PIPE MATERIAL:

ASTM A-106 GRADE B

It is a carbon steel for high temperature service, it is a steel that allows bending.
soldier and bridled among other operations.

ACCESSORIES FOR CARBON STEEL PIPES ASTM A 234 GRADE C:

The accessories for steel pipes are made of carbon or alloy steel, plates, or profiles.
molded to fulfill a specific function (such as changing the flow or direction of the)
liquids) in piping systems. The vast majority of these fittings include steel elbows.
(with a 45 or 90 degree bend), T-pipe, reducers (concentric or eccentric reducer), cross,
taps, nipple or threaded nozzle, flanges, gaskets, connections, etc.

For industrial purposes, in piping systems it is usually necessary to change direction.

of liquid transport, adjust the flow rate of liquids (oil and gas, water, slurry,
mud, etc.), open or close the pipes, etc. To make this possible, it is necessary to use fittings.
steel for pipes.
The ASTM A234 standard is a specification for fittings for steel pipes.
which include carbon materials and alloyed steel for medium and high temperature services.
This standard covers fittings for seamless and welded steel pipes. The fittings are
used in pressure pipes and in the manufacture of pressure vessels. The materials for the
the manufacturing of these accessories consists of tempered steel, forgings, bars, plates, products
for seamless pipes or HFW (high-frequency welded steel pipe), with filling of
added metal, etc.

ASTM A234 also includes forged carbon steel and fittings for alloy steel pipes.
without seams and welded, according to the stipulations in the latest revisions of the ASTM standard
B16.9, B16.11, MSS-SP-79, MSS-SP-83, MSS-SP-95, and MSS-SP-97, etc.

As we already know, steel pipe fittings under the ASTM A234 standard are used in the
installation of pressure pipes and manufacturing of pressure vessels, for services with
moderate and high temperatures. The materials for the accessories within this standard
they are made of mild steel, forged, bars, plates, seamless tubular products or welded
by welding with added metal filler.

This standard also covers the specifications for elbows, pipes, reducers, caps, and crosses, and
It generally also involves the ends for butt welding.

Schd: Within the interesting world of pipes, engineers and other professionals
Those who make habitual use of them must know different terms related to them. One
of it is thepipeline schedulewhich is completely unknown to many and for others,
reasons for confusion.

In order to determine the appropriate pipe for a specific case, we must be aware of the
use for which it will be destined, the environment to which it will be exposed and the future threats that
may arise over time, in this way, the suitable material is determined of the
pipeline.

But the material of the pipe is not the only factor that matters; the weight, shape, and its
dimensions are also of great relevance to achieve a job well done.

And it is the dimension of the pipe that introduces us to the topic of the schedule. This term of
English origin is translated as certificate and is reflected according to a number that defines aspects.
such as the diameter, dimensions, and tolerance of a pipe.

Importance of the pipe schedule

The Schedule will be the indicator that will allow us to determine which is the pipe that we have to
use when we have data such as usage, material, or element that is going to be transported, the
intensity and frequency of transportation.
Among the most common, we can mention the forms 40 and 80, which are used
for the transportation of water and in high-pressure pipes, respectively.

In the field of hydraulic design, the pipe schedule also indicates the diameter.
inside of this, it also allows to know the working pressure that is determined from the
wall thickness.

Pipe installation is a job that cannot be left in the hands of inexperienced people, as
could cause structural damage by ignoring such relevant aspects as the certificate of
the piping.

SEAMLESS PIPES:

The reason why most people prefer seamless pipe instead of those
with welding (with stitching) is because they can withstand very high pressures without cracking. The
pipe with seam or welding cannot do the same, since the seam, that is, the point
where the sheet has been welded, it is very vulnerable to cracks under high pressure conditions.
In addition, it is very easy to calculate the maximum pressure levels for seamless pipes. These
tubes are thinner and lighter than welded pipes, and they also have a shape
uniform since they are made from an alloy that goes through an extrusion process. If
If you are thinking of buying the highest quality seamless steel pipes, consider the tubing.
API 5L and ASTM

CONCENTRIC REDUCTIONS:

Concentric reduction of pipe. A reduction in pipe is an accessory used to reduce.

the diameter of a given pipe, there are two types of commercial reductions: the
concentric or centered and eccentric or off-centered

TEE

A steel tee is a pipe fitting in the shape of a 'T' that has three openings or branches.
It is normally classified in two ways:Straight TeeyReduced Tee(o ReductorTee). Both are
used to divide (combine) pipes and adjust the flow or change the direction.

