1.

Parts of Speech
English words fall into these main categories:
•Nouns (person, place, thing), Verbs (action or being),
Adjectives (describe nouns), Adverbs (modify verbs,
adjectives, or adverbs), Pronouns, Prepositions,
Conjunctions, Interjections, Determiners/Articles.
2. Sentence Structure
•Every sentence needs a subject and a predicate (verb); an
object is optional.
•Basic word order: Subject + Verb + Object (SVO). For
example: “She (S) studies (V) anatomy (O).”
4. Articles: “a,” “an,” and “the”
•“A” is used before words starting with a consonant sound, “an” before vowel
sounds.
•“The” is a definite article used when referring to specific objects or people.
•Mastering articles makes your English sound more natural and accurate.

5. Adjectives vs. Adverbs

•Adjectives modify nouns (a gentle patient).
•Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (The nurse
speaks clearly).
•Understanding this difference enhances writing by making it vivid
and precise.
6. Conjunctions (FANBOYS):
To connect ideas smoothly, use coordinating conjunctions remembered
by FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
.Example: “She is tired but continues working.”
7. Prepositions:
In grammar, a preposition is a word that shows the relationship
between a noun (or pronoun) and another element in the sentence—
such as indicating time, place, direction, or method.
Prepositions of Time
Preposition Example
at at 2 PM
on on Monday
in in the morning
during during class
by by next week
 Preposition Example
after after the game
before before lunch
until until midnight
since since yesterday

Prepositions of Place / Position

Examples include: in, on, at, near, above, below, under, next to,
between, behind, in front of

Prepositions of Movement / Direction

Examples include: to, into, onto, towards, through, across, along
Positive Degree
•Indicates a basic quality without comparison.
•Examples: big, fast, happy.

Comparative Degree
•Compares two entities, showing which has more or less of a quality.
•Forms:
•By adding -er (e.g., big → bigger, fast → faster).
•Or using more/less for longer words (e.g., beautiful → more beautiful).

Superlative Degree
•Shows the highest or lowest degree among three or more entities.
•Forms:
•By adding -est (e.g., big → biggest, fast → fastest).
•Or using most/least for longer words (e.g., beautiful → most beautiful).
 RULES FOR DEGREES OF SPEECH

Degree How to Form It Example

Positive Base form Ramu is tall.

Comparative -er suffix or more/less + adjective Ramu is taller than Sita.

Superlative -est suffix or most/least + adjective Ramu is the tallest in the class.
 EXERCISE-1
❑ Small – …………… – smallest
❑ ………– bigger – biggest
❑ Tall – taller – ……….
❑ Fast –………………– fastest
❑ Slow – slower –
❑ ……..– older – oldest
❑ Young –…………– youngest
❑ Long – longer – …………
❑ Short –……………..– shortest
❑ Rich – richer – ………….
❑ Poor – poorer – poorest
❑ Happy –……………– happiest
❑ Sad – sadder –……….
❑ Hot – hotter –……………
❑ ………..– colder – coldest
❑ Beautiful –…………..– ……………..
❑ Interesting –………...–………………
❑ Expensive –…………..–…………….
❑ Difficult –……………–………………
❑ Comfortable –………………– ………………..
 ANSWER KEY
❑ Smaller
❑ Big
❑ Tallest
❑ Faster
❑ Slowest
❑ Old
❑ Younger
❑ longest
❑ Shorter
❑ Richest
❑ Happier
❑ Saddest
❑ Hottest
❑ Cold
❑ more beautiful, most beautiful
❑ more interesting, most interesting
❑ more expensive, most expensive
❑ more difficult, most difficult
❑ more comfortable, most comfortable
 EXERCISE
•The nurse ___ (give/administer/will be given) medications every morning.
•She ___ (looks/see/check) the patient’s vital signs regularly.
•Nurse ___ (assist/help/follow) the doctor during rounds.
•The nursing staff ___ (will/be/has) prepared for emergencies.
•Each nurse ___ (hold/carry/look) their patient files carefully.
•The nurse and the doctor ___ (talk to/discuss/see) the treatment plan.
•If the patient ___ (go to/become/have) unconscious, call the physician immediately.
•The nurse ___ (monitor/see/look) the patient’s respiration every hour.
•Patients usually ___ (respond/recovery/refill) well to treatment.
•She ___ (prepare/done/do) the IV line before starting infusion.
•The team of nurses ___ (done/does/coordinate) care efficiently.
•Either the nurse or the doctor ___ (take/receive/own) responsibility for administering
the injection.
•She ___ (make/prepare/observe) aseptic technique during dressing changes.
•The nurse always ___ (report/notes/document) patient progress in the chart.
•They ___ (collect/receive/has) new training every six months.
•The senior nurse ___ (training/trained/train) the juniors.
•Every patient ___ (need/have/require) individualized care.
•The medication ___ (have/gives/will be) dispensed by the pharmacist.
•The nurse ___ (see/watch/look) over the newborn in the nursery.
•She ___ (percieve/felt/feel) the radial pulse gently.
•He ___ (wrote/write/record) the patient's blood pressure accurately.
•The nurse ___ (look/see/assist) with patient mobility exercises.
•The team ___ (finish/stop/conclude) the handover report efficiently.
•The patient ___ (had/have/need) oxygen therapy throughout the night.
•She ___ (check/look/hook) the patient's wound daily.
•The nurse ___ (write/see/explain) post-op care to the patient's family.
•They ___ (use/left/have to) PPE correctly to prevent infection spread.
•The senior nurse ___ (move/across/oversee) shift handover.
•The junior nurse ___ (see/disagree/learn) quickly from her mentor.
•The nurse ___ (reputed/recognize/respond) promptly to the emergency alarm.
 ANSWER KEY
•The nurse ___ (administer) medications every morning.
•She ___ (check) the patient’s vital signs regularly.
•Ramu ___ (assist) the doctor during rounds.
•The nursing staff ___ (be) prepared for emergencies.
•Each nurse ___ (carry) their patient files carefully.
•The nurse and the doctor ___ (discuss) the treatment plan.
•If the patient ___ (become) unconscious, call the physician immediately.
•The nurse ___ (monitor) the patient’s respiration every hour.
•Patients usually ___ (respond) well to treatment.
•She ___ (prepare) the IV line before starting infusion.
•The team of nurses ___ (coordinate) care efficiently.
•Either the nurse or the doctor ___ (take) responsibility for administering the injection.
•She ___ (observe) aseptic technique during dressing changes.
•The nurse always ___ (document) patient progress in the chart.
•They ___ (receive) new training every six months.
•The senior nurse ___ (train) the juniors.
•Every patient ___ (require) individualized care.
•The medication ___ (be) dispensed by the pharmacist.
•The nurse ___ (watch) over the newborn in the nursery.
•She ___ (feel) the radial pulse gently.
•He ___ (record) the patient's blood pressure accurately.
•The nurse ___ (assist) with patient mobility exercises.
•The team ___ (conclude) the handover report efficiently.
•The patient ___ (need) oxygen therapy throughout the night.
•She ___ (check) the patient's wound daily.
•The nurse ___ (explain) post-op care to the patient's family.
•They ___ (use) PPE correctly to prevent infection spread.
•The senior nurse ___ (oversee) shift handover.
•The junior nurse ___ (learn) quickly from her mentor.
•The nurse ___ (respond) promptly to the emergency alarm.