is defined
as 0°, and the direction of all vectors is
described by the counter-clockwise angle
of rotation that the vector makes with
due East.
The direction north would be at 90
degrees since a vector pointing east would
have to be rotated 90 degrees in the
counterclockwise direction in order to
point north.
Conventions for Describing Directions of Vectors
Another Useful Convention. A vector’s direction is often expressed as
the angle of rotation that the vector makes relative to one of the two
nearest cardinal directions (i.e., East, West, North, or South).
Illustrate the displacement of an insect that crawled
3 cm to the west.

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A car moved 12.5 km, 35° south of west. Illustrate
this displacement.

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Car A covered 550 km, 195° while car B traveled 250
km, 40° south of west. Illustrate the vectors in one
cartesian plane.

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 Resultants

• The resultant is the vector sum of

two or more vectors. It is the result of
adding two or more vectors together.
f displacement vectors A, B, and C are
added together, the result will be
vector R. As shown in the diagram,
vector R can be determined by the
use of an accurately drawn, scaled,
vector addition diagram.
Vector Components
Any vector directed in two
dimensions can be thought
of as having an influence in
two different directions. That
is, it can be thought of as
having two parts. Each part
of a two-dimensional vector
is known as a component.

The single two-dimensional vector could be replaced by the two components.

 Components of a Vector
• In a two-dimensional coordinate For example, in the figure shown below, the
system, any vector can be broken vector v⃗ v→ is broken into two
into x -component and y -component components, Vx and Vy . Let the angle
between the vector and its x -component
• V = Vx , Vy be θ

• .
In the above figure, the components can be quickly read. The vector in the component form
is v⃗ =⟨4,5⟩v→=⟨4,5⟩ .
The trigonometric ratios give the relation between magnitude of the vector and the
components of the vector.
𝒂𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑽𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔  = =
𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑽
𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑽𝒚
𝒔𝒊𝒏  = =
𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑽
Vx = Vcos 
Vy = Vsin 

Using the Pythagorean Theorem in the right triangle with lengths vx and vy :
𝑽⃗ = 𝑽𝒙𝟐 + 𝑽𝒚𝟐
A student drives his car 6.0 km, North before making a
right hand turn and driving 6.0 km to the East. Finally,
the student makes a left hand turn and travels another
2.0 km to the north. What is the magnitude of the
overall displacement of the student?