TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MANABI

INSTITUTE OF BASIC SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND
STATISTICS

INTEGRATIVE PROJECT

THEME:
Applications of Linear Algebra in Civil Engineering

SUBJECT:
Linear Algebra
CAREER:
Civil Engineer

PROFESSIONAL IN TRAINING:
Carrillo López Karla Josselyn

TEACHER:
Ing. Víctor García
LEVEL:
First Level
Parallel:
C
Academic Period:
May - September 2016
 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MANABI
VISION: The Technical University of Manabí aims to become a
leading university institution, a reference for higher education in Ecuador,
promoting the creation, development, transmission, and dissemination of science, technology and
culture, with social recognition, regional and global projection.

MISSION: The Technical University of Manabí has the mission of training academics,
scientists and professionals responsible, humanistic, ethical, and solidarity-oriented,
committed to the objectives of national development, which contribute to the solution
of the country's problems as a teaching and research university, capable of
generate and apply new knowledge, promoting the promotion and dissemination of the
knowledge and cultures, prior in the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador
 FACULTY OF MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES

MISSION: to train engineers recognized nationally for their leadership, strong

scientific knowledge, technological skills, and humanistic values, based on
curriculum updated according to the demands of the labor sectors and the
entrepreneurship opportunities, developing lines of scientific research
and technology related to the progress of the country

VISION: To be national leaders and internationally recognized for the

training of engineers, strongly linked with the technical and social environment,
political and economic
 INTRODUCTION
This project is the result of what has been learned in classes and hours of research.
bibliographic sources in the areas of linear algebra, study concepts such as factors,
matrices, systems of linear equations and in a more formal approach spaces
vectorials, and their linear transformations.
In an active area that has connections with many areas inside and outside of the
mathematics such as functional analysis, differential equations, research of
operations, computer graphics, engineering, etc. to be more specific. The
this project was conceived to plan a process in order to
achieve a goal and valid learning objectives for our career.
The research project has objectives and examples that are easy to understand.
that allows developing and understanding the main concepts of linear algebra and
what way can we apply them in the future, in order to help understand and trust in
secure information.
Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics that studies vector spaces and
linear transformations. These concepts have significantly contributed to the
development of knowledge within mathematics and also in other sciences,
especially in the basic sciences, economics, computer science, engineering and the
social sciences.
That is why the study of linear algebra is justified in most careers.
university students.
Linear algebra studies sets known as vector spaces, which have
from a set of vectors and a set of scalars that have field structure,
with an operation of vector addition and another of products between scalars and vectors that
they satisfy certain properties such as that addition is commutative. It also studies
linear transformations, which are functions between vector spaces that satisfy
the conditions of linearity.
Finally, linear algebra also studies the properties that appear when it
imposes additional structures on vector spaces, one of the most
it is common for there to be an internal product, a kind of product between two
vectors that allow the introduction of concepts such as vector length and angles between a
It is an indispensable tool for the study of many others.
subjects that make up the curricular design of an engineering study.
It has a large number of applications in other areas, among which we can
mention the space industry, electrical circuits, communication networks, the
archaeology, weather prediction, population movements, relativity, the
analysis of traffic and trade routes, etc.
 OBJECTIVES

GENERAL OBJECTIVE
Start a project that allows us to share a bit more about the application.
of linear algebra in civil engineering providing us with a reliable source of information and
easy to understand

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Obtain the class participation of all students either collectively,
solving proposed problems, or individually.
Help the student understand the importance of algebra
To know the different work fields that civil engineering offers us.
Stimulate interest in the subject
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies concepts such as

vectors, matrices, systems of linear equations and a more formal approach, spaces
vectors and linear transformations.
It has a concrete representation in analytic geometry and has applications in the
field of natural sciences and social sciences, as well as assistance for development
of certain fundamental capacities for an engineer, the ability to formalize,
to reason rigorously, to adequately represent some concepts.
Linear algebra and structure. Structural engineering is a classic branch of the
civil engineering that deals with the design and calculation of the structural part in element and
structural systems such as buildings, fountains, walls (including walls of
containment), dams, tunnels, and other civil works. Its purpose is to achieve structures
secure, durable, and functional. In a practical sense, structural engineering is the
application of the mechanics of continuous media for the design of structures that
support their own weight (dead loads) plus the loads exerted by use (live loads)
living), plus the loads caused by natural events such as: winds, earthquakes,
snow or water.
Seismic engineering - Seismic engineering is the study of the behavior of
buildings and structures subject to seismic loads. It is the set of engineering
structural and civil
Linear algebra and geotechnics. - Geotechnical engineering is the branch of geology.
that is responsible for the study of mechanical, hydraulic properties and engineering of the
materials from the earth applied to civil engineering works. The
geotechnical engineers investigate the soil and rocks beneath the surface to
determine their properties and design foundations for buildings
such as buildings, bridges, hydroelectric plants, stabilizing slopes, building
tunnels and highways, etc.
Linear algebra and hydraulics. - Hydraulic engineers are responsible for designing
build and operate hydraulic works, mainly relying on research,
given that hydraulic engineering is based, almost 90% on results
experimental Leonardo Da Vinci claimed: "when dealing with water, consult
"first the practice and then the theory." A lot has advanced since then for both
roads
The civil engineer is a creative professional who is constantly in search of the
innovation capable of working by analyzing, proposing, and implementing solutions to
social problems, through the planning and management of civil works, the
development of hydraulic systems, the preparation of structural projects and development
of communication routes; always respecting the environment. The civilian is a
specialty that connects us to society through the design and execution of works, and in
the process of his actions also makes use of linear algebra, especially on the topic
of matrices, some of the applications it has would be, for example, in design
structural of buildings where each node of the structure is a value in the matrix that
it can be of nxn.
To calculate structures using numerical methods.
It is the method used to calculate through computer (with software such as
ANSYS), for example, is the simulation software to predict how it will work and
a certain product will react under a real environment, which is why it is very important
I know an engineer well since he works with several of the subjects.
related to civil engineering which are Structural Analysis, transfer of
heat, fluid dynamics, electromagnetism, coupled fields.
Solution of systems of equations:
It is probably the most well-known, as it is quite straightforward and quick if you have a
Calculator that solves matrices. However, there are other methods to solve.
systems of equations.
Structural Calculation:

The structure is a mechanical set designed to support and transmit a

a determined number of loads to the foundation. It is obviously the most important.
It is known as the matrix method and is the most used currently, as it is the basis of
all structural calculation programs. It is the direct method of rigidity although
it is also referred to as the method of displacements. This method is designed
to carry out computerized analysis of any structure including structures
statically undetermined.
The matrix method is based on estimating the components of the stiffness relationships for
resolve the forces or displacements using a computer. Through this
method can be used to determine the reactions at the supports, internal forces, deflections and
displacements of all members.
Material strength:
To calculate and size the elements of a structure, it is necessary to verify that they
meet the criteria of tension, arrow, and slenderness. The first being the criterion
resistant, which is precisely what indicates that the material withstands to which it is
will be found subjected to the structure under the stipulated conditions, the second the
service criterion, which responds to the maximum allowable deformations under a
determined use, and the flexibility that the material has, finally that is the
stability. To verify all this, the following matrices are used:
Stiffness matrix:
It is carried out systematically, so that the method is synthesized into a series of
stages through which the structural system is solved. The description is made
from the structure to calculate the stiffness matrix of each bar and the load vector
equivalent nodes. Thus, through this matrix, the forces are related in
end of the bar with nodal displacements in local axes. The execution of this
matrix is very important since the loads applied to the bars must be
replaced by equivalent ones that, when applied to the knots, produce in the
structures the same effects as the originals.
Rotation matrix:
The bar can have an arbitrary orientation so it must be defined the
Flexibility Matrix:
What is applied for unit forces one at a time at the ends, and we will calculate the
displacements that occur there. This applies to the deformation of some
material or structure.
Obtaining the runoff hydrograph:
It is a calculation procedure used in Hydrology. This method is the most reliable,
since it allows us to reflect the rainfall pattern of a storm.
Starting from a direct runoff histogram that is defined as the graph of
direct runoff resulting from one centimeter of excess rainfall that is generated,
uniformly, over a drainage area at a constant rate during the course of a
effective duration of precipitation and a unit hydrograph can be obtained from a
direct runoff hydrograph that adjusts to the rainfall pattern of the hydrograph.
This procedure is carried out in the same way that optimization works with the
use of restricted variables, an objective function is taken and evaluated at a point
in fact, if the constraints are not met, then the attempt will be
it is considered failed and the procedure continues with unrestricted variables, it has
to achieve improvement without going beyond the limits of the restrictions and thus
it is how the process continues which ends when some convergence criterion is
fulfilled.
Due to its complexity in carrying out or forming the objective function, it was necessary to make a
algorithm that allowed the creation and elaboration of it, with this algorithm it is
with which it is intended to create a matrix to reach the solution to all this is when
matrix multiplication is used.
The use of linear algebra and especially matrices in civil engineering is very
important because it allows you to plan and gives you an idea of what is expected to happen
with the constructions and their structures and in case of any error, be able to correct it
time or changing the material, if it is that or its resistance that is causing it to fail.
For example, if a project is poorly executed, this will lead to demolition, removal.
of the materials, the acquisition of new materials and the reconstruction, in addition to the
labor costs.
Matrices in engineering
Civil Engineering is a specialty that connects us to society through design.
and execution of works, and in the process of its actions also makes use of matrices
since they are used for the design of structural systems in the various areas that
It involves Civil Engineering. Matrices are used to solve systems of equations.
linear, these in turn have multiple applications in the field of engineering leading to
to the optimal management of human resources and monitored and controlled materials
from a design system thus paving the way for modernity and the engineering of the future.
Matrices and codes
Secret codes have accompanied humanity since ancient times. They are used
different terms, to indicate that a message has been written in such a way that initially only
the recipient can read it. Among the words used for this are: encoding, encryption,
encryption,…
A somewhat more sophisticated technique consists of using two-step encryption. First, one
apply a substitution to the message, followed by a transposition.
For the first step, let's consider the following substitution cipher:

