ENGLISH APOSTILLE

INDEX
Nouns .................................................................................................................................................. p. 2

Pronouns ...................................................................................................................................................... page 4

Adjectives ....................................................................................................................................................... page 5

Verbs ................................................................. page 7

Conditionals ................................................................................................................................................ page 13

The passive voice ............................................................................................................................................... p. 13

Direct and indirect speech ............................................................................................................................ p. 15

Phrasal Verbs ............................................................................................................................................... page 16

Subject Question ......................................................................................................................................... page 20

Adverbs ..................................................................................................................................................... page 20

Numerals ....................................................................................................................................................... page 23

Prepositions .................................................................................................................................................. page 25

Prefixes and Suffixes .......................................................................................................................................... page 26

Articles ........................................................................................................................................................... p. 27

Conjunctions .................................................................................................................................................. page 27

Question Tag ................................................................................................................................................ page 28

Connectives ................................................................................................................................................... p. 29

Vocabulary .................................................................................................................................................. page 29

Exercises ...................................................................................................................................................... pg. 30

Answer key ....................................................................................................................................................... page 55

Previous exam with solution (AFA) ........................................................................................................ page 55

Previous test with solution (ITA) .......................................................................................................... page 63

Previous test with resolution (IME) ......................................................................................................... page 70

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1. NOUNS
They are divided into private and common.
Commons can be countable and uncountable, and both can be concrete or abstract.
COUNTABLES
They can be used in singular, preceded by:
A(N). Ex.: a book (a book), a dog (a dog), an elephant (an elephant), etc.
THE: Ex.: the book (the book), the dog (the dog), the elephant (the elephant), etc.
They can be used in the plural, preceded by:
zero article Ø: e.g., books (the books), dogs (the dogs), elephants (the elephants), etc.
THE: Ex.: the books, the dogs, the elephants, etc.
SOME: Ex.: some books, some dogs, some elephants, etc.
How many (in questions): Ex.: How many books? (How many books?), How many dogs? (How many dogs?)
dogs?), How many elephants? (How many elephants?), etc.
- empregues com números: Ex.: one book (um livro), five dogs (cinco cães), fifteen elephants (quinze
elephants), etc.
-Concretos: a cat (um gato), an ashtray (um cinzeiro)
-Abstratos: a conclusion (uma conclusão), an idea (uma idéia)
NON-COUNTABLES
These nouns cannot be used in the plural, cannot be preceded by A(N), nor A
follow a number.
In the singular, they can be preceded by:
- article zero Ø: Ex.: milk (the milk), aluminium (the aluminium), etc.
Ex.: the milk, the aluminium, etc.
- SOME: Ex.: some milk (some milk), some aluminum (some aluminum), etc.
- HOW MUCH: Ex.: How much mik? (Quanto leite?), How much aluminium? (Quanto alumínio?)
-Concretos: butter (manteiga), soap (sabão),etc.
advice
There are uncountable nouns that do not have a plural form in English. Here are some of them:
advice bagagem
damage(s), loss(es) evidence
homework informação
laughter news
research transport
These nouns cannot be quantified by themselves; for that, it is necessary to resort to a
construction: PARTITIVE + OF + (uncountable noun). There are 3 types of these constructions: measure
partitives (measure quantifiers), typical partitives (specific quantifiers) and general
partitives (general or neutral quantifiers). Here are some examples:
MEASURE PARTITIVES
land
meat, sugar
a pound of (butter, cheese)
yard
TYPICAL PARTITIVES
an amount of (work)–a quantity of (work)
a block of ice
aglassof (water, wine)–umcopode (água, vinho)
asackof (coal, rice)–umsacode (coal, rice)
GENERAL PARTITIVES
a bit of
interest
a piece of (furniture) - a piece of (furniture)
a piece of (news) – a news item

PLURAL OF NOUNS

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Some nouns only appear in the plural form, referring to objects made up of two.
equal parts.
bellows
suspenders
The verbs that accompany them are conjugated in the plural when they agree with the noun itself.
or when they agree with the expression two, three, etc., pairs of.
These trousers are torn.
My glasses are broken.
There are three pairs of glasses on the table.
These two pairs of trousers are dirty.
The verbs that accompany them are conjugated in the singular when they agree with the expression a pair.
of
A pair of glasses costs a lot of money these days.
A pair of glasses costs a lot of money these days.
There is a pair of glasses on the table.
(There is a pair of glasses on the table.)
Some other nouns also appear only in the plural form, but are accompanied by
only of verbs in the singular. These usually refer to certain types of games, diseases, subjects,
etc.
athletics
gymnastics
Physics is my favorite subject.
The news on television is more interesting.

GENRE
As for gender, nouns can be classified as masculine, feminine, neuter, or common.
Feminine - In English, as a general rule, the feminine is formed by adding the suffix -ess.
masculine noun. Ex.: author–authoress, count–countess, heir–heiress
In some cases, there are changes in spelling. E.g.: ambassador–ambassadress, prince–princess,
duke, duchess
Irregular masculine/feminine - Some masculine nouns have irregular forms of
feminino. Ex.: bachelor–spinter, dog, bitch, fox - vixen, gentleman - lady, king–queen, son–daughter,
wizard–witch
Invariable – Some nouns have a unique form, both for masculine and for the
feminine. What differentiates them is the application of personal, possessive, and reflexive pronouns.
See some of them: artist, baby, child, cook, cousin, dancer, driver, journalist, neighbor, painter, parent,
person, prisoner, reporter, singer, teacher.
Our teacher didn't correct our test because she was so tired.
My cousin told me that he needed to take care of his dog.
Distinction for animals - To differentiate the sex of animals, the terms male (male) and
female before them. E.g.: male elephant, female elephant.
These forms are also used with reference to people when the noun is of the uniform type.
male nurse
Feminine nouns - There is no masculine form for some nouns. Ex.: baby-sitter, miss,
nanny.
Special cases - Some nouns are differentiated by the preposition or postposition of terms. Ex.:
boyfriend–girlfriend
Neuter - Nouns that denote inanimate and abstract beings belong to the neuter gender. In this
In this case, the pronouns to be used, in the singular, are its associated forms itself. Ex.: book,
milk, fear, pride, etc.

POSSESSIVE FORM
The possessive case (apostrophe) is used to indicate possession of something, or a relationship between people, or of
people and something, in a generic sense. It applies to people, groups of people, countries, and animals, but
it is usually not used on inanimate beings.
An apostrophe is added in the following cases:
- singular nouns, even those that end in -s:
This is my sister's house.
The actress's eyes are blue.

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regular plural nouns:
This is my parents' car.
- irregular plural nouns:
Children's toys are usually expensive.
- names of people in singular, even those that end in -s:
Paul's ambition is to become a scientist.
time periods in singular:
Yesterday's meeting was very tiring.
In the case of stores or houses, singular nouns are usually used alone with the
addition of's:
Where have you been all this time? To the doctor's.
one can use the apostrophe more than once in the same sentence, in certain situations:
John's daughter's teacher is sick.
people's names in plural:
The Smiths' house is big.
ancient Greek names in the singular, with more than one syllable:
Ex.: Socrates' ideas
periods of time in plural:
I'll see you in two days' time.

2. PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns replace a noun or a noun group in the sentence and indicate the people.
They are divided into nominative case pronouns and oblique case pronouns.
Subject pronouns (nominative case) are used as subjects, so they come before the verb.
I is always written with a capital letter. When the subject is compound, it will always come last.
place, e.g.: You and I are excellent players.
Heeshe - they are usually used for people, but they are used for animals or things when
we want to personify them, e.g.: My dog is a poodle. He is very small.
It is also used to replace the nouns ship, nation/country, and car.
Car. Ex.: That is a new ship. She is very modern.
It is neutral, used to designate animals or things in the singular. Ex.: The apple is red. It is red.
It can also be used to refer to the words child and baby when one does not know the
sex. Ex.: There is a baby on the sofa. It is crying.
Object pronouns (accusative case) function as the object in the sentence and are always preceded by
a verb or a preposition. Ex.: Mary and Jéssyca are sisters. I know them well.

Possessive pronouns
Possessive adjectives Possessive Pronouns
my mine
your yours
his his
her hers
its its (this is rarely used)
our ours
your yours
their theirs

Possessive adjectives are used before masculine or feminine nouns, both in the singular,
like in the plural, that is, they are invariant. Ex.: Tohis surprise, he couldn't win! Her blue eyes are beautiful.
Note: With the possessors everybody/everyone, anybody/anyone, somebody/someone, nobody/no
one, the possessive his is used. Ex.: Everybody has to do his homework.
When the possessor is one, it is impossible to indicate their possession through possessive adjectives.
using the possessive form one's. Ex.: One has done one's homework.
Possessive pronouns, just like possessive adjectives, also agree with the possessor.
but they are never used before a noun, as their function is to replace the possessive construction.
adjective + noun. Ex.: Is that car still your car? Is that car still yours?

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Another way to indicate possession can be done by one of + possessive pronoun. Ex.: A teacher of mine
of my teachers) is Italian.

Reflexive pronouns
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Reflexive: indicates that the subject performs and receives the effects of the action of the verb. The pronoun comes right after.
the verb agrees with the subject. Ex.: I hurt myself in the soccer game.
Emphatic: emphasizes the subject or the object of the sentence. Its position can vary and is not an essential part of the
prayer. Ex.: She talked to the kingherself/She talked to the kinghimself.
Idiomatic: comes preceded by 'by', forming an expression that means "alone", "without help". E.g.:
He lives by himself.

Indefinite pronouns
Although they are invariant, they change function according to the way they are used.
some
something
They are used in affirmative sentences, before nouns; in interrogative sentences, expressing
offer, request or suggestion. Ex.: She asked me some questions./Would you like some candies?
any
(someone, no one, anyone), ANYWAY/ANYHOW (somehow, in no way, in any way)
any form
nothing, anything)
They are used in interrogative sentences, in negative sentences, and in affirmative sentences, with the meaning
of "anyone". Ex.: Do you need any help?/I don’t need any help./Any student here speaks English well.
none
They are used in affirmative sentences, whose meaning expresses a negation. Ex.: I have no money.

Relative Clauses
They are sentences that identify or qualify the elements that precede them in a sentence. They are
initiated by a relative pronoun. Ex.: The boy who sits next to me is very handsome.
They are classified as Identifying and Non-identifying.
Identifying - they are the ones that identify or classify the noun they refer to, they indicate what
thing or person we are referring to. Ex.: Was it your car which was towed by the police?
Non-identifying – they only add information about the noun that has already been identified. Ex.:
This is my friend Perry, who works at Country Hospital.

3. ADJECTIVES
They are used to characterize beings, objects, or the state of things.
In English, they are invariant, that is, they do not agree with the word to which they are associated.
a strong boy
Adjectives can be used:
an old man
verb + adjective = He became angry.
verb + complement + adjective = She makes me happy.
adverb + adjective = very hot
Mary is younger than Emily.
This is the cheapest.
Most common adjectives do not have a specific ending.
See how some of them are formed:
pleasure
verb + able (which can be) = imagine - imaginable (imaginable)
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noun + al (related to) = education – educational
proper noun + an (inhabitant/language of) = Korea–Korean
noun + ed (having the characteristic of) = disease–diseased (sick, diseased)
- verb + ed (affected by the action of the verb) = interest - interested
- verb + ent (what it is, what it does) = differ - different (different)
proper noun + ese (inhabitant/language of) = Nepal–Nepalese
noun + ful (full of, having the quality of) = fear – fearful (fearful, afraid)
- verbo+ ible(que pode ser) = deduce = deducible(deduzível)
root of non-English origin + ible (which can be) = legible
noun + ic (of, about, regarding) = poet–poetic
- verb + ing (indicating the action of the verb) = disgust - disgusting (repugnant, disgusting)
non-English root + ing (indicating the action of the verb) = impending
noun + ish (behaving like) = child–childish (childlike, childish)
adjective + ish (somewhat, a little) = old – oldish (somewhat old)
proper noun + ish (inhabitant/language of) = England–English
- verb+ive (tending to) = deduce–deducive (deductive)
root of non-English origin + ive (having a tendency to) = lucrative
meaningless (without sense, without meaning)
noun + like (similar to, characteristic of) = child–childlike (childish)
- noun + ly (having the quality of) = cost - costly (expensive, costly)
adjective + ly (having the quality of) = lone - lonely (solitary)
noun + ous (having the characteristic of) = peril - perilous (dangerous)
- root of non-English origin + ous (having the characteristic of) = previous
noun + y (full of, having the quality of) = wind–windy (windy, with much wind)
There are also compound adjectives, which are made up of two or more conjugated words and
are usually employed before a noun and with a hyphen.
See the formation of some of them:
hand-made wallet
fact-finding mission (a research mission)
a waterproof watch
a well-known writer
adverb + present participle -ing = along-playing record (a long-playing record)
fiercely-competitive sport (a highly competitive sport)
a white-washed cottage
free-standing sculpture (a sculpture with no support)
a high-speed train
a good-humoured person
an out-of-date dress

COMPARATIVES and SUPERLATIVES

One-syllable adjectives
adjective + er (than): older, higher, bigger than
Superlative: The + adjective + est: the oldest, the highest, the biggest

Two-syllable adjectives ending in 'y': easy, heavy, funny, happy, dirty, etc. The 'y' changes to
easier/the easiest, heavier/the heaviest, funnier/the funniest, happier/the happiest
happiest, dirtier/the dirtiest. Much less common are the adjectives that end in 'ow' – narrow,
shallow

Adjectives with more than one syllable

Comparativo: More + adj. (than): more tiring, more expensive, more famous, more beautiful, more
sincere, more interesting etc.
Superlativo:The most + adj.: the most tiring, the most expensive, the most famous, the most beautiful, the
most sincere, the most interesting etc.

Exceptions: Good–better than–the best

Bad–worse than–The worst
Far–further than–The furthest

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Less ... than
It was less expensive/fun than last year.
She is the least generous/stupid person I know.
that I know.)

Equality = AS ... AS
She is (not) as tall as me.
It's just as hot as yesterday.
I don't have as much money as I used to.
Are there as many people as you expected?

Degrees of comparison
Much/Far large, smaller, better etc.
Considerably more difficult, popular, interested etc.
A little more/less milk (uncountable nouns)
Slightly more/fewer people (countable nouns)
Not quite as old/expensive as
(Not) nearly as many/much as

4. VERBS
SUMMARY OF MAIN VERBAL TENSES
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
(To be + ...ing) (To have + past participle*) (To have + been + ….ing)
Present I live I am (I‟m) living I have lived I have been living
Past I lived I was living I had lived I had been living
Future I will live I will be living I will have lived I will have been living

PRESENT PERFECT
Simple Have/Has + past participle (* the 3rd form of the verb)
Continuous Have/Has + been + verb with -ing

[Link] past = actions that started in the past but have not yet finished:
I have lived in Rio since 2002.
She has been waiting for 20 minutes.

If the action has already finished, the Past is used.

I lived in Rio for 2 years.

She waited for 20 minutes.

2. Indeterminate past = actions in the past, but at a specific time, because:

It happened in the general past, in your experience/life, and when it happened it was not considered.
important:
Have you ever been to Paris? Yes, I have.
I've seen "City of God" 3 times. Have you seen it?
In the first example, the word 'ever' is used to emphasize 'the first time at any moment.'
of your life" On the other hand, if you are talking about a more specific time, the Past is used:
Did you go to Paris when you were in France?
I saw "City of God" last year.

b) It happened in the recent past; what happened a little while ago is more important than
exactly when it happened. This type is less used in American English.
We have bought a new car.
My parents have just arrived.
He was playing football.
In the second example, the word 'just' is used to emphasize that something has just happened, that
it happened recently, but without the specific time. When the time is determined, by another
side, use the Past:

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We bought a new car two weeks ago.
My parents arrived on Thursday.

Other words often used with Present Perfect:

Yet: Have you met her parents yet?
I haven't met them yet.
We still haven’t moved house.
She has already sent the cheque.

THE FUTURE
The most common forms
INTENTIONS PREDICTIONS
WILL a) Decided at the moment; b) Based on your opinion or
reactions; offers, requests, knowledge of
promises, threats, etc. typical behavior
2. GOING TO a) Já decidido antes de falar–b) Com evidência no presente,
personal plans. almost happening.
3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS Organized with other(s)
(Optional) person(s)

1. a)A: This is so heavy!B:I’ll helpyou (A: É tão pesado!B: Vou te ajudar.)

I think she’ll probably be late.
I’m going to study hard.
Be careful, you’re going to fall!
I'm having lunch with Xuxa. We're meeting at Bob's.
no Bob.

The less common forms

4. PRESENT SIMPLE Schedules or actions repeated frequently.
5. FUTURE CONTINUOUS (Will be + ….-ing) Activity in progress at a specific time
in the future.
6. FUTURE PERFECT (Will have + pp/Will have + been Action that will be completed (or will have a certain
duration) until a specific time in the future.

What time does the train leave?

Tomorrow I’ll be lying on the beach.
We will have finished by next week.

INTERROGATIVE FORMS
Direct questions
Where do you work?
Why does she have a dog?
(Exceptions: to be and to have got: How is she? - Has he got a car?)
Did you buy the CD?
How did she get home?
How old were you?
Why was he angry?
What are/were you doing?
Is he playing?
Have you finished?
Has he paid?
Had he been waiting long?
Modal verbs: Can/could you help me?
Should I call her?
Would you believe it?
Who lives upstairs?
Who ate my candy?

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Indirect questions (+ the positive form):
Do you know where the bathroom is Do you know where the bathroom is?
Can/could you tell me how much it costs Can/Could you tell me how much it costs?
I’d like to know why she didn’t come I would like to know why she didn't come.
I wish I knew I want to know how many rooms there are.
I don’t know/understand who broke the stereo I don't know/understand who broke the sound system.
I have no idea When is she coming? I have no idea when she is coming.
I’m not sure what they looked like I am not sure what it looked like.
I can’t remember how often she goes home I don't remember how many times she goes home.
I’ve forgotten What time does the film start? I forgot what time the movie starts.

Reported questions (when you report what someone else has already asked)
I–Change of verb tense:
Past
Will → Would, Can → Could
II–Positive form (as indirect questions)
He asked what time I was going.
What time are you going? → He asked what time I was going.
She asked if I had bought some milk.
Did you want to buy milk? → She asked if I had bought some milk.

Other difficult questions

What is he like? (What is he like? = his personality)
What does he look like?
How old is he?
How did you get there?
Can you tell me the way to ...?
How long does it take to ...?
How/What time did you get there?
Why are you taking this exam?
What did you say that for?
What's the point in going?

IMPERATIVE MODE
It is used to make a request, an invitation, or to give an order.
It is formed by the infinitive without 'oto'. In the negative forms, it uses 'do not'.
Wait for me.
Have a good day!
Don't move, please!
Don't smoke.
Let him try!
Don't let them stop.

GERUNDS and INFINITIVES

Gerund (the verb + -ing)*

Verbs after prepositions: for example, I'm thinking of studying, She's good at writing, I
apologised for being late, We talked about not moving, They’re interested in coming etc.
pensando em estudar, Ela é boa em escrever, Me pediu desculpas por chegar atrasado, Nós
we talk about not moving, They are interested in coming, etc.)
Verbs used as nouns: Having children is hard work, It's profitable being a politician,
Working late is part of the job, It's hard not having a car in Floripa. (Having children is hard work,
Being a politician is profitable, working late is part of the job, it's hard not to have a car in
Floripa.
Verbs used as adjectives: A growing economy, falling prices, screaming children.
growing economy, falling prices, children shouting.
After some verbs, mainly: admit, appreciate, consider, delay, deny, detest,
dislike
postpone
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Sometimes the verb is part of a fixed expression: have difficulty/trouble/problems doing, can't
stand/bear doing
It's no use doing, Don't mind doing, be/get used to doing etc.

Infinitive (to + verb)

Depois de alguns adjetivos: easy to (remember), hard to (say), happy to (go), glad to (hear), sad
to see), wrong to (steal), exciting to (be), funny to (think).
After some nouns: (to make) a decision to, a promise to, an agreement to, a
arrangement to, an offer to, a wish to etc.
After some verbs, especially: afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, begin,
care, choose, consent, decide, determine, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate, help, hesistate,
hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, offer, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, propose,
refuse
Other verbs are followed by a person/an object + the infinitive, for example: want someone to do
(want someone to do). Other verbs: advise, allow, ask, cause, command, encourage, expect,
forbid
prefer, recommend, remind, request, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, warn, wish, would like.

Somewhere to sit, nobody to help, something to eat, anyone to.

go with, nowhere to buy, nothing to do, anywhere to sleep etc.

Gerund or infinitive, with a difference in meaning

Verbos demonstrando preferências–like, love, hate,prefer, can‟t bear/stand
Gerund (more common) = more general preferences: She likes reading.
I like to read in bed.

I tried to call you.

He tried hiding the evidence.
You need to lose weight.
My hair needs cutting.
Did you remember to feed the dog?
remember to feed the dog?)
I remember putting the keys on the table.
I will put the keys on the table.
I regret to tell you that ...
She regrets not having kids.
children.)

Verbs followed by gerund and infinitive, or neither of them

estar acostumado a
I'm not used to living alone.
Look forward to
I look forward to hearing from you, We look forward to seeing you again.
I hope to hear from you, We hope to see you again.
He is against waiting in line.
He let me use his car.
They made me retake the exam.
We helped her move.
I saw you eat it.
She heard me come in.
You'd better see a doctor.
She'd rather take a taxi.

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AUXILIARY VERBS
They are verbs that help to simplify the English language, used most often in questions or
interrogative sentences.
In questions, you can change the verb tense of a sentence simply by changing the auxiliary verb.
instead of memorizing the conjugations of the verbs.
Do you play soccer?
Did you play soccer?
Will you play soccer?
Would you play soccer?
Note that they have no meaning in the sentence.
He also makes things easier in another way: in response to a question, he replaces the verb and
all your supplements So, if someone asks: Do you always go to work by car on week
days? (Do you always go to work by car on weekdays?), the answer can be,
Simply, yes, I do. (Do = always go to work by car on weekdays)

In negative sentences, 'not' is added after the auxiliary verb.

See:
I don't like pizza.

MODAL VERBS
Skill
Modal verb Function Examples
Can Skill in the present and in the future I can sing, but I can't dance.
Can you come tomorrow?
Could General ability in the past or in a Hecouldspeak at 18 months.
Conditional: If I had a car, I could take you.
Was/were able to Ability in a specific situation They were able to save him.
in the past Wash able together another
job?
Could have done Ability in the past, not accomplished I could have gone to university.
Couldn't you have called me?
Know how to Specific knowledge or skill I know how to change a wheel.
Do you know how to open it?
Manage to/succeed in To achieve with some difficulty We managed to get tickets.
He succeeded in selling the
house.

Orders and permission

Can I have the menu please? Yes, of course you can.
Can you tell me the way to ...?
Could I send it next week?
Could you just wait a moment?
May I take this chair, please?
Would you mind closing the door?
Would you mind if I closed the door?
Would it be possible for you to close ...?

Possibility
Present and Future – Might/Could/May
It could be him, or it might be someone else.
It is possible to be him, or it is possible to be someone else.

We might go to France, but we may just stay here.

Maybe we'll go to France, but suddenly we'll stay here.
Past–Might/Could/May + have + past participle
He might have taken the car.
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She could've been at the party.

Certainty (deduction)

Positive–Must (have + past participle)

She must earn a good salary.
They must have left.
Negative - Can't (have + past participle)
That can't be easy.
He can't have gotten lost.

Strong obligation and necessity

Positive - Must, Have to/Have got to
I must buy a new TV.
You have to leave the room by 12h.
He has to study.
Negative
You mustn’t park here.
I don't have to work today, it's a holiday!
She doesn't have to come.

Weak obligation and advice

Should/Ought to (have + past participle). Should is more common:
You should stay in bed.
He should/ought to have paid the bill.
To be supposed to = rules or obligations (usually not followed)
I should start at 9am.
You're not supposed to wear jewelry.

Needn't have + past participle = something done unnecessarily.

The shop was closed, so we didn't need to go.

STATIVE and DYNAMIC VERBS

Verbs that have a connotation of movement are Dynamic Verbs.
Verbs with static connotation (usually imply state, inert condition, feeling,
(sensation) are Stative Verbs and do not accept the progressive form ("to be loving", for example, which is a)
incorrect form).
See below a small list of them:
Stative Verbs Dynamic Verbs
adore abandon
believe beg
doubt the
forgive fall
guess grow
hate help
hear hip
impress jump
know knock
love land
mean look at
perceive mature
prefer nod
presuppose play
recall rain
regard read
see say
smell sit

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 taste tap
understand whisper
want work
wish write
We should remember that there are many other verbs, in addition to this list, and here's a tip for when you
If you have doubts about how to write or speak: ask yourself if the verb has a connotation of movement or of
inertia. If it is a verb of movement, it can be inflected (to be + ing), otherwise, just remember to
using the gerund.

