OFFICIAL LANGUAGE

MOHIT BANSAL
 OFFICIAL LANGUAGE

 PART XVII
 ARTICLES 343 TO 351.
 EIGHTH SCHEDULE

 (ORIGINALLY 14 LANGUAGES).
 ASSAMESE,
 BENGALI,
 BODO,
 DOGRI (DONGRI),
 GUJARATI,
 HINDI,
 KANNADA,
 KASHMIRI,
 KONKANI,
 MATHILI (MAITHILI),
 MALAYALAM,
 MANIPURI,
 MARATHI,
 NEPALI,
 ODIA
 PUNJABI,
 SANSKRIT,
 SANTHALI,
 SINDHI,
 TAMIL,
 TELUGU
 URDU.
SINDHI - 21ST --1967;
KONKANI, MANIPURI AND NEPALI-71ST 1992;
BODO, DONGRI, MAITHILI AND SANTHALI - 92--2003.
 22 LANGUAGES
 LANGUAGE OF THE UNION ARTICLE 343

 HINDI = IN DEVANAGARI SCRIPT= OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF THE

UNION.
 BUT

 INTERNATIONAL FORM OF INDIAN NUMERALS

 FOR 1950 TO 1965

 ENGLISH LANGUAGE= CONTINUE

 AFTER FIFTEEN YEARS,

 PARLIAMENT -USE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

 ARTICLE 344.

 AT THE END OF FIVE YEARS,TEN YEARS,

 PRESIDENT -COMMISSION
 TO MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS

 PROGRESSIVE USE OF THE HINDI LANGUAGE

 RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
 A COMMITTEE OF PARLIAMENT

 EXAMINE RECOMMENDATIONS
 REPORT

 PRESIDENT
1955,

 OFFICIAL LANGUAGE COMMISSION-

B.G. KHER.
1957 -

 COMMITTEE OF PARLIAMENT -
GOBIND BALLABH PANT.
 NOT APPOINTED IN 1960.
PARLIAMENT -OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT
1963
 LANGUAGE AGITATION

 Efforts by the Indian Government to make Hindi the sole official language were not acceptable to many non-
Hindi Indian states, who wanted the continued use of [Link] Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a
descendant of Dravidar Kazhagam, led the opposition to Hindi. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru enacted the
Official Languages Act in 1963 to ensure the continuing use of English beyond 1965.
 In 1965 as the day of switching over to Hindi as sole official language approached, the anti-Hindi movement
gained momentum in Madras State with increased support from college students. In the same year a full-scale
riot broke out in the southern city of Madurai, sparked off by a minor altercation between agitating students and
Congress party members. Finally to calm the situation, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri gave
assurances that English would continue to be used as the official language as long as the non-Hindi speaking
states wanted.
 In 1967, to guarantee the indefinite use of Hindi and English as official languages the congress government
headed by Indira Gandhi amended the official Languages Act.
 CONTINUED USE OF ENGLISH AFTER 1965
 IN ADDITION TO HINDI,
 FOR

 ALL OFFICIAL PURPOSES OF THE UNION

 THE TRANSACTION OF BUSINESS IN PARLIAMENT.
 USE OF ENGLISH

 INDEFINITELY
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF STATE
 STATE LEGISLATURE

 ONE OR MORE REGIONAL LANGUAGES IN USE IN THE STATE

 OR HINDI
UNTIL DONE,
 ENGLISH
 REGIONAL LANGUAGE

 ANDHRA PRADESH -TELUGU,

 KERALA– MALAYALAM,
 ASSAM–ASSAMESE,
 WEST BENGAL–BENGALI,
 ODISHA–ODIA.
 HINDI.

 HIMACHAL PRADESH,
 UTTAR PRADESH,
 UTTARAKHAND,
 MADHYA PRADESH,
 CHHATTISGARH,
 BIHAR,
 JHARKHAND,
 HARYANA
 RAJASTHAN
 2 LANGUAGES

 GUJARAT - HINDI +GUJARATI.

 GOA- MARATHI +KONKANI.

 ENGLISH

 MEGHALAYA,
 ARUNACHAL PRADESH
 NAGALAND .
 The Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh is one of the most linguistically rich and
diverse regions in all of Asia.
 Being home to about 26 major tribes and 100 of sub-tribes and other varieties
of communities, at least 30 and possibly as many as 50 distinct languages in
addition to innumerable dialects and sub-dialects are spoken in the state of
Arunachal
 Among the major tribes everybody speaks different dialects. In the Tani clan
which comprises Galo, Nyishi, Minyong, Apatani,Tagin - all speak in their own
dialects. No written script is still available for these tribes
 English is the official language of the state it is Hindi that is the connecting and
communicating language of the state.
 Nagamese ("Naga Pidgin") is an Assamese-lexified creole language

 In 1967, the Nagaland Assembly proclaimed Indian English as the official

language of Nagaland and is the medium of education in Nagaland. Other than
English, Nagamese, a creole language based on Assamese, is widely spoken in
Nagaland.

