BYLAE A/APPENDIX A – Relevant formulae for Open Channel

Flow Hydraulics:

𝑉𝑉 𝑞𝑞 2
𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟 = ; 𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟2 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
�𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑔𝑔𝑦𝑦 3

𝑉𝑉
𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
�𝑔𝑔𝐷𝐷𝑚𝑚

𝛼𝛼𝑄𝑄 2 𝐵𝐵
𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟2 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑔𝑔𝐴𝐴3
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐
𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
�𝑔𝑔𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐

1⁄3
𝑞𝑞 2 2
𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 = � � = 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑔𝑔 3

𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = �𝑔𝑔𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

1�
𝑔𝑔𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 2
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = �𝑔𝑔𝐷𝐷𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =� � 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐

𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠 0.675𝜐𝜐
𝑉𝑉 = −2�8𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑆𝑆0 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � + �
14.8𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅�8𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑆𝑆0

12𝑅𝑅
𝑉𝑉 = 18𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � � �𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆0
𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠
1 2⁄3 1⁄2
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑆0
𝑛𝑛
1 𝐴𝐴5⁄3 1⁄2
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑆𝑆
𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑃2⁄3 0

𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝜏𝜏𝑜𝑜 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑆𝑆0 /𝑃𝑃

1 𝐴𝐴5⁄3
𝐾𝐾 =
𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑃2⁄3
𝛼𝛼𝑉𝑉 2
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑦𝑦 + + 𝑧𝑧
2𝑔𝑔
 𝑉𝑉 2 (𝑄𝑄 ⁄𝐴𝐴)2
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 = 𝑦𝑦 + 𝛼𝛼 = 𝑦𝑦 + 𝛼𝛼 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔

𝑞𝑞 2
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 = 𝑦𝑦 + 𝛼𝛼 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2𝑔𝑔𝑦𝑦 2

𝑞𝑞 2
(𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 − 𝑦𝑦)𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝛼𝛼 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 → 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒. 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
2𝑔𝑔

𝑦𝑦1
𝑦𝑦2 = � � ��1 + 8𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹12 − 1�
2

𝑦𝑦2
𝑦𝑦1 = � � ��1 + 8𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹22 − 1�
2

(𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1 )3
∆𝐸𝐸 =
4𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2

(𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹1 − 1)
𝐿𝐿𝑗𝑗 = 220𝑦𝑦1 tanh � �
22

𝑔𝑔𝑛𝑛2
𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 = ⁄3
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝛼𝛼 2 𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐1

𝑔𝑔𝑛𝑛2 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛2 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐2 𝑄𝑄 2 𝑛𝑛2

𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 = = = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝛼𝛼 2 𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 4⁄3 𝛼𝛼 2 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 4⁄3 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 2 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 4⁄3

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑆𝑆0 −𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓

=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 − 𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟2

1 − 𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟2
∆𝑥𝑥 = ∆𝑦𝑦 � �
𝑆𝑆0 − 𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

∆𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆 = ∆𝑥𝑥�𝑆𝑆0 − 𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 �𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

2 2𝑔𝑔 3
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑐𝑐𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣 � . 𝑏𝑏ℎ �2 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ℎ = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑ℎ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙, 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
3 3

(𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑉)2 1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑦𝑦2

= � + 1�
𝑔𝑔𝑦𝑦1 2 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦1

(𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑉)𝑦𝑦1 = (𝑉𝑉2 + 𝑉𝑉)𝑦𝑦2

BYLAE B/APPENDIX B – Relevant formulae for Hydraulic
Structures:
Sharp-crested rectangular weir equations:

With approach velocity > 0:

With approach velocity ≈ 0:

Qreal = Cd Qideal

Sharp-crested rectangular weirs (uncontracted)

Sharp-crested rectangular weirs - Submerged conditions (Villemonte’s formula):

Vee weirs

Qreal = Cd Qideal

Broad-crested weir (Rectangular weir)

Crump weir

Q = Cd Cv b �𝑔𝑔 h1 3/2

Crump weir under submerged conditions:

Siphon Spillways
𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 𝑣𝑣 2
𝐻𝐻1 − 𝐻𝐻2 = (𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 + 𝑘𝑘4 + 𝑘𝑘4 + ) …..for circular sections
𝑑𝑑 2𝑔𝑔

𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 𝑣𝑣 2
𝐻𝐻1 − 𝐻𝐻2 = (𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑘2 + 𝑘𝑘4 + 𝑘𝑘4 + ) …..for rectangular sections
4𝑅𝑅 2𝑔𝑔

𝑅𝑅0
𝑄𝑄 = �2𝑔𝑔ℎ𝑐𝑐 . 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 . 𝑏𝑏 ln ( )
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

𝐾𝐾 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = �2𝑔𝑔ℎ𝑐𝑐. 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

