Dynamics Rigid of Bodies  Every point follows a circulation path around axis

 Example: a spinning wheel or rotating fan blade

Dynamics- study of motion of bodies using principle established
by Newtons and Euler c. General plane motion (combination of translational
and rotational)
Engineering Mechanics- deals with the efficient forces on  Most real-world motion involves both translational and
objects. Used vibration spacecraft design fluid flow electrical and rotation
mechanical design.  Example: a rolling ball or a bicycle wheel

Statics- deals with the effect on bodies not moving. 2. Kinematics of rigid bodies (motion without forces)
Dynamics- deals with force effect on moving bodies.
o Position, velocity and acceleration
Branches of Dynamics o Position: describe by coordinates (x,y,z) in space
Kinematics- study of geometry of motion used to relate o Velocity(v): rate of change in position (v=ds/dt)
displacement velocity acceleration and time but is not concerned to o Acceleration(a): rate of change of velocity (a=dv/dt)
the cause of the motion.
Kinetics- deals with the relationships between the forces acting on Angular motion variables
the mass of the body and the motion of the body.  Angular displacement (θ): rotation angle in
radians
Applications of Dynamics Rigid of Bodies  Angular velocity (ω): rate of change of
 Dynamics rigid of bodies widely used in physics simulation angular displacement (ω=dθ/dt)
rebooting engineering and gaming  Angular acceleration(α): rate of change of
 Robotics and mechanical application angular velocity (α= dω/dt)
 Vehicle dynamics
 Structural engineering and construction 3. Kinetics of rigid bodies
 Aerospace and space exploration Newton's second law for rigid bodies
 Sports and biometrics  For translational f=m * a
 Special effects in film and animation  For rotational (torque equation) Fd
 Robotics and mechanical simulation
4. Moment of inertia (I) rotational equivalent of mass
Basic Concept of DRB Moment of inertia for common shape
 Use the study of motion that do not deform under the influence  Solid sphere
of forces. It combines principle of kinematics and kinetics  Hollow sphere
 The drb their motion under the influence of forces and torque,  Solid cylinder
considering both translational and rational motion  Rod (rotating about center)

1. Types of motion of rigid bodies

5. Work energy and power in rigid body dynamics
a. Translational motion Kinetic energy of a rigid body
 Every part on the rigid bodies in parallel paths  Translational kinetic energy
 No rotation occurs  Kinetic energy translational
 Example: a car moving on a rational road without  Kinetic energy rotation
spinning  Kinetic energy total

b. Rational motion 6. Angular momentum and its conservation

 The body rotates about a fixed axis  Angular momentum (L)
  Example: conservation of angular momentum than camp A. Determine the displacement between base camp and
camp B.
7. Rolling motion (combination of translation and rotation)
 Rolling without slipping condition
 Example: a bicycle wheel moves forward while spinning
around its center.

In the study of motion (kinematics) three fundamentals’ concepts

describe how an object moves in space: position, velocity and
acceleration. These concepts apply to both linear motion (motion in
straight line) and rotational motion (motion around an axis

1. Position (x, y, z)

Definition:

➤ Position defines the location of an object in space Example 3:

➤ It is represented by coordinates system such as cartesian A laser beam is aimed 15.95° above the horizontal at a mirror
(x, y, z) or polar coordinates 11,648 m away. It glances off the mirror and continues for an
additional 8570. m at 11.44° above the horizon until it hits its
Mathematical Representation target. What is the resultant displacement of the beam to the
target?
In one dimension (1D): position is given by x(t) as a function
of time
In two dimensions (2D): position is represented as a vector r
= xi + yj r = xi + yj + zk

Example 1:

A car moves along a straight road. If at time t = 0, it starts at x =

5m then its position function is

x(t) = 5 + 2t

Example 2: Velocity (V)

A mountain climbing expedition establishes a base camp and two ➤ Is the rate of change of position with respect to time it
Intermediate camps, A and B Camp A is 11,200 m east of and 3,200 describes how fast and in which direction an object is
m above base camp. Camp B is 8400 m east of and 1700 m higher moving
 Mathematical Represent
Displacement per Displacement
s Definition
v= Where: unit time. per unit time.
t
v- velocity (m/s) Vector (has
s-displacement (m) Scalar (Only
Type magnitude and
t-time (s) magnitude).
Direction).
Types of velocity
Can be Yes (Depends on No (Always
Uniform velocity negative? direction). Positive).
Example 30 m/s east. 30 m/s
➤ the objects have uniform velocity if it moves in a straight
line with constant speed and direction
Example: A car moving at a constant speed of 60 km/hr in a
straight line Example:

Non-Uniform Velocity ➤ A car travel at uniform velocity a distance of 100 m in 4 seconds

What is the velocity of the car?
➤ The object covers unequal displacement in equal time
interval (changing speed or direction) d 100 m
v= = =25 m/s
Example: A moving car in traffic t 4s
Average Velocity ➤ A sailboat is traveling north at 10 km/hr relative to the water. The
water is flowing north at 5 km/hr. what is the velocity of the board
➤ The total displacement divided by total time relative to ground? (15 km/hr)
s (Total)
V (avg)=
t (Total )

