QB/AWP/FORMAT-01 DSEC/DEPT. OF ECE QB/AWP/FORMAT-01 DSEC/DEPT.

OF ECE

DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE ZA=RA+jXA ; RA= input resistance, XA= input reactance
RA= Rr + RL ; Rr= radiation resistance, RL=loss resistance
PERAMBALUR-621212 10. What are θ & φ patterns in antenna radiation pattern? ( Nov/Dec 2013)
The two types of radiation patterns are Field pattern & Power pattern.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
 The θ component of the electric field as a function of the angles θ and φ or Eθ (θ, φ)(V m−1).
 The φ component of the electric field as a function of the angles θ and φ or Eφ(θ, φ)(V m−1).
EC 6602 –ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
 The phases of these fields as a function of the angles θ and φ or δθ (θ, φ) and δφ(θ, φ) (rad or deg).
YEAR : III SEMESTER : VI 11. Define Radiation intensity. (May/June-2007 ,Nov/Dec 2013)
UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIATION The power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called the radiation intensity U (watts per
steradian or per square degree). The radiation intensity is independent of distance.
PART-A (2 MARKS) 12. Compare short dipole from half wave dipole. ( May/June-2014)
S.
1. Define gain. (April/may-2011,Nov/Dec-2011) Parameters Half wave dipole Short dipole
No.
The ratio of maximum radiation intensity in given direction to the maximum radiation intensity from a Antenna length is equal to a
reference antenna produced in the same direction with same input power. Gain is usually measured in dB. Antenna length is equal to
1. Antenna Length half-wavelength at the
Gain (G) = (λ/10)
frequency (λ/2)
2. Define radiation pattern. Rrad=80π (l/ λ) =73Ω
2 2 Rrad=80π2(dl/ λ)2=7.9 Ω
2. Radiation Resistance
Radiation pattern is the relative distribution of radiated power as a function of distance in space.It is a Since l= λ/2 Since dl= λ/10
graph which shows the variation in actual field strength of the EM wave at all points which are at equal
distance from the antenna. The energy radiated in a particular direction by an antenna is measured in 3. Directivity (When θ= π/2) D=1.642 D=1.5
terms of FIELD STRENGTH.(E Volts/m).
3. Define Directivity. (April/may-2011,May/June-2012)
13. What is a folded dipole? (May/Jun- 2011)
The directivity (D) of an antenna is the ratio of the maximum radiation intensity U (θ,φ)max to its A folded dipole antenna is an antenna with two parallel dipoles of radius ‘a’ and length ‘L’ at the ends
average radiation intensity U (θ,φ)avg. to form a narrow loop.
Directivity from Pattern : D =
( , )
; Directivity from beam area : D = Impedance Zfd =
( , ) Ω
Where, Zt = Input impedance of transmission line, Zd = Input impedance of dipole.
4. Define effective aperture of an antenna. ( Nov/Dec-2011 May/June-2012)
PART-B (16MARKS)
It is the area over which the power is extracted from the incident wave and delivered to the load is
called effective aperture (Ae).
1. Derive the expression for the field quantities radiated from a λ/2 dipole and prove the radiation
Effective aperture Ae = = m2 resistance to be 73Ω. (May/june2016(16))
5. Write the importance of radiation resistance of an antenna.
(April/may -2008,April/may-2011, May/June-2016) λ/2 dipole or half wave dipole or half wavelength is the fundamental antenna of metal rod or tubing or
Radiation resistance is that part of an antenna's feed point resistance that is caused by the radiation of thin wire which has a physical length of half wave length in free space at the frequency of operation. It is
electromagnetic waves from the antenna, as opposed to loss resistance (also called ohmic resistance) also called as half wave doublet.
which generally causes the antenna to heat up. It is also defined as the equivalent resistance that used to
dissipate the same amount of power as is radiated by the antenna.
6. Explain the parameter of an antenna: Bandwidth.
Bandwidth is the band of frequencies between the higher frequency (fH) and lower frequency (fL)
over which a signal is transmitted.
For Narrow band antenna: BW = fH – fL ; For Wide band antenna: BW =
7. Define Half Power Beam Width. (Nov/Dec-2012)
Antenna beam width is a measure of directivity of an antenna. Antenna beam width is an angular
width in degrees, measured on the radiation pattern (major lobe) between points where the radiated
power has fallen to half its maximum value. Half Power Beam Width (HPBW) is Beam width between half
power points.
8. Define antenna temperature.
Antenna Temperature (TA) is a parameter that describes how much noise an antenna produces in a
given environment. This temperature is not the physical temperature of the antenna. Antenna `
temperature is also sometimes referred to as Antenna Noise Temperature. Fig.1: λ/2 Dipole Or Half Wave Dipole
9. Define antenna input impedance.
The input impedance ZA of a transmitting antenna is the ratio of the voltage to current at the terminals
of the antenna.