5. CONDITIONALS
We use conditionals when we want to say that one thing will happen as a result of another, or
be, when a condition is established for certain situations to occur.
Type Form Usage
FIRST If + present + future Very likely situations
SECOND If + past + would/could Unlikely situations
or hypothetical
THIRD If + Past Perfect + Would/could Situations in the past
have + past participle

If you read this book, you'll pass the exam.

I'm going to scream if you touch me.

If Brazil loses to Peru, the coach would be sacked.

If Brazil lost against Peru, the coach would be fired.
I could buy a car if I had more money.
I could buy a car if I had more money.

If I had known, I would have called you.

She could have won if she had played better.

Other words used with the same verb tenses

When they arrive (When they arrive)
As soon as the film starts (As soon as the movie starts
Before there are new laws FUTURE Before new laws existed
After we sign the contract (After signing the contract
Until my boss comes back Until my boss comes back

Even if he comes, he won’t have any money.

Whether he comes or not, he won't have ...
(Just) In case = in case: Take an umbrella in case it rains.

unless
Unless he passes the exam, he'll repeat the year.
(Unless he passes the exam, he will repeat the year.)

As long as = since
As long as you pay me back.
Provided that you return the money to me.

If only
If only/I wish I could speak French.

6. THE PASSIVE VOICE

To be + past participle (3rd form)
Used to give more emphasis to the object of a sentence, usually because the subject (who does/did/is going to)
to do) is not important, is not known or because it is obvious. Only the verb 'to be' changes accordingly
with the verb tense, while the past participle is constant.

13
Many cars are made in Brazil.
Plans are being made.
I was told to call later.
My car was being repaired.
Future:
You will be given a key.
The film is going to be shown.
The event is being held.
A decision will have been taken.
Many books have been written.
He has been awarded a prize.
We realized that the car had been stolen.
Modal verbs: Your project must be handed in by Friday.
Your project must be submitted by Friday.
The TV must have been switched on.
He hates being told what to do.
I got used to being fired.
Infinitives:
A decision has to be made.
She was pleased to have been selected.
Verbs with two objects like tell, give, show, offer, and sell start with the person:
Alex was given a present.
We were shown the samples.
Need + verb with -ing = passive
The house needs cleaning.
The report needed to be checked.
Have something done = services that need to be done by other person(s)
I've just had my haircut.
She is having her flat repainted.
Get something done = to manage to do something with difficulty
Did you get all your work finished?
We got the whole house cleaned.
It is said/believed/thought/expected/claimed etc. (that …)
It is believed that Vikings sailed to America.
Bushis thought to have avoided military service.
Let is not used in the passive voice (you need to use 'allowed to').
They were allowed to use dictionaries.
Make/help/see/hear – includes 'to' in the passive voice:
The students were made to do the homework again.
He was heard to say that he was guilty.

CAUSATIVE FORM (HAVE SOMETHING DONE)

It is formed by have + object + past participle of the main verb, has a passive sense and expresses
an action that someone takes at our request or in our favor, that is, we are not the ones performing it
action.
The roof of Lisa's house was damaged in a storm.
Yesterday a workman came and repaired it.
Lisa had the roof repaired yesterday.
This means: Lisa arranged for somebody else to repair the roof. She didn't repair it herself.
This means: Lisa called someone else to fix the roof. She didn't fix it.
See other examples:
She doesn't get her nails done every week.
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Do you clean your house every week?

7. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH
It is used to reproduce the exact words of the interlocutor, in quotes, conversations in books, plays
from theater, reports, witness statements, etc.
See you tomorrow, Mary said.
Note: In English, the words of the interlocutor are always placed in quotes.
In direct speech, in most cases, there is more than one verb, and they can be used at the beginning,
in the middle or at the end of the sentences.

John said, "I think she likes you."

"I think," said John, "she likes you."
I think she likes you,” John said.
Note: Except at the beginning of a statement, there are three ways to indicate the presence of a verb:
John said.
I think she likes you.
Said John.
this form is no longer used.
Punctuation rules in direct speech:
Everything that is cited is placed in quotes (single or double), including commas, periods, and points.
of questioning and exclamation.
- When a verb is marked at the beginning of direct speech, it is always followed by
a comma and what comes next begins with a capital letter.
When this punctuation is at the end of a direct speech, the comma comes before the second quotation mark.
When the quotation appears in the middle of the direct speech, the second half of the sentence begins with
lowercase.
When the cited sentence ends with a question mark or exclamation point, a comma is not used.
When citing two or more sentences as a whole, the verb included in the direct speech is followed by
A period and the second part begins with a capital letter.
There is also the case of a quote within another. In this case, double quotes and the
single quotes.
Ex.: "When she saw me she said, 'I need you'," John told me.
When she saw me she said, “I need you,” John told me.
When she saw me, she said <I need you> - João told me.
Note: When mentioning names of movies, books, newspapers, etc., these are used in italics instead of
quotes.
Ex.: "Have you ever read 'The Times'?" he asked. ("Have you ever read The Times?" he asked.)
Have you ever read 'The Times'?
- Have you ever read <The Times>? - he asked.

Indirect speech
It is used to report something said by another person.
The verb that introduces indirect speech can be in the present or in the past, but it is used more
frequency in the past.
In the transition from direct speech to indirect speech, pronouns usually undergo changes.
Ex.: John said, “I‟ll lend you my book, Mary.” (direct speech)
John told Mary that he would lend her his book.
John told me that he would lend me his book.
I told Mary that I would lend her my book.
When the verb that introduces indirect speech is in the past, there are two different methods for
choose the verb tense in the reported statement: grammatical method and contextual method.
Grammatical method
In this method, the verb tense used in direct speech shifts to the past.
I need a holiday.
He said that he needed a holiday.
"I saw her." (direct speech)

15
 He said that he had seen her.
Contextual method
In this method, the tense in the statement depends on the point of view of the reporter, who is based on the
facts of the situation as he sees them at the time he reports.
Imagine that you met João at 11 o'clock in the morning and he told how his day would be:
I arrived at work at eight.
I will have lunch at one.
I will leave work at five.
Now you meet with a friend at 3 o'clock in the afternoon and she asks you about João. You can tell her the
next:
He said that he had arrived at work at eight.
He said that he would have lunch at one.
He said (that) he will leave work at five.

When the verb is in the present, the verb tense used in the statement is the same as that used in the
direct speech.
I can swim.
He says (that) he can swim.
No, I didn't.
He says (that) he didn't.

REPORTED SPEECH
It is used to report what happened in a dialogue, without the use of quotation marks or making citations.
this way the text becomes more beautiful, more organized and easier to read.
Ex.: He said: “I don’t want to go to school.” (direct speech)
He said he didn't want to go to school.
To report a phrase that was said by someone in the past, we use an introductory verb, like say,
tell, explain, em sua forma no passado (said, told, explained), e depois a frase dita, com as devidas
changes according to the table below:
Direct Speech Reported Speech Example
Simple Present Simple Past He said: "I want some oranges."
He said he wanted some oranges.
Present Continuous Past Continuous They said: "We are studying hard."
They said they were studying hard.
Simple Past Past Perfect She said: "I needed you, but you weren't there."
She said she had needed him, but he hadn't been
there.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Tom said: "I was talking to Mary."
Tom said he had been talking to Mary.
Present Perfect Past Perfect They said: "We've worked together."
They said they had worked together.
Going to–Future was/were going to I said: "I'm going to visit Jim!"
I said I was going to visit Jim.
Must Had to She told me: 'I must hurry up.'
She told me she had to hurry up.

8. PHRASAL VERBS
They are two or more word verbs, usually used in informal language. E.g.: blow up
explode
They are formed in the following way:
get over
set off - depart (on a journey)
put up with (something) - to endure, to tolerate (something)
Each of the combinations of phrasal verbs should be considered as a whole. It is not necessary
distinguish them to apply, but rather to know if it is a transitive or intransitive verb.
One can still combine the part that corresponds to the verb with different prepositions or adverbs.
to form new phrasal verbs. Ex.: put about (to spread rumors), put aside (to set aside)
put back (replenish, delay)
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Each of them can have multiple meanings, such as "put out" – to extinguish (a fire), to extend (a hand),
announce news), spread (rumors), bother (someone), dislocate (part of the body), make oneself (to
mar), etc.
Transitive verbs are divided into separable and inseparable:

Separables (2 words/2 forms): they are expressed in two ways.

When the direct object is not a pronoun, it can come before or after the verb.
preposition/adverb, although this rule is not general. Ex.: 'Take your coat off' (Take off the coat!), Take
Take off your coat!
If the direct object is a pronoun, it always comes before the preposition/adverb. Ex.: Take it
off! (Get out of here!), I told him off. (I yelled at him.)
Separables (2 words/1 form): the direct object (including pronouns) always comes before the
preposition/adverb. Ex.: She let them down. (She disappointed them.), They didn't let them enter. (They didn't allow them to enter.)
they allowed to enter.)

Inseparable (2 or more words/1 form): the direct object always comes after the
preposition/adverb. Ex.: Look after my baby, please. (Take care of my baby, please.), The thief goes
The thief managed to escape with the money.

Phrasal Verb BE
be about be around places intransitive Is John around?
be after to be behind (someone) transitive The police are after him.
is behind him.
be in agreement with to be bedridden with (illness) transitive He is down with flu.
bed with flu.
be in on to be involved in (something) transitive I think John should be in on this
I think João
I should participate in this conversation.
be off to leave intransitive I’m off. See you tomorrow. I’m going.
although. Until tomorrow.
be on to to suspect to distrust (of transitive) The police are on to him.
someone) suspicions about him.
be over acabar, terminar intransitive The party is over.
be willing to participate be available for (sale) transitive The house is up for sale.
for sale.
be up to to be wanting, to be plotting intransitive What is he up to?
wanting / plotting?
be up to2 to be up to someone to decide (something) transitive It is up to you to decide whether to
pass or fail the student. It's up to you.
decide whether to pass or fail the
student.

Phrasal Verb BREAK

The thief tried to break away from the
guard as he was being taken to another
break away (from) free oneself, escape oneself intransitive jail. The thief tried to escape from the
look when he was being
transferred to another prison.
The fireman broke down the door and
managed to get in to save the baby
break down to knock down, to break in transitive life. The firefighter broke down the door
below and managed to enter to save the
baby's life.
Someone broke in through the window
break in force an entry intransitive and stole the painting. Someone entered through
window and stole the painting.
break off terminate, finish, break intransitive/They've just broken off their engagement.
(engagement, agreement, etc.) transitive They just broke off the engagement.
break out to appear covered intransitive He broke out in a rash.
(stains, etc.) skin irritation.
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 The demonstrators broke through the
break through transport to cross, intransitive / police cordon. The protesters broke through
to penetrate transitive the police cordon.
break up to separate (friends, intransitive John broke up with his girlfriend.
lovers, society he broke up with his girlfriend.

Phrasal Verb COME

happen to happen, to occur intransitive How did the accident come about? How is it
What happened to the accident?
come across to find by chance transitive
I came across some old letters yesterday.
I found some old letters yesterday.
As I was walking in the park, a dog came after me.
me for no apparent reason. While I was
come after to pursue transitive walking in the park, a dog started to
to chase me for no apparent reason.
The table hadn't been assembled properly.
come apart to get rid of That ’s why it came apart. The table hadn ’t been
mounted correctly. That's why it
detached.
come back to respond, to retort She came back at me with an impolite question.
She responded to me with a rude question.
to complain com The whole thing came down to nothing. What
come down rebuke transitive waste of time! It all amounted to nothing. What
waste of time!
come in enter, arrive He has just come in.
enter/arrive.
come into to inherit transitive She came into a fortune when her aunt died.
she inherited a fortune when her aunt died.
come off The meeting will take place a week today.
to be realized The meeting will take place in a week.
to appear covered in He came out in a rash after drinking some milk.
come out in (stains, etc.) transitive He developed a skin irritation after
drink milk.
come over to pay a visit John came over the other day to see me.
João came the other day to see me.
come to confront oneself with transitive She faced a number of problems.
against difficulties faced a series of problems.

Phrasal Verb GET

get about Despite her age, she still gets about quite a lot.
to do something Despite her age, she still moves around a lot.
to get ready, governor Don't worry. I can get along fine without his help.
get along to manage, to get by Don't worry. I can manage without
his help.
to go away, to leave Sorry, I couldn ’t get way earlier. I had a lot of
get away intransitive work in the office. Sorry, I couldn't go out.
earlier. I had a lot of work at the office.
get back at to take revenge of transit One of these days I’m going to get back at him.
(someone) One of these days I will take revenge on him.
My children were already in bed when I got in.
get in return home my children were already sleeping when
I arrived home.
to get used to a Don't get into the habit of smoking. It's bad for
get into acquire the habit of transitive your health. Do not get into the habit of smoking. Do
bad health.
get off with to have intimate relationships Mary hooked up with John at the party.
with (someone) intimate relations with João at the party.
get on with to continue with something transitive Come on! Get on with your work! Let's go!
(after interruption) Continue with your work!

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 to recover oneself Don't worry about her. She'll get over the shock.
get over recover (of transitive) of losing her husband. Don't worry about
disease, etc.) She will overcome the shock in relation to
loss of your husband.
I finally managed to get her to lend me her
get round persuadir, convencer transitive car. I finally managed to convince her to
lend me your car.
get to to irritate transitive Don't let her irritate you.
you.
get up to get up What time do you usually get up?
Do you usually lift?

Phrasal Verb GIVE

Don't give me away. I don't want anybody to
give away betray, report I don't want you to report me. I don't want it.
transitive
let nobody know about this.
Give your exam papers in before you leave.
give in deliver transitive Submit your exams before leaving.
give out to stop working, intransitive The engine of the plane gave out. The engine of the
stop (engine) the plane stopped working.
give up give up, stop transitive You should stop smoking.
smoking.

Phrasal Verb GO
The rumour is going around that our teacher is
to spread (rumor, retiring next month. The rumor is spreading
to proceed or act in a particular way
disease intransitive that our teacher is going to retire in
next month.
to go against to be I don ’t like doing this that goes against my
go against unfavorable to, to be transitive principles. I don't like doing the things that
contrary to they go against my principles.
go at to attack transitive Suddenly the animal went at him.
animal attacked him.
go down himselfreceived intransitive verb His speech has been well received by the crowd.
received Your speech was well received by the audience.
go for choose transitive I choose the roast beef.
go off to turn off The lights went off.
go on continue Please go on. Continue please.
go out to leave John is not in. He has gone out.
at home. He left.
The road was blocked. We had to go round.
go round make a detour the road was blocked. We had to make
a detour.
In my opinion, this tie and the shirt don ’t go together.
Go together combine intransitive together. In my opinion, this tie and the
shirts do not match.
I had to go without breakfast because I was late
Go without passes without transitive for work. I had to leave without breakfast
because I was late for work.

Phrasal Verb HOLD

to leave what something They may hold your criminal record against you.
hold against negative influence a transitive They can influence your criminal record.
opinion of against you.
hold back to hesitate The man held back, not knowing what to do.
the man hesitated, not knowing what to do.
to conserve a
hold off distance, prevent the transitive We managed to hold off the enemy.

19
 advance of We managed to stop the advance of the enemy.
to endure, to hold on Try to hold on for a while. I'm going to get some
hold on firm, persist intransitive help. Try to hold on for a while. I will
seek help.
hold out offer (hope, transitive) The job holds out prospects of promotion.
possibility The job offers the possibility of promotion.
Her father promised to buy her a doll. Now she
hold (sb) to do with what wants to hold him to it. Her father promised him
something (someone) cumpra transitive buy a doll. Now she wants to play.
(something) as long as he keeps his promise.
hold with approve, agree transitive I don't agree with letting children see violent films.
with I do not agree with letting the children see.
violent movies.

9. SUBJECT-QUESTIONS
They are interrogative sentences that ask for the subject's identity. There is no inversion of the verb and the
the word order is the same as that of a declarative sentence.
Someone stole my bicycle.
Who stole my bicycle?
Let's consider the following sentence in the interrogative subject type:
He asked, 'Who broke the vase?'
To convert it into indirect question:
He asked...
introduce the pronoun (optional): He asked (me) ...
He asked (me) who...
He asked (me) who had broken…
He asked (me) who had broken the vase...
He asked me who had broken the vase.
Note: In indirect questions, punctuation marks (commas, quotation marks, and question marks) are not used.
More examples:
He asked, "Whose car was stolen?" (He asked whose car had been stolen.)
He asked, 'How many of you can lift this box?' (He asked how many of us could lift that box.)

10. ADVERBS

They are used to modify or provide more information about verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and/or
phrases.
(verb) + ADVERB
He ate quickly.
She drank slowly.

ADVERB + (adjective)
It is quite hot today.
The book is reasonably cheap.

ADVERB + (another adverb)

He ate quite quickly.
She did the test fairly well.

ADVERB + (phrase)
Frankly, I don’t trust him.
Politically, he is finished.

Adverbs are divided into several categories: intensity, frequency, manner, place, and time.

Intensity adverbs serve to modify or provide more information about: adjectives, others
adverbs and verbs. They are:

20
almost
almost
absolutely
The room is nearly empty.
She did the exercises fairly quickly.
He hardly understands me.

Frequency adverbs (definite and indefinite).

once (a day) - once (per day)
month)–três vezes (por mês), several times (a year)–várias vezes (por ano), hourly–(de hora em hora),
every hour, every day–every hour, every day, on Saturdays, on Sundays–on Saturdays, on
Sundays, on weekdays – on weekdays, at weekends – on weekends.
These adverbs are usually positioned at the end of sentences.
John plays tennis every day.
I visit my dentist twice a year.
Indefinida: always (sempre), nearly always, almost always (quase sempre), usually, normally
(normalmente), sometimes, occasionally (às vezes, ocasionalmente), never (nunca), again and again
(repetidas vezes), now and again, now and then (de quando em quando), at times (por vezes).
These adverbs position themselves in various ways:
At the beginning or end of the sentence for emphasis
Occasionally, you hear noises in the basement.
Do you see her often?
At the beginning of the phrase for emphasis (adverb + imperative)
Always brush your teeth.
Never forget what I said.
In the middle of the sentence before the verb if it is in the form of a single word.
I always get up early.
I never said that.
In the middle of the sentence following the verb BE
He is always late.
The weather is sometimes unpredictable.
In the middle of the sentence following the first auxiliary verb (except for the auxiliary verbs used to, have to)
ought to, which only comes after the adverb
He is always complaining.
Your request will never be granted.
In the middle of the sentence following the subject in interrogatives
Do you always come here?
Does she usually study?
Before the auxiliary verb in short answers
She always works hard.
But I will many times.

Adverbs are formed by adding a suffix to an adjective, noun, or adverb of direction.

- adjetivo+ LY: beautifully(lindamente, maravilhosamente), carefully(cuidadosamente), easily
easily
- substantivo+ WISE: crosswise(transversalmente), lengthwise(longitudinalmente), moneywise(em
relação a dinheiro), timewise(em relação a tempo), clockwise(no sentido dos ponteiros de um relógio)
- substantivo/advérbio de direção+ WARD(S): upward(s)(para cima), downward(s)(para baixo),
northward
Other adverbs of manner are formed by combining adjectives ending in -ly, -com, -way, or -manner.
fashion
- adjective ending in -ly + WAY/MANNER/FASHION:
She spoke in a motherly way.
They walked in an orderly fashion.
There are adverbs of manner with meanings and forms identical to their corresponding adjectives:
adjective
He works fast.
He came last.

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There are adverbs of manner in the form of prepositional phrases:
He went home by train.
We met by chance.

Adverbs of manner can appear after the verb, after the verb + complement, or even
between the subject and the verb.
She drives carefully.
She read the letter quickly.
I slammed the door furiously.
When at the beginning of the sentence, characterized dramatization:
Silently, the soldier crept behind the enemy lines.
Silently, the soldier crawled behind enemy lines.

Adverbs of place can be:

Words such as: here, there, upstairs
para o andar superior), somewhere (algures, em algum lugar, para algum lugar), anywhere (em
any part, nowhere), everywhere.
- Words that can also be prepositions: in (inside, into), up (on top, upwards),
out
behind
- Sintagmas preposicionas: at school (na escola), to school (à escola), in hospital (no hospital), on the
right, at my aunt's, from London
These adverbs are never placed between the subject and the verb.
When there is more than one adverb of place in the same sentence, begin with the 'smaller' followed by
John lives in a small flat in London.
apartment in London.
When used with other adverbs (manner, time, etc.), it should come after the adverb of
The man waited silently in the room all afternoon.
waited in the room in silence all afternoon.
When used with movement verbs (go, drive, fly, walk), it will come after the verb and before the
She flew to London by British Airways last summer.
through British Airways last summer.)
When at the beginning of a sentence, the verb should be followed by the subject, provided that this is not a
Down fell our books.
Still at the beginning of the sentence, when the subject is a pronoun, the verb comes after the subject.
There they fell.

Time adverbs (definite, indefinite, and duration)

tomorrow
December
At ten o'clock Mr. Brown will be making an announcement.
make a communication.
See you at Christmas.
Indefinido: then (então, depois, em seguida), soon (brevemente, (dentro) em breve), yet (ainda, até
agora), lately (ultimamente), eventually (finalmente, por fim), recently (recentemente, ultimamente),
suddenly
Suddenly he appeared.
He has already left.
I haven't finished it yet.
Duration (in the form of prepositional phrases): since yesterday, from Monday to
Friday (from Monday to Friday), until Wednesday (by Wednesday), by seven o'clock (before seven)
hours).
I have known her since 1990.
I work from Monday to Friday.

Adverbs can present the comparative and superlative degrees.

Single-syllable adverbs:
Comparative Adverb Superlative Example
fast faster She walks faster than me.

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high higher highest He climbed higher this time.
slow slower slowest I drive slower than you.
early earlier earliest She left earlier this morning.

Adverb of two or more syllables:

Comparative Adverb Superlative Example
fluently more fluently most fluently She speaks English more fluently these days.
fluent in English nowadays.
quickly more quickly most quickly She works much faster than me.
faster than me.)
slowly more slowly most slowly Could you drive more slowly?
slowly?)

Adverbs with irregular comparative and superlative forms:

Comparative Adverb Superlative Example
badly worse worst He sings much worse these days.
nowadays.)
much more most I drive more than I used to.
Dantes.
far at a greater distance farthest I can't walk any farther.
long.)

Other forms of comparative of adverbs:

The more...the more... The more clearly you speak, the more I will understand
you. (The clearer you are, the more I will understand you.)
AS+ (adverb) +AS He speaks English as fluently as his brother.
fluent in English like your brother.
NOT...AS/SO+ (adverb) +AS He doesn't cook as well as his mother.
as well as your mother.)
(comparative) +AND+ (comparative) He is studying less and less these days.
it happens less these days.

