BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3

FOR IGCSE STUDENTS

EXCRETION

Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products resulted

from metabolic reactions in the body or substances in excess to
the body needs.

Single-celled organisms: waste products are excreted directly

through the cell surface membrane by diffusion.

Multicellular organisms: utilize more complex excretory

methods.

1. Higher plants
eliminate gases and
excess water
through the
stomata, on the
surface of leaves.

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 2

Ragabiology.com
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 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS

2. Animals have special excretory organs.

Examples for excretory organs:

1. lungs:

• Excretory product: carbon dioxide and water vapor in the expired air.

• Role in homeostasis: keep level of O2 and C02 constant.

2. skin:

• Excretory product: sweat that contains water, salts, and traces of urea.

• Role in homeostasis: skin helps to keep the body temperature constant.

3. liver:

• Excretory product: Bile pigment.

• Role in homeostasis: liver help in keeping levels of GLUCOSE and AMINO

ACIDS in the body constant.

• Liver perform Deamination of excess amino acids to form ammonia which will

be converted in liver to Urea to be excreted from body through kidney.

4. kidneys

• Excretory product: kidney removes excess water, salts, and urea from the body

as urine

• Role in homeostasis: keep levels of water, salt, and urea constant in blood.

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 3

Ragabiology.com
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 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS

URINARY SYSTEM
The urinary system consists of:

1. The kidney function: urine

formation

2. Ureter function: urine

transport from kidneys to

bladder

3. Urinary bladder function:

urine storage

4. Urethra function: passes urine outside body

The primary function of the kidney:

1. Ion/water balance.

2. Elimination of urea, a nitrogenous waste.

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 4

Ragabiology.com
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 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS

How urea reaches the kidneys:

• Urea is formed in the liver from DEAMINATION of excess

amino acids.

• Urea passes out the liver through hepatic vein to vena

cava then to heart.

• Heart pumps blood with urea to Aorta then to renal

artery which enter the kidneys.

• Blood from renal artery is filtered in kidneys from urea,

excess water, and wastes which pass in urine.

The kidney has three layers:

1. Tough capsule: Outermost layer for protection.

2. Cortex

3. Medulla.

Urine is formed in the kidney in small microscopic units called

NEPHRON

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 5

Ragabiology.com
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 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS

Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons.

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 6

Ragabiology.com
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 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 7

Ragabiology.com
Page -6
 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS

Kidney makes urine in a process of two-stages:

1. ULTRAFILTRATION: filtering blood where plasma

proteins and cells (Red blood cells, White blood cells,
Platelets) are large so cannot be filtered, while small
molecules as water, glucose, amino acids, minerals,
wastes as urea get out from blood to Bowman’s capsule.
This stage occurs between Glomerulus and Bowman's
capsule.

2. SELECTIVE REABSORPTION: taking back to the

blood all glucose, amino acids, most of water, and some
salts from the filtrated fluid, leading to concentration of
urea in the urine as well as loss of excess water and salts.

Reabsorption occurs in tubules of the nephrons. These

substances passed back to the body through renal vein.

The remained fluid formed from excess water, excess salts,

urea, and wastes called urine that will pass out of the kidneys

to Ureter then stored in urinary bladder then passes out the

body through urethra.

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 8

Ragabiology.com
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Page -8
Kidney

Page -9
 8

2 (a) Define the term excretion. For

Examiner's
Use

[3]

Fig. 2.1 shows a kidney tubule and the blood vessels associated with it.

A
H

G D

Fig. 2.1

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(b) Table 2.1 shows some processes that occur in a kidney. For
Examiner's
Use
In Table 2.1, write the letter of the part shown in Fig. 2.1 where each process occurs.

You must put one letter in each box. You may use the same letter more than once.

Table 2.1

process letter

filtration of blood

reabsorption of most of the solutes from the filtrate

water is absorbed by osmosis to determine the
concentration of urine
unfiltered blood returns to the renal vein

[4]

(c) Table 2.2 lists the components of blood, filtrate and urine.

Table 2.2

component blood filtrate urine

red blood cells
 

white blood


cells
plasma


proteins
glucose

urea

salts

water

Complete the table by using ticks (
) and crosses () to show whether or not each
component is present in filtrate and in urine of a healthy person. The first component
has been done for you. [2]

[Total: 9]

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4 Fig. 4.1 shows a kidney tubule and its associated blood vessels. For
Examiner's
Use

X
urine
Fig. 4.1

(a) Use label lines and the letters P, Q and R to identify the areas in the tubule shown in
Fig. 4.1.

P where blood is filtered,

Q where glucose is reabsorbed,

R where the concentration of urine may be increased by the reabsorption of water. [3]

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(b) Water is reabsorbed in the kidney. For

Examiner's
Use
Explain how water is reabsorbed in the kidney.

[2]

(c) Describe what happens to the urine after leaving the kidney tubule at X on Fig. 4.1.

[2]

(d) Describe the functions of the liver in excretion.

[3]

[Total: 10]

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For
5 To stay healthy we need a balanced diet. Examiner's
Use

(a) Define the term balanced diet.

[2]

Protein is one nutrient present in a balanced diet. The body cannot store protein, so any
excess amino acids are broken down in the process of deamination, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

excess
amino acid

non-nitrogen nitrogen
compound compound

X urea

respiration

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Fig. 5.1

(b) (i) Name the organ where deamination takes place.

[1]

(ii) Compound X is used as an energy source in respiration.

Suggest the name of compound X.