CODO 45:

A 45-degree elbow is used to connect two sections of pipe or tubing that allows for a change in direction.
45 degree direction, generally these elbows are distinguished by the connection ends, the
Ends can be machined for butt welding, threading, or sockets, thus the
The elbow is composed of butt welding, the elbow socket thread and other materials.

90 DEGREE ELBOW:

A 90-degree elbow is used to connect two sections of pipe or tubing that allows for a change of direction.
90 degree direction, generally these elbows are distinguished by the connection ends, the
extremes can be machined for butt welding, threading, or sockets, with which the
elbows are composed of butt welding,

WELDING FOR CARBON STEELS:

FLUID THAT THE PIPE TRANSPORTS: LIQUID AMMONIA NH3

The chemical formula of ammonia is NH3 and the identifying symbol as a refrigerant is R717.
compound that exists naturally being one of the most abundant gases in the environment already
as indicated by its formulation, decomposes into hydrogen and nitrogen molecules, which
They are 80% in the atmosphere.

The basic operation of the ammonia refrigeration system is based on a cycle

evaporation, compression, condensation, and expansion. The boiling point of
Ammonia is at -33ºC at a pressure of 1.09 bar.

AMMONIA REFRIGERATION SYSTEM:

Ammonia is a refrigerant that according to the safety regulations for installations

refrigerators and their complementary technical instructions are classified in group L2 and group
of security B2. According to this classification, the machine room specifies, designs, and constructs
It is governed by the technical instruction IF-07 of this same regulation and particularly by its section
6. Specific machine rooms for refrigerants of group L2.

Properties, advantages, and disadvantages of ammonia refrigeration

The use of ammonia not only has advantages but also has some disadvantages, but
Technically resolved as we will see next. Ammonia offers the following advantages.
about other refrigerants:

1. Ammonia is not a pollutant, so it does not harm the ozone layer. This is so that the
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified ammonia as an acceptable substitute.
of harmful substances to the ozone in the main industrial sectors, including refrigeration and
air conditioning.

2. Ammonia has thermodynamic yields around 3-10% higher than others.

refrigerants, therefore, for equal cooling capacity have lower energy consumption.

3. The best safety feature of ammonia is its self-alarm triggered

for its characteristic smell unlike other industrial refrigerants. This has the advantage of
that possible leaks can be detected easily and quickly. On the other hand, the strong smell of ammonia
it provokes in individuals the reaction to leave the area before the existence of a
dangerous accumulation.

4. The cost of ammonia is lower than that of other refrigerants and additionally requires a
smaller amount for the same application. All this adds up to lower operating costs,
which translates into better competitive prices for refrigerated products or savings
economic in heating.

But not everything is an advantage; the main disadvantage of using ammonia as a refrigerant is the high
investment in the team and the installation of the corresponding system, since for it to
A facility for this type should have a high demand for refrigeration in order to be profitable. If the
demand is very low, the cost of a refrigeration system using ammonia as
soda is too high, which is why in most small installations it continues to be
using common refrigerants.

It is a toxic and flammable refrigerant at certain high concentrations, but handled

adequately, poses no danger. On the other hand, pure ammonia has a range of
very low flammability and under high concentrations and very limited conditions, but it is a
of its disadvantages compared to other refrigerants. However, this flammability increases with
the mixture of ammonia vapor with oil or another flammable element. The ignition of vapor of
ammonia requires an uninterrupted external flame source, so the risk of explosion
it is very low, which is further reduced with ventilated installations and free ignition sources.

Any cooling system is prone to leaks due to its pressures.

operation, but modern systems are secure as they constitute systems
completely closed with total control and regulation of pressure throughout the system. The largest
risk could stem from a possible explosion, but to prevent it, these systems use
safety valves in containers and pipes that prevent any overpressure, as they
they lead directly to the outside of the facility. On the other hand, they will incorporate robust equipment,
ammonia detectors in machine rooms and closed spaces, etc. Or is it not more
dangerous and explosive gas and we have it as fuel in a multitude of industries, rooms
boilers including household boilers.

A safe ammonia installation requires proper engineering design that takes into account
all necessary security measures and continue with the operation with maintenance of
the appropriate installation that minimizes the risk of leaks.

In this way, a refrigeration system with ammonia will be safer than any other.
cooling system, with the added advantages of using an eco-friendly refrigerant, long-lasting
duration and with an unbeatable energy performance.