11. NUMERALS
Cardinals - indicate a quantity:
0-nought, zero eleven twenty-two thirty-three one hundred two
one twelve twenty-three ..... .....
two thirteen twenty-four forty one thousand
3–three fourteen twenty-five fifty one thousand and one
four fifteen twenty-six sixty one thousand and two
5–five sixteen twenty-seven ......
six seventeen twenty-eight eighty two thousand
seven eighteen twenty-nine ninety three thousand
eight nineteen thirty ..... .....
9–nine 20–twenty thirty-one one hundred 1,000,000–one million
ten twenty-one one hundred and one 2,000,000–two million
Note: When the exact number is known, the following are said in the singular: hundred, thousand, million, billion.
trillion, etc.
When the exact number is not known, the following are said in the plural: hundreds, thousands, millions.
bilhões
Decimals - to the left of the point, the number is read as an integer and to the right of the point, the decimal is read.
individual digits.
0.125 - zero point one two five
4.051–four point zero five one
Ordinals - they are adjectives that indicate order:
first twelfth twenty-third ..... .....
second thirteenth twenty-fourth fortieth one thousandth
third fourteenth twenty-fifth fiftieth one thousand
and first
fourth fifteenth twenty-sixth sixtieth one thousand and two
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 and second
5th–ffth sixteenth twenty-seventh seventieth .....
sixth seventeenth twenty-eighth eighty two thousandth
seventh eighteenth twenty-ninth ninetieth 3,000th – three
thousandth
eighth 19–nineteenth thirtieth ..... .....
ninth twentieth thirty-first one hundredth 1,000,000th – one
millionth
10–tenth twenty-first thirty-second 101st - one hundred and first 2,000th–two millionth
eleventh twenty-second thirty-third one hundred and second Three millionth
second

These numerals are always placed before nouns:

the First World War
the third chapter

The names of sovereigns are written in Roman numerals, but are used verbally with
ordinal numbers.
George the Fourth (Jorge Quarto)
Louis XIV–Louis the Fourteenth (Luis Quatorze)

Fractions
Simple
½ - a half, one half
1/3 - a third, one third
¼ -a quarter, one quarter, a fourth, one fourth
1/8–one eighth
1/12–one twelfth
two thirds
seven tenths
Complex
12/35 – twelve over thirty-five
32/115 - thirty-two over one hundred and fifteen
43/235–forty-three over two hundred and thirty-five
Integers and fractions
3 ½ - three and a half
7 ¼ - seven and a quarter
12 ¾ - twelve and three quarters

Telephone Numbers – the digits are read individually with pauses after groups of three or
four numbers.
309 704 635 - three zero nine, seven zero four, six three five
three six nine, four zero two two

*Time–One of the most common ways to tell the time is:

6.00– six o'clock six thirty
six oh five 6.35–six thirty-five
6.10 - six ten 6.40–six forty
6.15–six fifteen 6.45–six forty-five
six twenty six fifty
six twenty-five 6.55–six fifty-five
Another way, using the aftereffect:
6:05 - five after six 6:35 - twenty-five minutes past seven

6:10 after six 6:40 - twenty minutes to seven

6:15 – a quarter after six 6:45 - a quarter of seven

twenty after six 6:50–ten minutes to seven
6:25–twenty-five after six 6.55–five of seven

The month always comes before the day, both in abbreviated form and in full, and it is always
written in capital letters and the comma is used after the day, which is read as an ordinal number.
Ex.: 6.15.00 or 6-15-00 or 6/15/00 (June 15, 2000)
24
Ages - There are several ways to say someone's age.
I am twenty-five.
I am twenty-five years old.
He is twenty years of age.
a ten-year-old boy.
AT/BY/BEFORE/UNDER THE AGE OF (NUMBER) –He emigrated to Australia at the age of fifteen.
moved to Australia at the age of fifteen.
He has two children, aged five and seven.
five years and another of seven.
IN HIS/HER (EARLY/MID/LATE) TEENS – (13-19) in his teens (between 13 and 19 years old)
- (NUMBER) + YEARS OF AGE–Applicants under twenty-five years of age are not eligible for the post.
candidates under the age of twenty-five are accepted for the position.)
My son is three months old.
She looks twentyish.
When age refers to things, YEARS OLD is always used.

YEARS - The (civil) years are read as follows:

AA00 AA0A AAAA
fifteen hundred 1506 – fifteen oh six fifteen twenty-six
sixteen hundred 1601 – sixteen oh one 1631 - sixteen thirty-one
seventeen hundred 1703–seventeen oh three 1753–seventeen fifty-three
eighteen hundred 1807–eighteen oh seven 1897–eighteen ninety-seven
nineteen hundred nineteen oh nine nineteen ninety-nine
A000 A00A AA00 AAAA
2000 (the year) –two 2001 - two thousand and one twenty-one hundred 2011 - twenty eleven
thousand 2002–two thousand and two 2200–twenty-two hundred 2015–twenty fifteen
3000 (the year) - three two thousand five 2300 – twenty twenty-five
thousand two thousand and seven hundred two thousand one hundred fifty

12. PREPOSITIONS - divided into 4 categories

Movement
from one place to another, movement: go to, come to, bring to, take to, drive to, walk to, get into
There are many other exceptions. There are two main exceptions:
I–Movement for general places: go home, come here, drive there, run up/down stairs, take in/outside,
godowntown, goaway…
II–Verbs formed with Go + …-ing: go shopping, go sightseeing, go swimming, go surfing, go skiing,
go skating, go jogging, go riding, go camping…

Place
AT: Public buildings, institutions - at school/university/college, at work/at the office at the
supermarket/shopping center, at the cinema/theater, at the bank/restaurant/post office etc. Exceptions:
be in hospital/prison (but remain).
Public, professional or social events - at a meeting, at a party, at a show, at a barbecue, at a
conference, at a trade fair, at an event etc.
Specific points: at the top/bottom (of the hill), at the side (of the road), at the front/back (of the
class), at the edge (of the fields).
Inside a larger space – in (side) a box, in the cupboard, in the kitchen on Rua Tiradentes, in São
Paul, in Parana, in Brazil, in South America, in the world ...
Sometimes, it is possible to use 'in' with buildings or public events when you want to emphasize something 'inside the
physical space, such as: the desk in my office, smoking in the school, hot in the bank, etc.
ON: To cover an area or surface - on the table (but: sit at the table), on a chair, on page 30, on
TV/video/the screen/the internet/a computer, on the corner (of the street), on the beach (on the sand), on
the side(of the truck),on the bottom(of the sea),on the back(of a t-shirt),on top(of the wardrobe).
Others: on the radio, on 5thAvenue, on a farm

Time

25
Hours and moments - at 9:30, at midnight, at the moment, at the same time, at the beginning, at the
end
Night/weekend/celebrations – at night, at the weekend, at Christmas/Easter/New Year
On: Days and dates – on Monday, on the 12ththJune, on my birthday, on New Year’s Eve
Periods longer than a day - in April, in the winter, in 2002, in the 1960s, in the 12th century
Parts of the day - in the morning/afternoon/evening
In 5 minutes, in 2 years (time/from now)
Time period – for 25 minutes, for 3 months, for a long time
When it started - since 8.00, since 1989, since the beginning
We're staying until Thursday
Until + deadline – You have to finish by Tuesday

Combinations of prepositions with other words

Preposição + substantivo–on holiday/vacation, on a trip/tour/cruise, on business, on the phone, on foot,
on the way, on a diet, on fire, on time, on behalf of, on sale, in the world, in cash, in bed, in favour of, in
particular, in town, at home, at last, at present, by cheque/credit card, by mistake, by + transporte, by
chance, by mail, out of date, out of work, out of breath, go for a walk/drink/swim/drive, under control …
etc.
Adjetivo + preposição–interested in, afraid/frightened/terrified of, worried about, good/bad at, similar
to, different from/to, married to, tired of, fed up with, covered in …etc.
Verbo + preposição–think of doing(pensar em fazer), think about(pensar em algo),ask for, ait for,
depend on, happen to, dream about, hear of(de algo/alguém),hear about(de um acontecimento),
apologise for, insist on, accuse someone of, explain/complain to sb about st, spend money on, remind sb
of …etc.
Another combination of verb and preposition occurs with the so-called phrasal verbs, verbs whose
the meaning is idiomatic (different from the literal meaning), for example: bring up (to raise), look for (to search), put
turn off

The main differences between FOR and TO

FOR TO
Do something for another person, for the benefit of When it is part of the verb, expressing:
or to help someone: a) Movement: go, come, take etc.
I'll open the door for you. b) Transferência: give, pay, lend, send, offer, show.
He bought a dog for his son. He gave the dog to his son.
Please fill in the form for me. I sent a postcard to my mum.
Personal opinion and emotions, how they affect us The objective or reason for doing something:
they affect I write books to make money.
In my opinion, Pele is the best player of all time. To leave a message, press 3.
Money is so important for him.

13. AFFIXES: PREFIXES and SUFFIXES

They are linguistic elements added to a word to produce a inflected form or
derivative.
They can come at the beginning (prefix) or at the end (suffix) of the word.
See below some PREFIXES:
ante-: in front of or before in space / prior to or ante-: in front of or before in space / more
before in time –antediluvial, antediluvian, before or earlier in time –antediluvial,
antepenultimate antediluviano, antepenúltimo(a)
bi: two times – biannual, bifacial bi: twice - biannual, bifacial
ex-:former–ex-mayor, ex-boyfriend ex-:anterior–ex-mayor, ex-boyfriend
Il-:contrary–illegible, illegitimate il-:opposite–illegible, illegitimate
ir-:without–irrelevant, irresistible irrelevant, irresistible
non-: absence of – nonliteral, nonliving no: absence of - non-literal, non-living
excessive super/supra/about: excessive – overcrowded,
overload
coming after post-: that comes after – post-war
sub-:inferior–subclass, subartic inferior
under-:inferior–underline, undersea sub-:inferior–sublinhar, sub-marinho

26
Now see some SUFFIXES:
-al: similar/relative to–formal, partial -al: similar/related to – formal, partial
made of–wooden, golden made of - made of wood, golden
related to - economic, atomic -ico: related to–economic, atomic
-less: without–useless, topless less: without - useless - without the top part
laboratory ory: thing or place for - laboratory
-y: full of - sunny, sandy, oily full of – sunny
sandy, oily
-ent: forms nouns and adjectives: precedent / evident / -ente: forms nouns and adjectives: precedent / evident
subsequent / subsequent
-ness: forms abstract nouns: happiness abstract noun: happiness
devotion tion: noun form of verbs: devotion
sweeten to sweeten
to make legal to legalize
14. ARTICLES

Defined – The defined article is used.

It is used in various situations, such as:
with countable and uncountable nouns (the book / the book)
* to refer to something already mentioned in the previous sentence (I saw a man and a woman yesterday. The man
I saw a man and a woman yesterday. The man was short and the woman was tall.
The woman was tall.
when we expect the person we are talking to knows what we are referring to.
It's hot here. Could you open the window, please?
She plays the piano.
piano.)
* our superlatives. (the best book. / the best book)
the first exercise
with periods of the day and night. (in the morning)
to refer to something that is unique. (the moon / the moon)
the Azores
with adjectives. (the old / the elderly)
* with plural nicknames. (the Smiths / the Smiths / the Smith family)

-Undefined-There is no difference between them.

They are only used with singular countable nouns and serve to identify, classify,
define, quantify, refer to something, talk about something, with certain numbers and in exclamations.
It's a book.
The dog is a domestic animal.
I have a book.
Mr. Brown would like to see you.
He is a doctor.
I would like a lemon, please.
I saw a car crash into a tree.
three times a day
I have a cold.
What a day!
one hundred
Note: Use it when the noun starts with a consonant sound and when the noun starts
with the sound of a vowel.

15. CONJUNCTIONS
They are used to join two words, two phrases, or two clauses and are presented in three forms.
basic: simple (one word), compound (two or more words) and correlative (words in pairs).
They can be of two types (coordinating or subordinating).
Coordinating: they join two words, two phrases, or two independent clauses of the same type.
function:

27
He is hungry and thirsty.
The man in black and the woman in red are suspects.
I like cheese but I don't like garlic.
Simple - connects words, phrases, or clauses of the same function: and, but, for
that

Correlatives - join words, phrases, or clauses of identical function: both … and

either ... or
also).
-Subordinating: they join a subordinate clause to a main clause. They do not join words or
individual phrases.
Although he studied, he didn’t pass the exam.
I don't like him because he is a rude person.
Simple - they join a subordinate clause to a main clause. They do not join words or phrases.
individuais: after (depois que), as (como, quando, enquanto, porque, visto que), however (de qualquer
way
(onde, aonde), whilst (enquanto, ao passo que)
Compound - ended with commas, connect a subordinate clause to a main clause. Do not connect.
as
contanto que, enquanto), in so far as (visto que, porquanto, atendendo a), so far as (tanto quanto, até).
rather than
terminadas comthat: buth that (a não ser que, senão que), given that (dado que, levando
em conta o fato de que), in that (porque, visto que, devido a), so that (para que, a fim de que, de
mode that) .
outras terminações: as if (como se), as though (como se), in case (no caso de)
Correlative: they join a subordinate clause to a main clause. They do not join words or
individual phrases: as ... as (so ... as), as ... so (in the same way as, as), no sooner
... than (at the same moment as, hardly), such ... as (as ... as), whether ... or (whether ... or).

16. QUESTION TAGS

Question tags are yes/no type questions, usually used at the end of a sentence, in the
most of the times used orally or in informal writing and serve to ask for 'confirmation', having
the form of auxiliary verb + personal pronoun.
It's fun, isn't it?
You can teach me, can't you?
It isn't hot, is it?
John didn't do it, did he?
It is common for the interlocutor to use the verb in the affirmative in the question tag when the verb of the clause
the principal is in the affirmative. He reacts to what he hears, showing his interest, surprise, disappointment,
disapproval or another reaction.
Ascending intonation (interest, surprise):
So you're going to the cinema, are you?
Descending delay (disappointment, disapproval)
So you're getting married, are you?
Affirmative/Negative
When the verb in the main clause is affirmative, the verb in the question tag is usually
nanegativa.
It's easy, isn't it?
When the verb in the main clause is 'to be', the same is used in the question tag.
I'm late, aren't you?
When the verb in the main clause is forthere+be, the same is used in the question tag.
There is a lot of hunger in the world, isn't there?
When the verb in the main clause is preceded by an auxiliary verb, the latter is used in the
question tag.
He has finished, hasn't he?
When the verb in the main clause is preceded by more than one auxiliary verb, it is always used.
the first of the auxiliaries in the question tag.
28
You've been running, haven't you?
When the verb in the main sentence is not preceded by an auxiliary verb, it is used, it does or it did.
didn't it?
She likes it, doesn't she?
Negative/Affirmative
When the verb in the main clause is negative, the verb in the question is usually
employed in the affirmative.
It isn't difficult, is it?
The rules for using verbs are the same as those used in the affirmative/negative form (above).
Negative/Negative
Verbs in the negative in both the main clause and the question tag are very rare and should only be used for
express aggression.
So he won't give me my money back, will he?
(So he's not going to give me the money back, is he?)
Imperative
When the verb in the main clause is in the imperative, the auxiliary verb 'will' is used in questions.
tag. This form is used to ask someone to do something.
Can you turn on the light?
There are other possible forms for the imperative, besides will, they are: won’t, would, can, can’t, shall.
Could you close the window?
Let's go, shall we?
Shut up, can't you?

It is a question tag.
It is employed when the subject of the verb in the main clause fornothingoueverything.
Nothing is the same, is it?
They are used when the subject of the verb in the main clause is somebody, anybody, no one,
nobody, etc.
Somebody broke the vase, didn't they?

17. CONNECTIVES
Words of connection are conjunctions, adverbs, prepositions, phrases, etc., that serve to
establish a logical relationship between sentences and ideas. The correct use of these words gives solidity to
argument and consequently elegance to the text.
Here are some examples:
First of all, In the first place, To begin with,
Especially / Mainly
-... for some time / for a while / For the time being (For now (in the future) / Until I change my mind)
As a rule
As time goes by
By the way / Speaking of that
From the standpoint of
On the one hand
Likewise
However
In spite of / Despite
At least
Unlike
Unless
Since
For this reason / With this in mind
Therefore / So
All things considered / Finally / In summary

18. VOCABULARY
False Cognates

29
actually
ultimately, combine – arrange
person
disappointment
indicate
specific
to intend
advertisement (propaganda/a propaganda)
reunion(encontro de ex-colegas, família etc.) –meeting(reunião),sensible(sensato)–sensitive
sensitive
stand (cannot support)
tax

Words that frequently cause errors

every day
cooker
he workshard(Ele trabalha duro/muito.)–hardly ever(quase nunca), astory(uma história)–history
(história),listen to(escutar, voluntariamente)–hear(ouvir), Ileftthe house (saí de casa), Ileftit a home
esqueci em casa
–roba house/bank etc. (roubar casa/banco etc.),loseyour wallet (perder a sua carteira)–missthe
planet/lesson (to miss the plane/class), do a test (to take an exam) – I met him in 1998
1998.), Iknowhis brother (Conheço o irmão dele.), Irememberhim (Eu me lembro dele.), youremindme
of him (Você me lembra dele.), theyraisethe price (Eles aumentam o preço.)–the pricerises(o preço
subiu), hesaid(Ele falou.)–hetoldme (Ele me falou.), hegot/be cameannoyed (Ele ficou nervoso.),
there is/are
a big city
I'm used to working, she's so clever - she's such a
clever girl, she's 10 years old – a 10 year old girl
menina de 10 anos),beside(do lado) –besides(além disso),bored(chateado/entediado),
annoyed/irritated

EXERCISES

Read the extract and answer questions 01 and 02.

Britain has one of the longest coastlines in Europe: 12,500 kilometers of varied and spectacular
shoreline that has shaped the character of this island nation. Over the years, many people have landed
at and embarked from British beaches; invaders and explorers, sailors and fishermen, merchants and
missionaries. The most numerous visitors, however, have been holidaymakers.
GLOSSARY
coast, shore
tourists

01) Choose the best alternative to complete the text.

been gone c) visited d) arrived

2) Choose the alternative that presents an irregular plural form of the noun.
beaches b) fishermen c) kilometers missionaries

Read the joke and answer the question.

Doctor, doctor, I keep thinking I'm invisible.
Who is that?
03) Choose the best alternative to complete the blank in the dialog.
said b) did say c) do you say d) did you say

Read the joke and answer the question.

Teacher: 'Johnny, how can you prove the world is round?'
Johnny: "I never said it was, miss."
04) The modal verb, underlined in the dialog, expresses:
ability b) advice c) possibility permission
30
Read the extract and answer questions 09 and 10.
Jade Barbosa lost her mother when she was just nine years old. At thirteen she had to leave her
father and brother in Rio to train at the Curitiba training center. At just sixteen she is the new star of
Brazilian gymnastics. In the Pan American Games, she won one gold medal, one silver and one bronze.
(Taken from Maganews–October 2007)

05) Complete the text with the missing verb.

was got c) had made

06) According to the text, it is not true to say that:

a) Jade's parents died. b) she isn't an only child.
c) she moved to Curitiba. she won three medals as a gymnast.

Read the text and answer questions 07, 08, 09, 10, and 11.
Who Sleeps?
1 Reptiles, birds and mammals all sleep. Some fish and
amphibians reduce their awareness but do not ever
become unconscious like the higher vertebrates do.
Insects do not appear to sleep, although they may
5 become inactive in daylight or darkness.
By studying brainwaves, it is known that reptiles do
not dream. Birds dream a little. Mammals all dream
during sleep. Whales and dolphins are 'conscious'
breather and because they need to keep conscious
10 while they sleep in order to breathe, only one half of
Their brain sleeps at a time.
GLOSSARY
consciência
07) According to the text,
a) all animals fall asleep. Frogs are never asleep.
c) reptiles neither sleep nor dream. Insects are very active to become unconscious.

08) In '...although they may become inactive ...', (line 4), the underlined word implies an idea of
a) addition b) purpose c) contrast d) comparison

"... only one half of their brain sleeps..." (lines 10 and 11) means that
a) they keep conscious half a day. b) the largest part of their brain sleeps.
c) just fifty percent of their brain is asleep. d) dolphins and whales dream half an hour.

10) "Birds dream a little", (line 7), means that

they dream a bit. b) they don't dream at all.
c) only some birds can dream just a few birds dream while sleeping.

11) In '... like the higher vertebrates do', (lines 3 and 4), the underlined word was used
a) como un adverbio b) for emphasis c) as a main verb d) as an auxiliary verb.

12) Choose the best alternative to fill in the blanks.

A: Do you have a book on Biology?
B: No, I have none. But I know there are some at the library.
a) some/any/some b) any/none/some c) any/some/none d) some/none/any

Read the text and answer questions 13, 14, and 15.
These are some of the questions that parents ask themselves as their children grow up and move on:
Will they sleep through the night?
Will they learn to read?
Will they get good grades?
Will they avoid drugs?
31
Will they be responsible about sex?
Will they get into a decent school?
Will they go to college?

13) According to the text,

a) children don’t want to grow up and move on.
b) children ask all these questions to their parents.
c) parents are worried about their children’s future.
d) parents don’t want to know anything about their children’s life.

14) The sentences with 'will', in the text, were used to

a) change habits b) ask for advice c) give permission d) question about future

15) "move on" (line 2) is closest in meaning to

a) marry go away have fun d) give a party

16) According to the use of the definite article, choose the best alternative.
a) He is learning guitar and piano. France is famous for its wine.
c) Biology is an important science. d) The Queen of England lives in London.

Read the text and answer questions 17, 18 and 19.

I'm Brenda. I'm a housewife, age 36. I can organise my week as I want. So long as there are clean
clothes to wear and meals to eat, nobody really minds how or when I do the housework.
The bad thing is that housework is so repetitive and unrewarding. Nobody notices if you do clean.
the bathroom. It’s only if you don’t clean it that they will say anything.
GLOSSARY:
uncompensated

17) According to the text, Brenda

a) decides how and when to do her housework.
doesn't mind if the housework is repetitive.
c) should clean the bathroom first.
d) is very efficient.

We can infer from the text that people only care about the housework when they realize
The bathroom is really clean. how repetitive the housework is.
c) they can't find clean clothes to wear. d) how difficult it is to organize the house.

19) 'Brenda is a housewife' means that she works

for another family b) as a housekeeper c) in a hotel d) at home

Read the text and answer the question.

Linda Bates is a teacher at Allentown Adult School. She teaches English as a second language.
Students say, 'Ms Bates is a very good teacher. She works very hard.' Students like her classes. They say,
Her classes are interesting. We learn a lot from her.
20) According to the text, we can conclude that Ms Bates teaches
a) well b) children c) hard things d) two languages

Read the extract and choose the best alternative to fill in the blank.
When you read, you sometimes want to find specific information, such as a price, a phone number, or
an address. You don’t read every word. You only look for the information you want. This skill is called
scanning.
21) “scanning”, underlined in the text, is _________ for reading.
a rule an advice c) a technique d) some information

A microscope has many uses. Medical scientists use microscopes to see tiny organisms.
underlined word means
harmful invisible c) biological d) extremely small

32
Questions 23 to 29 refer to the following text:

Smarter Clothes. Europe wants to own the market for fabrics that can monitor you and your
environment
SALLY MCGRANE/PAVIA
AT THE EUCENTRE, A RESEARCH SITE cofounded by the Italian Civil Protection Departament in
Pavia, Italy, a young engineer dons a firefighter's uniform that has been in testing for six months. The first
prototype of the Proetex project, the ordinary looking navy blue jacket and pants contain high-tech
fabrics that can keep track of a firefighter's vital signs, warn him if the fire is too hot up ahead, provide
GPS readings of his position and alert the command center if he has passed out. (…)
Though the technology was pioneered in the U.S., the Europeans have taken the reins in a bid to
revitalize their traditional-textile industry, which has been hammered by Asian competition. 'We want to
develop state-of-the-art know-how that can't be found in Asia,” says Andreas Lymberis, a scientific
officer with the European Commission who has championed smart textiles. “Our purpose is to create a
new market.
Bringing industry partners like Phillips and traditional clothing and textile companies together with
university researchers from across the E.U. and Switzerland, Commission-funded teams have already
produced prototypes with limited commercial availability, such as a tank top that wirelessly monitors
cardiac patients and sports clothes that keep track of breathing. Other projects include fabrics that look
and feel normal but are embedded with microcomputers, solar panels and energy-harvesting systems,
as well as fabrics that measure blood oxygen levels and track biochemicals in sweat and bedsheets that
monitor depression.
The world market for smart textiles is still small – about R 440 million in revenue in 2008 – but that
could double by 2010, according to Massachusetts-based venture Development Corp. The challenge is
to fit applications to the market, says Lutz Walter, R&D manager at Euratex, a group representing the $
326 billion European clothing-and-textile industry. “In the medical field, there’s high value added. But to
be approved as devices takes 10 years,” says Walter. “In other areas, it’s price: How much are consumers
going to be willing to pay for a smart jogging shirt or for a baby suit that detects sudden death
syndrome?” (…)
The development of these technologies is currently taking place largely in the biomedical and
safety fields, but Annalisa Bonfiglio, a professor of electrical and electronic engineering at the University
of Cagliari who coordinates the Proetex project, thinks sports could be the sector where the most
potential lies. “Sportswear is an extremely powerful means for promoting the acceptance of these new
technologies by common people,” says Bonfiglio, noting that the technology Proetex develops for
rescue workers could easily be used later for sports applications.
At the Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in Boston, researchers are testing a glove made by
Smartex, un'azienda italiana di materiali intelligenti, che traccia le funzioni motorie nei pazienti post-ictus.
Smartex founder and University of Pisa biomedical-engineering professor Danilo de Rossi says
there is no way of knowing if Europe will maintain its edge. “Right now we are leading in this field”, he
says, since Europe tends to be concerned with medicine, social welfare and the elderly, whereas the U.S.
tends to focus on military technology. That could change. But in a business driven by technology rather
than price, the Europeans would still have a fighting chance.