[1]

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(iii) State the type of respiration shown in Fig. 5.1. For

Examiner's
Use
Explain your answer.

type of respiration

explanation

[2]

(c) The urea produced is transported to the kidney, where it is excreted.

Describe how urea is transported in the blood to the kidney.

[2]

Fig. 5.2 shows a kidney tubule (nephron) and its associated blood vessels.

A
B

Fig. 5.2

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(d) Complete the table by naming the parts labelled A to D and stating one function for For
each. Examiner's
Use

name of part function

[8]

(e) The volume of blood filtered by the kidneys is 1.18 dm3 min-1.

(i) Calculate the total volume of blood filtered in 24 hours.

Show your working.

volume = [2]

(ii) If the total volume of urine produced in 24 hours is 1.7 dm3, calculate the
percentage volume of the filtered blood excreted as urine in 24 hours.

Show your working.

% volume = [2]

[Total: 20]

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 First variant Question Paper
6

3 (a) Define the term excretion. For

Examiner's
Use

[3]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a section through a kidney.

Fig. 3.1

(i) Using label lines and the letters given, label the following on Fig. 3.1.

F where filtration occurs,

R the renal artery,

U where urine passes to the bladder. [3]

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 First variant Question Paper
7

(ii) Describe the process of filtration in the kidney. For

Examiner's
Use

[3]

(iii) Name the processes resulting in the reabsorption of

1. glucose,

2. water. [3]

[Total: 12]

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1 The kidneys remove metabolic waste from the liquid part of the blood. For
Examiner's
Use
Name:

(i) the liquid part of the blood;

[1]

(ii) the process that involves removing metabolic waste from the body.

[1]

Fig. 1.1 shows a kidney tubule and its associated blood vessels.

X
A

Fig. 1.1

(b) Describe the functions of the regions labelled A and B.

[4]

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Table 1.1 shows the concentrations of some substances in the blood at X, the fluid at Y and For
the urine at Z. Examiner's
Use

Table 1.1

concentration / g per 100 cm3

substance
blood at X fluid at Y urine at Z

glucose 0.1 0.1 0.0

protein 7 0 0

sodium ions 0.35 0.35 0.5

urea 0.03 0.03 2.0

(c) Name the substance shown in Table 1.1 that:

(i) has molecules that are too large to pass through the walls of capillaries;

[1]

(ii) is all reabsorbed in the kidney;

[1]

(iii) is a metabolic waste product.

[1]

(d) Explain why the concentrations of sodium ions and urea are greater at Z than at Y.

[2]

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(e) People who have acute kidney failure are given dialysis treatment. For
Examiner's
Use
In dialysis machines, the blood flows through narrow tubes made from partially
permeable membranes, surrounded by dialysis fluid.

(i) Dialysis fluid contains sodium ions.

Use the information in Table 1.1 to suggest the concentration of sodium ions that
should be in the fluid and give a reason for your answer.

concentration g per 100 cm3

reason

[2]

(ii) State two components of blood that are not in dialysis fluid.

2 [2]

(f) Heparin is added to the blood before it returns to the body from the dialysis machine.
Heparin prevents a person’s blood from clotting.

Describe the process of blood clotting.

[3]

[Total: 18]

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For
Examiner's

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a vertical section of a kidney.

E F

Fig. 3.1

(a) Name the parts E, F and G.

G [3]

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(b) Substances move into and out of cells in kidney tubules. For
Examiner's
Use
Fig. 3.2 shows four processes, H, J, K and L, that occur in cells lining the kidney
tubule.

The net movement of substance is shown by an arrow, in each case.

H J K L

nucleus

kidney
tubule
cell

outside the cells

key
high concentration
low concentration
Fig. 3.2

(i) Complete Table 3.1 by stating the letter, H, J, K or L, which identifies each of the
processes. Give a reason for each answer.

Table 3.1

process letter reason

diffusion of oxygen

active uptake of sodium ions

[4]

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(ii) Glucose is filtered from the blood. Usually all of it is reabsorbed by the kidney For
tubules so that there is none present in the urine. Examiner's
Use

Name the part of the kidney where filtration occurs.

[1]

(iii) Use Fig. 3.2 to describe how kidney tubules reabsorb glucose from the filtrate.

[2]

(c) When plants are grown in a solution that includes a poison that prevents respiration,
the roots continue to absorb water, but do not absorb many ions.

Explain this result.

[3]

[Total: 13]

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 2

1 The kidneys remove metabolic waste from the liquid part of the blood. For
Examiner's
Use
Name:

(i) the liquid part of the blood;

[1]

(ii) the process that involves removing metabolic waste from the body.

[1]

Fig. 1.1 shows a kidney tubule and its associated blood vessels.

X
A

Fig. 1.1

(b) Describe the functions of the regions labelled A and B.

[4]

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Table 1.1 shows the concentrations of some substances in the blood at X, the fluid at Y and For
the urine at Z. Examiner's
Use

Table 1.1

concentration / g per 100 cm3

substance
blood at X fluid at Y urine at Z

glucose 0.1 0.1 0.0

protein 7 0 0

sodium ions 0.35 0.35 0.5

urea 0.03 0.03 2.0

(c) Name the substance shown in Table 1.1 that:

(i) has molecules that are too large to pass through the walls of capillaries;

[1]

(ii) is all reabsorbed in the kidney;

[1]

(iii) is a metabolic waste product.

[1]

(d) Explain why the concentrations of sodium ions and urea are greater at Z than at Y.