 The predominant religion of Nagaland is Christianity. The state's population is

1.988 million, out of which 90.02% are Christians. More than 98% of the Naga
people identify themselves as Christian
 LANGUAGES IN MEGHALAYA

 The principal are Khasi, Pnar and Garo with English as the official language of
the State.
 The Christian population in Meghalaya is estimated at approximately 2.21
million which forms (74.59%) of the state population (2011 census)
 It was at the initiative of the Christian missionaries that the Khasi, Pnar and
Garo languages and literature have developed and emerged in the list of
Modern Indian Languages.
 The Khasi language is believed to be one of the very few surviving dialects of
the Mon-khmer family of languages in India today.
 ARTICLE 346 -LINK LANGUAGE

 ENGLISH
 BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES.
 BETWEEN VARIOUS STATES
 THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT (1963)

 UNION -NON-HINDI STATES

 ENGLISH
BUT, STATES ARE FREE TO AGREE TO USE HINDI
 RAJASTHAN, UTTAR PRADESH, MADHYA PRADESH AND BIHAR
 IF HINDI=BETWEEN A HINDI AND A NON HINDI STATE,

 ENGLISH TRANSLATION.
 ARTICLE 347-LINGUISTIC MINORITIES LANGUAGE

 PRESIDENT -
 OFFICIALLY LANGUAGE IN THAT STATE.
 Centre’s notification appearing in the official Gazette, this Act may be called
the Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020, as per which, Kashmiri,
Dogri, Urdu, Hindi and English shall be the languages used for all or any official
purpose in the Union Territory.

 There has been a growing demand for the inclusion of more languages into the
list of official languages, especially Punjabi and Gojri.
LANGUAGE OF THE LEGISLATURE AND
JUDICIARY ARTICLE 348
UNTIL PARLIAMENT PROVIDES
 ALL PROCEEDINGS IN THE SUPREME COURT AND IN EVERY HIGH
COURT.
 AUTHORITATIVE TEXTS OF ALL BILLS, ACTS, ORDINANCES, ORDERS,
RULES, REGULATIONS AND BYE-LAWS - CENTRE AND STATE .
 IN ENGLISH ONLY:
 GOVERNOR

 WITH THE PREVIOUS CONSENT OF THE PRESIDENT,

 -HINDI / ANY OTHER OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF THE STATE,

 IN THE PROCEEDINGS IN THE HIGH COURT

 PARLIAMENT -

 JUDGEMENTS, DECREES AND ORDER

 Hindi is used in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan HC
 BUT

 English translation
 STATE LEGISLATURE

 ANY LANGUAGE
 -BILLS, ACTS, ORDINANCES, ORDERS, RULES, REGULATIONS BYE-LAWS,
 BUT TRANSLATION

 ENGLISH
OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT OF 1963
 HINDI TRANSLATION

 every bill
 in the Parliament
 AUTHORITATIVE TEXTS

 HINDI TRANSLATION
 OF ACTS, ORDINANCES, ORDERS, REGULATIONS AND BYE-LAWS
PUBLISHED
 UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE PRESIDENT
 THE AUTHORISED TRANSLATIONS (CENTRAL LAWS) ACT OF 1973

 ANY REGIONAL LANGUAGE IN THE EIGHT SCHEDULE

 PRESIDENT AUTHORITY
THE HINDU MARRIAGE ACT, 1955
SPECIAL DIRECTIVES
PROTECTION OF LINGUISTIC MINORITIES
 EVERY PERSON RIGHT

 TO SUBMIT A REPRESENTATION FOR THE REDRESS OF ANY GRIEVANCE

 ANY LANGUAGES

 USED IN THE UNION / STATE

 INSTRUCTION IN THE MOTHER-TONGUE

 EVERY STATE AND A LOCAL AUTHORITY

 ADEQUATE FACILITIES
 AT THE PRIMARY STAGE OF EDUCATION TO CHILDREN BELONGING TO
LINGUISTIC MINORITY GROUPS.
 THE PRESIDENT

 CAN ISSUE DIRECTIONS FOR THIS

 Students in Haryana govt schools to learn Telugu
 Ten government high schools have been selected in every district where the
teachers will take training to learn the language
 SPECIAL OFFICER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES

 PRESIDENT
 ARTICLE 350-B

 the Seventh Constitutional Amendment Act of 1956

 DESIGNATED AS THE COMMISSIONER FORLINGUISTIC
MINORITIES

 created in 1957.
 Akhtarul Wasey (born September 1, 1951) is the
president of Maulana Azad University, Jodhpur, India, and
a former professor of Islamic Studies. He taught at Jamia
Millia Islamia (Central University) in New Delhi, where
he remains professor emeritus in the Department of
Islamic Studies
 In March 2014, Wasey was appointed by Indian President
Shri Pranab Mukherjee to a three-year term as
Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India, and
became the first Urdu-speaking commissioner since
1957
 HEADQUARTERS

 Allahabad (UttarPradesh).
 THREE REGIONAL OFFICES

 Belgaum
 (Karnataka),
 Chennai (Tamil Nadu) and
 Kolkata (West Bengal).
 Each is headedby an Assistant Commissioner.
 TO INVESTIGATE

 all matters relating to the constitutional safeguards for linguistic minorities

 REPORTS

 BEFORE THE PARLIAMENT

 SEND TO THE STATE GOVERNMENT CONCERNED

DEVELOPMENT OF HINDI LANGUAGE
.
 ARTICLE 351-DUTY UPON THE CENTRE

 TO PROMOTE THE SPREAD AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HINDI

LANGUAGE
 LINGUA FRANCA

 OF THE COMPOSITE CULTURE OF INDIA

 ENRICHMENT OF HINDI

 BY ASSIMILATING THE FORMS, STYLE AND EXPRESSIONS USED IN

 HINDUSTANI AND
 IN OTHER LANGUAGES SPECIFIED IN THE EIGHTH SCHEDULE

 AND
 BY DRAWING ITS VOCABULARY,

 PRIMARILY ON SANSKRIT AND SECONDARILY ON OTHER LANGUAGES.

SANSKRIT WORDS IN HINDI
 E.G.,

 adalat ‘court,’
 daftar ‘office,’
 vakil ‘pleader,’
 sipahi ‘soldier,’
 shahar ‘city,’
 kasba ‘small town,’
 zila ‘district’),
 dress (e.g., kamiz ‘shirt,’ shal ‘shawl’),
 cosmetics (e.g., itra ‘perfume,’ sabun ‘soap’),
 furniture (e.g., kursi ‘chair,’ mez ‘table,’ takht ‘dais’), and
 professions (e.g., bajaj ‘draper,’ chaprasi ‘peon,’ dukandar ‘shopkeeper,’ haqim
‘physician,’ dalal ‘broker,’ halvai ‘confectioner’).
 PUNJABI

 Rab Rakha—God will protect

 Baba—-Grandfather or religious guru
 gal—Talk
 HINDUSTANI

 Hindustan is the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan; known in its
literary forms as Hindi–Urdu historically as Hindui, Hindavi, Zabān-e Hind
 Zabān-e Hindustan Hindustan ki boli Rekhta, and Hindi.
 Its regional dialects became known as Zabān-e Dakhani in southern India,
Zabān-e Gujari ( in Gujarat, and as Zabān-e Dehlavi or Urdu around Delhi.
 It is an Indo-Aryan language, deriving its base primarily from the Western
Hindi dialect of Delhi, arabic persian urdu etc
WORLDWIDE PROMOTION FOR THE HINDI
LANGUAGE
 IN 2018,THE INDIAN PRIME MINISTER
BECAME THE FIRST HEAD OF
GOVERNMENT TO ADDRESS THE
WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM IN A
NATIONAL LANGUAGE OTHER THAN
ENGLISH.
 THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA IN
COLLABORATION WITH THE
GOVERNMENT OF MAURITIUS HAS
SET UP THE WORLD HINDI
SECRETARIAT IN PORT LOUIS,
MAURITIUS FOR PROMOTION AND
PROPAGATION OF HINDI GLOBALLY.
 The World Hindi Secretariat (WHS), (Hindi: विश्व विन्दी सवििालय), is the name of an
international organisation representing countries and regions where Hindi is the
first ("mother") or customary language, where a significant proportion of the
population consists of Hindi speakers or where there is a notable affiliation with
North Indian culture.
 The main objective of the WHS is to promote Hindi as an international language
and further its cause for recognition as an official language of the United Nations.
 Vinod Bala Arun was the first secretary-general of the World Hindi Secretariat.
The organisation was set up by the governments of India and Mauritius to
promote Hindi across the world
 INDIAN GOVERNMENT’S EFFORT LED
TO THE CREATION OF HINDI
TWITTER ACCOUNT OF THE UN IN
2018.
 THE FIRST WORLD WORLD HINDI
CONFERENCE WAS ORGANIZED IN
NAGPUR ON JANUARY 10, [Link]
COMMEMORATE THE OCCASION,
THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA SINCE
2006 IS CELEBRATING 10TH JANUARY
AS WORLD HINDI DAY.
 World Hindi Conference, in Hindi:Vishva
Hindi Sammelan is a world conference on
Hindi [Link] conference consists
of several Hindi scholars, writers and
laureates from different parts of the
world to contribute the language
 THE THEN MINISTER OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE
WAS FIRST TO GIVE A SPEECH IN HINDI AT THE UNITED NATIONS IN
1977.
 Hindi Training Scheme in different parts of the country to impart training in
Hindi language, stenography and typing.
 The Rajbhasha Gaurav Puraskar Yojana was started in 2015 to encourage book-
writing in Hindi especially in the stream of modern knowledge and science.
 The Rajbhasa Kirti Puraskar would be given to ministries, departments, PSUs
and banks for outstanding promotional work of Hindi as the official language.
 The Kendriya Hindi Samiti was formed in 1967 chaired by the Prime Minister.
This is the apex policy-making body that frames guidelines for the propagation
of Hindi as the official language.
 A Committee of Parliament on Official Language was constituted in 1976 in
review the progress made in the official usage of Hindi.
 “Rajbhasha Bharati” is a quarterly magazine published by the Department of
Official Language and is dedicated to encouraging Hindi writing in the fields of
technology, information, literature, etc
 CLASSICAL LANGUAGE