23) Indicate the option that best indicates the central theme of the text.
a) Assessment of global market needs for the development of fabrics
intelligent.
b) Description of clothing pieces developed by European and American engineers.
c) Dispute in the global market for control of technology for development and production of
smart fabrics.
d) Competition among various industries in the textile sector.
e) Dispute between universities and European industries for the development of technological research
in the textile area.

24) According to the text, the clothing developed in the Proetex Project allows, among other things,
functions, which:
The vital signs and the user's location should be monitored.
II. the user is to be alerted about the increase in external temperature.
III. a possible fainting of the user should be avoided.
Is/are correct:
33
a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only I and II e) only II and III

25) According to the text:

I. the technology currently used for the development of smart fabrics for uniforms of
firefighters can be easily adapted for sportswear.
There are consumers willing to pay any price for a piece of children's clothing that signals the
sudden death disease.
III. soon, Asians will dominate the smart fabric market, which is currently in the hands of
europes.
Is(are) correct:
a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only I and II e) all

26) Mark the option in which the term from column II CANNOT replace the term from column I in the text.
COLUMN I COLUMN II
gifts (paragraph 1) wears
b) the reins (paragraph 2) control
c) a bid (paragraph 2) an attempt
d) hammered (paragraph 2) stopped
e) championed (paragraph 2) supported

27) Mark the option that indicates the project, or prototype, of using smart fabric that is NOT
mentioned in the text.
Bedding capable of monitoring depression.
b) Wireless vests to monitor cardiac patients.
c) Sports clothing to monitor breathing.
d) Fabrics with built-in solar panels.
e) Socks to monitor movements of post-stroke patients.

28) According to the text:

It is estimated that the revenue from the global market for smart textiles could reach 1.1 billion
dollars in approximately two years.
Smartex is an Italian company that was founded by a university professor.
III. the European Commission funded a team made up of Philips, traditional companies from
textile and clothing areas and by American and Swiss university researchers.

Is/are correct:
a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only I and II e) only II and III

29) Consider the following sentences extracted from the text and their respective rewrites.
I.… a young engineer dons a firefighter's uniform that has been in testing for six months. (paragraph 1)
A firefighter's uniform that has been in testing for six months is donned by a young engineer.
II. … Commission-funded teams have already produced prototypes with limited commercial availability
… (paragraph 3)
... prototypes with limited commercial availability have already been produced by Commission-funded
teams.
III. … researchers are testing a glove made by Smartex, an Italian smart-materials company, …
(paragraph 6)
... a glove made by Smartex, an Italian smart-materials company, has been tested by researchers.
Is/are correct:
a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only I and II e) only II and III

Questions 30 to 31 refer to the text below:

Persuading Leonardo
Although both Ben Shneiderman's Leonard's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing
Technologies and B. J. Fogg's Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do
are written by academics, the books transcend academia to provide a different view of the Internet
potential. Shneiderman prepares the groundwork for what he calls the 'new computing' while Fogg
describes how to make that computing persuasive.

34
 The idea behind Leonardo's Laptop is a consideration of what Leonardo da Vinci would demand.
from a laptop computer and what he would do with it. To Shneiderman, who is founding director of the
Human-Computer Interaction Lab at the University of Maryland, the new computing puts users first.
Shneiderman begins with a brief history of computing and computer applications, declaring that, “These
founders of the old computing overcame technological limitations to build impressive projects and then
turned to producing tools for themselves, giving little thought to the needs of other users. Although not a
founder, I admit to being of the old computing generation. I programmed in dead languages such as
IBM's 1401 Autocoder and 360 Assembler before progressing to Cobol and RPG. I have now learned
Visual Basic and C++, and I can report that there is nothing intrinsic to any of these languages that center
a programmer's focus on those who use their applications. The new computing is not about languages
but, as Shneiderman suggests, about understanding human activities and human relationships.
With Leonardo as both creator and user, his laptop will enable greater creativity and grander
goals. This book stimulates you with ideas for applications in e-learning, e-business, e-healthcare, and e-
government. Each area is built around a framework for technology innovation that Shneiderman calls
the 'four circles of relationships' and the 'four stages of activities'. (…)
Although the mental picture of Leonardo with a notebook computer excites the imagination, as
a literary device, it does not wear well as the book progresses. Nonetheless, Shneiderman achieves the
objective osLeonardo’s Laptop–creating a foundation for the new computing.
With a new computing application in hand, B. J. Fogg's Persuasive Technology: Using Computers
to Change What We Think and gives you advice on its implementation. To Fogg, who launched
Stanford's Persuasive Technology Lab and who holds seven patents in the area of UI design, a website
must first be credible to be persuasive. Fogg has coined the term 'captology' to describe this branch of
the study of computers. From the book's 'Introduction'.
Captology focuses on the design, research, and analysis of interactive computing products.
created for the purpose of changing people’s attitudes or behaviors.
It is the computer's ability to provide interactivity that gives its applications an advantage over
other forms of media.
Persuasive Technology describes three basic roles that computers play: the computer as a tool, as
media, and as a social actor. Further, there are seven types of persuasive tools described by Fogg. Such
tools persuade by simplifying, tunneling (guiding), customizing, being there at the right time, removing
tedium, rewarding after observation, and reinforcing proper behavior. As media, computers can modify
behavior by simulating new endeavors. As a social actor, computers persuade through praise.
However, no matter the role, to persuade, the application must be credible.
Perhaps the most interesting parts of Fogg's book are the two chapters that discuss the ways in
which computer applications destroy their own credibility and what an application or website must do
to be considered, by its users, trustworthy. According to Fogg, a computing device or application is
perceived to be credible only if it is first perceived as believable-trustworthiness based on expertise.
brief, an application is trustworthy if it is thought to be fair and unbiased. It is trustworthy if its author or
origin is thought to be skilled and knowledgeable. The crux of the issue is that credibility matters.
Both books are thoroughly documented and both are excellent points of departure for a more
detailed inquiry into the available material. If both books are taken to heart, using computers and their
applications will become enjoyable and satisfying.
U.I.- *User Interface

30) Indicate the genre, in English, to which the text above belongs.
a) summary b) review c) essay d) abstract e) report

31) Consider the following statements.

The two works discussed in the text mainly focus on the use of computers and their applications.
current and potential.
II. Shneiderman and Fogg, authors of the text, show the potential application of the internet in today's world.
III. According to Shneiderman, an effective computer must be, simultaneously, a tool
capable of persuading and an interactive agent.

Is/Are correct:
a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only I and II e) only I and III

32) Regarding Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies, I DO NOT ...
you can say that the work:
a) it focuses on computer users, whether they are beginners or experts on the subject.

35
b) highlights the importance of programs such as Autocoder and Assembler, as well as COBOL, RPG, Visual
Basic and C++.
c) discusses the type of use that Leonardo da Vinci would make if he had a portable computer.
d) shows the importance of human relationships in the use of the computer.
presents the user with possibilities for different uses of the computer, including for business
electronics.

33) Regarding Persuasive Technology: Using Computer to Change What We Think and Do, analyze the
following statements:
I. The work was conceived in the Persuasive Technology Lab at Stanford University and
consists of the seventh intellectual creation of the actor.
II. When proposing a new concept in the computational field, the author highlights changes in attitude or in
user behavior.
III. The work argues that a web page must be trustworthy to entice the user.
Is/are correct:
a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only I and II e) only II and III

Questions 34 to 37 refer to the interview below:

Ten Questions Over a Cell Phone
Milton Hatoum is the award winning author of Dois Irmãos (Two Brothers) and Cinzas do Norte (Ashes from the North).
the North). His new novel, Eldorado Orphans, will be released next April.
Which was your best trip ever?
The trip I took with my father to Lebanon, in July 1992. He had not seen his Lebanese family for
1– over 30 years. Visiting Lebanon and meeting dozens of relatives was a very emotional
experience.

What is your dream trip?

2– To go to Kashmir and some parts of India. I also would like to visit several African countries.

In what other country would you like to live?

Well, I have already lived in three countries and eight different cities. I now just want to stay.
3– around here. But when I think of Provence or Tuscany, I feel like spending some time in France
and Italy.
What do you admire most about a person?
4– His or her character. What elevates or demeans a human being is not religion, gender, color,
ethnicity– none of that. It’s the character.
What do you hate most in a person?
5– I think an arrogant person looks ridiculous. I hate meanness, deceit, dishonest people.
Would you be happy without friends?
6– I would be unhappier without them.
What animal would you like to be?
7– The very same one I was destined to be. Our fate is to be human.
What do you do when you have nothing to do?
8– I get bored when I don’t do anything. Right now, after finishing a novel, I feel a bit like I’m
hanging in mid-air, aimless. But there’s always a book to read or re-read.
Who is your favorite film director?
9– I love Rossellini, Visconti and the directors of Italian neo-realism.
What character would you like to be?
10– It’s hard to say … I would be a terrible actor. But all the characters in my novels have a bit of
me in them.

34) Read the information below about Milton Hatoum:

I lived in different countries and cities and intend to visit places in India and Africa.
II. He highlights the trip to Lebanon with his father 30 years ago as one of the most remarkable of his life.
III. Choose Provence or Tuscany to establish residence.
Is (are) correct:
a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only I and II e) none

36
According to the interview, Milton Hatoum
He is a renowned writer who recently received an award for the novel Two Brothers.
II. usually rereads his works when he has free time.
III. recognizes personal characteristics in the characters it creates.
Is/Are correct:
a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only I and II e) all

36) Consider the following translations of Milton Hatoum's responses:

What elevates or demeans a human being is not religion, gender, color, ethnicity–none of that.
What enhances or disfigures a human being is not religion, sex, color, ethics—none of that.
I hate meanness, deceit, dishonest people.
I hate stinginess, falseness, dishonest people.
III. Right now, after finishing a novel, I feel a bit like I’m hanging in mid-air, aimless.
Now, after finishing a soap opera, I feel completely adrift, without direction.
Is/are correct:
a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only I and II e) only II and III

37) Mark the incorrect option:

a) Can you describe the trip you took in 1992? Can you replace question number 1 without compromising it?
response from Milton Hatoum.
b) What is the main aspect that attracts your attention in a person? Can it replace question number 4, without
compromise Milton Hatoum's response.
c) What is an arrogant person like? Can it replace question number 5, without compromising the answer?
Milton Hatoum.
d) None except a human being could be another response from Milton Hatoum to question number 7.
e) How do you feel when you have nothing to do? It can replace question number 8, without compromising the
response from Milton Hatoum.

Text
The Reluctant Learner
My friend Tom is one of those six-to-midnight, enthusiastic, determined, and well-mentioned.
students. At six o'clock he approaches his desk, and carefully organizes everything in preparation for the
study period to follow. Having everything in place, he next carefully adjusts each item again, giving him
time to think up the first excuse; he recalls that in the morning he did not have quite enough time to read
all the items of interest in the newspaper. He also realizes distractions completely out of the way before
setting down to the task at hand.

... he recalls that in the morning he did not have quite enough time to read all the
items of interest in the newspaper
returns home in order to read the newspaper later
b) complains about his need to have more time to read
c) assumes how organized he is every time he reads the news
d) remembers his lack of time in doing things

39) "He also realizes that if he is going to study, it is better to have such distractions completely out of the"
long before starting the task at hand.
learns b) understands hopes thinks

Read the following opinions from two children, Chelsea and Eryn (both aged 8) and then answer.
questions 40 related to them.
Is the future for us?
Chelsea: The biggest problem with the environment is the ozone layer; there's a hole, and it's getting
bigger. It's made by cars and airplanes – things which give off fumes.
The ozone layer's like a piece of paper covering a rock. It's supposed to protect us. I'm scared the
The hole will get bigger and move around the world and people will get cancer.

37
Chelsea: We could get tandems, and longer bikes, so children could ride on the back. Cars should be
very, very expensive.
You also get bad pollution from burning down the rainforest. We should give money to poor people.
in Africa and places.
Chelsea: We should spread out the people evenly. We could say, 'Put your hands up all those who want'
to live in Africa.” And then we could spread out the food. There’s enough to go around.
Eryn: We use up far more of the earth than people in Africa so it's a good idea for the whole world to
discuss environment.
(Move up–Heinemann)

Both Chelsea and Eryn think that we should

a) let poor people spread out the food b) not to burn a lot of fuel
burn down rain forest d) clean rivers and farmlands

Read the text below and answer questions 41 to 43.

Biotechnology
Biotechnology is one of the new professional courses of studies offered by universities.
Biotechnology uses chemical and biological knowledge and the knowledge of new technologies in the
areas of healthcare, food, chemistry, and the environment. Biotechnology graduates are
multidisciplinary professionals. They study biology, chemistry, physics, statistics, and information
technology.
In the area of microbiology, these professionals study fungi, bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.
the diseases that they cause in plants, animals, and human beings. They research the methods to use
such microorganisms in the production of foods and beverages, such as dairy products, beer, and
wine.
The biotechnologist specializing in immunology uses the microorganisms in the production of
vaccines and kits for diagnosis. In the food and pharmaceutical industries, they control microbial growth,
safety, and hygiene at the workplace. They work in research for the development of new
pharmaceutical drugs.
They also work in the environmental area, to evaluate and prevent water and soil contamination.
Challenge–Richmond

The one who graduates in biotechnology

a) will be able to prescribe and it's quite likely that he/she can produce forms of organic stuff.
b) shall develop the capacity of producing microorganisms.
c) is able to diagnose, predict and sabotage diseases.
can acquire the knowledge to several professions and also carry out researches.

42) The text shows that

I. the one who studies Biotechnology is able to recognize different studies of health, cooking and
chemistry among others.
The study of this subject is a new area that universities are offering.
III. Technology involves multiple studies in the biotechnology area.
IV. the environment is actually a new version of the biotechnology study.
a) I, II, and III b) III and IV c) I and II d) I, II and IV

43) The only matter that is NOT mentioned in the text is

a) different professions b) some subjects c) drinks illnesses

Read the text below to answer questions 44 and 45.

The Car Washer Who Became An Executive
Robert L. Johnson is the CEO (Chief Executive Officer) of BET. Black Entertainment Television, a
Cable TV channel in the United States, BET specializes in producing programs for the African-American.
community.
Read what this successful executive says about his first job.
I lived in Freeport, Illinois. My first job was at the local carwash. I worked there for sixteen years.
old. I _____________ every day, all summer, for a dollar an hour. I worked with ten other guys. All of us
38
_________ from different racial, religious, and economic backgrounds. We had to clean cars in teams, and
we quickly learned to work together.
I learned the better way to become indispensable: you know how to do all aspects of your job.
the carwash, all 'all aspects' included vacuuming the interior, scrubbing whitewalls and polishing
chromes until it shined. Sixteen years later, when I started my own business, I again had to know how to
do every job in the company–advertising, marketing, producing and negotiation contracts.
Working at the carwash taught me that there is a direct connection between working and a
feeling of self-esteem. Young people who refuse jobs that they consider inferior or low-paying are only
hurting themselves. As long as you do your best, every job is a learning experience and a step to a better
job.
(Adapted from Reader's Digest, January, 1999)

44) Mark the option which ISN'T applied correctly in the text.
themselves b) of your the better a better

45) Mark the option that completes the gaps respectively.

a) woke up / were / came back / came b) grew up / was / worked / were
was born / had / traveled / got lived / got / tried / lived

Answer the questions 46 and 47 after reading the paragraph below.

Americans are well-known for being friendly. If we're taking a walk in the park and we pass
someone, we usually say a few words to people in stores, bars, and banks. But remember: friendliness is
not friendship; it's politeness. In the United States, it's just as hard to make real friends as it is anywhere.
else.
(Move up–Heinemann)

46) In the statement,

… we usually say a few words to people in stores …
a) some words can be said by us
many words could be spoken by people in stores
c) lots of words are used to tell people about us
a small number of words are said by people in stores

The sentence, 'In the United States it’s just as hard to make real friends as it is anywhere else,' means
a) making friends for them is something they aren’t able to do.
b) Americans show the rest of the world how easy relationships are in their country.
c) only in the United States people can't easily find real friends.
d) Although difficult, real friends is something we have to fight for finding in America.

Read the following paragraph and then answer questions 48 based on it.
The Kremlin hoping a young strong man can preserve its brutal victory in Chechnya.
48) The underlined verb is a (an).
a) regular one and means permission b) modal giving an idea of ability
c) irregular form followed by an infinitive d) defective verb which expresses possibility

Read the following paragraph and then answer questions 49 to 52 based on it.
Dealing with Sensitive Materials on the Internet
With the emergence of user-friendly online systems, the World Wide Web and its introduction into
the classroom, more and more children are taking advantage of the power of the internet. However, it
remains largely an adult forum, and so it carries with it adult subject matter.
Does it raise the question of what happens when adult topics and a child’s naïve explorations mix?
meet? The debate has raised not only questions of obscenity, harassment, free speech, and censorship,
but also of government control of the Internet, and its very nature as a communications resource.
Whatever the outcome of this war is, it will set a precedent for how society and government deal.
with the exchange of information in the future. Is the Internet a free forum for discussion or is it a
broadcasting service and therefore subject to the same restrictions as television, print, or radio?
Are internet communications covered by the right to privacy, or can email messages be...
legally observe …? Are web pages free speech or are some subjects taboo on the internet because a

39
child may stumble upon them? And who is responsible for internet content in a communications medium
where traditional publishing scenarios no longer apply and content can be posted anonymously?
For people who wish to control or limit the use of the internet, the issue of children and
Pornography has been a valuable tool for gaining public support. The key is to find a solution to protect.
our children while at the same time, avoid setting up a climate of control that will limit our rights as adults.
(Adapted from Franework Level 3–Richmond)

The underlined question has been mixed up. Arrange the words in the correct order according to the context.
a) Are communications on the Internet covered by the right to privacy?
b) Is the internet covered by the right to communications privacy?
c) Are internet communications covered by the right to privacy?
d) Are the rights to privacy in communications on the internet covered?

50) Comparing the pieces of content the internet provides, it may be said that.
a) there are more childish articles than grown-up ones
b) children have to surf the internet less than adults
c) the adult's content provides much more useful information
d) there isn't any solution to control our kids on the internet without limiting ourselves.

51) Complete the gap with the right verbal tense.

does happen happen c) do happen happens

52) Mark the correct question to the answer below extracted from the text.
The debate
a) Which subject has explored children?
b) What has raised questions of obscenity, harassment, etc?
c) Which topic protected children from the argument of the text?
d) What issue is trying to control the use of the internet by children?

Read the following paragraph and then answer questions 53 and 54 according to it.
Upside down
Who’s to say
What’s impossible
Well they forgot
This world keeps spinning
And with each new day
I can feel a change in everything
And as the surface breaks reflections fade
But in some ways they remain the same
And as my mind begins to spread its wings
There’s no stopping curiosity
(Jack Johnson)

In the lyrics the author affirms that

a) people have forgotten their past
b) everything is moving and he’s not interested in knowing it
c) although this world spins things do not change at all
d) the surface of the earth reflects some lofty ideals

54) Mark the correct definitions for the title of the lyrics above
To cause something to change completely and in a bad way
To be friendly with someone, especially because they can help you
c) Having the part which is usually at the top turned to be at the bottom
d) Cuando haces que algo se mueva en un círculo alrededor de un punto fijo.

Read the following passage and answer questions 55 to 59.

If you happened to (55) down London's Regent Street this (56) Christmas, you may have
noticed, just above the festooned storefronts and package-laden shoppers, a series of clusters of
glowing translucent globes. If you had taken a (57) Look, you would have realized that the globes
were pulsating with color, the light emitting diodes (LEDs) within varying their hue and intensity according
40
to the number of (58) the wind speed, and the amount of sunlight. And if you’d looked really
close, you would have discovered the quad-core Xeon computers running customized software that
took inputs from people-monitoring video cameras and environmental sensors to precisely (59) the
display.
Choose, in each question, the alternative that correctly fills the corresponding gap.
making the text cohesive and coherent.

stroll tiptoe c) crawl d) trek paddle

56) a) next b) past c) future d) following e) ago
larger b) opener c) closer locally e) nearby
passersby passes c) passengers d) passings e) passwords
59) a) choreograph b) listen dance d) rehearse e) sing

60) Martin Hellman, professor emeritus at Stanford, used engineering risk analysis methods to determine
the failure rate for the United States' nuclear deterrence strategy and came up with a shocking 1
percent chance per year that a nuclear war will break out.
What can be understood about this passage?
a) According to the United States, a nuclear war is not likely to erupt.
b) Engineering risk analysis methods are inefficient because they hardly determine failure rates.
c) The USA develops strategies to avoid nuclear issues.
d) Failures have been found concerning the risk analysis methods used by Professor Martin Hellman.
e) According to the USA's nuclear deterrence strategy, 1 percent of the USA population is afraid of a
nuclear war eruption.

Chip makers replaced aluminum interconnects with better conducting copper ones about seven
years ago, but now copper's days are numbered too.
What is the present condition of copper interconnects?
They were substituted by aluminum ones.
They will soon be replaced.
c) They are numbered according to their conductivity.
d) Their conductivity is as powerful as aluminum ones.
They receive serial numbers.

Don McMillan likes to say that the only time people laugh at engineers is when they mess up at work.
But he's the exception. He's a trained electrical engineer, and people laugh at him every day – unless he
messes up. That’s because he tells jokes for a living.
What do we know about Don McMillan?
He’s a comedian. b) He messes up at work.
People laugh at him because he messes up. d) He pretends he is a trained electrical engineer.
e) He makes money as an electrical engineer.

Designers use databases of North American and European body measurements to create their
products but feel a lack of data to adapt the designs to Ansians' different body measurements. That will
soon change?
a) Databases of North American and European body measurements are beneficial to all cultures.
b) Designers will soon change North American and European body measurements databases.
c) Asians have the same body measurements as North Americans and Europeans.
d) The body measurements databases used by designers are not perfect but please all their customers.
One size never fits all.

64) Remember when Barbie whined that 'math is hard.' Maybe you got annoyed at hearing a popular
female dolls say that to little girls. Or maybe you also had a nagging suspicion that, in fact, boys are
better at math. Well, the latest research is in, and the answer is a resounding no: an analysis of
performance on math tests finds that girls match boys. The finding appears in the July 25 issue of the
journal Science.
Which of the new information below could be coherently added to the passage?
a) And no gender difference can be found among top performers either.
b) So, once more it’s proven that male chromosomes are more efficient.
c) Therefore, the gender struggle is over: women have shown better performances than men.
d) But playing Barbie is a way of learning Math.
41
Playing with the doll is a good stimulus to the female X chromosome.

65) A legion of 38 solar-battered cars gathers in State Square in Darwin, on the northern coast of Australia.
The flat, rectangular bodies hug the ground like three-wheeled UFOs, their etherealness accentuated by
their moto’s eerie, barely perceptible hum.
Three adjectives that can be used to describe the cars mentioned in this paragraph are
a) green, not curving, spherical UFO-like, secret, noisy
c) delicate, mysterious, silent c) heavy, unusual, humming
e) stable, unique, polluting

The midday sun had chased the last of the morning's chill from the air when David Downey turned.
into the Garmin International parking lot, in Olathe Kan., winding up a 20-kilometer run. He'd been out on
the road for nearly 2 hours, a little longer than usual, but he wanted to enjoy the perfect fall weather
while he could.
But the description of the situation presented in this paragraph, what do you know about the
weather?
a) It was quite hot at 12 o'clock.
b) It was windy because it was autumn.
c) The wind was blowing at 20 kilometers per hour.
The bad weather had been delaying people's activities.
e) The morning had been cold.

67) As one of us–the heaviest one–approached the first major hill on a test ride of BrammoMotorsport’s
brand new Enertia electric motorcycle, we were doubtful that this light, elegantly designed bike could
haul a 109-kilogram (240-pound) rider up the incline. We shouldn't have worried: it effortlessly propelled
him to the top of Portland, Ore's West Hills.
What is NOT true about the product mentioned in this paragraph?
Very heavy people can ride and trust it. Brammo Motorsport's latest model is just out.
c) It seems fragile. IT weighs 109 kilograms.
It succeeds in riding heavy people uphill.

Improving the diversity of biological habitats and ecosystems is a vital goal in itself, yet policies to
Encourage biodiversity, like most legislation, will have both supporters and naysayers.
According to the information in this sentence, we know that biodiversity is important.
a) Everybody agrees with it.
b) Life depends on its objectives.
c) The police will assure habitats and ecosystems goals.
d) Most of the policemen encourage this legislation.
Some people take a negative view of it.

