1.

Indian National Congress (INC) – Established in 1885

Reason for Establishment:

 Platform for Political Voice: Educated Indians (lawyers, teachers, professionals) wanted
a common platform to present their concerns to the British rulers.
 Political Reforms: The early Congress leaders (like Dadabhai Naoroji, W.C. Bonnerjee,
etc.) demanded reforms such as representation in government, better administration, and
reduction in economic exploitation.
 Unity of Indians: It aimed to unite people from different regions, languages, and
religions to collectively demand rights.
 Response to Colonial Rule: The British were exploiting resources, so INC emerged as a
pressure group to influence British policies peacefully.

👉 Logical Reason: The INC was born because educated Indians realized they needed an
organized forum to demand reforms and safeguard the interests of Indians under colonial rule.

2. All India Muslim League (AIML) – Established in 1906

Reason for Establishment:

 Muslim Identity & Interests: Muslims felt that the INC was mostly dominated by
Hindus and their concerns were not properly represented.
 Political Safeguards: Muslims were a minority, so they wanted separate political
representation to protect their rights (like separate electorates).
 Educational & Social Backwardness: Muslims lagged behind Hindus in modern
education and jobs, so they feared being sidelined in politics.
 Partition of Bengal (1905): When Congress opposed it, Muslims felt their regional and
political interests were ignored. This boosted the idea of forming their own organization.

👉 Logical Reason: The AIML was established because Muslims wanted a separate political
platform to safeguard their community’s interests, identity, and representation in a Hindu-
majority India.

✅ In short:

 INC (1885): To create a common platform for Indians to demand reforms from the
British.
 AIML (1906): To protect Muslim identity and ensure political rights in a Hindu-majority
environment.

1. War of Independence (1857) – Common Struggle

  Both Hindus and Muslims fought together against British rule.
 It created the first feeling of national unity.
 But after the war failed, the British saw this unity as a threat to their rule.

2. British Divide-and-Rule Policy after 1857

 The British realized that if Hindus and Muslims stayed united, they could not rule India.
 So they adopted a policy of “divide and rule”:
o Gave more administrative favors to Hindus (because they were faster in adopting
Western education).
o Treated Muslims as the main culprits of the war because many Muslim rulers and
soldiers led the revolt.

3. Impact on Muslims

 Muslims were punished more severely after 1857.

 Their lands were confiscated, jobs were denied, and they were discouraged from modern
education.
 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan later encouraged Muslims to get modern education so they could
regain their lost status.

👉 This built the feeling among Muslims that they were separate from Hindus and needed their
own path.

4. Rise of Hindu Dominance

 As Hindus adapted quickly to Western education and joined the British administration,
they started dominating government jobs and professions.
 Congress (founded in 1885) became Hindu-majority, and Muslims felt their voices were
not equally represented.

👉 This deepened the sense that Muslims’ rights could not be secured without a separate political
platform.

5. Long-term Result – Muslim League (1906)

 The memory of 1857 made Muslims cautious:

o They felt they must not depend on Hindu leadership.
o They needed a separate political identity to avoid repeating the losses of 1857.

✅ Conclusion (Proven Reason):

The War of Independence (1857) became a major factor leading to separation because:

1. It showed Hindus and Muslims could unite – which scared the British.
 2. The British then deliberately divided them through policies.
3. Muslims suffered the most after the war, causing mistrust and a push for separate
identity.
4. This mistrust ultimately led to the creation of All India Muslim League in 1906 and
later the demand for Pakistan.

📘 Quiz Questions (History – Indo-Pak)

