Class 9
Biology
Tissues
Muscular Tissue
● It is made up of muscle fibers which are long cells.
● It allows movements in our body.
● How muscles can cause movement?
They contain special proteins called Contractile Proteins -Actin and
Myosin. These proteins cause contraction and relaxation of the
muscles.
● There are two kinds of muscles found in our body - Voluntary
Muscles and Involuntary Muscles.
Striated/
Smooth/
Skeletal/
Unstriated/Involunta
Voluntary
ry muscles
muscles
We can move We cannot start or
them according stop the movement of
to our own will involuntary muscles.
They are also They also
called Skeletal called Smooth
Muscles as Muscles.
they are
attached to the
bones.
They are also
called Striated They are also
Muscles becau called Unstriated
se of the Muscles because
presence of they do not have any
dark and light light or dark bands on
bands over them.
them
The cells of
voluntary
muscles have
more than one The cells of the
nucleus, they do involuntary muscles
not have any are long and have
branches, and pointed ends.
have a long
cylindrical
structure.
For Example, The
For Example,
muscles in the
Muscles of our
alimentary canal and
hands and legs.
the Iris of our eyes.
● Cardiac Muscles
o These are special kinds of involuntary muscles.
o The muscles of the heart are called Cardiac
Muscles they perform rhythmic contraction and
relaxation throughout our life.
o They are cylindrical in shape, they have branches and
there is a single nucleus.
o Cardiac muscle consists of individual heart muscle cells
connected by intercalated discs to work as a single
functional organ
The Nervous Tissue -Present in brain and spinal cord
Made up of Nerve cell/neuron
Do not divide
● How do we react to stimuli?
o This is because of the nervous tissues present in our
body. They are capable of transmitting information
quickly from the brain to different parts of the body and
vice-versa.
● Therefore nervous tissues are found in nerves, brain, and spinal
cord.
● The Nervous tissue is made up of cells called the Nerve
Cells or Neurons.
● These neurons connect together to form the nerves of our body.
● Structure of a Neuron
o It is an elongated cell with a Cell Body that consists of
some branch-like structure called Dendrites.
o There is a Nucleus present in the center of the cell
body.
o The Nerve Endings of the cell are connected with the
cell body via Axon.
o A nerve cell can be up to 1 m long.
Structure of Neuron
The Structure of Neuron
1. Dendrites
● They are tree-like extensions (highly-branched) at the beginning
of a neuron.
● They increase the surface area of the neuron.
● They receive chemical signals from different neurons of the
body.
● They then convert these chemical signals into electrical signals
and pass them to the neuron cell body.
● A neuron can have a single dendrite or multiple dendrites
2. Cell Body
● Also called Soma.
● The main function of the cell body and nucleus of the neuron is
to maintain the functionality of the cell.
● It does not play an active role in the transmission of the signal.
● It produces proteins that are required by different parts of the
neuron to work properly.
● It contains different cell organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi
apparatus etc that perform various functions of the cell.
3. Axon
● Neurons have one axon in general.
● It is a long structure that connects the cell body to the terminals
and it also connects with other neurons, cells and organs of the
body through nerve terminals.
● It allows in fast transmission of signals. The larger the diameter
of the axon the faster it will transmit signals.
● It is covered with a special insulating substance called myelin. It
helps in rapid transmission of signals.
● Nerve Endings release neurotransmitters I.e Chemicals for
transmission of electric impulse( flow of message through
neuron) receiving stimulus( external change in environment)