Fisheries may be an ancient economic activity, but nowadays they are at the forefront of
globalization. For instance, when it comes to the trade itself: a blue hake caught off the coast of New
Zealand by a Japanese vessel may be processed in China before being flown to a market in London or
Paris.
Saying that 'fisheries are at the forefront of globalization' means that...
a) Fisheries are an old and traditional economic activity.
b) The world has become globalized due to fisheries.
Blue hake fishing is an activity that unites New Zealand, Japan, China, England and France.
d) Fisheries have enabled diverse economies to engage round a common activity.
e) The demanding markets of London and Paris have made countries such as New Zealand, China and
Japan unites the vessel manufacturing activity.

Read the text and answer questions 70 to 74.

E-NOSES
Adapted from IEEE Spectrum, 03.08

Several hundred years ago, village doctors in rural China diagnosed diabetes by the
characteristically sweet smell of a patient’s breath. Today hospitals use a battery of blood tests and
laboratory analyses to make that same diagnosis, but doctors may soon be sniffing their patient’s breath
again. This time the doctors will have electronic noses small and cheap enough to carry in their pockets.

42
 This e-nose will be the culmination of decades of work at county laboratories, where researchers
have sought to create a tiny, cheap, automatic sniffer that would let wine bottles monitor the aging of
their, contents, allow meat packages to flag spoilage, and enable mailboxes to check for bombs.
Imagine barroom coasters that double as Breathalyzers, bumper stickers that monitor car emissions. Until
now, it’s been just so much sci-fi.
E-nose technology has quietly advanced during the past two decades. Commercial models
equipped with sensor arrays came to market in the mid-1990s, and today they’re used to distinguish
wines, analyze food flavors, and sort lumber. Benchtop systems are also used in the pharmaceutical,
food, cosmetics, and packaging industries, while smaller, portable units are used to monitor air quality.
But these noses cost in the range of US $5000 to $100,000. A coming convergence between e-
nose technology and advances in printed electronics will finally bring the price down–way down. Within
In a decade, we will see e-noses that cost tens of dollars and appear in smart packaging for high-end items.
like pharmaceuticals or as part of intelligent or interactive appliances–imagine a refrigerator that knows
when milk has gone bad. Prices could easily drop to under a dollar by 2020.
The secret? Conducting polymers. Developers of both electronic noses and printed electronics.
are exploiting these materials, which can be sensitive to the chemicals that make up odors and are also
capable of producing electrical signals. E-nose developers are concentrating on honing the sensing
properties of conducting polymers, while the printed-electronics people are investigating ways of using
these materials to fabricate ultralow-cost electronics. Combining the fruits of these two separate efforts
will finally bring e-noses into our supermarkets, homes, and daily life.
The table below presents an appropriate title for each paragraph of the text, according to its
content. Observe the chart and answer questions 75 to 79.
a) The innovative material
b) Personified inanimate objects
c) Past–inspired sci–fi
Already in the market
e) Allying technologies promise the product accessible in ten years
Assign the appropriate title to each paragraph according to the table above.
70) Title for the first paragraph a
71) Title for the second paragraph a
72) Title for the third paragraph a
73) Title for the fourth paragraph a
Title for the fifth paragraph a

75) In which of the following you are likely to find the text 'E-NOSE'?
a tourist brochure b) a safety leaflet c) a scientific journal
d) a comic book e) a billboard

76) Choose the word or expression that has a DIFFERENT meaning from the meaning of the word.
underlined in: “This e-nose will be the culmination of decades of work at countless laboratories…”
highest point b) end apogee d) climax result

77) According to the content of the text 'E-nose', which of the following sentences is likely to be found
in the text?
a) E-noses are a nonsense and deserve no more research.
b) E-noses will hardly be more than fantasy in people’s mind.
c) E-noses will soon be omnipresent in this century's societies.
E-noses will remain unaffordable despite serious research being developed.
e) E-noses are mere toys in the hands of imaginative scientists.

78) What is the meaning of the following fragment taken from the text "E-nose": "Imagine barroom coasters"
that double as Breathalyzers...?
a) There will be twice as many barroom coasters as Breathalyzers.
b) Two different people will use the same barroom coaster.
c) Breathalyzers will be replaced by barroom coasters.
d) Every drink ordered will allow the customer the right to use a Breathalyzer.
e) Barroom coasters will have one more function.

79) Which of the following titles can be appropriately used to replace the title of the text 'E-nose'?
ELECTRONIC NOSES SNIFF SUCCESS SNEEZING NOSES
43
INVENTED DIAGNOSIS HUMAN NOSES
EXPENSIVE ODORS TURNED CHEAP

Based on the text below, answer questions 80, 81, and 82.
CLIMATE CHANGE WILL DESTROY US
Climate change over the next 20 years could result in a global catastrophe costing millions of lives.
in wars and natural disasters.
A secret report, suppressed by US defense chiefs and obtained by The Observer, warns that major
European cities will be sunk beneath rising seas as Britain is plunged into a 'Siberian' climate by 2020.
Nuclear conflict, mega-droughts, famine and widespread rioting will erupt across the world.
The document predicts that abrupt climate change could bring the planet to the edge of
anarchy as countries develop a nuclear threat to defend and secure dwindling food, water and energy
supplies. The threat to global stability vastly eclipses that of terrorism, say the few experts privy to its
contents.
Disruption and conflict will be endemic features of life," concludes the Pentagon analysis. "Once
Again, warfare would define human life.
(Adapted from[Link]

80) According to the text above, what will be the result of climate change?
Hunger, war, lack of rain, public disturbance.
b) War, eclipses, cold weather, lack of rain.
c) Hunger, cold weather, conflict, eclipses.
d) Terrorism, nuclear, threat, eclipses, rising seas.
e) Public disturbance, rising seas, global stability, nuclear threat.

81) What is NOT true according to the text?

Humans will have violent times.
b) England will be colder than it is today.
c) Climate changes will happen unexpectedly sudden.
d) Climate change will be more serious than terrorism.
e) Europe will be under the sea.

82) Considering the text, what does the word “dwindling” mean in this extract?
(…) countries develop a nuclear threat to defend and secure dwindling food, water and energy
supplies.
widespread b) decreasing c) stable d) existing e) proper

83) Read the text below. Why was this Army soldier in eastern Afghanistan praised by the Defense?
Secretary?
GATES HAILS SOLDIER SNAPPED IN PINK BOXER SHORTS
Defense Secretary Robert Gates on Thursday praised an Army soldier in eastern Afghanistan who
drew media attention this month after rushing to defend his post from attack while wearing pink boxer shorts
shorts and flip-flops, Reuters reported. Gates said in prepared remarks that he wants to meet the soldier
and shake his hand the next time he visits Afghanistan.
Any soldier who goes into battle against the Taliban in pink boxers and flip-flops has a special
kind of courage," Gates said in a speech to be delivered in New York. "I can only wonder about the
impact on the Taliban. Just imagine seeing that: a guy in pink boxers and flip-flops has you in his cross-
hairs. What an incredible innovation in psychological warfare,” he said.
Army Specialist Zachary Boyd, 19, of Fort Worth, Texas, rushed from his sleeping quarters on May 11
to join fellow platoon members at a base in Afghanistan's Kunar Province after the unit came under fire
from Taliban positions. A news photographer was on hand to record the image of Boyd standing at a
makeshift rampart in helmet, body armor, red T-shirt and boxers emblazoned with the message: “I love
NY”. When the image wound up on the front page of the New York Times, Boyd told his parents he might
lose his job if President Obama saw him out of uniform.
(Adapted fromThe provided text is a URL and does not contain translatable content.

This Army soldier in eastern Afghanistan was praised by the Defense Secretary…
a) because even being tired he kept his position.
b) because he helped his fellows invade Afghanistan.
c) because he presented an incredible innovation in psychological warfare.
44
d) because President Obama saw him out of uniform.
because he went into battle in his underwear.

Based on the text below, answer questions 84 and 85.

Culling pigs in flu fight, Egypt angers herders and dismays U.N.
Cairo–Egypt has begun forcibly slaughtering the country’s pig herds as a precaution against
swine flu, a move that the United Nations described as 'a real mistake' and one that is prompting anger
among the country’s pig farmers.
The decision, announced Wednesday, is already adding new strains to the tense relations
between Egypt's majority Muslims and its Coptic Christians. Most of Egypt's pig farmers are Christians,
and some accuse the government of using swine flu fears to punish them economically.
(Adapted fromThe input provided is a URL and does not contain translatable text.

84) Which is the best alternative considering some of the statements are true (T) and others are false (F)?
I –The action Egypt has taken against the swine flu increased the conflict between Muslims and
Christians.
The action Egypt has taken against the swine flu caused anger among pig farmers.
III–The U.N. considered the swine flu a real mistake.
IV–The U.N. supported the decision taken by Egypt.
V–The population of Egypt is mostly Muslims.
VI–The government wants to punish the Egyptians.
The best alternative is:
T
b) I–(T), II–(F), III–(T), IV–(T), V–(F), VI (F)
F
True
F

The word 'prompting' is in this extract from the first paragraph '(...) and one that is prompting anger'
among the nation's pig farmers.
a) realizing b) finishing with c) encouraging d) responding to e) preparing for

86) Which alternative below is NOT CORRECT, based on this

OBAMA SIGNALS MORE ACTIVE RESPONSE TO PIRACY
The rescue of Captain Phillips drew widespread praise for the Navy and Mr. Obama, but some
Experts warned that it could escalate the campaign by Somali pirates, who have vowed to take revenge.
on Americans and are holding more than 200 hostages from other countries.
Mr. Obama praised Captain Phillips for his 'courage and leadership and selfless concern for his
crew", and he said he was "very proud" of the Navy and other American agencies involved in the
operation.
(Adapted fromThe provided text is a URL and cannot be translated.

a) The word 'it' refers to the rescue of Captain Phillips. b) The word “who” refers to the Somali pirates.
c) The word 'his' refers to Captain Phillips. d) The word “his” refers to Captain Phillips.
e) The word “he” refers to Captain Phillips.

87) Read the text below. Why has the US government changed credit card regulations?
NEW CREDIT CARD LIMITATIONS IN THE US
Credit card companies in the US will soon be bound by new restrictions on their ability to charge
fees, or raise interest rates on existing borrowings.
The bill is designed to protect credit card users from unexpected fees or increases to their interest.
rates.
The US government has been concerned to tighten its regulations of the banking system in the
light of the credit crunch and banking crisis.
This cements a victory for every American consumer who has ever suffered at the hands of the
credit card industry,” said Senator Christopher Dodd, chairman of the Senate banking committee.

45
 Americans currently owe nearly $1 trillion on their credit cards. The US government has been
concerned to tighten its regulation of the banking system in the light of the credit crunch and banking
crisis.
(Adapted from[Link]

The US government has changed credit card regulations...

to keep their ability to charge fees and raise interest rates. b) to help financial companies.
c) to raise the credit limitations. d) to raise consumer protection
e) to avoid a credit crunch and banking crisis.

88) Read the text and check the statements below.

REAL BLUE SKY RESEARCH
Just where in the world is the bluest sky? Expedia wanted to know for its "Blue Sky Explorer".
project. They asked NPL to develop a blue sky standard and some cheap equipment to measure it. Their
The solution was to use cheap light-emitting diodes as the light standard, rather than the typical expensive ones.
noble gas lamps, and the belt-and-braces device was calibrated against an international 'colourimetry'
standard.
The result? Rio de Janeiro came out on top, followed by the Bay of Islands in New Zealand and
Uluru in Australia. Unsurprisingly the UK did not figure in strongly in the top 10, but Castell Dinas Bran in
Wales came in at number nine.
(Adapted from[Link]

Which is the best alternative considering some of the statements are true (T) and others are false (F)?
I–The research is about the colour of the sky in different parts of the planet.
II–Expedia used a previous blue sky standard in the research.
III–The lamps that are currently used in the measurement were replaced by cheap ones.
IV–NPL adjusted the device to use an international 'colorimetry' standard.
V–Rio de Janeiro and New Zealand got first rank in the Research while Australia came in second.
VI–It was a surprise that the UK did not figure in strongly in the top 10.
The best alternative is:
T
b) I–(F), II–(F), III–(T), IV–(T), V–(F), VI (F)
c) I–(F), II–(T), III–(T), IV–(F), V–(F), VI (T)
d) I–(T), II–(F), III–(T), IV–(T), V–(F), VI (F)
True

89) Which is the correct option to complete the text below?

Last
Her father is my uncle who moved to the south 2 years ago.
Ø, the, a, the, the, the the, Ø, a, Ø, an, the c) Ø, Ø, a, Ø, an, the
the, the, a, the, the, the e) Ø, Ø, the, Ø, an, Ø

90) Which is the correct option to complete the sentences below?

The furniture for our living room has been delivered.
has not been b) have not been were not
d) does not have e) has not

91) Analyze the sentences below. Which TWO sentences express the same idea?
Those poor children must have new shoes.
Those poor children have new shoes.
New shoes must be provided for those poor children.
New shoes must have been given for those poor children.
The correct answer is:
a) 1 and 2 b) 1 and 4 c) 2 and 3 d) 2 and 4 e) 1 and 3

Mary saw her boyfriend with another girl and they had a quarrel. She shouted: 'Don't come here'
anymore!
Which alternative best conveys what she said?
She said her boyfriend doesn't come here anymore.
b) She told her boyfriend not to come here anymore.
46
c) She told her boyfriend not to go there anymore.
d) She told her boyfriend not to come there anymore.
e) She told her boyfriend not to go there anymore.

93) Which sequence best completes the text below?

That we are in the midst of a crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war against a
far reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of
is
prepare the nation for a new age.
(Adapted from Barack Obama’s speech/January, 2009)
a) at, to, in, of, at, in, to b) in, to, on, with, at, in, to c) in, of, at, of, on, to, for
d) at, of, in, for, at, to, for e) in, of, at, with, in, to, to

94) Which sequence best completes the text below?

driving
comfortable and I can't resist __________(3) to take photos. However, I avoid ________(4) at night as I
prefer not to take the risk of falling on the wheel.
a) to drive, travel, to stop, driving, run, sleep
b) driving, to travel, to stop, driving, run, sleep
c) drive, traveling, stopping, to drive, to run, sleep
d) driving, traveling, stopping, driving, to run, sleeping
e) to drive, traveling, stopping, driving, to run, sleeping

95) Which alternative is grammatically correct?

He would like me to come. b) He would like me to come.
He would like me to come. He would like me to come.
e) He would like me to come.

Choose the best reply to this statement.

Mary: I have all the books the teacher told us about last class.
You: __________________________
a) Neither have I b) Nor have I c) So had I
So do I So did I

97) Which sequence best completes the text below?

WHY SO MANY BOOKS?
Conventional wisdom among college and university students (and many of their parents) in early
2007 is that 'everything needed for research is available free on the Web.' Therefore, academic libraries
are often viewed as costly dinosaurs – unnecessary expenses in today ’s environment. This idea is
uninformed at best and foolish at worst. If college and university libraries and librarians (1)__________, we
(2) ________ to invent, better yet, re-invent them.
(Adapted from[Link]

do not exist, will have b) existed, would have c) didn't exist, would have
d) exist, won't have didn't exist, wouldn't have

98) Choose the best sequence to complete the blanks.

GENUINE BUSINESS LESSONS FROM DONALD TRUMP
Trump has been so __________(1) in large part because he has managed to build a lifestyle brand
around the ___________(2) life that he lives and most people aspire to. He works ___________(3) to cultivate
the image, and he uses it to expand into new business lines and find new areas for profit.
(Adapted from[Link]

a) success, luxurious, hard successful

c) successfully, luxuriously, hardly d) successfully, luxurious, hard
e)

99) Read the extract below and choose the only sequence that can complete it.
CHILDREN

47
 The other day I was chatting to a friend about children. We were discussing the fact that we had
both been __________(1) by rather strict parents, and had both decided to try to be more tolerant when
we _____________(2) and had children of our own. The problem that my friend had found with this strategy
was in finding a way to control his kids now that they are teenagers. He said the fact that he had
__________(3) them for more than 13 years, providing all the love and care they needed, is not enough to
persuade them to respect his decisions.
a) brought up, grew up, looked for b) grown up, brought up, cooked for
c) brought down, had grown up, looked after d) brought up, grew up, looked after
e) grown up, had grown up, looked like

NATO, ships, helicopters hunt down 7 pirates

NAIROBI, Kenya–NATO warships and helicopters pursued Somali pirates for seven hours after they
attacked a Norwegian tanker, NATO spokesmen said Sunday, and the high-speed chase only ended
when warning shots were fired at the pirates' skiff. Seven pirates attempted to attack the Norwegian-
flagged MV Front Ardenne late Saturday but fled after crew took evasive maneuvers and alerted
Warships in the area, said Portuguese Lt. Cmdr. Alexandre Santos Fernandes, aboard a warship in the Gulf.
of Aden, and Cmdr. Chris Davies, of NATO's maritime headquarters in England.
How the attack was thwarted is unclear, it appears to have been the actions of the tanker.
Davies said. Fernandes said no shots were fired at the tanker.
Davies said the pirates sailed into the path of the Canadian warship Winnipeg, which was
escorting a World Food Program delivery ship through the Gulf of Aden. The American ship USS
Halyburton was also in the area and joined the chase.
There was a lengthy pursuit, over seven hours,” Davies said. The pirates hurled weapons into the
dark seas as the Canadian and U.S. warships closed in. The ships are part of NATO's anti-piracy mission.
The skiff abandoned the scene and tried to escape to Somali territory, Fernandes said.
heading toward Bossaso but we managed to track them. Warning shots have been made after several
attempts to stop the vessel.
Both ships deployed helicopters, and naval officers hailed the pirates over loudspeakers and
finally fired warning shots to stop them, Fernandes said, but not before the pirates had dumped most of
their weapons overboard. NATO forces boarded the skiff, where they found a rocket-propelled grenade.
and interrogated, disarmed and released the pirates.
The pirates cannot be prosecuted under Canadian law because they did not attack Canadians.
citizens or interests and the crime was not committed on Canadian territory.
When a ship is part of NATO, the detention of a person is a matter for the national authorities.
Fernandes said. "It stops being a NATO issue and starts being a national issue."
The pirates' release underscores the difficulties navies have in fighting rampant piracy off the coast.
coast of lawless Somalia. Most of the time, foreign navies simply disarm and release the pirates they
catch due to legal complications and logistical difficulties in transporting pirates and witnesses to court.
Pirates have attacked more than 80 boats this year alone, four times the number assaulted in
2003, según el Buró Marítimo Internacional con sede en Kuala Lumpur. Ahora tienen al menos 18
ships–including a Belgian tanker seized Saturday with 10 crew aboard–and over 310 crew hostage,
according to an Associated Press count.
(Adapted from:[Link].org04/19/09
100) The Canadian Navy is involved in the incident described in the text because:
a) The pirates accidentally crossed in front of the Canadian warship Winnipeg which was on its way
through the Gulf of Aden.
b) The pirates tried to attack an escorted ship filled with valuable supplies for the World Food Program.
c) The Norwegian tanker chased the pirates until the Canadian and the North American warships
arrived.
NATO ships were already in the area looking for the pirate's skiff.
e) The USS Halyburton asked their Canadian counterparts for assistance after locating the skiff.

101) In the sentence 'There was a lengthy pursuit, over seven hours', there is a word formed by the suffix.
"y". In which option below is the word formed by the same suffix?
lately b) mostly fury d) ally healthy

102) According to the text, the crew members of the Somali shops seized CANNOT be held in custody
because:
a) Their guns are hurled into the seas and no proof of their status as pirates can be found on board.
their ships.
48
b) International Law forbids NATO members to arrest crewmembers of other nationalities.
c) Somalia is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and therefore its ships are only
subjected to that country’s national legal persecution.
d) NATO members cannot make arrests abroad under a number of circumstances, such as when their
nationals are not directly affected.
e) Piracy is not a crime NATO countries are allowed to fight or prevent in the national waters of non-NATO
countries.

103) Which option contains words that accurately replace the following underlined words?
skiff
a) vessel, elusive, avoided, increasing b) small boat, dangerous, facilitated, violent
c) yacht, ambiguous, planned, violent d) small boat, elusive, prevented, uncontrolled
vessel

In the fragment '... naval officers hailed the pirates over loudspeakers...', the highlighted word
could be accurately replaced with:
a) alerted b) threatened c) called informed e) advised

105) According to the text, the inability to seize pirates and take them to court ends up:
a) Encouraging piracy in international waters because Somali authorities are too slow to introduce
measures to protect ships in its own territory.
b) Leading to difficult and lengthy court cases where witnesses and pirates have to be transported to
different locations.
c) Being the result of a number of legal and technical difficulties in Somalia to carry out proper legal
action against pirates due to particular international organizations such as NATO.
d) Underscoring the efforts of foreign navies to disarm and release pirates.
Increasing the attacks of pirates who benefit from the fact that legal persecution will not be sought
due to its inherent difficulties.

106) 'The economic downturn has affected many households in the United States. U.S. homeowners have
continued investing their money in the stock market though.
idea of:
a) conclusion time c) emphasis d) contrast addition

107) Choose the option in which the prepositions complete the verb phrases with accuracy, respectively:
I–The ship is bound for Africa.
We set sail for a tour of the Caribbean.
III–The captain was responsible for the incident.
IV–Attention has to be given to the weather conditions.
V–Crew members are expected to comply with safety regulations.
for, to, for, for, with b) in, for, for, to, to to, for, for, to, with
to, for, to, to, to e) for, to, to, for, with

108) Complete the sentences with the correct verb tenses:

I–Little do I realize what problems he creates for others.
II–No sooner had the receiver with a great sigh of relief, help arrived.
III–Not for one moment did I doubt his integrity.
IV–Under no circumstances should you miss class.
a) Does he realize / he had put down / would I doubt / should you miss
b) Does he realize / had he put down / would I doubt / should you miss
c) He realizes / he had put down / will I doubt / you should miss
d) He will realize / he puts down / will I doubt / should you miss
e) He realized / he would put down / would I doubt / you should miss

People must be aware of the consequences of their actions. One can do whatever he pleases as
long as he doesn’t do harm to others. This may not be followed by many people, but it certainly should. If
A person has many friends; he must know this already.
a) advice, permission, permission, advice, obligation
b) adivce, ability, permission, ability, obligation
c) obligation, permission, possibility, advice, deduction

49
d) obligation, ability, possibility, obligation, deduction
e) deduction, ability, permission, obligation, obligation

110) The suffix 'ly' forms adverbs of manner from adjectives as, for example, in: calm (adjective) – calmly
(adverb of manner). Which of the adjectives below does not follow this rule?
quick b) fast fine d) quiet exquisite

She has tried to reach them four times on the phone without success. Hence she needs to write.
them as her last option." The underlined connective expresses the idea of:
a) addition b) conclusion c) enumeration d) contrast e) concession

112) Choose the correct option to complete the sentences:

A stranger came into the hall as he opened the front door.
II - __________________ you begin to look at the problem there is almost nothing you can do about it.
III - Despite extensive inquiries being made at the time, no trace was found of any relative.
IV–You cannot be put on probation unless you are guilty.
a) Like, although, despite, as soon as b) Since, although, despite, as soon as
c) Since, even though, although, unless d) As, once, although, unless
e) As, once, in spite of, even if

IF they had known the outcomes, they would have

taken different measures and you should know people better, if you really want to make more friends
are, respectively:
a) unlikely, unlikely b) impossible, unlikely c) likely, unlikely
d) impossible, likely e) likely, impossible

People believe that saving money is the key to happiness. Nevertheless, enjoying life also involves
spending money on things that make you feel happy and accomplished.
could be replaced with:
Thus b) Moreover c) Still d) Therefore e) Furthermore

115) Mark the alternative in which DO and MAKE are all used correctly:
a) Do a favor / make repairs / make amends / make a bargain
b) Make a bid / make a demand / do ends meet / make an entry
c) Make an excuse / make a face / make as much as you can / make business
d) Make a proposal / create a scene / do silly things / write a review
e) Do an errand / make fun of / make known / do friends

Questions 116 to 118 refer to the following text:

Botelho a worthy
Award Winner
This year, Brazil and the world have been celebrating the 100thanniversary of the first fight at a
public event by Brazilian Alberto Santos Dumont.
With his imminent retirement next April as president and chief executive officer of Embraer,
Maurício Botelho must be seen as another Brazilian aviation hero, one who turned a small money-losing
company into a vibrant world-class aircraft manufacturer.
Botelho spent the first 15 years of his working career at Embraer before leaving to pursue other opportunities.
opportunities. When he returned in 1995, Embraer had been privatized and was embarking on
production and delivery of its first regional jets, several years behind competitor Bombardier.
The Embraer ERJ-145 had its maiden flight just weeks before Botelho came on board. First delivery
It was in late 1996, and the company has never looked back. Nearly 1,000 aircraft based on the ERJ-145.
The platform had been delivered to 87 operators around the world. A decade on, the EJR-145 program has
reached the 10 million fight-hour milestone.
Under Botelho's leadership, Embraer has had a penchant for seizing market opportunities. It saw an
unfilled market niche for aircraft seating 70-110, and its four-model 170/190 program has won 731 orders
to date from airlines around the world.
Embraer also used the ERJ platform to develop Intelligence, Surveillance and
Reconnaissance aircraft, and to produce the Legacy, its first foray into business jets. It is now raking in
orders for three other business aircraft in development.