Application in Engineering:
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
2. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
3. ADVANCED ANALYSIS
4. SOIL MECHANICS
5. PROGRAMMING
6. HYDRAULICS
7. TRANSPORT ENGINEERING
Importance of the matrix
The importance of matrices leads us to discover endless methods that
they facilitate some mathematical problems, as matrices represent in a way
imply a particular evolutionary relationship. The choice of a certain matrix can
greatly affect the outcome of the analysis, and for which it is necessary to know how to use them
Matrices are used in any sequence comparison. They are also used
substitution matrices to increase sensitivity in weak alignments.
These matrices are based on observations.
Its main utility is as a checklist that incorporates qualitative information.
about cause and effect relationships, but it is also very useful for the presentation
ordered results of the evaluation. It is used for various branches of the
engineering, to solve problems that are found in many dimensions when
There are problems that can only be solved with systems of equations
differentials form matrices with these equations in such a way that it can be
solving that problem, practical examples faced by civil engineers that
having systems of equations with many equations they solve by methods
matrix.
What are they like:

Management of fundamental information.

Carry out systematized development projects.
Better control of technical profile.
Formulate a theoretical game of designs.
Design of bridges, roads, highways.
Technical Studies Area
Solve systems of equations.
Optimal information storage in systems.
Price and cost analysis.
They basically serve for:
The use of matrices is currently an essential part of programming languages.
of programming, since most of the data is entered into computers as
tables organized in rows and columns (spreadsheets, databases).

They take us to discover countless methods that help us with some problems.
mathematicians, since matrices implicitly represent a particular relationship
evolutionary.

Numerical calculation, in the resolution of systems of linear equations, of the

differential equations and partial derivatives. In addition to their utility for the
study of systems of linear equations, matrices appear naturally in
geometry, statistics, economics, computer science, physics, etc.
 CONCLUSIONS
Throughout the development of the topic, it has been observed that the matrix within
the field of Civil Engineering is used in many applications
It is important since the action that takes place in construction events already
optimal results are obtained in structures, buildings, and/or designs
They facilitate and provide in the handling of information and data representations to
time to solve equations and mathematical calculations
It also achieves optimal quality engineering and aligns us with the
great construction countries.
 RECOMMENDATIONS

That the teacher explains and guides the student on how linear algebra is applied in
engineering to generate greater interest in learning.

That they not only rely on research for obtaining information such as
only one study technique, since each technique has its advantages and disadvantages

It is advisable to use at least two techniques, and if in one of the techniques ...
any dissatisfaction with the information acquired can be addressed to the
information obtained from the other research to have a better
understanding of the topic.

Implement methodological strategies to correct weaknesses and strengthen.

students' skills in the subject of linear algebra
 WEDGRAPHY:

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ANNEXES