Example: A cyclist travels 10 m forward and 5 m backward

in 3 seconds

Instantaneous Velocity

➤ The velocity of an object at a specific instant of time

➤ Found using differentiation in calculus

ds
dv =
dt ➤ A sailboat is traveling North at 10 km/hr relative to the water.
Velocity vs. Speed The water is flowing west at 5 km/hr parallel to the shore. What is
the velocity of the sailboat relative to ground, and what is the angle
of travel that the sailboat makes with respect to the shore? (11.18
Feature Velocity Speed km/hr, 63.43 degree or 26.57 degrees)
 • Average acceleration (a)

∆ v Change∈velocity dv v−u
a= = ∨a= ∨a=
∆t timetaken dt t
Types of acceleration
➤ In previous problem, a woman is running at 4 km/hr along the
 Uniform acceleration: When acceleration remains
shore in the opposite direction to the water flow What is the
constant over time. (a = constant)
velocity of the sailboat relative to the woman and what angle of
Example: A freely falling object under gravity
travel does the sailboat make with respect to her? (13 45 km/hr 48
019 or 41 990)
 Non-uniform acceleration: When acceleration changes
over time. (a - varies)
Example: A car moving in traffic

 Positive Acceleration: When a velocity increases in time

 Negative Acceleration (Deceleration): When velocity

decreases with time

Equation of Motion with Acceleration

➤ If a sprinter runs 100 m in 10 seconds What is his average
velocity?
➤ For motion with constant acceleration use the following
kinematics equations

1
V =u +at ( Velocity−time relation ) S=ut+ at ( Postion−time relation )
2
2 2
➤ The world record for the men's marathon is 2.03 38 If the V =u +2 aS (Velocity−Position relation)
distance is 42 19 km what is the average velocity during the run?
(569 m/s) Where: u- initial velocity (m/s)
v-final velocity (m/s)
s-displacement (m)
t-time (s)
a – acceleration (m/s^2)

Example (Free Fall Under Gravity)

➤ A ball is dropped from a height. How fast is it moving after 3

ACCELERATION seconds.

➤ Is the rate of change of velocity with time Given; Initial velocity: u = 0 since it is dropped
➤ It describe how quickly an object speed up or slow down Time: 13 seconds
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8m / s * 2
Mathematical representation
Formula v = u + at
 V = 0 + (9.8m /s ^ 2) (3s) = 29.4m/s downward 5. A cyclist is moving at 10 m/s and begins to slow down at a rate
of 15 m/s How far will the cyclist travel before coming to a stop?
(33.33 m)
Negative Acceleration

➤ A cyclist is moving at 15 m/s and applies brakes, coming to a

stop in 3 seconds. What is the acceleration 6. A car accelerates from 5 m/s to 20 m/s in 10 seconds. What is its
acceleration? (1.5 m/s²)
Given: Initial velocity, u = 15 m/s
Final velocity, v = 0 m/s
Time, t3 seconds

Formula: 7. A car is travelling at 25 m/s and comes to a stop in 5 seconds.

v−u 0−15 What is the car's acceleration (deceleration)? (-5)
a= a=
t m
−5 m/s ²(negative sign indicates deceleration)

8. A ball is thrown with an initial velocity of 30 m/s. What will be the

PROBLEM: maximum height the ball reaches before it starts falling back?
(45.92 s)
1. A car is moving at 30 m/s and begins to slow down at a rate of 2
m/s How much time will it take for the car to come to stop? (15
seconds)

9. A train accelerates from rest to a speed of 60 m/s in 30 seconds.

How far does the train travel during this time? (900 m)

2. An object is dropped from a height and falls under the influence 10. An object is dropped from a height and falls freely under the
of gravity. What is the speed of the object after 4 seconds? (39.2 influence of gravity. How much time does it takes to reach the
m/s) ground if it falls from a height of 80 meters? (4-04 s)

3. A plane accelerates from rest to a speed of 120 m/s over a

distance of 2,000 meters. What is the plane's accelerations? (3.6
m/s²) RECTANGULAR COMPONENT OF VELOCITY AND
ACCELERATION
➤In two-dimensional motion, an Objects moves in a plane rather
than along a straight line.

4. A rocket is launched from rest and reaches a velocity of 500 m/s Break velocity and acceleration into rectangular components along
after 10 seconds What is its acceleration? (50 m/s²) x-axis and y axis using Cartesian Coordinates
VELOCITY COMPONENTS
➤ The velocity V of an object moving in two dimensions can be
expressed as:
 V =V X + jV y ➤ Horizontal motion constant velocity (ax = 0)
dx dy ➤ Vertical motion: uniformly accelerated motion (ay = -g)
V X = ( Velocity along the x−axis )V y = ( Velocity along the y−axis )
dt dt
i and j are unit vectors along the x and y directions Circular Motion Analysis
➤ Can be analyzed using rectangular components, where velocity is
The magnitude of velocity (speed) is given by: tangential, and acceleration has both radial and tangential
√
V = V 2x + V 2y The direction (angle θ ) of velocity is:
−1 Vy Motion of a Car on an Inclined Plane
θ=tan ( )
Vx
➤ Acceleration and velocity can be broken into horizontal and
Acceleration Components vertical components to analyze forces and motion
➤ Is the rate of change of Velocity, Given by EXAMPLE
2
d v x dx A projectile is launched from the ground with an initial velocity of
a=a X + j a ya X = = ( Acceleration along the x−axis )
dt d t 2 40 m/s at an angle of 60º above the horizontal. Find:
2
d vy dx a. component of initial velocity
a y= = ( Acceleration along the y−axis )
dt d t 2 b. time of flight

The magnitude of the acceleration is: c. the maximum height reached

√
a= a2x + a2y The direction (angle θ ) of velocity is: d. horizontal range
−1 ay
θ=tan ( )
ax
Equation of motion in Rectangular Components Problem 1
➤ For uniform acceleration, the motion equations apply separately A soccer ball is kicked at 20 m/s at an angle of 30° above the
in each direction: ground.
Find:
In the x – direction A. Time of flight
V x =U x + ax t V 2x =U 2x +2 a x t B. Maximum height
In the x – direction C. Range
V y =U y +a y t V 2y =U 2y +2 a y t Where: Given: 20 m/s, 30°
Ux, Uy – are initial velocity components Solution:
Vx, Vy – are final velocity components Initial vertical velocity Maximum height
Ax, ay – are acceleration components V 0 y =Vsinθ=20 sin30=10 m/s V0y
2
10
2

x, y – are displacement in x and y direction H= = =5.10 s

2 g 2(9.81)
Time to reach max height
Application of RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS V 0y 10 m/ s Horizontal velocity
Projectile motion t up= = 2
=1.02 s
g 9. 81 m/s V 0 x =Vcosθ
➤ The motion of an abject under gravity follows a parabolic path V 0 x =20 cos 30=17.32m/ s
 Total time of flight R=V 0 x ( t total )
t total=2 ( t up ) =2 (1.02 s )=2.04 s Range
R=35.36 m/ s(7.22 s)=255.3 m
R=V 0 x ( t total )
R=17.32 m/s (2.04 s)=35.3 m
Problem 4

Problem 2 A rock is dropped (zero initial horizontal velocity) from a cliff 80

meters high. How long does it take to reach the ground?
An object is thrown horizontally with a velocity of 15 m/s from a 45
m tall building. Solution:

√ √
Find: 2h 2(80 m)
A. Time it takes to reach the ground t= = =4.04 s
B. How far from the base it lands g 9.81 m/s
Solution: Advanced Problem 1
Time to Fall A ball is thrown at 25 m/s at an angle of 60° from a 10m high

√ √
2h 2(45 m) platform. Find:
t= = =3.03 s A. Time to reach the ground
g 9.81 B. Range
Horizontal Distance
x=V 0 x t=15 m/s (3.03 s)=45.5 m

Problem 3 Advanced Problem 2

A projectile is launched at 40 m/s at 37° angle. Calculate:
A cannon fires a shell at 50 m/s at an angle of 45°. Find: A. Maximum height
A. Time of flight B. Total time of flight
B. Maximum height C. Horizontal distance traveled
C. Range
Solution:
Initial vertical velocity Maximum height
V 0 y =Vsinθ=50sin 45=35.36 m/ s 2
V 0 y 35.362
H= = =63.8 s
2 g 2(9.81)
Time to reach max height
V 0 y 35.36 m/s Horizontal velocity
t up= = 2
=3.61 s
g 9. 81 m/s V 0 x =Vcosθ
V 0 x =50 cos 45=35.36 m/s
Total time of flight
Advanced Problem 3
t total=2 ( t up ) =2 (3.61 s ) =7.22 s Range
A ball is thrown horizontally from a 100m tall building with a speed Total Time of Flight (when starting and ending at same height)
of 5 m/s. Find:
A. Time to hit the ground 2V 0 y
B. How far from the building the ball lands t total= =2(t up )
g
Range (Horizontal Distance)

R=V 0 x (t total)

Vertical Motion Equation (Anytime)

1 2
y=V 0 y t− g t
2
Advanced Problem 4
A cannon fires a projectile at 100 m/s at a 30° angle on the moon Horizontal Motion Equation
where g = 1.62 m/s².
A. Find the range. x=V 0 x t

Time to Fall from Height (if dropped or horizontally launched)

t=
√ 2h
g

Formula

Components of Initial Velocity

V 0 y =Vsinθ
V 0 x =Vcosθ

Time to Reach Maximum Height

V 0y
t up=
g
Maximum Height

2
V0y
H=
2g