SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
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TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 2 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 3 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 4 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 5 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 6 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 7 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 8 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 9 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 10 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 11 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 12 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 13 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 14 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 15 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 16 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 17 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 18 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 19 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 20 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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SCC Online Web Edition, © 2025 EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd.
Page 21 Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Printed For: Shubham Kumar Jha, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies
SCC Online Web Edition: https://www.scconline.com
TruePrint™ source: Supreme Court Cases, © 2025 Eastern Book Company. The text of this version of
this judgment is protected by the law declared by the Supreme Court in Eastern Book Company v. D.B.
Modak, (2008) 1 SCC 1 paras 61, 62 & 63.
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