[2]

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5 Fig. 5.1 shows a cross-section of a kidney.

F
G

Fig. 5.1

(a) Name the structures labelled, E, F and G as shown in Fig. 5.1.

E .....................................................................................

F ......................................................................................

G .....................................................................................
[3]

(b) Explain the function of the renal capsule in the kidney.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

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2 (a) Define the term excretion.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

Fig. 2.1 is a diagram of a kidney tubule and its blood supply.

blood

2
blood

Fig. 2.1

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(b) The concentrations of solutes in the fluids at regions 1, 2, 3 and 4 were determined. The
results are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

concentration / g dm–3
substance
region 1 region 2 region 3 region 4
glucose 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.0
protein 82.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
salts 8.0 8.0 9.6 16.5
urea 0.2 0.2 0.2 20.0

State the substance or substances in Table 2.1 which:

(i) has molecules which are too large to be filtered;

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) has molecules which are small enough to be filtered but is completely reabsorbed from
the fluid in the kidney tubule;

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) increases in concentration as fluid moves along the kidney tubule.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) State three structures through which the fluid from region 4 passes as it leaves the body.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................................[3]

(d) One role of the kidney is to maintain the concentration of the blood plasma.

Name the process of maintaining constant conditions within the body.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 10]

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4 The lungs and the kidneys are excretory organs of the human body.

(a) (i) Define the term excretion.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) State an excretory product that is passed out through the lungs.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Outline the role of the liver in excretion.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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(b) Fig. 4.1 is a vertical section of the kidney.

P L

Fig. 4.1

Table 4.1 shows the functions of parts of the kidney.

Complete the table by:

• naming the part of the kidney that carries out each function
• using letters from Fig. 4.1 to identify the part of the kidney named.

One row has been completed for you.

Table 4.1

function name of part letter from Fig. 4.1

blood is filtered

concentration of urine is
medulla L
determined
urine flows to the
bladder
blood is carried into the
kidney
blood flows out of the
kidney
[4]

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(c) People with kidney disease are often treated in renal dialysis clinics. Their blood passes
through tubes lined with a special membrane for about three hours.

(i) State two waste substances that are removed from the blood by dialysis.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Kidney patients may be given a kidney transplant. State one advantage and one
disadvantage of kidney transplants compared with dialysis.

advantage ..........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

disadvantage .....................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 15]

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(e) Amino acids are processed by the liver.

Describe this process.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(f) State one other function of the liver, besides homeostasis and processing amino acids.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 14]

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3 Fig. 3.1 shows a section through a kidney.

Fig. 3.1

(a) Complete the table by stating the name of the parts labelled A, B and C on Fig. 3.1.

letter name of part

[3]

(b) (i) Name the blood vessel in Fig. 3.1 that has the highest concentration of urea.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the blood vessel in Fig. 3.1 that has the lowest concentration of glucose.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(c) Explain the role of the kidney in excretion.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(d) Testosterone is a steroid hormone that is also taken as a drug to improve sporting
performance.

(i) Define the term hormone.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) State where testosterone is produced in the body.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State why testosterone is taken by some people to improve sporting performance.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(e) The half-life of a drug is the time it takes for the concentration in the blood to decrease by a
factor of a half. The half-life of one form of testosterone taken to improve sporting performance
is 7 days.

A person received an injection of this form of testosterone. A blood sample taken almost
immediately showed its concentration to be 50 ng cm−3.

Predict the concentration after 14 days, assuming the person does not have another injection,
and show your working.

............................................. ng cm−3 [2]

[Total: 17]

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1 The lungs and the kidneys are part of the excretory system of mammals.

(a) (i) State the name of one substance that is excreted from the lungs and state where in the
body it is produced.

name .................................................................................................................................

site of production ...............................................................................................................

[2]

(ii) State the name of one excretory substance, that is removed by the kidneys, that contains
nitrogen.

Explain why it is excreted.

name .................................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Blood is filtered as it flows through the kidneys.

(i) State the name of the structure within a kidney that filters the blood.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State two components of blood that do not pass through the filter.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(c) The filtrate which is formed from the blood in the kidneys contains many useful substances,
which are reabsorbed into the blood.

Fig. 1.1 is a photomicrograph of a cross-section of some of the cells that carry out reabsorption.

E A

Fig. 1.1

(i) Complete the table by stating the letter in Fig. 1.1 that identifies each structure.

structure letter on Fig. 1.1

microvilli
nucleus
mitochondrion
[3]

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(ii) State one function of the nucleus.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) State the name of one part of the mammalian body other than the kidney that has cells
with microvilli.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iv) The cells that line the kidney tubules, such as those in Fig. 1.1, absorb many compounds
from the filtrate.

Use Fig. 1.1 to explain how the cells are adapted for absorption.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

[Total: 16]

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1 Which diet will cause the liver to produce the most urea?

A high carbohydrate, low fat

B high fat, high fibre
C high fat, low protein
D high protein, low carbohydrate

2 What is an example of excretion in mammals?

A the release of hormones from glands

B the release of saliva into the mouth
C the removal of undigested food through the anus
D the removal of urea by the kidneys

3 Where is urea formed?

A kidneys
B liver
C muscles
D small intestine

4 Which substance is lost from the body of a healthy person by the kidneys, but not by the lungs?

A carbon dioxide
B glucose
C urea
D water

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Page -40

 5 The diagram shows some organs in which urea is found.

Which organ makes urea, and which organ removes it from the blood?