MCQs

1. The Indian National Congress was

founded in:
a) 1857
b) 1885
c) 1905 Short Answer Questions
d) 1906
2. The All India Muslim League was 6. Give two reasons why the Indian
founded in: National Congress was formed in
a) 1877 1885.
b) 1885 7. Why did Muslims feel the need for a
c) 1906 separate political party in 1906?
d) 1911 8. How did the War of Independence
3. Which community was mainly 1857 create mistrust between Hindus
blamed by the British for the War and Muslims?
of Independence 1857? 9. Explain how British policies after
a) Hindus 1857 led to the rise of the Muslim
b) Muslims League.
c) Sikhs 10. “1857 was the first step towards the
d) Parsis creation of Pakistan.” Justify this
4. Who is considered the main leader statement logically.
encouraging Muslims towards
modern education after 1857?
a) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
True / False
b) Allama Iqbal
c) Quaid-e-Azam 11. The Indian National Congress was
d) Liaquat Ali Khan dominated by Muslims in its early
5. The policy of Divide and Rule was years. (T/F)
adopted by the British after: 12. The British provided more job
a) War of Independence 1857 opportunities to Hindus after 1857.
b) Partition of Bengal 1905 (T/F)
c) Formation of Muslim League 13. The All India Muslim League
1906 supported Hindu representation only.
d) Lucknow Pact 1916 (T/F)
 14. Divide and Rule policy was used to a) Delhi
weaken unity of Hindus and b) Lucknow
Muslims. (T/F) c) Meerut
15. Muslims quickly accepted Western d) Calcutta
education after 1857. (T/F) 7. The main reason of failure of 1857
revolt was:
📘 Pakistan Studies – a) Lack of leadership
b) Lack of unity
Practice MCQs c) Lack of modern weapons
d) All of them
Early Muslim Rule & Mughals 8. After 1857, the British ended the rule
of:
1. Who was the last ruler of the Delhi a) Mughal Dynasty
Sultanate? b) Delhi Sultanate
a) Alauddin Khilji c) East India Company
b) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq d) Nawabs of Bengal
c) Ibrahim Lodhi 9. The British introduced “Divide and
d) Qutb-ud-din Aibak Rule” policy mainly to:
2. Sher Shah Suri is remembered for: a) Control trade
a) Establishing railways b) Weaken Hindu-Muslim unity
b) Introducing Rupee and postal c) Spread Christianity
system d) Strengthen Mughal rule
c) Abolishing Jizya 10. The first Governor-General of India
d) Building the Taj Mahal after 1857 was:
3. Akbar introduced which system for a) Warren Hastings
land revenue collection? b) Lord Dalhousie
a) Mansabdari c) Lord Canning
b) Zabti d) Lord Mountbatten
c) Iqta
d) Jagirdari Congress & Muslim League
4. The Mughal dynasty came to an end
in: 11. The Indian National Congress was
a) 1707 established by:
b) 1761 a) A.O. Hume
c) 1857 b) Dadabhai Naoroji
d) 1862 c) W.C. Bonnerjee
5. The “Din-i-Ilahi” was introduced by: d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
a) Babur 12. The All India Muslim League was
b) Humayun founded in:
c) Akbar a) Aligarh
d) Jahangir b) Dhaka
c) Lahore
1857 and British Policies d) Delhi
13. Who presided over the session of
6. The War of Independence (1857) Muslim League in 1906?
started from which city? a) Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk
 b) Nawab Salimullah Khan c) 1928
c) Aga Khan d) 1930
d) Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk
14. The Partition of Bengal was annulled Pakistan Movement
in:
a) 1909 21. Allama Iqbal presented his famous
b) 1911 Allahabad Address in:
c) 1916 a) 1928
d) 1920 b) 1929
15. Lucknow Pact was signed in the c) 1930
year: d) 1932
a) 1905 22. Pakistan Resolution was passed in
b) 1906 Lahore on:
c) 1916 a) 14 August 1940
d) 1928 b) 23 March 1940
c) 14 August 1947
Movements & Reforms d) 3 June 1947
23. Who was the president of All India
16. Khilafat Movement was launched Muslim League at the time of Lahore
after: Resolution?
a) World War I a) Liaquat Ali Khan
b) War of Independence b) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
c) World War II c) Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk
d) Nehru Report d) Sir Aga Khan
17. The main leaders of Khilafat 24. The Cabinet Mission came to India
Movement were: in:
a) Ali Brothers a) 1942
b) Jinnah and Iqbal b) 1944
c) Sir Syed and Shibli c) 1946
d) Gandhi and Tilak d) 1947
18. The Simon Commission was 25. The Simla Conference was held in:
appointed in: a) 1942
a) 1925 b) 1943
b) 1927 c) 1945
c) 1929 d) 1946
d) 1931
19. Quaid-e-Azam presented his 14 Final Phase of Freedom
Points in:
a) 1928 26. The Mountbatten Plan was
b) 1929 announced on:
c) 1930 a) 3 June 1947
d) 1931 b) 14 August 1947
20. The Nehru Report was issued in: c) 23 March 1940
a) 1925 d) 26 January 1950
b) 1927 27. The last Viceroy of India was:
a) Lord Canning
 b) Lord Curzon
c) Lord Mountbatten
d) Lord Wavell
28. Who gave the title “Quaid-e-Azam”
to Muhammad Ali Jinnah?
a) Allama Iqbal
b) Liaquat Ali Khan
c) Maulana Mazhar-ud-din
d) Gandhi
29. Which Act declared India and
Pakistan as two independent
dominions?
a) Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
b) Government of India Act 1935
c) Indian Independence Act 1947
d) Rowlatt Act
30. Pakistan came into being on:
a) 3 June 1947
b) 23 March 1940
c) 14 August 1947
d) 15 August 1947