 IN 2004, THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DECIDED

 1. TAMIL 2004
 2. SANSKRIT 2005
 3. TELUGU 2008
 4. KANNADA 2008
 5. MALAYALAM 2013
 6. ODIA 2014
CRITERIA
 HIGH ANTIQUITY

 OF ITS EARLY TEXTS/RECORDED HISTORY

 OVER A PERIOD OF 1,500– 2,000 YEARS,
 A VALUABLE HERITAGE

 A BODY OF ANCIENT LIT-ERATURE/TEXTS

 ORIGINAL

 LITERARY TRADITION-
BENEFITS
 FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE

 CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE
 A center of excellence (COE) is a team, a shared facility or an entity that
provides leadership, best practices, research, support and/or training for a focus
area.
 INSTITUTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN DEDICATED TO CLASSICAL
LANGUAGES.

 Sanskrit: Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi; Maharishi Sandipani

Rashtriya Ved Vidya Pratishthan, Ujjain; Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha,
Tirupati; and Sri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth, New Delhi
 Telugu and Kannada: Centres of Excellence for Studies in the respective
languages at the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) established by the
HRD Ministry in 2011.
 Tamil: Central Institute of Classical Tamil (CICT), Chennai
 AWARDS FOR SCHOLARS OF EMINENCE.
 SCHOLARS OF EMINENCE

 Eminence Fellows demonstrate academic achievement, intellectual curiosity,

high regard for humanity, and significant involvement both on and off campus.
While the program recognizes the value of learning as part of a community
and facilitates opportunities to do so, individual goals and aspirations are
nurtured
 UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION

 PROFESSIONAL CHAIRS FOR CLASSICAL LANGUAGES

 IN CENTRAL UNIVERSITIES
 A university chair each will be set up to research the classical forms of Tamil, Kannada,
Malayalam and Odia, higher education regulator University Grants Commission has
decided.
 One university each in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Odisha will get a grant of
about Rs 1.5 crore to set up such a chair, to be headed by a professor who will research
the language's classical form and classical literature.
 Earlier, the commission had given a similar grant to Hyderabad Central University to
set up a classical chair in Telugu in 2011, which may now receive additional grants.
 classical Telugu chair had published several books in the past five years
 The University Grant Commission (UGC) also awards research projects for
promoting these languages. The UGC released funds worth INR 56.74 lakh in
2016-17 and INR 95.67 lakh in 2017-18,
SCHEDULE LANGUAGE
 ADVANTAGES ENJOYED BY SCHEDULED LANGUAGES INCLUDE

 It will become mandatory for the government to spare the efforts to develop the scheduled
language so that it grows and evolves into an effective means of communication.
 A scheduled language will come to be considered as an official language of the nation.
 When included in the eighth schedule, Sahitya Academy will start recognizing the language and the
books of the language will be translated in other languages recognized in India.
 MPs and MLAs can start converse in this language in state assemblies and parliament.
 Candidates will be able to write the competitive exams like Civil Services Exams conducted in the
All India level in a scheduled language.
 Including a language under schedule eight will place it on equal footing with
other official languages which will provide equal status and opportunity to the
said language.
 As per the constitution, it is mandatory for the UPSC to include scheduled
language as one of the qualifying papers - in addition to English.
 The RBI (Reserve Bank of India) must start including the scheduled language
to talk of the denomination in currency notes.
 There has been growing demands from various factions for inclusions of
regional languages.
 THE FOLLOWING 38 LANGUAGES HAS BEEN SUGGESTED.