6 What is a function of the kidneys of a healthy person?

A break down toxins

B eliminate all salts
C reabsorb all glucose
D retain all water

7 Where are hormones removed from the blood and broken down in the human body?

A gall bladder
B kidneys
C liver
D stomach
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Page -41
8 Where is urea produced in the human body and from which chemicals is it produced?

produced chemical

A intestine proteins
B kidneys amino acids
C kidneys fatty acids
D liver amino acids

9 The table shows the composition of a liquid found in the human body.

In a healthy person, which structure contains this liquid?

B C

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 10 Which function does not occur in the kidneys?

A breakdown of alcohol
B removal of excess salts from the blood
C removal of excess water from the blood
D removal of urea from the blood

11 Which two substances are both reabsorbed in the kidneys?

A glucose and salts

B glucose and starch
C glycogen and salts
D glycogen and starch

12 What is the function of the kidney?

A making glucose and reabsorbing urea

B making urea and removing salts
C removing glucose and reabsorbing salts
D removing urea and reabsorbing glucose

13 How is urea removed from the body?

A as insoluble waste
B by being destroyed in the liver
C in expired air
D in solution

14 How does blood change as it passes through a kidney?

A It gains glucose.
B It gains salts.
C It loses protein.
D It loses urea.

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15 The table shows the percentage composition of some chemicals found in blood entering the
kidney of a healthy person.

What is the percentage composition of the same chemicals in the urine of a healthy person?

16 Which organs remove excretory products from the blood?

A bladder and liver

B bladder and lungs
C kidneys and bladder
D lungs and kidneys

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17 The diagram shows the human urinary system.

What is the part labelled X?

A renal artery
B renal vein
C ureter
D urethra

18 A person has a high-protein diet.

What describes the level of urea in the blood leaving the liver and in the urine leaving the
kidneys?

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19 Which food type, when eaten in excess, will cause a rise in the urea content of urine?

A carbohydrate
B fat
C mineral salts
D protein

20 A healthy person eats a very high-protein diet.

What effect will this have on their urine?

A It will contain amino acids.

B It will contain glucose.
C It will contain more urea.
D It will contain more water.

21 The graph shows the rates of sweat production and urine production at different environmental
temperatures.

150 sweat

100
rate of
production
/ cm3 per hour
50
urine

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
environmental
temperature / °C

Which statement is correct?

A As the temperature increases, the rate of sweat production decreases.

B At 22 °C the rates of sweat and urine production are the same.

C Urine and sweat production are directly proportional to environmental temperature.
D When the urine production decreases, the sweat production decreases.

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22 The diagram shows the human urinary system.

renal vein

renal artery

ureter

bladder

Which row shows substances that are present in each of these structures in a healthy person?

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 23 Which set of conditions would make the percentage of water in urine decrease the most?

24 The diagram shows the human urinary system.

Which substance is not found in the liquid at X in a healthy person?

A glucose
B salt
C toxins
D urea

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Page -48

25 In which order does urea pass through structures in the body?

A kidney → ureter → liver → urethra

B kidney → urethra → liver → ureter

C liver → kidney → ureter → urethra

D liver → urethra → kidney → ureter

26 Which materials are excreted by kidneys and lungs?

27 Which substance is lost from the body by the kidneys, lungs and skin?

A carbon dioxide
B excess ions
C urea
D water

28 Which organ produces urea?

A bladder
B kidney
C liver
D pancreas

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Page -49

29 Blood passes through the kidney and some substances leave the blood as filtered liquid. From
this liquid certain substances are reabsorbed back into the blood.

The table shows the percentage of four substances in the blood plasma, the filtered liquid and
urine.

Which substances are reabsorbed from the filtered liquid?

A glucose and water

B protein and glucose
C urea and protein
D water and urea

30 The diagram shows a kidney and its blood vessels.

artery
vein

ureter

In a healthy person, which structures transport glucose?

A artery only
B artery and ureter
C artery and vein
D ureter and vein

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Page -50

 31 The diagram shows the human excretory system and its main associated blood vessels.

Which labelled structure contains urine?

32 The table shows the amount of water and salt lost from the kidneys and skin on a hot day and on
a cold day. Food and drink intake are the same on both days.

water lost from water lost from salt lost from salt lost from
kidneys / dm3 skin / dm3 kidney / g skin / g

cold day 1.8 0.0 20.2 0.0

hot day 0.4 2.3 14.4 5.8

What do these results show?

A Less water is lost from the kidneys on a cold day than on a hot day.
B More salt is lost from the kidneys on a hot day than on a cold day.
C The total amount of salt lost each day is the same.
D Water is not lost from the kidneys on hot days.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Page -51

33 Blood is filtered in the kidneys. After this filtration, some substances are reabsorbed into the
blood and other substances pass out of the body in the urine.

Which line shows the correct movement of substances in a healthy person?

substances reabsorbed into the substances passed out of the

blood body in the urine

A glucose, some salts, urea glucose, some salts, some water

B glucose, some salts, some water some salts, some water, urea
C some salts, some water, urea glucose, some water, urea
D some salts, some water, urea glucose, some salts, some water

34 Four urine samples were collected on different days from a person whose exercise and water
intake was the same each day.

Which sample was collected on a cold day?

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Page -52

 35 The table shows an analysis of urine and of blood after filtration in the kidney.

Which substance is completely reabsorbed by the kidney?

