Cell and Molecular Biology | Chapter I

Cell History
Proponents
Anton van Leeuwenhoek – discovered animalcules including protozoans in pondwater,
the one who discovered/seen tiny living organisms
Robert Hooke – discovered the cell (small room)
Robert Brown – discovered nucleus

Cell Theory
Postulate
Theodor Schwann
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
2. Cells are structural and functional basic unit of life.
Properties:
a. Life (grow and rep)
b. Complex but organized the most complex the most organized and strict the cells
as the organisms higher.
c. Prone to mutation and damage –
d. Make and use ATP –
e. Metabolism – total chemical process within a body/cell.
f. Ability to respond – cell membrane (receptor surface), fatty liver (mahlig sa sweet
foods or civilized food), liver cirosis
Rudolf Virchow
3. All cells are come from preexisting cell. (Omnis cellula e celulla).
Matthias Schleiden
4. All cells contains genetic/hereditary information (DNA).
5. Cells are basically same in chemical composition and metabolic activities. –
Through cells may differ in shape, size, and function. They are made up similar
macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Contains
6. All basic chemical and physiological functions are carried out inside the cells. All
essentials life processes occur within the cell. These includes: respiration
(energy production in mitochondria), protein synthesis (occurs in ribosomes),
digestion (lysosome break down waste), Secretion (golgi apparatus packages
protein and hormones).

Cell Diversity
All Cell different in terms of:
a. Size
b. Shape
c. Internal Structure
Types of Cell
1. Pluripotent – cells that can be of any types of cells.
2. Tutipotent – cells that can be types of germ layers such as:
 a. Ectoderm (skin)
b. Endoderm (Organs)
c. Mesoderm (Brain)
3. Multipotent – cells that can be of specific cells.

Basic Classes of Cells

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Cells Eu(true)karyotic (nuclear) Cells

General Properties General Properties

Unicellular or single cell

They lack of organelle membrane, no ER
and Golgi apparatus.
No true nucleus, Genetic materials are
exposed.
Simple and small
e.g. Bacteria and Archaean (ancient
bacteria)
Term: Halophiles,
Structure
1. Glycocalyx (covering in the Structure
uppermost part)
a. Capsule – rigid, organized a. Plasma membrane
b. Slime Layer – loose, unorganized b. Cytoplasm -jelly-like materials
They are paste/adherence to other
different cells. Protective part for Animals
phagocytosis.
1. Nucleus – control center. Function
2. Cell wall – main components is as how the genome of the
peptidoglycan (polysaccharide). prokaryotic cell function. *Cell
a. Gram Positive – peptidoglycan Repair membrane and organelles
is thick use in gram staining and produce molecules.
b. Gram Negative – peptidoglycan a. Nuclear envelope – 2 types: inner
is thin and outer
b. Ribosomes
3. Plasma/Cell Membrane – semi- c. Nuclear pores – exit and entrance
permeable phospholipid bilayer of information. mRNA (instruction)
a. Hydrophilic head – water-loving will go to ribosomes and make
b. Hydrophobic tail – fear of water proteins and it will o to ER.
c. Cholesterol portion – middle d. Nucleolus – can be seen inside the
dictate what should be in and nucleus and made the ribosomes.
out. 6ft long the DNA because of
histone.
4. Flagella – wave-like structure for 2. Endoplasmic reticulum – proteins
locomotion will be fixed and stabilized the
In the covering there are what we called: structure. RER Function: a. protein
5. Pili (Longer) to transfer things to organization, b. glycosylation
counter the bad bacteria and addition of
 SER: Lipid synthesis, detoxify, and
calcium storage, glycogen
(complex sugar) to glucose.

3. Golgi Apparatus – modify protein

and packaging center. Create
vesicles.

Product pathway:
a. Cis face - entry
6. Fimbriae (shorter) to attach. b. Trans face – exit
7. a. Nucleoid regions – contains all 4. Lysosomes – product of ER and
essential genes (genome). Every Golgi A when some parts of it buds
gene has specific product and; off. Hydrolytic enzymes rich in
d. plasmid – bonus DNA material WBC. Digestive materials.
that are actively express. Degrade nonfunctional organelles
Scientist use the material . (e.g. mitochondria is become older
Insulin is will be injected in the need to eaten by lysosomes)
plasmid for example to produce called autophagy. Autolysis
more insulin that will be use to destroy cells (Apoptosis).
reduce the blood sugar. It also Explosion itself.
have resistance. DNA
conjugation so that it has the 5. Centrosomes – centrioles (has
ability to counter. spindle fibers) found within the
8. Ribosomes – protein synthesis centrosomes. Centrioles will
9. Cytoskeleton – they are the one separate the chromosome during
who maintain the structure of the metaphase.
cells.
6. Mitochondria – powerhouse of the
a. Microtubules
cell that use the molecules coming
b. Intermediate Filaments –
from the food. Contains DNA
cytoplasmic streaming or motor
materials from mother. 3
protein
Membranes.
c. Microfilaments – actin and myosin
a. Glycolysis – outside, glucose
10. Mesosomes – ancient part or not (C6 )= 2(3) pyruvate
true parts of the cell. Folding of 1. Transition Cycle – 2C
plasma membrane. Invagination. b. Krebs Cycle – 2+4 = 6C to 4C
During of making of prepared c. ETC produce 32 ATP.
slides.
Function of ATP:

7. Peroxisomes – super oxide

(normal oxides) and free radicals

Plants
8. Cell Wall
9. Chloroplasts – photosynthesis;
Chlorophyll – green pigment
10. Food/Central Vacuoles – storage/
turgor Pressure
11. Plastids – different color