50
 Botelho's “legacy” is a dynamic company, one of Brazil's leading exporters, investing in its
employees and technology to produce top-notch aircraft.
(Airline Business Daily–@ALTA, December 2, 2006 p.6)

116) According to the text, it can be inferred that Maurício Botelho:

a) has worked at EMBRAER for fifteen years and is considered a hero of Brazilian aviation.
b) left the activities at EMBRAER in 1995, when the ERJ-145 model was designed.
c) returned to work at EMBRAER in 1995, before the company's privatization.
d) began his professional life at EMBRAER.
e) left the presidency of EMBRAER in April 2006

117) Consider the following information:

The ERJ-145 model, manufactured by EMBRAER, had Maurício Botelho as one of its creators.
The company Bombardier began producing regional jets to compete with the same jets.
standard, manufactured by EMBRAER.
III–Maurício Botelho's management at EMPRAER was successful due to the investment in technology.
and in human resources.
It is/are correct.
a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only I and II e) only I and III

118) Consider the following statements:

The Embraer ERJ-145 had its maiden flight just weeks before...
replaced by single.
Embraer has had a penchant for seizing market opportunities.
be replaced by tendency.
III–foray can be replaced by attempt.
Is/Are correct:
a) only the I b) only II c) only III d) only II and III e) all

Questions 119 to 122 refer to the text below:

Taking Measure With Hardware and Software
The researchers who founded National Instruments Corp switched from building their equipment to
beefing up other people's.
"You could start a company." That offhand comment by Jim Truchard got Jeff Kodosky and Bill
Nowlin thinking. Within days, Truchard and his two employees at the Applied Research Laboratories (ARL)
at the University of Texas at Austin (UT) decided to give it a go. That was in February 1976. By May, the trio
had incorporated. Today, National Instruments Corp has annual sales topping $425 million, employs more
than 3100 people, sells some 1500 hardware and software products, and, for five years running, has been
rated by Fortune magazine as one of the 100 best companies to work for.
At ARL, Truchard headed an underwater acoustic measurements lab. “I had about two dozen
different projects, all the way from basic acoustics to pragmatic testing of military sonar beam formers
he says. Truchard went into science because of Sputnik. “I was right on the cusp of that movement. We
were all taking Russian and physics," he says. He earned bachelor's and master's degrees in physics and
did his PhD on a nonlinear parametric acoustic receiving array in electrical engineering, all at UT.
Kodosky and Nowlin both worked part-time for Truchard while enrolled at U.T. Nowlin earned a master’s in
electrical engineering and Kodosky, who has a bachelor ’s in physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, worked toward a PhD: he drifted between theoretical high-energy physics and computer
science but did not complete the degree.

Physics intuition
Both Kodosky and Truchard point to their physics training as playing a role in their success with
National Instruments. Truchard says, "Acoustical measurements are fairly tricky, and it happens to be a
smaller are where you didn't have off-the-shelf equipment. You had to build equipment. That
background, and the measurements themselves, created a basis. What's more, he adds, 'the physics'
background helps create good intuition. I think having solved differential equations and learned about
Gradients, you know how things are going to work out. I've always felt it helped me develop intuition.
about business.

51
 In leaving academic research, says Kodosky, 'we took a giant step back from what we were.'
working on. ARL was cutting edge. Now it was customers who were doing the interesting experiments.
he and Truchard say they have more impact on science by supplying tools than they would have had as
Researchers. "We can have a nonlinear effect on the productivity of science and engineering.
community. There is plenty of anecdotal evidence that our virtual instrumentation can make people 5 to
10 times as productivity,” Kodosky says. “I personally would find it frustrating [to do research] because it’s
slow, but dropping by a customer’s site every couple of years is fun. We live vicariously through them.
(Tony Feder)

119) Consider the following statements:

I–Truchard, Nowlin, and Kodosky founded the company National Instruments Corp in 1976.
II–A National Instruments Corp operates in the field of computing and, according to Fortune Magazine, is
among the 100 best and most productive companies in this area.
III–Nowlin and Kodosky worked for Truchard part-time while studying at
University of Texas.
Is/Are correct:
a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only I and III e) only II and III

120) Consider the following statements:

I–Truchard studied Physics in Russia and has a PhD in Electrical Engineering.
II–Nowlin is a Master in Electrical Engineering.
III–Kodosky did not complete the doctorate.
Is (are) correct:
a) only II b) only I and II c) only I and III d) only II and III e) all

121) Consider the following statements:

The academic background of the owners of National Instruments Corp was important for success.
from the company.
For Truchard, Nowlin, and Kodosky, entering the corporate world represented a setback in
academic research terms.
The graduation of Kodosky and Truchard in Physics was a relevant factor for the development of
intuition for business.
Is/are correct:
a) only I b) only I and II c) only I and III d) only II and III e) all

122) The expression What's more (2nd column, 1st paragraph) cannot be replaced by:
a) Nevertheless b) Besides c) Also Moreover e) Furthermore

Read the following text and answer questions 123, 124, and 125.
Babies can identify languages based solely on facial cues.
(Adapted from [Link], May 2007)

(1) Young babies can discriminate between different languages just by looking at an adult's face.
even if they do not hear a single spoken word. And babies who grow up bilingual can do this for longer
than monolingual infants. The work suggests that visual information helps to tell languages apart.
(2) This supports the idea that infants come prepared to learn multiple languages and to
"discriminate them both auditorily and visually," says Whitney Weikum from the University of British.
Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, who discovered babies' keen eye for speech. 'Looking at a face may
help identify speakers of your native language.
(3) Weikum and her colleagues showed babies videos of adults speaking various sentences, but with
the sound turned off. The infants soon got bored, but as soon as speakers switched from English to
French, they noticed the change and watched with renewed interest.
(4) Laura-Ann Petitto, who researches language and child development at Dartmouth College in
Hanover, US, previously studied visual language perception in deaf babies who were learning sign.
language. She is excited by Weikum's results: “Never did we dream that young hearing babies also use
visual cues in this stunning way.
Bilingual asset
(5) A good eye for different languages appears to be especially important if you need to tell them
apart regularly. At eight months old, bilingual babies could still see the switch happen, but their
Monolingual peers stopped noticing it after the age of six months.
52
(6) This shows us how a baby's language development is closely related to their learning.
environment,” says Weikum. “Only if they are exposed to more than one language, do they remain able
to discriminate the languages visually.
(7) However, Weikum does not think that parents who are keen to help their babies learn to speak.
need to introduce a second language before the visual discrimination ability disappears, of start using
visually exaggerated speech. 'Our study does not show visual speech cues help infants learn languages,'
only to tell them apart. Parents should just continue talking to their babies in fun, engaging
conversations.
(8) The researchers now want to discover more about how bilingual babies maintain and take
advantages of visual discrimination, and find out what the precise visual cues are in a speaker's face
that help a baby to identify different languages.

123) One of the sentences below expresses the main idea (P) of the text, while another expresses a very different idea.
Broad (A) to be considered the main idea and a third expresses a very restricted idea (R)
to be the main idea of the text. Identify them:
a) ( ) La percepción del lenguaje visual es el enfoque de diferentes investigadores.
Young babies have a keen eye for identifying a second language switch.
c) ( ) Parents should not worry about introducing a second language to their kids before the visual
discrimination ability disappears.

124) Number the sentences below from 1 to 8, according to the paragraph number indicated in the text that
expresses the idea of each sentence.
a) ( ) Babies in whose environment only one language is spoken can hold the special ability for a shorter
period of time.
b) ( ) Exposing a baby to visual linguistic stimuli won’t necessarily make them better language learners.
c) ( ) Visual language information is used by both hearing babies and babies who cannot hear.
Scientists still don’t have the answers for a series of questions.
e) ( ) Summary of the text.
f) ( ) The conclusion of the research agrees with the idea that humans have an innate biological
apparatus for learning different languages.
g) ( ) The context where a child is raised has to do with the development of their linguistic abilities.
h) ( ) The experiment procedure.

125) Complete the following sentences with 'and', 'because', 'but', 'or', and 'so' to make them make sense.
According to the text 'Babies can spot languages on facial clues alone'. Connectives should not be
repeated.
a) Unlike monolingual babies, bilingual ones can discriminate between different languages.
after six months old __________ that doesn’t mean this ability makes them better language learners.
b) Whitney Weikum discovered babies' keen eye for speech __________ Laura-Ann Pelitto, who also
Studies visual language perception in babies, got very excited with the results.
c) A good eye for different languages appears especially important to bilingual babies as they
need to tell them apart regularly.
d) The sound of the videos shown to the babies had to be turned off so that the results couldn't have
concluded that visual information helps to tell languages apart.
e) The researchers want to discover more about how bilingual babies maintain and take advantage of
visual discrimination ___________ the studies should be carried on.

Read the following text and answer questions 126, 127, 128, and 129.
Wi-Fi? Why Worry? (Adapted from BBC, April 2007)
Scare stories about the dangers of wireless networks lack credibility, argues Bill Thompson
(1) Students at Canada’s Lakehead University have to be careful how they connect to the internet.
because Wi-Fi is banned on large parts of the campus.
(2) University president Fred Gilbert, whose academic interests include wildlife management,
Environmental studies and natural resources science is worried about the health impact of the 2.4 GHz.
radio waves used by wireless networks.
Last year decided to adopt the precautionary principle and refused to allow Wi-Fi in those areas
that have what he calls 'hard wire connectivity' until it is proved to be safe.
(4) Mr. Gilbert believes that 'microwave radiation in the frequency range of Wi-Fi has been shown to
increase permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cause behavioural changes, alter cognitive functions,

53
activate a stress response, interfere with brain waves, cell growth, cell communication calcium ion
balance, etc., and cause single and double strand DNA breaks.
Unfortunately the science says he is wrong, and his students are suffering as a result.
Smog talk
(6) While the heating effects of high exposures to electromagnetic radiation can be damaging, the
Power levels of wireless connections are much lower than those of microwave ovens and mobile phones.
which share the frequency range, and treating them in the same way is the worst sort of
scaremongering.
(7) Yet Mr. Gilbert is not alone.
(8) In 2003, parents sued a primary school in Chicago because it had dared to provide children with
easy access to computing resources over a wireless network.
(9) And there are a number of pressure groups, campaigning organizations and ill-informed
individuals who believe that wireless networks pose a threat to health and want to see them closed
down.
(10) Now it seems they have been joined by the editor of the UK newspaper the Independent on
Sunday, which this weekend filled its front page with a call for research into the 'electronic smog' that is
permeating the nation's schools and damaging growing children's brains.
(11) An accompanying editorial with the even-handed headline “high-tech horrors” called for an
official inquiry, while the article outlining the perceived dangers asked “Is the Wi-Fi revolution a health
time bomb?
12 The answer, of course, is 'no'.
(13) That will not stop the newspaper from stoking up a wave of opposition to one of the most liberating
technologies to have come out of the hi-tech revolution, limiting children ’s access to networked
computers at schools and even blocking plans to develop municipal wireless networks in our towns and
cities.
(14) If the journalists were really concerned about the dangers of radio frequency electromagnetic
radiation on the sensitive brains of the young, they should be calling for the closure of TV and radio
transmission towers rather than asking us to turn off our Wi-Fi laptops.
(15) The modulated frequencies that carry Radio 4 and ITV into our homes are just as powerful as the
wireless networks, and a lot more pervasive.
(16) And my wireless network is only carrying data when I'm online, while Radio 3 burbles all day long.
possibly exciting electrons in my brain and causing headaches.
(17) Then there is the danger from photons of visible light streaming down onto us as we work, since
these carry more energy than microwaves and could surely do more damage.
(18) Perhaps we should demand that our children work in the dark.

Withdrawal of the text 'Wi-Fi? Why Worry?' as the requested information in the following items.
The frequency of wireless network radio waves.
Three health damages network radio frequency are supposed to cause: ____________b____________,
______________________c______________________ and ___________________d______________________.
An example of a technological device whose power levels are higher and can be more dangerous
to health than that of Wi-Fi: ______________e_________________.

127) Remove from the indicated paragraph a word or expression that is a synonym of the given expression.
in each item.
to have something in common
b) paragraph 9 – are risky:
c) paragraph 10–request:
d) paragraph 14–instead of:
e) paragraph 17–harm:

128) Complete the following sentences using the words and expressions from the box according to the content of
Wi-Fi? Why Worry?
Bill Thompson
Fred Gilbert
Students at Canada's Lakehead University
Ill-informed individuals
The editor of The Independent
Journalists

54
a) _____________________ thinks it is a mistake to forbid people to Wi-Fi connect to the internet under the
argument of health impact of the 2.4 GHz radio waves used by this kind of technology.
b) _____________________ devotes attention to diverse issues concerning how to live in today's world
without the pervasive effects of technology.
c) ______________________ are not allowed to use Wi-Fi resources in areas where the wire connectivity is
available.
____________________
when it comes to believing that wireless network technology threatens people's health.
h) _____________________ was imposed a precautionary principle by i) ___________________, and are
experiencing an unpleasant situation.
j) ______________________ are not really worried about the effects Wi-Fi technology can cause in humans.
bodies, if so they would also claim against radio frequencies and electromagnetic radiation.

ANSWER KEY
a
d
a
d
b
b
e
e
c
and, c) because, d) or, e) so–126 - a) 2.4 GHz, b) increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier
encephalic, c) behavioral changes, d) alterations in cognitive functions, e) microwaves or
cell phones
Mr. Gilbert
The editor of the Independent
Journalists

SEE BELOW SOME PREVIOUS CONTEST TESTS, ANSWER KEYS AND SOLUTIONS.

01. AFA–AIR FORCE ACADEMY

TEXT - QUESTIONS 1 and 2
Let’s spend the night together
He used to love her, but it's all over now. A couple for more than two decades, Mick Jagger, and Jerry.
Hall said they would have their marriage annulled. Hall filed for divorce after a Brazilian model claimed
Jagger had made her pregnant. But Jagger challenged the action, saying his marriage to Hall in Bali was
Not legally valid. Undoubtedly, the hangup was money. London papers claimed that the Rolling Stone's
The lead singer will pay $11 million to $15 million. That shouldn’t be a problem. The Stones, even after rolling.
for a third of a century, are still the world’s top musical attraction, taking in nearly $88 million so far from
this year’s touring.
(Adapted from Time, July, 1999)

But Jagger challenged the action saying his marriage to Hall in Bali was
not legally valid means that Jagger
a) displayed how his determination in relation to his marriage in Bali was not valid and legal in count.
b) expressed his disagreement about the authorities' rules, affirming his speech was true and themes were
some mistakes with the laws.
c) wanted to challenge Hall by saying their marriage had happened as a result of her pregnancy.
d) divorced his wife after confirming her judgment accepting the consideration of a court of law she’s
brought an action against him.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE B - Jagger got married in Bali, but now claims that the marriage does not have
legal validity.

The word 'hangup' in the text means.

a) something you wait for a short time and resolve tightly.
a particular place where people get money after requiring it in court.
c) an informal way to keep something updated instead of asking for money judicially.
d) a subject you have to solve.

55
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE B - The dictionary refers to hang-up as a permanent feeling and
irrational anxiety regarding a personal characteristic. Therefore, one can understand, in
context of the passage above, where the word expresses a matter to be resolved (an outstanding issue).

TEXT - QUESTIONS 3 to 5
Where Astronauts Are Gods
In a country that learned not to believe in God, the belief in science reigns. Like saints, the
Cosmonauts (the way Russians call astronauts) occupy a place of eminence in the pantheon of the
national Russian heroes. They have multiple talents, being the greatest one, the capacity of going to
space. Streets, avenues and schools are named after astronauts. There are a lot of statues and museums
all over the country. There’s also a date to celebrate them, April 12.
Up to now, ninety-nine Russians have already gone into space since 1961, when Yuri Gagarin became
the first man to go into orbit. Not by chance, he's adored among the conquerors of Cosmo. His
premature death when he was 34 years old (seven years after his first and unique space flight in a tragic
plane accident whose causes are still mysterious) contributed to create the myth.
(Adapted from O Globo, April 2, 2006.)

According to the text, it’s understood that

a) Russians are people whose religion isn’t as strong as it is in the rest of the world.
b) Yuri Gagarin went into orbit and since then science is a great subject to be discussed.
c) Russia believes that God may be more important than its capacity to send cosmonauts to space.
d) Nowadays astronauts occupy a high position in the news.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE A - The text talks about the success of Russian scientific leaders, and, due to the
lack of religion, these figures end up becoming national heroes, supporting the fact that the
the alternative is the letter A. The importance of cosmonauts (astronauts) in culture and in
The mindset of the Russian people with examples such as commemorative dates, statues, street names, among others.

Another way to say the statement, 'Streets, avenues and schools are named after astronauts', would be
be
a) Astronauts gave their names to streets, avenues and schools.
The names of astronauts give them a place of heroes on streets, avenues and schools.
c) Streets, avenues and schools are given to astronauts by the meaning of their names.
Russians honor their astronauts by giving their names to streets, avenues and schools.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE D – The translation of the excerpt "Streets, avenues and schools are named after"
streets, avenues and schools are named after astronauts.
a) FALSE, because it is not the astronauts who name them, but the authorities, in tribute to the
astronauts.
b) FALSE, as this statement means 'The names of the astronauts give them a place as heroes in the streets,'
"avenues and schools," which is inconsistent with the reference excerpt of the question.
c) FALSE, because this statement means 'Streets, avenues, and schools are given to astronauts through'
"your names", being this phrase inconsistent with the reference excerpt of the question.
TRUE: the translation of this alternative is 'The Russians honor their astronauts by giving their'
names of streets, avenues, and schools,” a phrase that is nothing more than a paraphrase of the passage.
original.

There are a lot of statues and museums all over the country. There’s also a date
to celebrate them.
the statues and museums in Russia b) streets, avenues and schools in Russia
the astronauts from Russia d) scientists from Russia
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C - April 12th is a commemorative date to celebrate astronauts.
In Russia, moreover, there are statues and museums to honor them.

TEXT–QUESTIONS 6 and 7
June 12th1997. Diana, Princess of Wales, addresses a seminar on landmines. Here are some excerpts of
her speech
I. “I welcome this conference on landmines (...) because the world is too little aware of the waste of life,
limb and land which antipersonnel landmines are causing among some of the poorest people on earth.
Indeed, until my journey to Angola early this year, (…) I was largely unaware of it too.” (…)

06) According to the excerpt above, the undefined statement means that
56
a) many people do not even know or care about limbs and lands that are being lost due to landmines
among the poorest people.
b) anti-personnel landmines are causing awareness among not only the poorest people but the
landmines, too.
c) the poorest people on earth are wasting their lives in landmines that's why wasting their health, too.
d) limbs and lands that are among the poorest population are not aware of the world.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE A - Princess Diana speaks clearly stating that the world has
little awareness about the losses caused by landmines.

According to Diana's speech, we may observe that her first concern is related to the
a) those who are not killed outright
terrible injuries people from Angola suffer.
c) little information the world has about the deaths caused by landmines.
d) a world that remains largely aware of the handicapped ones.
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C - At the beginning of the text we read 'The world, with its many other concerns,
remains largely unmoved by a death roll of some 800 people every month
the world, with its many other concerns, remains motionless in front of a death corridor of
800 people every month.” At the end of the text, we read that this “death roll” is caused
through the land mines, which leads us to alternative C.

08) Read the paragraph below to answer question 8.

The Brazilians are the main beneficiaries of the self-sufficiency in national oil production.
with the investments being made by Petrobrás.
(PETROBRÁS Magazine, April 2006.)
According to the text.
a) our fuel is being produced in our country and we need to import it.
A lot of investment should be made in order to put Brazil in a high position.
Brazilians now have their own production of fuel that's why we may be proud of Petrobras.
Petrobras has been the first company to produce fuel in great quantity.
The translation of alternative C is 'Brazilians now have their own'
oil production and that is why we can be proud of Petrobras. The other alternatives do not
they express the text correctly because:
a) states that we need to import oil (which is not mentioned in the text, on the contrary, the text
implies Brazil's self-sufficiency in oil;
b) states that, in order to place Brazil in a high position, significant investments are necessary (the
the text does not affirm anything about a high position, but rather about self-sufficiency and investments that are already
being made and not future investments that would be necessary;
d) says that Petrobras is the first to produce oil in large quantities (besides not being
true, it is not stated in the text.

TEXT - QUESTIONS 9 to 11
The following extract is from a children's school science book. Read it and answer questions 9 to 11.
When houses are double glazed, only a relatively small amount of heat is lost through the windows.
Double glazed windows have two panes of glass and are strapped between them, preventing escaping
of the heat. Double glazing also ensures that condensation is reduced and noise is decreased. Heating
bills can be reduced when double glazing is installed. People living near busy roads or airports also find
that double glazing has to be fitted.
(Taken from Exploring Grammar in Context–Cambridge University Press)

only a relatively small amount of heat is lost through the windows.

sentence can only be substituted for
a great deal of plenty of c) a small number of a little
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE D - A small amount of is used with uncountable expressions, and therefore only
can be replaced by a little.

10) Mark the option that means “Heating bills can be reduced when double glazing is installed.”
a) When double glazing is installed, heating bills can be reduced.
Double glazing can reduce heating bills when it is installed.
c) Double glazing is installed to reduce heating bills.
d) When you install double glazing you reduce heating bills.
57
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE B - The question deals with the transition from passive voice to active voice; therefore, for the
passive, we have: 'heating costs can be reduced with double glazing', which, in the active voice,
double glazing can reduce heating costs.

11) Mark the item that contains the right information about the text.
a) When double glazing is installed in a house, it gets warmer and with less noise.
b) Houses become more secure if the windows are glazed because of the condensation.
A safe house is recognized when we can check that it's glazed indeed and not so noisy.
Double glazed houses are less noisy and prevent us from the high temperature.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE A - In the text, we read about the advantages of using double layers of glass.
through the windows of a house: "only a relatively small amount of heat is lost. Double
glazed windows … preventing the escape of heat. (…) also ensures that condensation is reduced and
noise is decreased.
In Portuguese:
only a relatively small amount of heat is lost through windows. Windows
with a double glass layer, heat loss is prevented and it also reduces condensation and noise.
At no point is the security factor taken into consideration, eliminating options B and C.
Option D can be eliminated since, according to it, the double layer of glass in the
would protect against high temperatures and this statement is not supported by the text. Moreover, the context
is from a cold region, mentioned in the text 'Heating bills can be reduced ...', that is, expenses with
heating can be reduced, thus the correct alternative is A.

TEXT - QUESTIONS 12 to 14
Read the article below carefully and answer questions 12 to 14.
Fireworks
Fireworks constitute a variety of devices used for religious or entertainment purposes. They contain
incendiary compounds that produce sound, color, smoke, or movement, or a combination of these.
Ingredients consist of fuels, oxidizers, and modifying agents. The fuels used are charcoal, sulfur, antimony.
sulfide, and powdered metals. Chlorates and nitrates usually provide oxygen for the reaction, since
fireworks do not use atmospheric oxygen. Various colors are obtained from metal salts. Sodium produces
yellow; copper, blue green; calcium, red; strontium, scarlet; and barium, green. Picric acid or sulfur tends
to intensify the colors, and ammonium salts increase the shades obtainable. Addition of iron and
Aluminum powder provides sparks and fiery displays. The craft of blending mixtures and packaging them is an
ancient one in China, where fireworks are used for religious purposes. In Europe, fireworks for
Entertainment has been manufactured since the [Link]. In many places throughout the United
In the United States and Canada, the sale of fireworks is restricted by law due to the risk of injury.
(The International Encyclopedia)

12) Which alternative is correct in relation to the text?

a) Atmospheric oxygen is actually one of the ingredients in fireworks.
Fireworks have been produced in Europe for eight centuries.
Religious people used fireworks only for entertainment.
In the United States and Canada, people cannot buy fireworks.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE B
a) FALSE: in the text we find 'fireworks do not use atmospheric oxygen', that is, fireworks do not use
atmospheric oxygen.
b) TRUE: excerpt transcribed from the text: “In Europe fireworks (…) have been manufactured since the
13th century,” that is, fireworks have been made in Europe since the 13th century (that is, 8 centuries ago).
c) FALSE: what the text says is that fireworks are used for religious purposes and for fun, and not that
The religious use it for fun.
d) FALSE: in the text we find "In many places throughout the United States and Canada", that is, in
various places in the USA and Canada and not throughout the entirety of these countries as stated in the alternative.

The craft of blending mixtures and packaging them is an ancient one in China, where fireworks are used.
for religious purposes.
a) refers to the world craft.
b) denotes the quantity of fireworks used in China.
c) is used to refer to a particular thing within a group.
d) is used to emphasize a situation.

58
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE A – “The craft of blending mixtures packaging them is an ancient one”, or
seja, an ancient craft. The word one is used so that the word craft does not have to be repeated.

Change the sentence extracted from the text into passive voice.
Chlorates and nitrates usually provide oxygen for the reaction.
Oxygen is provided for the reaction usually by chlorates and nitrates.
b) The ones that usually provide oxygen for the reaction are chlorates and nitrates.
c) Oxygen for the reaction is usually provided by chlorates and nitrates.
d) Chlorates and nitrates are usually provided by oxygen for the reaction.
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C - In this question, we have the change from the use of active voice to passive voice.
passive. Thus, if we say that 'chlorates and nitrates normally provide oxygen for the
"reaction" your passive will be "the oxygen for the reaction will normally be provided by chlorates and
nitrates.

TEXT - QUESTIONS 15 to 17
Read the passage below and answer questions 15 to 17
Who Moved My Cheese?
Who Moved My Cheese? It's a parable that reveals deep truths about changes. Two little mice and two
Little men live in a labyrinth searching for some cheese – a metaphor used to express what we wish to.
have in life, from a good job to spiritual peace. One of them is successful and writes what he learnt from
his experiences on the walls of the labyrinths. The scribbled words on the walls teach us how to deal with
the changes to live with less stress and achieve much more success at work and personal life.

15) It’s clear that “Who moved my cheese” is

a self-confidence book that tries to make us smarter to modify plentiful situations in our lives.
b) a piece of advice for those who cannot solve their problems at all, and still insist on being stuck.
a self-improvement reading that shows how we should deal with ourselves and make life better.
d) a special speech for those who are involved with the great changes that occur when they get
amazed.
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C - The text refers to a famous book in the "Self-help" category, which
it could have a loose translation to English as 'self-development'. The last paragraph leads us
directly to the correct alternative, when it says '... teach us how to deal with the changes to live with less'
stress and achieve much more success at work and personal life
teaches how to deal with life's changes with less stress and achieve much more success in
work and in personal life.

Two little mice and two little men live in a labyrinth searching for some cheese.
The world little can only be substituted for ___________ and refers to the ___________.
a) small / emphatic opinion given by the author to the characters.
b) few / size of the men and mice.
c) brief / height of them.
d) short / the lack of importance shown by the author.
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE A - The word 'little' in the excerpt means small.
b) FALSE: few better translated as few
c) FALSE: brief sign means short
d) FALSE: shortsignificshort

17) “Who moved my cheese?” What is expected from the one who reads it?
a) Knowing life and the labyrinths to succeed more than usual.
b) Searching for spiritual peace and living like the characters, always complaining about the career and life.
and general.
c) Scribbling new experiences and admitting the one success to use them deeply.
d) Dealing with changes, living better and achieving success.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE D–The text states that the parable can teach us how to deal with changes,
living with less stress leads to more success: 'teach us how to deal with the changes to live with less stress'
and achieve much more success at work and personal life.

TEXT - QUESTIONS 18 to 20
Read a letter and answer questions 18 to 20.
59
As a survivor of the Holocaust, I lost the I led more than 60 years, when the world didn't give a damn.
like today, acknowledge that a storm of destruction was imminent (“The Lost City”, Sept, 12). Sitting in my
comfortable, dry home watching the horror of New Orleans made me cry the tears I didn’t have when I
I was a child losing everything, feeling with just the clothing I wore that day. More than 60 years ago, I was
on a different continent. The disaster that unfolded in front of my eyes today took place in my adopted
country, among my adopted people. “We didn’t know” is an unpardonable excuse. “We didn’t care” is
more like it. Without hesitation, America spends billions and wastes human life in a country that is not
interested in democracy. Yet we quibble about the cost of Katrina, a cost that will affect everyone in our
backyard for years to come.
Lucie L. Liebman - Staten Island, New York

18) The letter was written by someone who

a) there existed a terrible hurricane even in her own country.
b) resisted the Holocaust though she had been in an unfamiliar country.
c) continued living in New Orleans otherwise she had passed away.
didn't die despite the tragedy.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE D–At the beginning of the letter, its author mentions that she was a survivor of
Holocaust, which would have been a tragedy that materialized because the world would not have given
due attention to the risk of that disaster.
Option B may have confused many candidates, however, it is incorrect because it states that the
the author would have survived the Holocaust even though they were in an unknown country, as the excerpt
it is not confirmed in the text.

19) The Present Tense of the underlined verb in the first line is
a) led lead lid leaden
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE B–The verb in question has the following forms:
Infinitive–To lead
Simple past–Led
Led
And it means to carry, to spend (life)

20) We realize that Lucie feels extremely sorry about ___________ because ____________.
a) the whirlpool / it destroyed part of her life. b) the hurricane / she lost almost everything.
c) America / it isn't democratic. Katrina / it destroyed her country.
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C - Lucie's feeling of sadness is due to the fact that America has passed
for the disasters that could have been avoided. The best answer is option C, however it is
It is necessary to emphasize the fact that the second column is not properly filled in by anyone.
the alternatives.

TEXT – QUESTIONS 21 to 23
Read the text and answer questions 21 to 23 based on it.
Fakes–a world of copycats
Every year, criminals make millions of dollars selling fake perfumes, clothes, medicines and computer
software. Counterfeit goods account for about 7% of total trade across the globe. And the criminals'
gains are other people's losses. Take, for example, governments which are unable to collect revenue.
from indirect taxes and customs duty on legitimate sales.
Over 30% of sales in mainland China are estimated to be counterfeit. In India, falke products account for
10% of the revenue for the entire health sector. Five out of six Yamaha bikes sold worldwide are not the
real thing. Nike, the brand which tells you to 'just do it', loses $70 million annually to the menace of fake
brands and pirate products. Identical fakes cost Gillette $20 million a year, and Proctor and Gamble loses
a staggering $150 million on a twelve-month average in China alone.
Sometimes consumers prefer to buy an illegal copy of a video, CD-ROM, cassette, or software package.
because it costs less. In Russia, for example, copies of Microsoft's Office 2000 program sell for just 1% of
the list price. Frequently, however, buyers don’t realize they are buying a fake instead of the genuine
article.
(Taken from Skyline 5–Macmillan)

The sentence '... the criminals' gains are other people's losses' means
a) criminals gain more than everyone. b) people lose more than expected by the criminals
c) criminals gain, whereas others lose. People expect to lose less than the criminals gain.
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RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C - 'Whereas' conveys the idea of contrast, implying that while one
one person wins, the other loses.

22) Read the statements below and classify them as (T) true or (F) false, respectively
More than ninety percent of the worldwide trade is made of fake products.
Two famous brands in China are responsible for a loss of more than a hundred million dollars per year.
More than two thirds of Yamaha's bikes sold across the globe are fake products.
The brand Nike has a great profit caused by counterfeit goods.
Mark the correct alternative.
a) True/False/True/False/ b) T/F/T/T c) T/T/F/F d) T/F/F/T
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE A–
Only 7% of world trade is in pirated products.
(F) The text states that the company Procter and Gamble suffers losses from piracy (greater than
a hundred million dollars a year), therefore, although there are certainly other companies with losses in
China due to piracy, only one is mentioned;
Five out of six Yamaha motorcycles sold are illegal;
The text informs that Nike has a loss of 70 million dollars due to the threat of imitations.
pirated products.

23) According to the last paragraph, consumers

I have always intended to buy counterfeit goods.
II–are sometimes deceived by the fakes.
Occasionally prefer pirate products because they are cheaper.
IV–see the illegal copies as a solution to the growing economical problems.
The only correct sentences are
a) I and III b) III and IV c) II and III d) II and IV
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C - The correct propositions are only number II and III and the excerpts
found below:
For proposition II, we have the last two lines of the text: 'Frequently, however, buyers don’t realize
they are buying a fake instead of the genuine article.
They do not notice that they are buying a counterfeit item instead of a genuine one.
For proposition III, we have the first two lines of the last paragraph: 'Sometimes consumers profer
to buy an illegal copy (…) because it costs less." (Sometimes consumers prefer to buy a
illegal copy ... because it costs less.
The statement is incorrect due to the term 'always' which does not align with the text, according to which 'to the
Sometimes consumers prefer to buy non-original products. The statement IV is incorrect.
because nothing is mentioned in the last paragraph about consumers' beliefs regarding solutions
for economic growth issues.

TEXT–QUESTIONS 24 and 25
Read the fragment and answer questions 24 and 25.
Image, image, image ...
Here’s the coolest … wildest … hippest … funkiest … object! An image-conscious person cannot do without.
it!
This style is ideal for fashion and consumer objects (cell phones, backpacks, watches, and so on). It's the
most common form of advertising for many products. But don’t forget all those other types of message.
Be smart: don't let the advertisers fool you!
(Taken from Consumers Portfolio)

24) There’s one option that DOESN’T match the context, mark it.
a) According to ads, the image-conscious person doesn’t have to live without their products.
b) You may be persuaded by the advertisers.
c) You need to be perceptive to avoid being influenced by the ads.
d) You should pay attention to the message behind the advertisements.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE A–The modal used in the text to exemplify the advertisements is the modal.
can (in the form cannot). It cannot be replaced, in the context, by have to, which expresses obligation.
instead of possibility, capacity. The use of can in the context suggests much more the idea that the author
of the text wishes to convey about the ads of what the modal have to. Furthermore, the text emphasizes the
risks of us, consumers, not being cautious regarding advertisements, what is
adequately expressed in the alternatives, except for A.
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25) According to 'image, image, image …' to sell fashion and consumer objects people announce
them as the most ...
Mark the option that DOESN'T suit the text.
a) stylish different c) natural d) modern
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C – The fragment talks about how advertising seeks to demonstrate that the
your objects are differentiated, modern, etc., and not natural (common).

TEXT - QUESTIONS 26 to 28
Read the paragraph and answer questions 26 to 28 based on it.
The concept of generation gap is widely accepted in Canada and the United States. It was a concept
that grew in prominence in the 1960s and 1970s, when a common belief among young people was
Never trust anyone over thirty and many older people felt they could no longer understand young.
people. These days, many people think that the generation gap is lessening because the baby-boom
generation (those born between 1946 and 1961) has moved past the age of thirty.
(Taken from Passages 1–TM, CUP)

26) The sentence in italics, “when a common ... thirty” has the function of:
a) establishing contrast b) emphasizing a concept
c) showing a condition d) explaining something
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE D – The word when in this context serves to state a fact.
in consideration, in the sense of explaining it; in the case of the given text, the intention is to explain what it means
the 'generation gap', a conflict of generations based on the phrase 'Never trust someone older than you.'
of thirty years.

What is the main idea of the text?

a) Never believe older people.
b) The excessive amount of births afterwards was caused by the generation gap.
c) The United States and Canada have a lot of problems concerning people coming from different
generations.
What is known as generation gap was spread by the young people in the sixties and seventies.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE D - The text refers to a generational conflict that occurred in the 60s and 70s.
which is losing strength nowadays, among other factors, due to aging (and therefore,
change of side in the conflict) of the youth of that period.
Notably, the second line of the text says 'it (generation gap) was a concept that grew in'
prominence in the 60's and 70's. In addition, in the last 3 lines we have 'These days, (...) past the age of '
thirty.

The text affirms that 'the generation gap is lessening'. It means it has
a) increased b) stabilized c) decreased d) not changed
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C - From reading the text, it is inferred that "the generation gap is lessening"
It means to say that the conflict in question is decreasing. (Lessen is synonymous with decrease).

29)Read the paragraph of an article from Newsweek, Nov/14, 2005, whose title is “Rethinking Arafat”
and answer question 29 according to it.
It might also take years for Palestinians to assess Arafat's legacy. Given the lingering suspicion that he
was poisoned (the cause of death is listed as undetermined), many Palestinians aren’t in the mood to
start sorting through his record. "As long as this matter is not resolved, you won't hear people questioning
his leadership', says Hafes Barghouti, editor of the Palestinian daily Al-Jadidah, just bemoaning the
consequences.
According to the writer,
a) Arafat's legacy will certainly take time to be assessed.
b) Arafat must have been poisoned.
c) Many Palestinians want to clarify the suspicion concerning Arafat's death as soon as possible.
d) Arafat's leadership won't be questioned, unless the matter of his death is resolved.
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE D - The text states that, as long as the matter is not resolved, no one
You will hear people questioning Arafat's leadership: 'As long as this matter is not resolved, you won't
hear people questioning his leadership.

30) Read the headline of the article referred to in the previous question and answer question 30.
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If the Palestinian leader was the real problem, why haven't things improved in the year since his
death
The author,
a) assures things will be better after the leader's death.
b) wonders if Arafat was really a problem to his country.
c) thinks improvements need time.
d) says things have changed after the leader died.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE B - The author questions whether Arafat was really the problem of Palestine, since,
According to him, things would not have changed after the death of the Palestinian leader.

02. ITA - Instituto Tecnológico da Aeronáutica

Questions 1 to 7 refer to the following texts:
Text I
A text familiar to many, George Orwell's classic satire has appeared on school reading lists ever since.
the year of its creation. Few readers can fail to be touched by the tragedy within, by its wonderful
synthesis of unthreatening symbolism and incisive criticism. This familiarity is convenient since, as an
adaptation, 'Animal Farm' spends too little time on the details of time and place. Instead directors Joy
Batchelor and John Halas thrust us directly into the depression that in Manor Farm, briefly explaining the
situation with pictures and narration by Gordon Heath. (…)
Sadly, Batchelor and Halas make it vital to have read Orwell's biting satire on Soviet history before.
viewing 'Animal Farm', just to know what's been left out. As it is, the firm grasps the superficial aspects of
Orwell's allegoric fable without his deeper message. In missing so badly, we're left within an impressive
attempt that never matches up to its birthright.
Text II
Power corrupts, but absolute power corrupts absolutely – and this is vividly and eloquently proven in
Orwell's short novel, 'Animal Farm', is a simple fable of great symbolic value, and as Orwell himself
It is the history of a revolution that went wrong. The novel can be seen as the historical
analysis of the causes of the failure of communism, or as a mere fairy-tale; in any case it tells a good story
that aims to prove that human nature and diversity prevent people from being equal and happy, or at
least equally happy. (…)
In 'Animal Farm', Orwell describes how power turned the pigs from simple 'comrades' to ruthless
dictators who managed to walk on two legs, and carry whips. The history may be seen as an analysis of
the Soviet regime, or as a warning against political power games of an absolute nature and totalitarianism
in general. For this reason, the history ends with a hair-raising warning to all humankind: “The creatures
outsides looked from pig to man, and from man to pig and from pig to man again: but already it was
impossible to say which was which.
Text III
When the farm's prize winning pig, Old Major, calls a meeting of all the animals of Manor Farm, he tells
them that be has had a dream in which mankind is gone, and animals are free to live in peace and
harmony.
When Old Major dies, (…) Snowball and Napoleon assume command, and turn his dream into a full-
gledged philosophy. One night, the starved animals suddenly revolt and drive the farmer Mr. Jones, his
wife, and his pet raven off the farm and take control. The farm is renamed 'Animal Farm' as the animals
works towards a future read, the seventh and most important of which is that 'all animals are equal' (…).
Many years pass, and the pigs learn to walk upright, carry whips, and wear clothes. The Seven
All animals are equal. But some animals are more equal than others.
equal to others.” Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs, and the humans of the area (in the
adjacent Foxwood Farm run by Mr. Pilkington), who congratulate Napoleon on having the most hard
Working animals in the country on the least feed. Napoleon announces his alliance with the humans.
against the labouring classes of both “worlds”. The animals discover this when they overhear Napoleon's
conversations and finally realize that a change has come over the ruling pigs. During a poker match, an
an argument breaks out between Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington when they both play an Ace of Spades, and
the animals realize how they cannot tell me the difference between the pigs and the humans.

01) Assinale a opção que indica, respectivamente, o gêneros dos Textos I, II e III
I II III
a) Synopsis of book/movie literary criticism film critique.
b) Literary criticism synopsis of book/movie film criticism.
63
c) Literary criticism film criticism synopsis of book/movie.
d) Film criticism literary criticism synopsis of book/movie.
e) Film criticism synopsis of book/movie literary criticism.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE D - The first text talks about a movie that is an adaptation of a book.
adaptation, 'Animal farm' spends too much time on details of time and place. Instead, directors (…)
The novel can be seen as the historical analysis of the causes of the
failure of communism, or as a mere fairy-tale.
The third text tells the story of the book and, consequently, also of the movie (which is a
adaptation of the book), therefore it is a synopsis.

From reading texts I, II, and III, it is possible to infer that:

I. Orwell's work can be understood as a fairy tale or as a critique of regimes.
totalitarian politicians.
The film Animal Farm portrays all the aspects presented in the book of the same name and, therefore,
received critical acclaim.
III. the plot of Animal Farm addresses, among other themes, the influence of power on behavior
human
So it is(are) correct:
a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only I and II e) only I and III
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE E
I – True. The first statement is correct and can be confirmed with the excerpt 'The novel can
to be seen as the historical analysis of the causes of the failure of communism, or as a mere fairy-tale.
II–False. The second statement is wrong, which can be confirmed through the last paragraph of
first text, in which the author asserts that a reading of the book is necessary in order to
capture what the film did not say. Furthermore, according to the critique presented in text I, the film does not
pass on the deepest message of the book.
III–True. The book deals with a farm dominated by animals, after the expulsion of humans. In the
beginning of the farm domination by the animals, they worked on equal terms, but more
The pigs took over the place, rewriting the rules to reinforce and
consolidate one's power. The allegory alludes to the struggle for power among human beings, which is
reinforced when the pigs make an agreement with humans for the exploitation of others
animals. The conclusion occurs when the other animals realize that pigs and humans are the same,
therefore, we can say that the statement that power influences human behavior is
true, as pigs are nothing more than a satire of the humans in power.

03) Indicate the option that shows the possibility of replacing the term or expression in bold in
Text I without compromising the meaning of the text.
a) has emerged on school reading lists can be replaced by has been imposed.
b) fail emFew readers can fail to be touched… can be replaced by help.
This familiarity is convenient since, as... can be replaced by because.
d) Instead, the last sentence of the first paragraph can be replaced by Furthermore.
e) left out can simply be replaced by included.
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C
a) Incorrect. The verb 'crop up' means 'to happen or appear suddenly, while...'
impose means to impose;
c) Correct. 'Since' can be an adverb of time or a preposition, but it can also be a
conjunction, expressing time or reason. In the sentence in question: “This familiarity is convenient reason and
which can therefore be replaced by 'because';
d) Incorrect. "Instead" means "in place of" and "furthermore" means "besides, furthermore";
e) Incorrect. The verb 'to be left out' means 'to not be included', while 'included' means
exactly the opposite.

04) The terms prevent from (Text II) and realize (Text III) mean, respectively:
a) prevent-understand b) prevent-understand
c) prevent-imagine d) prevent-idealize
e) prepare-idealize
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE B - The question brings famous false cognates that tend to confuse the
students with less proficiency in English. Prevent means to hinder, avoid, and realize means to notice,
understand.

64
05) In Text III the term 'the seventh and most important of which is that...' refers to
a) the new philosophy of Animalism the wall of the barn
c) commandments d) all animals
e) all people
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C - In this question, 'of which' refers to an element that has been mentioned.
previously, and this element is "the commandments", as can be noted through the reading of the whole
period: 'The Seven Commandments (...) are written on the wall (...), the seventh and most important of
which…”, whose translation is The Seven Commandments (…) were written on the wall (…), the seventh and most
important to them...

At the end of Text III, the author states that the animals could no longer differentiate the men from
pigs. Which of the options below, with sentences found in Text II, makes a similar observation?
a) power turned the pigs from simple comrades to ruthless dictators.
b) dictators who managed to walk on two legs, and carry whips.
c) human nature and diversity prevent people from being equal.
the creatures outside looked from pig to man.
but already it was impossible to say which was which.
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE E – The translation of alternative E is "but it was already impossible to say what it was".
"which" in a context that significantly emphasizes the similarity between men and pigs.

The expression 'break out' highlighted in Text III means

to make a sudden, quick advance to bring or come to an end
to develop suddenly to force or make a way through
to cause to separate into pieces suddenly or violently
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C - "To break out" means to appear suddenly.
The other alternatives bring the following meanings:
a) make a sudden, rapid advance b) finalize, conclude or reach an agreement
to clear a path e) to tear or to shred

Questions 8 to 10 refer to the following event promotion poster, posted in one of the
murals of ITA.

5th
Brazilian SBPMat
MEETING 2 BRAZIL-MRS
MRS 0
0 Brazilian Society
FLORIANÓPOLIS 6 in Research of
Materials
The annual meeting of the Brazilian Materials Research Society
(SBPMat), now being held for the 5thtime, is the largest and most
comprehensive Brazilian national conference in Materials Science CALL
and Engineering. The V SBPMat / Brazilian MRS Meeting 2006 will FOR
provide a very stimulating environment for the discussion of relevant PAPERS
themes in materials research.
The Meeting will be held together with the X Brazilian Congress for
Microscopy of Materials (MICROMAT 2006), promoted by the
Brazilian Society for Microscopy and Microanalysis (SBMM). Brazilian MRS Meeting
The joint event will take place in the Costão do Santino Resort & Spa 2006
in Florianópolis, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
As in previous meetings, the conference will bring together scientists. October 8th–12th
and engineers, from Brazil and abroad, interested in multidisciplinary 2006
topics of materials research. Santinho Mountain Range
The scientific program consists of 13 symposia, each featuring Resort & SPA
Internationally recognized speakers as well as oral and poster
Contributions. In addition, leading-edge topics of materials research Abstracts Submission
Will be highlighted by distinguished lectures in plenary sessions. Deadline

June 30, 2006

08) According to the text on the poster, consider the following statements:

65
I. The SBPMat is an international conference held annually in the field of Materials Science.
and Engineering.
The event aims to promote discussions on topics related to research in Materials.
III. engineers and scientists from various parts of the world will be present at the event, not just from
Brazil.
a) just I b) only II c) only I and II d) only II and III e) all
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE D
I. False - The first statement becomes false because it says that the conference is international, while the
(…) the largest and most comprehensive Brazilian national conference, that is, it is about
a national conference.
True - At the end of the first paragraph we read: 'MRS meeting 2006 will provide a very stimulating'
environment for the discussion of relevant themes in material research.”, that is, the meeting will
provide a very stimulating environment for the discussion of relevant topics in research
materials.
III. True - In the fourth paragraph we read: "The conference will bring together scientists and engineers,
from Braziland abroad(…)”, ou seja, aconferência irá colocar em contato cientistas e engenheiros do
Brazil and other countries.

9) According to the text on the poster, consider the following statements:

I. the scientific program of the event consists of symposia, lectures, oral presentations and
posters.
II. the V SBPMart and the X MICROMAT will be held concurrently.
III. Abstract Submission Deadline June 30, 2006 refers to the final deadline for registrations.
event.
So it is(are) correct.
a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only I and II e) all
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE D
I. Correct - This statement is confirmed in the last lines of the last paragraph. "The scientific program
consists of 13 symposia, each featuring internationally recognized speakers as well as oral and poster
contributions. In addition, leading-edge topics of materials research will be highlighted by distinguished
lecturers in plenary sessions. In other words, the program includes 13 symposia, oral presentations, posters,
in addition to lectures led by different university professors.
II. Correct - The second statement can be confirmed by the second paragraph: “The Meeting will be
held together with the X Brazilian Congress for Microscopy of Materials (MICROMAT 2006)”. “To be held
together means "to happen together," making the statement correct.
III. Incorrect - 'Abstract submission deadline' means the final deadline for submitting abstracts.
works (in the case of scientific works, research), not referring to the registrations themselves
It is possible, on the other hand, that the registration of the event speaker and the presentation of the summaries
it should be a unique process, which is not clarified by the text. In any case, this probably does not
it would be the maximum deadline to register for the event, for example, as an attendee.