A glucose
B salts
C urea
D water

36 What describes the excretion of urea?

removal of removal of removal of

removal of
undigested metabolic substances
toxic products
food wastes in excess

A     key
B      true
C      not true
D    

37 The average percentage of water in human urine is 96 %. This percentage changes when
conditions change.

Which set of conditions will make the percentage of water in the urine decrease most?

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Page -53

 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS

HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis literally means “same state” and it refers to the
process of keeping the internal body environment in a constant
state regardless the external environment.

Here we shall look at two examples of homeostasis in details:

• Temperature,

• Blood glucose level.

All homeostatic mechanisms use negative feedback control

mechanism to maintain a constant value.

Negative feedback means that whenever a change occurs

in a system, the change automatically causes a corrective

mechanism to start, which reverses the original change and

brings the system back to normal.

Th normal value is called the set point

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 9

Ragabiology.com
Page -54
 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS

Temperature Homeostasis (thermoregulation)

Animals that maintain a fairly constant body temperature

(birds and mammals) so are sometimes called warm-blooded

animals,

In humans' temperature homeostasis is controlled by the

thermoregulatory center in the brain. It receives input from

sets of thermo receptors:

Effector Response to low temperature Response to high temperature

=coldness =hotness

Smooth Muscles contract causing Muscles relax causing

muscles in vasoconstriction. vasodilatation.

arterioles
Less heat is carried from the More heat is carried from the
under the
core to the surface of the body, core to the surface, where it is
skin.
maintaining core temperature. lost by convection and

radiation. Skin turns red.

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 10

Ragabiology.com
Page -55
 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS
Sweat No sweat produced. Glands secrete sweat onto

glands surface of skin, where it

evaporates.

This is an endothermic

process and water has a high

latent heat of evaporation, so

it takes heat from the body.

Blood Glucose Homeostasis

Glucose is the transport carbohydrate in animal's blood, and its concentration in the

blood affects every cell in the body. Its concentration is therefore strictly controlled

within the range of 80-120 mg/100cm-3

• Very low level will lead to deprive cells from the glucose which is essential for

cellular respiration. this will have great effect especially on cells that can only

respire glucose, such as brain cells

• Very high levels will interfere with the normal WATER POTENTIAL of the body

cells leading to DIABETIS disease.

Glucose is stored by joining thousands of glucose units to form polysaccharide

GLYCOGEN. Glycogen stored inside liver and muscle cells.

Blood glucose concentration is controlled by hormones secreted from the pancreas.

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 11

Ragabiology.com
Page -56
 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS
Pancreas

It is a mixed gland that's mean it functions as an exocrine and endocrine

gland.

1. The exocrine function of pancreas: secretion of pancreatic juices

through pancreatic duct into the duodenum. Where it helps in

digestion of protein, lipids, and carbohydrates.

2. The endocrine function of pancreas: secretion of insulin and

glucagon hormones.

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 12

Ragabiology.com
Page -57
 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS
The effect of Insulin:

1. Stimulate uptake of glucose from the blood by the cells.

2. increase breaking down of glucose in cellular respiration

3. Increase conversion of glucose to glycogen to be stored in liver

and muscles.

All these effects will lead to lowering of blood glucose level.

The effects of Glucagon are:

1. Stimulate liver cells to break down of glycogen to glucose.

2. Encourage the cells to use of fatty acid instead of glucose as a

main fuel in cellular respiration.

All these effects will lead to increasing of blood glucose level.

High blood glucose level called to diabetes; type 1 diabetes is

due to damage of cells that secrete insulin mainly due to

autoimmune response.

Treatment of type 1 diabetes is by insulin injection not by

mouth as insulin is protein in nature so it will be digested.

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 13

Ragabiology.com
Page -58
 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS
The body contains TWO TYPES of GLANDS:

1. EXOCRINE GLANDS: Secrete their substances into DUCTS, Sweat

Glands, Mucous Glands, Salivary Glands, and LIVER.

2. ENDOCRINE GLANDS - are DUCTLESS Glands they Secrete

Hormones into the Bloodstream DIRECTLY.

HORMONE

Hormones are small molecules that are secreted in small amount

directly into the bloodstream.

The Hormones travel through blood stream to reach a Specific TARGET

CELLS.

At the Target Cells, Hormones elicit a Specific Response.

HOW HORMONES WORK

Cells that can react to a Hormone have Specific Receptor Proteins on

their Plasma Membrane that bind with the Hormone In a “lock -and- key

“model. The Specific Shape of the Hormone complementary to the

Shape of the Receptor Protein.

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 14

Ragabiology.com
Page -59
 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS
hormonal control nervous control

systems systems

message chemical Electrical impulses

Message carrier Blood Nerve cells

Control center Pituitary gland Brain

Time of response slow Rapid

effect generalized Localized

Adrenaline normally is present in the bloodstream in minute

quantities.

In times of excitement or emotional stress, however, large

additional quantities are secreted, exerting a marked effect

on body structures in preparation for fight or flight:

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 15

Ragabiology.com
Page -60
 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS
For example,

1. Adrenaline stimulates the heart to increase heart and pulse rates

2. Stimulate Liver to break down some of the stored glycogen to

glucose.

3. Extra glucose is released into the blood

4. Dilation of pupils;

5. Vasoconstriction of arterioles of digestive system / skin to Reduced

blood flow through them,

6. Increase in breathing rate;

7. Increase in oxygen concentration in the blood;

8. Increase in blood flow through the muscles through vasodilatation

of arterioles of the skeletal muscles.