Flumes

Shape for Uncontrolled Ogee Crest

For most conditions the data can be summarized according to the form shown on Figure B1
where the profile is defined as it relates to axes at the apex of the crest. That portion upstream
from the origin is defined as either a single curve and a tangent or as a compound circular curve.
The portion downstream is defined by the equation:
n
y  x 
= − K  
H0 H0 
in which K and n are constants whose values depend on the upstream inclination and on the
velocity of approach. Figure B2 gives values of these constants for different conditions.
 Figure B1: Ogee nappe-shaped crest profile

Figure B2: Factors for definition of nappe-shaped crest profiles

Ogee Spillway Discharge Equations

Q = C L H0 3/2
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 . . .
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

Discharge Coefficient for Uncontrolled Ogee Crests

Figure B3 shows the discharge coefficients for a vertical faced ogee crest. Figures B4 to B5 are
used for further adjustments of Co where the crest has a sloped upstream face, when the design
head changes, effects of apron and downstream tailwater levels respectively.

Figure B3: Discharge coefficients for vertical-faced ogee crest

Figure B4: Discharge coefficients for other than the design head
 Figure B5: Discharge coefficients for ogee-shaped crest with sloping upstream face

Pier and Abutment Effects

Where crest piers and abutments are shaped to cause side contractions of the overflow, the
effective length, L, is less than the net length of the crest. The effect of the end contraction may
be taken into account by reducing the net crest length as follows:

L = L'−2( NK p + K a ) H e

where:

L = effective length of crest

L’ = net length of crest
N = number of piers
Kp = pier contraction coefficient
Ka = abutment contraction coefficient
He = actual head on crest

• For square-nosed piers with corners rounded on a radius equal to about 0.1 of the pier
thickness: Kp = 0.02.
• For rounded-nosed piers: Kp = 0.01
• For pointed-nosed piers: Kp = 0.0

The abutment contraction coefficient is affected by the shape of the abutment, the angle
between the upstream approach wall and the axis of the flow, the head in relation to the design
head, and the approach velocity. For conditions of design head, H0, average coefficients may be
assumed as follows:

• For square abutments with headwall at 90 º to direction of flow: Ka = 0.02

• For rounded abutments with headwall at 90 º to direction of flow, when 0.15 H0 ≤ r ≤ 0.5 H0:
Ka = 0.010.
• For rounded abutments where r > 0.5 H0 and headwall is placed not more than 45 º to
direction of flow: Ka = 0.0.

where r = radius abutment rounding.

USBR Stilling Basin Type IV: Fr range 2.5 to 4.5
USBR Stilling Basin Type III: Fr > 4.5; V< 18 m/s
USBR Stilling Basin Type II: Fr > 4.5; V> 18 m/s
Roberts Splitters

Figure B6: Relevant dimensions for Roberts Splitters

𝐻𝐻𝐶𝐶 = 1.2𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷

𝐻𝐻𝐶𝐶
𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎 =
4.4

Where:

𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = maximum head before drowning of dispersing action

𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎 = minimum head for efficient operation

For the splitters to function effectively, check:

𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 > 4𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷

Choose number of splitters per bay as N

Roberts Splitters (continued)
𝐵𝐵
(𝑆𝑆 + 𝑊𝑊) =
𝑁𝑁

𝑆𝑆 = 𝑇𝑇 = 𝐿𝐿 = 1.33𝑊𝑊

�𝐵𝐵�𝑁𝑁�
𝑊𝑊 =
2.33

4 𝐵𝐵
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑇𝑇 = 𝐿𝐿 = ×
7 𝑁𝑁

𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠
1.25 ≤ ≤ 1.5
𝐿𝐿

Figure B7: Dimensions of Roberts Splitters

Roberts Splitters (continued)

𝑊𝑊 = 𝑃𝑃 × (𝑊𝑊 ⁄𝑃𝑃)

𝑥𝑥 ≈ 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷 + 𝑃𝑃

𝑦𝑦 = (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡 + 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷 − 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑ℎ) − 𝑥𝑥

𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑓𝑓 × �𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 ∙ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2𝑓𝑓 × �𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 ∙ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

Figure B8: Correction factor as a function of the step below the crest and
design head (Roberts 1980)

Ski jump

x2
y = x ∙ tan(θ) −
4hv ∙ cos2(θ)
where:

hv = velocity head
d = water depth
θ = exit angle of end surface of ski jump from horizontal
Freeboard equation for concrete chutes (supercritical flow)

Freeboard (m) = 0.6 + 0.037 vd1/3

where v = flow velocity (m/s)

and d = flow depth (m)

Control gates

Figure B9: Flow past control gates: (a) Vertical sluice gate, (b) Radial gate
Control gate equations

Figure B10: Submerged flow through an underflow sluice gate

Lateral discharge structures (Side channel spillways)

Figure B11: Lateral discharge - (a) Lateral inflow, (b) Lateral outflow

Lateral inflow equation:

Lateral outflow equation: