11/30/24, 7:07 AM Standing Wave on a String
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JEE (/jee/) > IIT JEE Study Material (/jee/iit-jee-study-material/) > Standing Wave On A String (/jee/standing-wave-on-a-string/)
Standing Wave on a String
The standing waves are formed by the superposition of two harmonic waves of equal amplitude and frequency travelling through the medium in
the opposite direction. The standing waves are also known as stationary waves. These waves are localised and not progressive, hence the name
stationary waves.
Standing Waves
Standing waves are characterised by nodes and antinodes. The amplitude of vibration of the particle is maximum at the antinodes and minimum
at the nodes. The vibration within a string can produce a variety of patterns. Each pattern corresponds to the vibration that takes place at a
particular frequency, and it is called harmonic. The lowest frequency at which the string vibrates to form a standing wave is called the
fundamental frequency or the first harmonic ([Link] The wavelength and the speed of
the wave determine the frequency of each harmonic.
Standing Waves on an Infinite Length String
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Let us consider two harmonic waves of the same amplitude and period T and wavelength λ travelling at the same speed in the opposite direction.
y1 = A sin (kx – ωt)
y2 = A sin (kx + wt)
Considering the principle of superposition ([Link] the
resultant can be calculated as
Resultant y = y1 + y2
= A sin (kx – ωt) + A sin (kx + wt)
(kx−ωt)+(kx+ωt) (kx−ωt)−(kx+ωt)
y = A.2sin [ ]cos [ ]
(2) (2)
y = 2Asin (kx) cos (ωt)
The equation represents the SHM of the collection of particles. Here, the term 2ASin (kx) is the amplitude of the resultant wave. From the expression
of amplitude, it can be concluded that the amplitude of the particles executing SHM depends upon the location of the particles.
Nodes
The amplitude of the wave is zero for all the values of kx that give sin kx = 0. It means for kx = 0, π, 2π …..nπ, the amplitude of vibration of the particles
will be zero. Here, n is an integer.
By substituting k = 2π/λ, we get
(2π/λ)x = nπ
⇒ x = nλ /2
Therefore, x = 0, λ /2, λ , 3λ /2……..
These points of zero displacements of the particles are called the nodes.
Antinodes
The amplitude will have a maximum value of 2A for all values of kx that give sin kx = ± 1. This means, for kx = π/2, 3π/2 ——— (n + ½)π, the amplitude
of vibration of the particles will be maximum.
By substituting k = 2n+1π/λ, we get
(2π/λ)x = (2n+1)π /2
⇒ x = (2n+1)λ /4
⇒ x = λ /4, λ , 3λ /4,5λ /4……..
These points at which the displacement of the particles is maximum are called antinodes. The nodes and the antinodes in a standing wave are
equally spaced, the distance is equal to λ/2, where λ is the wavelength of the wave.
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Standing Waves on a String with Two Fixed Ends
Consider a uniform string of length L which is stretched between two fixed ends. A wave that travels in one direction along the string reflects at the
end and returns inverted because of the fixed ends. These two identical waves, travelling in the opposite direction, form the standing wave on the
string. The length of the string is given as L, so the wavelength of the wave is restricted by the boundary condition.
λ = 2L/n , here n = 1,2,3…..
The standing waves are formed in the string only if the wavelength satisfies the relationship with L. If v is the speed with which the waves travel
along the string, then the frequency of the standing wave is
f = v/λ = nv/2L , n = 1,2,3…..
Nodes are formed at the fixed ends. In addition to the nodes, if an antinode exists at the centre of the string, the stretched string is said to vibrate in
the fundamental frequency. The lowest resonance frequency, corresponding to n = 1, is the fundamental frequency. The higher frequencies are
called the harmonics. Harmonics are the integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.
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Standing Wave on a String with One End Fixed
When the string has one of its ends fixed and the other end is free, the node will be formed at the fixed end, and the antinode will be formed at the
free end. The simplest standing wave formed in this condition is one-quarter a wavelength long. The next possible standing wave will be formed by
adding both node and antinode. The length of this wave will be three-quarters of the wavelength. In general, the wavelength of the wave can be
written as
λ = 4L/n , here n = 1,2,3…..
Then, the frequency of the standing wave is restricted to
f = nv/4L
Characteristics of Standing Waves
1. The standing waves are stationary. The disturbance does not travel in any direction.
2. Standing waves have points of zero amplitude called nodes and points of maximum amplitude called antinodes.
3. There will not be any flow of energy across any section of the medium.
4. The distance between the two consecutive nodes or the antinodes is equal to λ/2, whereas the distance between an antinode and its
adjacent node is λ/4.
5. The pressure change is maximum at the node and minimum at the antinodes.
6. The medium is divided into a number of segments. All the particles in a particular segment will vibrate in phases. However, the amplitude
increases from zero to maximum between the node and the antinode. Particles in neighbouring segments vibrate in opposite phases.
7. The period of oscillation of any particle in the medium is the same as that of the component waves.
Solved Questions
1. The distance between the nearest node and antinode in a stationary wave is
a. λ/2
b. λ/4
c. 1
d. 0
Answer: b. λ/4
2. Which of the following properties is different in a stationary wave and a progressive wave?
a. Frequency
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b. Amplitude
c. Phase of the wave
d. Propagation of energy
Answer: d. Propagation of energy
Solution:
The progressive wave propagates energy, while the stationary wave will not propagate energy.
3. For the given stationary wave,
πx
y = 4sin( )cos(96πt)
15
, the distance between the nearest antinode and node is
a. 15
b. 7.5
c. 25
d. 8.5
Answer: b. 7.5
Solution:
Comparing the equation
πx
y = 4sin( )cos(96πt)
15
with the standard equation y = 2ASin (kx) Cos (ωt)
k = π/15
⇒ 2π/λ = π/15 (Since k = 2π/λ)
⇒ λ = 30
The distance between the nearest antinode and node is λ/4 = 30/4 = 7.5
Wave on String Rapid Revision
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Standing Wave on String
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Frequently Asked Questions on Standing Wave on a String
Q1 What are standing waves?
A wave in which the crests and troughs or compressions and rarefactions do not change their locations in space is called a stationary wave.
Q2 What are nodes?
The nodes are points on a standing wave at which the amplitude of vibration of the particle is zero.
Q3 What are antinodes?
Antinodes are points on the stationary waves at which the amplitude of vibration of the particle is maximum.
Q4 What is called the first harmonic?
The lowest frequency at which the string vibrates to form a standing wave is called the fundamental frequency or the first harmonic.
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