 (1) Angika, (2) Banjara, (3) Bazika, (4) Bhojpuri, (5) Bhoti, (6) Bhotia, (7)
Bundelkhandi (8) Chhattisgarhi, (9) Dhatki, (10) English, (11) Garhwali (Pahari),
(12) Gondi, (13) Gujjar/Gujjari (14) Ho, (15) Kachachhi, (16) Kamtapuri, (17)
Karbi, (18) Khasi, (19) Kodava (Coorg), (20) Kok Barak, (21) Kumaoni (Pahari),
(22) Kurak, (23) Kurmali, (24) Lepcha, (25) Limbu, (26) Mizo (Lushai), (27)
Magahi, (28) Mundari, (29) Nagpuri, (30) Nicobarese, (31) Pahari (Himachali),
(32) Pali, (33) Rajasthani, (34) Sambalpuri/Kosali, (35) Shaurseni (Prakrit), (36)
Siraiki, (37) Tenyidi and (38) Tulu.
 CRITICISM

 Despite being spoken by a large number of people, Bhojpuri and Rajasthani are not listed as scheduled languages, while
Bodo and Nepali which are spoken by relatively fewer people are in the Eighth Schedule
 According to the People’s Linguistic Survey of India 2013, around 220 languages has been lost in the last 50 years and
197 has been categorised as Endangered.
 Government of India currently defines a language as one that is marked by a script and effectively neutering oral
languages. Therefore, government recognizes 22 languages which is far lower than the 780 counted by the People’s
Linguistic Survey of India (along with a further 100 suspected to exist).
 This discrepancy is caused primarily because Government of India doesn’t recognise any language with less than
10,000 speakers.
 Many unscheduled languages have a sizeable number of speakers: Bhili/Bhilodi has 1,04,13,637 speakers; Gondi has
29,84,453 speakers; Garo has 11,45,323; Ho has 14,21,418; Khandeshi, 18,60,236; Khasi, 14,31,344; and Oraon, 19,88,350.
ONE NATION, ONE LANGUAGE
 DATA ON INDIAN LANGUAGE

 Just 26% of Indians speak Hindi as mother tongue

 A language is an umbrella term which contains many mother tongues.
 43% of Indians speak the Hindi language, which includes many mother tongues
such as Bhojpuri, Rajasthani & Hindi.
 Only about 26% of Indians speak Hindi as their mother tongue under the
broader Hindi language grouping (according to Census 2011).
 Close to 40% of the Hindi language speakers speak mother tongues other than
Hindi.
 Union Home Minister’s assertion that Hindi, as the most spoken language,
could work to unite the country, continued to draw a sharp reaction from the
Opposition parties
 PROS

 Common Identity for India: As India is the country of different languages, one common
language would reflect the identity of India in the world.
 Unity among the people of India: Hindi is the most widely spoken language in India, the
common Hindi language will unite people from different parts of the country.
 Glory in the multilingual nation:The people of this nation of different states are sometimes not
able to communicate with each other, just because of the diversity in languages. Adopting a
common national language helps them communicate with other linguistic groups.
 National Language: Indians can’t accept a foreign language as a national language. As Hindi has
already been accepted as the Official language, imposition can provide its national status.
 CONS

 Hindi Imperialism: Many of the critics believed that imposition of one common
language for India as an imposition of Hindi imperialism for others Non-Hindi
speaking
 Against Diversity of this country
 WAY FORWARD

 It is our strength that we have many languages and dialects. We have to see that a foreign language
does not overtake a native language.
 Experts reviewed that it would be disastrous for the country’s famed diversityif the promotion of
Hindi is considered a step towards a ‘one nation, one language’ kind of unity.
 According to a hegemonic role to the “most-spoken” language in the country may promote cultural
homogenisation, but that is hardly desirable in a country with a diverse population, a plural ethos
and is a cauldron of many languages and cultures.
 Further, national identity cannot be linked to any one language, as it is, by definition, something that
transcends linguistic and regional differences.
 The need today is to respect, protect and nurture the diversity of our nation so that unity is
ensured.
THANK YOU