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3. (i) Define the following parameters and their dependence an antenna performance (1) Radiation
Vector potential, = pattern. (2) Input Impedance (3) Polarization. ( May/june2014(16) , May/june2015(8))
(1) Radiation pattern: (May/june2012(6))
Radiated Field quantities, = A/m Radiation pattern is the relative distribution of radiated power as a function of distance in space. It is a
graph which shows the variation in actual field strength of the EM wave at all points which are at equal
| |= V/m ; since = =120 distance from the antenna. The energy radiated in a particular direction by an antenna is measured in
terms of FIELD STRENGTH.(E Volts/m).
Total radiated power, = 60 . (2) Input Impedance:
= 73.14 ; Since I=1.219 The input impedance ZA of a transmitting antenna is the ratio of the voltage to current at the terminals
Radiation resistance, = =73 Ω ; where = 73.14 of the antenna.
ZA=RA+jXA ; RA= input resistance, XA= input reactance
2. Derive the expression for the field quantities (E and H) for a small oscillation current element. RA= Rr + RL ; Rr= radiation resistance, RL=loss resistance
(May/june2016(16)) (3) Polarization: (May/june2012(5)
An infinitesimal element excited with an alternating current is called the Hertzian dipole. It is very The polarization of the radio wave can be defined by direction in which the electric vector E is aligned
short length of wire over which the current distribution can be assumed uniform. A short dipole is initially during the passage of at least one full cycle. Also polarization can also be defined the physical orientation
in neutral condition and the moment a current starts to flow in one direction, one half of the dipole require of the radiated electromagnetic waves in space. The polarizations are three types. They are Elliptical
an excess of charge and the other a deficit because a current is a flow of electrical charge. Then ,there will polarization, circular polarization and linear polarization.
be a voltage between the two halves of the dipole. When the current changes its direction this charge
unbalance will cause oscillations. Hence an oscillating current will result in an oscillating voltage. Since, in
such dipole, electric charge oscillates, it may be called as Oscillating electric dipole. (ii) Derive the Magnetic Field Components of a Dipole having the dimension l<<λ/2.
( May/june2014(16))
Dipole having the dimension l<<λ/2 is a Hertzian dipole antenna. Magnetic Field Components of
this Dipole is,
H =0
H =0

I Lsinθ 1
H = +
4

4. (i) Explain the terms : (1) Beam Solid Angle (App/May2008(5), App/May2011(5))
(2) Antenna Temperature (May/june2012(5))
(3) Reciprocity of antenna. (May/June-2013(6) ( May/june2014(16))
(8)
(1) Beam Solid Angle
Fig.2: Hertzian dipole
The beam area or beam solid angle or of an antenna is given by the normalized power pattern over
Instantaneous current, = a sphere.
=∫ ∫ ( , ) (Sr) ; Where, d = sin d d
Retarded current, [ ] = (2) Antenna Temperature (TA) :
TA is a parameter that describes how much noise an antenna produces in a given environment. This
Far field component,
temperature is not the physical temperature of the antenna. Antenna temperature is also sometimes referred
to as Antenna Noise Temperature.
 E = +
(3)Reciprocity of an antenna.
If an e.m.f is applied to the terminals of an antenna no.1 and the current measured at the terminals of
 E = + + the another antenna no.2, then an equal current both in amplitude and phase will be obtained at the terminal
 E =0 of the antenna no.1 if the same e.m.f is applied to the terminals of antenna no.2.