9. Increase in awareness / anxiety / alertness;

10. Bronchi-dilation / widen airways.

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 16

Ragabiology.com
Page -61
 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS

Skin and temperature regulation

Role of skin in case of over heating

1. Sweating:

Sweat glands produce sweat to be excreted on the skin

surface, and when evaporated will take heat required for

evaporation from body temperature leading to cooling

effect.

2. Vasodilatation

The blood vessels near skin surface become wider in diameter

so more blood flow through them so heat will be lost by

radiation Body temperature decreases.

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 17

Ragabiology.com
Page -62
 BIOLOGY MADE FUN part 3
FOR IGCSE STUDENTS

Role of skin in case of under heating

1. Vasoconstriction blood vessels near the skin surface become

narrower so blood flow through these vessels decreases,

preventing heat loss by

radiation.

2. Sweating stops

3. Hair on the skin rose up

This causes the hair to trap a layer of

the hot ha air on the skin acting a s

insulating layer, preventing heat loss

from the skin to air.

4. Liver:

Increases the rate of metabolic reactions so producing heat to warm up

the body

5. Shivering

Increased muscle contraction, increases heat production in the body.

BY: Dr. MOHAMED RAGAB M.B; B.CH. / M.CH. / MD. 18

Ragabiology.com
Page -63
Page -64
Homeostasis

Page -65
 5

Liver cells absorb glucose and amino acids from the blood and help to regulate the For
concentrations of these substances in the blood. Examiner's
Use

(c) Explain how liver cells help to regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood in
response to hormones from the pancreas in each of the following situations.

Blood glucose concentration is higher than normal.

Blood glucose concentration is lower than normal.

[5]

(d) Describe what happens to amino acids inside liver cells.

[3]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2009 0610/31/M/J/09 [Turn over

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 8 For
Examiner's
Use
4 Insulin is a hormone produced to control blood glucose levels. Diabetics do not have a
natural ability to control these levels.

(a) Define the term hormone.

[2]

(b) With reference to the pancreas and the liver, describe the role of insulin in controlling
blood glucose levels.

[4]

(c)
• Insulin is a protein.
• Diabetics can control their blood glucose levels artificially by injecting insulin.
• Many medicines are swallowed as tablets.

Explain what would happen to the insulin in the stomach if it was swallowed as a tablet.

[2]

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 9 For
Examiner's
Use
(d) An alternative treatment to injecting insulin is being developed. The insulin is inhaled
into the lungs as a spray. It is then absorbed into the bloodstream.

(i) Suggest the path the spray would take from the mouth to enter the alveoli.

[3]

(ii) Suggest the process by which the insulin would pass from the alveoli into the
bloodstream.

[1]

(iii) State three features of the alveoli that might help the insulin to pass into the blood
stream efficiently.

1.

2.

3. [3]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2006 0610/03/M/J/06 [Turn over

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 9 For
Examiner's
Use
5 If the glucose in the blood rises above its normal concentration, insulin is secreted to bring
the concentration back to normal.

(a) (i) Suggest one explanation for a rise in the concentration of glucose in the blood.

[1]

(ii) Name the organ that secretes insulin.

[1]

(iii) Describe the role of the liver in bringing the concentration of glucose in the blood
back to normal.

[2]

(iv) State the term that describes how a substance, such as glucose, in the body is
maintained at a constant level.

[1]

(b) Diabetics are unable to control their blood glucose levels naturally.

Human insulin can now be made using bacteria that have been genetically engineered.

(i) Insulin is a protein. Suggest why insulin has to be injected rather than taken by
mouth.

[2]

(ii) Explain how bacteria can be genetically engineered and used to make human
insulin.

[4]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2005 0610/03/O/N/05 [Turn over

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 6

For
2 The glucose concentration of the blood is maintained within the range 80 – 90 mg per Examiner's
Use
100 cm3 blood.

Fig. 2.1 is a flow chart showing how the body responds to changes in the glucose
concentration of the blood after the absorption of a carbohydrate-rich meal and during
strenuous exercise.

large carbohydrate-rich meal

muscle contraction during
followed by absorption of
strenuous exercise
glucose from small intestine

blood glucose concentration blood glucose concentration

increases above 90 mg per 100 cm3 decreases below 80 mg per 100 cm3

change in blood glucose

concentration detected by organ A

organ A releases hormone B organ A releases hormone C

into the blood into the blood

hormone B stimulates hormone C stimulates

organ D to convert glucose organ D to convert
to glycogen glycogen to glucose

blood glucose concentration blood glucose concentration

decreases increases

blood glucose concentration

returns to 80 – 90 mg per 100 cm3

Fig. 2.1

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 7

(a) Name organ A and hormones B and C. For

Examiner's
Use
A

C [3]

(b) (i) Name organ D that stores glucose as glycogen.

[1]

(ii) Suggest why glucose is converted to glycogen rather than kept as glucose inside
the cells.

[2]

(c) Name the type of control system used in homeostasis that returns the blood glucose
concentration to 80 – 90 mg per 100 cm3.

[1]

(d) Animal hormones are used in the production of milk and meat. Bovine somatotrophin
(BST) is used to increase milk production by cows. The hormone is produced by
genetically modified bacteria that contain the cattle gene for making BST. It is used in
the United States but is banned for use in the European Union.

(i) Outline how genes, such as the one for BST, are transferred from the cells of cattle
(cows) to bacteria.