10) Finally, consider the following information:

I. the largest and most comprehensive conference indicates that the conference is a major event
open and of a broad nature.
II. being held now being held for the 5thThe meeting will be held together.
together with the X Brazilian… could be replaced, respectively, by taking place and will occur.
III. Leading-edge topics refer to prominent themes in the field of materials research.
So they are correct:
a) only I b) only I and II c) only II and III d) only I and III e) all
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE E
I. Correct - Largest means bigger; most comprehensive is the same as more comprehensive.
II. Correta - To be held is synonymous with to take place, will be held together, means 'will occur together' and,
in the sentence, it can be replaced without loss of meaning by will occur, leaving the sentence as follows
The meeting will take place with X...
III. Correct - Leading-edge topics means topics of high relevance and modern, advanced.
new.

11) The option that best fills the gap in the first sentence in the dialogue below is:
A– Well, Mr. Vagner, our point is that … Ahn, ___________________
B– Not at all…

66
A– Thanks … you know, people here got quite intolerant …
B– I don’t mind.
C–My little boss is trying to stop!!!
a) Can I smoke? b) Mind if I smoke? c) Do you smoke?
d) Want a cigarette? e) Are you OK?
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE B - Besides the given response, "Not at all", which can mean "you're welcome" or
“by no means”, depending on the context, the unfolding of the comic shows that the author of
Lacuna would be asking the other if he minds the first one smoking, therefore the sentence that best
Mind if I smoke?

Questions 12 to 16 refer to the text below:

An ever-improving electrical system
If you total up all the wires and cables of all diameters and lengths found in a large airplane, they could
stretch for hundreds of miles. The plane also has hundreds of places using alternating and low tension
continuous current (115 volts). It is common practice for these generating and distribution systems.
To maintain a solid energy reserve for peak usage times and unusual circumstances.
The kilowatts used on new models cannot be compared to what will be required on board the megajets.
A380 (now going through flight testing) and the future A350, plus the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. All of these
plan on offering new dimensions in inflight entertainment and a level of connectivity that is comparable
to what we already have on the ground-for laptops and individual cell phones, broadband internet,
email, Wi-Fi (long distance linking) and all the rest.
In today's wide-body planes, the biggest consumer is the heating for de-icing and defrosting the
windscreens. But, even after adding in the 16 ovens and coffee machines in the gallery, plus the
electronic navigation, communications and avionics systems, we will still be well short of the electrical
system on board the advanced jets that will go into service between 2006 and 2010.
Besides the fact that each of those aircraft will have two (not just one) alternators per engine, there will
be other brand-new electrical applications. The wiring may come with a variety of tensions and
frequencies, which will bring a new level of freedom to designers who are projecting a much larger, more
flexible. More efficient, and safer electrical system.
Text by Ernesto Klotzel, Illustration by Clayton Jr. Icaro, April, 2006

12) Choose the option that best clarifies the main objective of the text
a) Describe the electrical system of a large aircraft.
b) Describe the parts of an airplane that require the use of an electrical system.
c) Discuss the innovations that will be implemented in the electrical system of new large aircraft.
door.
d) Comment that, in the future, we will be able to use cell phones and the internet on mega jets.
e) Emphasize that, in the future, the wiring of new planes will accommodate various voltages and frequencies.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C–The title 'An ever-improving electrical system'
in development), and all the text talks about how airplanes will not withstand in a short time the
demand for the electric system and what the next steps will be for the development of this system.

13) Currently, in large airplanes, most of the energy is consumed:

a) in the use of ovens and coffee machines.
b) in electronic navigation, communication systems and avionic systems.
c) in anti-fogging and defrosting systems of windshields.
d) in maintaining the internal temperature of the aircraft.
e) in maintaining the aircraft's power for potential emergencies.
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C– At the beginning of the third paragraph we have 'The biggest energy consumer is'
the heating for de-icing and defrosting the windscreens." being "windscreen" the same as "windshield"
breeze in Portuguese.

14) The thermos is replacing: All of these plan on offering...

a) new megajets.
b) electronic equipment that may be used on board.
c) connectivity levels comparable to what we have on land.
d) kilowatts used in the new megajets.
e) electric currents that will be used in the megajets.

67
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE A - The period before the sentence ends talking about the new mega jets. The
"the following refers contextually to 'these' to these new super jets, leading us to option A."

15) The expression to be well short of the electrical system... can be

replaced by:
to be far from b) to be adequately supplied with to be below the limit
to be close to be left off
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE A - The expression to be well short of means 'to be far from'. Note the meaning of the
section 'But, even after adding in ... we will still be well short of the electrical system on board...'
claims that even putting many of the equipment that consume electricity on the plane
we will still be far from the capacity of the onboard electrical system. This fact is justified by
constant development in the area.

The aspect that will allow designers greater freedom is that:

The new jets will feature innovative electric applications.
b) the megajets will have two alternators per engine and the wiring will accommodate voltages and frequencies
diversified.
The new jets will feature alternating and direct current.
d) the megajets will offer new entertainment possibilities.
The new aircraft will feature a more efficient and safe electrical system.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE B – At the end of the last paragraph, we have a brief description of some
improvements that will give more freedom to electrical system designers: 'The wiring may come with a '
variety of tensions and frequencies, which will bring a new level of freedom to designers who are
projecting (…)”. The variety of voltages and frequencies that will give designers greater freedom is
mentioned in option B.

Questions 17 to 20 refer to an excerpt from the following preface:

(…)
For about 25 years, I have had the opportunity to observe the efforts of many individuals applying
digital image-processing techniques to problems offered by the real world. A few of these individuals
have established and enduring track record solid success on almost every attempt. They have
consistently contributed innovative and effective solutions that creatively employ the tools of the
disiplin.
These highly productive individuals demonstrably hold several characteristics in common. One
I can venture to assume that these characteristics constitute a formula for success, to whatever extent.
such a thing can exist in this field.
Uniformly, these successful people have (1) a genuine interest in –even fascination with –the
technology involved, (2) a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of this highly multidisciplinary
technology, (3) a conceptual type of understanding (as opposed to rote memorization of totally abstract
theory), and (4) a knack for seeing problems visually, graphically, and from more than one viewpoint. In
line with this cast point, they often find themselves hard pressed to explain their ideas without the aid of a
graph or drawing.
This book is designed to help the reader develop the last three of these traits and perhaps enhance
the first as well. The selection of materials for inclusion (and, equally important, for omission), the example
used, the references cited, and the exercises and suggestions for projects are all directed toward this
goal.
In the field of digital image processing, mathematical analysis forms the stable basics upon which
one can make definite predictions regarding the performance of a digital imaging system. In this
treatment, however, mathematics is employed more as a faithful servant than as a ruthless master.
emphasis is on developing a conceptual understanding, and the analysis used to support this goal.
Digital Image Processing

17) Indicate the assertion that does NOT indicate possible objectives of the book.
a) Assist in the development of conceptual understanding of image processing theory
digital in contrast to the mechanical memorization of theory.
b) Deepen the understanding of the fundamentals of digital image processing technology.
c) Develop the ability to see problems related to image processing under
various viewpoints.
d) Present examples, references, exercises, and suggestions for the development of projects
using digital image processing technology.
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e) Increase genuine interest in digital image processing technology.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE D–The purpose of the book is to assist in the development of three of the
characteristics of successful people in the field of digital image processing.
explained in the fourth paragraph, where a reference is made to the development of the last three
qualities mentioned in the previous paragraph and improvement of the first quality, also mentioned
previously: “This book is designed to help the reader develop the last three of these traits and
perhaps enhance the first as well.
The third paragraph, which lists the characteristics of successful people in the field, talks about the
following characteristics:
interest in the technology involved.
Understanding the fundamentals of digital image processing technology.
conceptual understanding of the theory of digital image processing in contrast to the
mechanical memorization of the theory.
the ability to see problems related to image processing from points of
varied views.
Uniformly, these successful individuals have (1) a genuine interest in – even fascination with – the technology.
involved, (2) a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of this highly multidisciplinary technology, (3)
a conceptual type of understanding (as opposed to rote memorization of totally abstract theory), and
(4) a knack for seeing problems visually, graphically, and from more than one viewpoint.

18) Consider the following assertions:

To write the book, the author studied, for a period of twenty-five years, the work of people.
that use image processing techniques.
In the processing of digital images, mathematical analysis is used as support for
developed from conceptual understanding.
III. Mathematical analysis provides the foundations on which accurate predictions can be made in
regarding the performance of a digital imaging system.
The above statements are correct:
a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only I and II e) only II and III
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE E
I. False - The answer to the first statement is found right at the beginning of the text, where the author
He states: "For 25 years, I ’ve had the opportunity to observe the efforts of many individuals (…)".
At no time does this passage denote study, only observation of people and their work.
turning back to the false statement.
True - In the last paragraph we read about mathematics: 'mathematics is employed more as a'
faithful servant than as a ruthless master. The emphasis is on developing a conceptual understanding.
This excerpt demonstrates that mathematics is used in the development of understanding.
conceptual, as the assertion states, making it indeed false.
III. True - Still in the last paragraph, we have the passage "(...) mathematical analysis forms the stable
basis upon which one can make definite predictions regarding the performance of a digital imaging
system.

empreendimento
a) speculate; inclination; not obligated b) atrever-se; inaptidão; inflexíveis
c) avoid; propensity; overloaded d) be prudent; suitability; obsessive
e) to take risks; talent; under pressure
RESOLUÇÃO: ALTERNATIVA E– “Venture”: arriscar-se, aventurar-se, “Knack”: aptidão, destreza, talento,
skill

20) The expressions as opposed to, in line with, however can be replaced, respectively, by:
a)in contrast with, in agreement with, although
b) in contrast with, in agreement with, though
c) in contrast with, in dissension with, though
in conflict with, in dissension with, although
e) in conflict with, in agreement with, although
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE B - "As opposed to" is used to say that two things are very different.
therefore it should be replaced by 'in contrast with', 'in line with' expresses agreement, therefore it should
is replaced by 'in agreement with', while 'however' expresses the contrast between two ideas presented
in the period and should be replaced by 'though' because this word can assume an adverbial function
which aims to contradict what was said previously.

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03. IME - MILITARY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
TEXT - QUESTIONS 1 and 2

New planet definition sparks uproar

The new planet definition that relegates Pluto to 'dwarf planet' status is drawing intense criticism from
astronomers. It appears likely that the definition will not be widely adopted by astronomers for everyday
use, even though it is the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) official position.
On Thursday, astronomers at the IAU meeting in Prague approved a resolution that says the solar system
has only eight planets, with Pluto excluded. Pluto is considered a “dwarf planet” instead.
But the new definition has provoked a backlash. Alan Stern, who heads NASA's New Horizons mission to
Pluto and works at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, US, says the new definition is
awful
The definition introduced is fundamentally flawed," he told New Scientist. "As a 'scientist,' I'm
embarrassed.

Four planets
He says only four of the eight objects mentioned in the IAU definition actually meet the definition's criteria.
–and Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Neptune do not.
That is because the definition stipulates that to be a planet, an object must have cleared the
The neighborhood around is orbit. But Earth's orbital neighborhood is filled with thousands of near-Earth.
asteroids, Stern says.
And Mars, Jupiter and Neptune have so-called "Trojan" asteroids sharing their orbits. "This is a half-baked
criterion for planethood,” he says.
He says the new definition was pushed by people who are unhappy with having large numbers of
planets (an earlier proposal, which was abandoned after heavy criticism at the meeting, would have
potentially allowed hundreds of new planets into the fold).
It's just people that say things like, 'School kids will have to memorize too many names'. Do we limit the
number of stars because children have to think of too many names? Or rivers on the Earth? It's just crazy
Stern told New Scientist.

Minority report
Stern is also critical of the fact that only astronomers present for the vote, which occurred at the end of the
two-week meeting, were allowed to have their say on the matter No email voting was allowed for the
decision–it was made by a show of hands–and that meant that less than 5% of the clearly 9000 IAU
members actually voted.
You're going to see a real backlash in the coming weeks," he says. "I know there is a petition among
planetary scientists that's getting a lot of support.
In any case, he says, astronomers are not obligated to use the new definition, since the IAU does not
have the power to enforce it. “I don’t think it’s going to be very widely followed,” he says.
David Weintraub, author of the upcoming book Is Pluto a Planet? And a researcher at Vanderbilt
University in Nashville, Tennessee, US, says he thinks Pluto is still a planet–even under the new definition.

Grammar issue
As best I can tell, 'dwarf' is an adjective and 'planet' is a noun,” he told New Scientist. “I think the IAU
thinks they defined Pluto to not be a planet But they in fact have defined Pluto to be a planet–a
particular kind of planet.
Astronomers who proposed the new definition respond that the term 'dwarf planet' is meant to be
thought of as a single concept. And others point out that 'minor planets' – asteroids and other small
bodies–are not considered planets.
But he agrees with Stern that the stipulation that a planet clears out its neighbourhood is flawed. A better
a definition would say a planet is an object that orbits a star and is large enough to be spherical, but is not
large enough to be: a brown dwarf– a “failed” star with between about 13 and 75 times the mass of
Jupiter–or a star, he says.
This is crazy
Everyone agrees on those criteria,” he says, “The question is, can we agree on additional criteria to
Refine the definition further? I think the answer is no.
Everybody who has communicated with me is saying, 'This is crazy and we don't agree with it,' he adds.
I’m not convinced that the folks who were at the meeting represented well the larger community.
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But not everyone is unhappy with the decision. Richard Conn Henry is pleased with the outcome. "As far as
I’m concerned, the right decision was made,” he told New Scientist. “I know a planet when I see it and
there are eight of them.
He says it makes no sense to call Pluto a planet because it is just one of huge numbers of objects in the
Kuiper Belt beyond Neptune.
(Adapted from New Scientist Space, August 2006)

1.1) Read the text "New planet definition sparks furore" and answer, IN PORTUGUESE, the questions that follow.
they follow.
Considering the content of the text, why is the title 'New planet definition sparks furore' appropriate?
RESOLUTION: The title of the text proves to be very appropriate due to the debate generated around the new
definition of Pluto as a dwarf planet. Such a resolution was made in a meeting of two
weeks, and only astronomers present voted on the decision, not all members of the
IAU (International Astronomical Union). According to the text, this corresponds to less than 5 per
one hundred members.
Furthermore, the criterion used was flawed; according to the new definition, an object must have its
orbital neighborhood to be considered a planet. Planets like Earth, Jupiter, Mars, and Neptune do not
they fit into this category, therefore they could also not be called a planet.
Finally, the IAU has no power to enforce the new name it gave to Pluto, generating a
tendency that few astronomers would adopt it in the future.

1.2) Read the text 'New planet definition sparks furore' and answer, IN PORTUGUESE, the questions that follow.
to follow.
Alan Stern, of Southwest Research Institute, states, 'The definition is fundamentally flawed'.
one argument that can be used to support his opinion.
RESOLUTION: According to the scientist, the definition is flawed because there are other planets that do not
square it. The new rule states that for a body to be considered a planet, it must have its
clean orbital neighborhood. However, Earth, Mars, Neptune, and Jupiter do not fit into this category
because they have asteroids in their orbital neighborhoods.

1.3) Read the text 'New planet definition sparks furore' and answer, IN PORTUGUESE, the questions that follow.
they follow.
The scientist Alan Stern states that according to the criterion established by the resolution, Earth shouldn't
be considered a planet. Why wouldn't Earth be considered a planet?
RESOLUTION: The definition in the text states that a celestial body can be considered a planet when
it presents its neighborhood clean, that is, there are no celestial bodies around it. But the scientist
claims that there are thousands of asteroids near Earth. Thus, we could not say that Earth
it is a planet, according to this new definition.

1.4) Read the text 'New planet definition sparks furore' and answer, IN PORTUGUESE, the questions that follow.
they follow.
Richard Conn Henry, of Johns Hopkins University, says he is pleased with the outcome.
argument that supports his position.
RESOLUTION: Richard Henry states that it makes no sense to call Pluto a planet because it would only be
another among many other enormous celestial bodies in the Kuiper belt.

2.1) Consider the information contained in the text 'New planet definition sparks furore'
What resolution was approved at the IAU meeting in Prague?
a) One that redefines what a planet is
b) One that states Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Neptune are not planets
c) One that sends a mission headed by Alan Stern to Pluto
d) One that considers Trojan asteroids in Mars, Jupiter and Neptune orbits
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE A - In the sixth paragraph we read "(...) the definition stipulates that to be a planet
an object must have cleared the neighborhood around its orbit (...), that is, it is a definition
what a planet would be. This is confirmed by the title of the text, which indicates the new definition of a planet,
leading to option A.

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2.2) Consider the information contained in the text 'New planet definition sparks furore' and mark the
correct alternative for each of the following items.
According to the Prague resolution a planet ...
a) has a neighborhood of clear objects. b) was included in the solar system.
c) must have its orbit cleared. d) is a half-baked criterion.
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE C – The text states, in the sixth paragraph, that one of the criteria (quite
controversial) to classify a celestial body in the category of planet, it must present its
clean orbit.

2.3) Consider the information contained in the text 'New planet definition sparks furore' and mark the
correct alternative in each of the following items.
According to the text, it is correct to affirm that...
a) hundreds of new planets were included in the Prague resolution list of planets.
An earlier proposal for adopting a planet definition was rejected.
c) the Prague proposal was abandoned after heavy criticism at the meeting.
d) school kids will not understand the new definition.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE B – According to paragraph 8, we have: "(...) (an earlier proposal, which was
abandoned after heavy criticism at the meeting, would have potentially allowed hundreds of new
planets into the fold.) (…)". It seems that this excerpt refers to a previous proposal that would make it so that the
the total number of planets was raised to the power of one hundred. This proposal was rejected.

2.4) Consider the information contained in the text 'New planet definition sparks furore' and mark the
correct alternative for each of the following items.
You're going to see a real backlash in the coming weeks.
Know there is a petition among planetary scientists that’s getting a lot of support.
Only 5% of the nearly 2000 IAU members will vote in the next meeting.
Most of the members of IAU don't have access to emails.
c) The petition among scientists will be sent by email.
d) The resolution will probably be contested by the majority of members because they were not allowed
to vote by email.
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE D - Interference issues are always dangerous, as the candidate
you will need knowledge of the world or some vocabulary to solve it. In this question it was
it is necessary to understand the meaning of the word 'backlash'. The student accustomed to the method of
decomposition of words would perceive that 'back' means 'behind, return'. The text says that repercussions
would be seen in the coming weeks. The text states that the resolution caused discontent from
from the astronomical community due to the fact that only those present were able to vote on the resolution of the
Prague meeting and implies that this will probably be contested for this reason.

TEXT FOR QUESTION 3

Read the text 'Relaxation' and COMPLETE EACH NUMBERED GAP IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH ONLY
A word taken from this passage, maintaining the same idea as the original text.
Relaxation
True relaxation is most certainly not a matter of flopping down in front of the television with a welcome
drink. Nor it as about drifting into an exhausted sleep. Useful though these responses to tension and over-
tiredness may be, we should distinguish between them and conscious relaxation in terms of quality and
effect. Regardless of the level of tiredness, real relaxation is a state of alert yet at the same time passive
awareness, in which our bodies are at rest while our minds are awake.
Moreover, it is natural for a healthy person to be relaxed when moving as resting. Being relaxed in action.
means we bring the appropriate energy to everything we do, so as to have a feeling of healthy tiredness
by the end of the day, rather than one of exhaustion.
Unfortunately, as a result of living in today’s world, we are under constant strain and have difficulty in
Coping, let alone nurturing our body's abilities. What needs to be rediscovered is conscious relaxation.
With this in mind we must apply ourselves to understanding stress and the nature of its causes, however
deep-seated.

3.1) The text relates two ways of relieving tension and over-tiredness, reinforcing the power of __3.1__
relaxation over the false one, which is considered only momentary.
RESOLUTION: TRUE - due to the dichotomous relationship of the phrase between true and false.

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method
RESOLUTION: QUALITY - The first paragraph of the text mentions that we can distinguish between the ways to
relax in terms of its qualities and effects.

The difference between these two ways of relaxing lies upon its
RESOLUTION: EFFECT - The first paragraph of the text states that we can distinguish between the ways of
relax in terms of its qualities and effects.

mind
are at rest.
RESOLUTION: MINDS - Questions 3.4 and 3.5 are at the end of the first paragraph of the text in which
(...) in which our bodies are at rest while our minds are awake (...)
at rest while our minds are active.

3.5) In order to feel really relaxed, people should keep their __3.4__ alert at the same time their __3.5__
are at rest.
RESOLUTION: BODIES - Questions 3.4 and 3.5 can be found at the end of the first paragraph of the text in
(…) in which our bodies are at rest while our minds are awake (…)
they are at rest while our minds are active.

Someone who is healthy is supposed to feel relaxed either moving or resting.

RESOLUTION: RESTING - Response at the beginning of the second paragraph "(...) to be relaxed either moving or
resting (…)

3.7) It is possible to feel relaxed even when you are moving or doing any other activity, it is just a matter
of devoting the right amount of __3.7__ to the things you do, not less or more.
RESOLUTION: ENERGY – The answer at the beginning of the second paragraph "(...) Being relaxed in action means we
bring the appropriate energy to everything we do (...)" "Being relaxed in action means that we
we use the appropriate amount of energy for everything we do.

3.8) If by the time you go to sleep you have a feeling of __3.8__ you are not taking the right relaxation, for
by the time your day finishes you should have a feeling of healthy completion.
RESOLUTION: EXHAUSTION - Answers to questions 3.8 and 3.9 can be found in the last two lines of
second paragraph.
so as to have a feeling of healthy tiredness by the end of the day, rather than one of exhaustion.
A healthy feeling of tiredness at the end of the day, instead of a feeling of exhaustion.

3.9) If by the time you go to sleep you have a feeling of __3.8__ you are not taking the right relaxation, for
by the time your day finishes you should have a feeling of healthy satisfaction.
SOLUTION: TIREDNESS - Answers to questions 3.8 and 3.9 can be found in the last two lines of
second paragraph.
so as to have a feeling of healthy tiredness by the end of the day, rather than one of exhaustion.
to have a feeling of healthy tiredness at the end of the day, instead of a feeling of exhaustion.

The text suggests that practicing relaxation is a way of living in today's stressing world.
paying close attention to our body's abilities and needs.
What needs to be rediscovered is
What needs to be rediscovered is conscious relaxation.

4.1) Mark with an (X) the only correct option for each of the questions below.
My discovery of Tillie Olsen was a gift from a friend; years ago she gave me her copy of Tell Me a Riddle.
because she liked the stories and wanted to share the experience.
What do we know of Tillie Olsen?
She is a friend. b) She likes stories. c) She gives gifts. d) She is an author.
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE D–The text states that Tillie Olsen's discovery was a gift from a
friend, who gave you her copy of the book "Tell Me a Riddle" to share the experience. Thus, Tille Olsen is the
author of the book.

4.2) Mark with an (X) the only correct alternative for each of the questions below.

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The medical journal reported that heart attack victims who recover are approximately five times as likely
to die within the next five years as those people without a history of heart disease.
What did this article say about people who have had a heart attack?
They are more likely to die in the near future than others.
They will die in five years.
They are less likely to die than people without a history of heart disease.
d) They are likely to recover.
SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE A - The expression 'five times as likely' is comparative and can be translated as
text for 'five times more likely'. Thus, we have that people who suffered an attack from
hearts are more prone (five times more than a person who did not have an attack) to die
within the following five-year period.

4.3) Mark with an (X) the only correct alternative for each of the questions below.
Thanks to the ubiquitous use of vanilla as a flavoring in ice creams and cakes the world over, its taste is
more ___________ to the majority of people than the appearance of the plant.
Which alternative contains the words that correctly and respectively complete the gaps in the sentence?
a) flavor, recognize b) flavoring, recognizable
c) flavored, recognized d) flavoring, recognizing
RESOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE B - Because it is preceded by an article, it is noted that the first gap is a
noun (substance that gives flavor, in this case, of vanilla). The suffix -ing forms nouns
And so we arrive at aflavoring. Meanwhile, the noun recognizing does not exist, but rather recognizable.
(recognizable, familiar).

TEXT FOR QUESTION 5

Read the following sentence. Each of the lines may have an extraneous word that makes it incorrect.
the structure of the elocution. If the line is correct, write the word in the indicated space
CORRECT; if there are any extra words, write them in the indicated space.
Training is not a cost. It’s an investment. It really doesn’t matter how much we pay.
for an investment. What is really relevant is what we get in return.

Line 1 ______________
RESOLUTION: MUCH - The word does not fit the context, making it dispensable and irrelevant. A
Another way to make it correct would be to say 'how much' (we pay), meaning it doesn't matter how much.
we pay. However, the statement talks about an excess word, so "much" is eliminated, making it
that the phrase conveys the meaning that it doesn't matter what we pay for an investment.

Line 2 ______________
RESOLUTION: CORRECT – There is nothing that discredits the eloquence of the second line.

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