 H =0 (ii) Derive the current and vector potential of a Hertzian dipole. ( May/june2014(16))
 H =0 Current of a Hertzian dipole

 H = +  Instantaneous current, =

 Retarded current, [ ] =

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Vector potential of a Hertzian dipole 7. (i) State and prove Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for antennas. (8)
Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem:
/ [] If an e.m.f is applied to the terminals of an antenna no.1 and the current measured at the terminals of
 Initially, = ∫ /
dz
the another antenna no.2, then an equal current both in amplitude and phase will be obtained at the
terminal of the antenna no.1 if the same emf is applied to the terminals of antenna no.2.
 Finally, = According to reciprocity theorem,
I1= I2 Provided E12=E21 ; E12=E21 Provided I1= I
5. (i) Derive the radiation resistance of an Oscillating Electric Dipole (ii)Define: (1) Gain (2) Directivity (3)Antenna Temperature (4) Antenna input impedance (Nov/Dec-
The radiation resistance of an Oscillating Electric Dipole:
2012(16) ,Nov/Dec- 2013(8))
(1) Gain
 Average Radiated Power, Pavg = / Gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of maximum radiation intensity in a given direction to the
maximum radiation intensity of a reference antenna.
( ) Power gain is defined as the ratio of maximum power radiated by a test antenna to the maximum
 Total Radiated Power ,W= watts power radiated by a reference antenna.
(2) Directivity
 Radiation Resistance, Rr = ohms
It indicates the effectiveness of concentrating power into a limited solid angle. It is the ratio between
Rr 790 ohms maximum radiation intensity to the average radiation intensity.
Directivity D = 4π/A Where, A = Beam solid angle
(3)Antenna Temperature
(ii) Define and explain the polarization & its significance in antenna analysis.
TA is a parameter that describes how much noise an antenna produces in a given environment. This
(Nov/Dec-2013(8))
temperature is not the physical temperature of the antenna. Antenna temperature is also sometimes referred
Polarization:
to as Antenna Noise Temperature.
The polarization of the radio wave can be defined by direction in which the electric vector E is aligned
(4) Antenna input impedance
during the passage of at least one full cycle. Also polarization can also be defined the physical orientation The input impedance ZA of a transmitting antenna is the ratio of the voltage to current at the terminals
of the radiated electromagnetic waves in space. The polarizations are three types. They are Elliptical of the antenna.
polarization, circular polarization and linear polarization. ZA=RA+jXA ; RA= input resistance, XA= input reactance
Significance of Polarization: RA= Rr + RL ; Rr= radiation resistance, RL=loss resistance
Polarization is one of the factor in antenna analysis because the initial polarization of electromagnetic 8. What is the maximum effective aperture and gain of a microwave antenna with directivity of 900
operating at 8 GHz? (May/Jun- 2013(8))
waves is determined by the orientation of antenna itself in the space. Hence in the design of an antenna,
Given Data:
the type of polarization is one of the factor. D=900 f=8GHz
6. (i) Explain the differences between Half wave dipole & quarter wave monopole antenna.(6)
To find:
S.No. Parameters Half wave dipole Short dipole =? G=?
Antenna length is equal to a half- Antenna length is equal to a Solution:
1 Antenna Length wavelength at the frequency quarter-wavelength at the
(λ/2) frequency (λ/4) C =f λ λ = c/f=3x108/8x109 = 0.0375
It radiates power more or less in It radiates power in
2 Radiated power
all directions hemisphere surface
=
l 2 × 18.28 I
Radiation Rr = 80π Rr = × .
3 λ I
Resistance
Rr = 73Ω
Maximum effective aperture, =
Rr = 36.5 Ω

(ii)Derive the directivity of half wave Dipole antenna. ( Nov/Dec- 2013(10))

=0.10
Directivity of half wave Dipole antenna:
= = G

= .0.13 Gain, G= = 0.10 × =893.1

.

Where , = 0.13

Directivity, D=1.63

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9. A join dipole of /2 long.? If it has loss resistance of 2 , calculate : (i) Directivity (ii) Gain (iii)
Effective Aperture (iv) Beam Solid Angle and (v) Radiation Resistance (May/Jun- 2013(16))

Given Data:
= /2 Rl =2 
To find:
=? G=? Rr = ? ΩA=?
Solution:
Formulas: ΩA= G=KD Rr =73 Ω = k=

 = ; V=Eλ/π ; S=EH=E 2 / ;
( / )
= = = 20.62
× × . )

 = = ×20.62 = .
 ΩA= = = ΩA =4.86
.
 G=KD we know that, K=1 G= .

10. Obtain the expression for radiated power of half-wave dipole antenna. (Nov/Dec-2007(16)
Nov/Dec 2012(16))
Half wave dipole or half wavelength is the fundamental antenna of metal rod or tubing or thin wire which
has a physical length of half wave length in free space at the frequency of operation. It is also called as half
wave doublet.
Total radiated power, = 60 .

( )
Where, I= ∫

= 73.14 ; Since I=1.219

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