[3]

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 8

(ii) Suggest advantages and disadvantages of using hormones, such as BST, in the For
production of milk and meat. Examiner's
Use

advantages

disadvantages

[3]

[Total: 13]

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 8

3 Fig. 3.1 is a diagram that shows the control of blood glucose concentration.

blood glucose concentration

at 90 mg per 100 cm3
increase in glucose decrease in glucose
in the blood in the blood

blood glucose concentration blood glucose concentration

above 90 mg per 100 cm3 below 90 mg per 100 cm3

storage of glucose breakdown of

as glycogen blood glucose concentration glycogen to glucose
at 90 mg per 100 cm3

Fig. 3.1

(a) (i) State one reason why the concentration of glucose in the blood increases.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State one reason why the concentration of glucose in the blood decreases.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Name two places in the body where glycogen is stored.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Explain how an increase in glucose concentration is controlled in the body.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

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 5

(b) Glucose is absorbed in the small intestine and transported in the blood. The kidneys For
filter the blood and reabsorb the glucose. Examiner's
Use
If the blood contains more than 180 mg of glucose per 100 cm3, the kidney cannot
reabsorb it all and some is present in the urine. This figure is called the renal
threshold.
A doctor suspects that a patient has diabetes because a urine test is positive for
glucose.
The patient takes a glucose tolerance test by drinking a solution of glucose. The doctor
records the patient’s blood glucose concentration at 30 minute intervals for five and a
half hours.
The results are plotted on Fig. 2.1.
300

250

200

blood glucose
concentration / 150
mg per 100 cm3

100

50

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

glucose drink time / minutes

Fig. 2.1
(i) Draw a horizontal line on Fig. 2.1 to show the renal threshold. [1]
(ii) State the time period when the kidney will produce urine containing glucose.

[1]

(iii) Sketch on Fig. 2.1 the blood glucose concentrations that the doctor might expect if
he repeated this test on someone who does not have diabetes. [1]

© UCLES 2013 0610/31/O/N/13 [Turn over

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 6

(c) People who do not have diabetes maintain their blood glucose concentration below For
180 mg per 100 cm3. Examiner's
Use

Explain how the body does this.

[3]

[Total: 12]

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 4

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a person sitting in a room. A thermometer shows the temperature of the For
room. Examiner's
Use

50

40

30
°C
20

10

Fig. 2.1

(a) Give three uses of energy in the body of the person in Fig. 2.1.

1.

2.

3. [3]

(b) Name the process carried out by the person in Fig. 2.1 that releases energy.

[2]

(c) The person leaves the room and runs very fast for 200 m. When the person stops
running, his breathing rate and his heart rate remain high.

Explain why the person’s breathing rate and heart rate remain high after the run.

[4]

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 5

(d) There are changes in the skin at the beginning of the run and during the run. These For
changes involve the blood vessels and the sweat glands. Examiner's
Use

Describe what happens to the blood vessels and sweat glands at the beginning of the
run and during the run.

Explain why these changes happen.

[5]

[Total: 14]

© UCLES 2011 0610/32/M/J/11 [Turn over

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 6

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a diagram of human skin in hot weather. For

Examiner's
Use
A

B capillaries
arteriole

Fig. 2.1

(a) Name structures A to D.

D [4]

© UCLES 2010 0610/33/O/N/10

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 7

(b) Describe how the structures (A to D) in the skin help to maintain a constant body For
temperature. You may refer to the structures by their letters. Examiner's
Use

[4]

(c) (i) Blood flow through the skin changes in response to changes in the air
temperature.

State and explain what happens to blood flow through the skin when the
temperature of the surrounding air becomes very cold.

(ii) Explain how the changes you have described in (c)(i) reduce heat loss.

[5]

© UCLES 2010 0610/33/O/N/10 [Turn over

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 8

(d) The control of body temperature is an example of negative feedback. For

Examiner's
Use
Describe how negative feedback is involved in the control of body temperature.

[3]

[Total: 16]

© UCLES 2010 0610/33/O/N/10

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 15

For
Examiner's
Use

(c) Describe the effects on the liver of the following.

(i) insulin released from the pancreas

[2]

(ii) adrenaline released from the adrenal glands

[2]

(iii) excessive long-term consumption of alcohol

[2]

© UCLES 2012 0610/33/M/J/12 [Turn over

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 8

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a diagram of a cell from the pancreas that secretes the hormone, insulin. For
Examiner's
Use
A

Fig. 3.1

(a) State one function of each of the parts of the cell labelled A, B and C.

C [3]

(b) Glucose in the blood is absorbed by liver cells and muscle cells. These cells convert
glucose to glycogen for storage.

Explain why glucose needs to be converted to glycogen for storage rather than
remaining dissolved in the blood.

[2]

© UCLES 2013 0610/33/MJ/13

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 9

(c) Other cells in the pancreas secrete the hormone glucagon. For
Examiner's
Use
Glucagon stimulates liver cells, but has no effect on muscle cells.

(i) State the effect that glucagon has on liver cells.

[1]

(ii) State how hormones, such as glucagon and insulin, travel around the body.

[1]

(d) Hormone Growth Promotants (HGPs) are hormones. HGPs are used to improve the
production of food from animals.

Many of these HGPs are hormones that are secreted naturally by the gonads (ovaries
and testes).

Name two hormones that are secreted by the gonads.

2 [2]

(e) The hormones are given to cattle by placing implants behind the ears. These release
the hormones slowly during the animal’s life time.

The advantages of using HGPs in meat production are:

• more meat is produced per animal;

• a 15 to 30 % increase in growth rate;
• a 5 to 15 % improvement in conversion of feed into meat;
• a decrease in greenhouse emissions from cattle.

Suggest:

(i) the advantages of an increase in the conversion of feed into meat for the farmer;

[2]

© UCLES 2013 0610/33/M/J/13 [Turn over

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 10

(ii) how the use of HGPs leads to a decrease in greenhouse emissions from cattle. For
Examiner's
Use

[2]

(f) HGPs are used in animal production systems in North America and Australia.

The European Union (EU) has banned the use of HGPs and the import of meat from
countries where the hormones are used.

Suggest reasons for the ban on the use of HGPs in the EU.

[2]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2013 0610/33/MJ/13

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 6

For
Examiner's
Use

(b) Adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for dangerous
situations.

Extreme sports, such as bungee jumping shown in Fig. 2.2, are an example of such a
dangerous situation.

Fig. 2.2

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 7

Explain how adrenaline prepares the body for an extreme sport, such as making a For
bungee jump. Examiner's
Use

[5]

© UCLES 2013 0610/32/O/N/13 [Turn over

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 8

3 Fig. 3.1 is a diagram that shows the control of blood glucose concentration.

blood glucose concentration

at 90 mg per 100 cm3
increase in glucose decrease in glucose
in the blood in the blood

blood glucose concentration blood glucose concentration

above 90 mg per 100 cm3 below 90 mg per 100 cm3

storage of glucose breakdown of

as glycogen blood glucose concentration glycogen to glucose
at 90 mg per 100 cm3

Fig. 3.1

(a) (i) State one reason why the concentration of glucose in the blood increases.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State one reason why the concentration of glucose in the blood decreases.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Name two places in the body where glycogen is stored.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Explain how an increase in glucose concentration is controlled in the body.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

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 9

(c) If the blood glucose concentration is very high there is a decrease in the water
potential of the blood. This may damage the red blood cells.

Explain how a decrease in water potential of the blood may damage red blood cells.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2014 0610/31/M/J/14 [Turn over

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 8

3 Fig. 3.1 is a diagram of human skin in cold weather.

P Q R S T U V

Fig. 3.1

(a) Table 3.1 shows the responses of the skin to cold weather.

Complete the table by:

• naming the parts of the skin that respond to cold weather

• using the letters (P to V) from Fig. 3.1 to identify these parts of the skin.

Table 3.1

responses of skin to cold weather name of part letter from Fig. 3.1
stands upright to trap air

constricts to reduce blood flow to skin

stops producing sweat

[3]

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 9

(b) The response of the skin to cold weather is an involuntary action.

Explain how an involuntary action differs from a voluntary action.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(c) Describe how the nervous system coordinates the response of the skin to cold weather.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

(d) Explain how negative feedback is involved in the control of body temperature.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 13]

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 5

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a diagram of the liver and the blood vessels that enter and exit from it.

from the
to the heart
heart K
J

liver
L

small
intestine
M

Fig. 2.1

(a) Name blood vessel L.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Blood vessel J is a vein.

State two structural features of veins and explain how each feature is related to its function of
returning blood to the heart.

feature .......................................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

feature .......................................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

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 6

(c) Blood samples were taken from each of the blood vessels J, K, L and M two hours after a
meal of rice. Table 2.1 shows the concentration of glucose in these blood samples.

Table 2.1

blood glucose concentration

blood vessel
/ mg per 100 cm3
J 135
K 128
L 181
M 133

Calculate the percentage increase in blood glucose concentration between blood vessel J
compared with L. Express your answer to the nearest whole number.

Show your working.

............................................................ %
[2]

(d) Control of blood glucose by the liver is an example of homeostasis.

(i) Explain how the liver lowers blood glucose concentration when it is too high.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Name one other factor in the human body that is also controlled by homeostasis.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

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6 Fig. 6.1 shows the changes in glucose concentration of the blood.

high blood B
glucose
concentration A

set level
time

low blood
C
glucose
concentration

Fig. 6.1

(a) Name the process that maintains blood glucose concentration within set limits.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) Name the hormone that would be secreted in response to the increasing blood glucose
concentration at A in Fig. 6.1.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Name an organ that is responsible for the decrease in blood glucose concentration
after B in Fig. 6.1.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Name the compound that is converted to glucose at C in Fig. 6.1.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

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(c) Describe the symptoms and treatment of Type 1 diabetes.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [5]

[Total: 9]

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6 Fig. 6.1 is a flow chart of some of the events that occur to maintain a constant body temperature.

body temperature rises

temperature receptors
detect a stimulus

the central nervous system receives

an impulse and sends the impulse on

sweat glands respond

blood vessels respond
hair erector muscles respond

body temperature falls

to the set level

Fig. 6.1

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(a) (i) State the names of the types of neurones at X and Y in Fig. 6.1.

X ........................................................................................................................................

Y ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) State the name of one effector shown in Fig. 6.1.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) State the name of the mechanism that controls homeostasis which is represented by the
flowchart in Fig. 6.1.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) (i) Describe how shunt vessels in the skin function to help cool the body when the body
temperature is high.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Describe how the sweat glands and the hair erector muscles function in mammals when
the external environment is hot.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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(c) (i) Suggest an advantage of using neurones rather than hormones to regulate body
temperature.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) List two hormones that are involved in homeostasis.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 13]

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publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
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© UCLES 2017 0610/43/O/N/17

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