UPDATED DRAFT

GUIDELINE MANUAL FOR CONTNUOUS (REAL TIME)

EMISSION MONITORING (CEM) IN INDUSTRIES

Central Pollution Control Board

(Ministry of Environment & Forests & Climate Change, Govt. of India)
Website : www.cpcb.nic.in, e-mail : [email protected]
UPDATED DRAFT

ii | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

Contributions
Dr. A. B. Akolkar
Dr. D. Saha
Concept Mr. Abhijit Pathak
Information Collection Mr. Abhijit Pathak
Write up Setting & Design Mr. Abhijit Pathak
Technical Review & Editing Dr. D. Saha

Table of Contents

Paragraph No. Contents Page No

1.0 Introduction 01
2.0 Purpose 01
3.0 Scope and Applicability 01
4.0 About CEMS 02
4.1 Benefits of CEMS 02
General Concept of Continuous Emission Monitoring
4.2 System (CEMS) 03
5.0 Sampling Techniques 04
5.1 Extractive CEMS 04
5.1 Non Extractive CEMS 08
6.0 Particulate Continuous Emission Monitoring System 09
6.1 Transmissometry 10
6.2 Light Scattering 13
6.3 Scatter-light Extractive PM - CEMS 14
6.4 Optical Scintillation 15
6.5 Probe Electrification 16
6.6 Extractive Particulate Monitoring (Beta Attenuation) 17
6.7 Matrix for selection of PM CEMS 19
7.0 Gaseous Continuous Emission Monitors 20
7.1 SO2 Monitor 20
7.2 NOX Monitor 21
Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopic
7.3 multiple gas monitor 22
Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS)
7.4 based multiple Gas Monitor 23
7.5 Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) 23
7.6 CO2 Monitor 24
7.7 O2 Monitor 24
7.8 Total Organic Carbon or Total Hydrocarbon Analyzer 24
7.9 Flue Gas Flow / Velocity Monitoring Techniques 26
Basic Requirements and Steps for Implantation of CEMS
8.0 in India 28

iii | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

Paragraph No. Contents (Contd.) Page No

8.1 Parameters to be monitored 28
8.2 Emission Standard limit Values 28
8.3 The Role of Different Parties in a Monitoring Regime 28
8.4 Selection of CEMS 31
8.5 Installation Requirement of CEMS 32
8.6 Analytical Range Selection of CEMS 34
8.7 Calibration Requirement of PM CEMS 35
8.8 Calibration Requirement of Gaseous CEMS 35
8.9 Registration Requirement of CEMS 36
8.10 Data Acquisition System (DAS) 37
8.11 Criteria for acceptance of CEMS field Performance 37
9.0 Quality Assurance / Quality Control 39
10.0 CEM System Test 39
11.0 Record Keeping 40
12.0 Reports 40
13.0 Further Reading (References) 43
Annexure I 44
Annexure II 45
Annexure III 49
Annexure IV 53
Annexure V 55
Annexure VI 56
Annexure VII 57

iv | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

List of Abbreviations

APCD Air Pollution Control Device

CEM Continuous emissions monitor
CEMS Continuous Emissions Monitoring System
CGA Cylinder gas audit
Cl2 Chlorine
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon di-oxide
COP Certificate of Product
EE Excess emission
EER Excess Emission Report
EPA Environment Protection Agency
ESP Electrostatic precipitator
HCl Hydrogen chloride
HF Hydrogen fluoride
Hg Mercury
MCerts Environment Agency of England & Wales (EA) Monitoring Certification Scheme
3
mg /Nm milligram per normal cubic meter
3
m Cubic meter
MDT Monitor Down Time
3
Nm /h Normal cubic meters per hour
NO Nitric oxide
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
NOX Oxides of Nitrogen
O2 Oxygen
% Percent
% m/v Percent Mass by Volume
% v/v Percent Volume by Volume
PM Particulate Matter
ppm Parts Per Million
ppb Parts Per Billion
QA Quality Assurance
QC Quality Control
RAA Relative Accuracy Audit
SO2 Sulphur dioxide
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
SRM Standard Reference Method
STP Standard Temperature and Pressure
TÜV Technischer Überwachungsverein (German: Technical Monitoring
Association)

v|Page
 UPDATED DRAFT

Definition of Terms

As-found (Unadjusted Value):

With regard to CEMS response during an audit, calibration or performances check. An
“as-found” check is the status of current instrument / monitor output.

Audit:
An as-found accuracy assessment of CEMS components using a certified / best
available standard conducted by authorized personnel of empanelled laboratory.

Calibration:
It is the process of establishing the linearity in the selected measurement range through
adjustment, so that its readings can be correlated to the actual value being measured.

Calibration Error:
It is the difference between the responses (signal) of the instrument for pollutant, at
same conditions maintained in calibration against a known value of the appropriate
reference without adjustment.

Calibration Gas:
Best available Calibration gases suitable for declared measurement ranges with
precision and accuracy shall be used. National or international traceability of the
calibration gas is desirable otherwise best available standards are also acceptable.

Calibration Drift:
Calibration drift (zero and span checks) is the value obtained by subtracting the known
standard or reference value from the raw response of a Continuous Emissions
Monitoring System (CEMS) obtained during defined time scale.

Continuous Emissions Monitoring System:

Equipment used to collect representative sample, transport the gas to analyser
including pre-conditioning, analyse and provide permanent record of emissions or
process parameters.

Cylinder Gas Audit:

This type of audit is an alternative relative accuracy test of a CEMS to determine its
precision using certified gases. A cylinder gas audit (CGA) applies to gaseous pollutant
or diluents CEMS and is not intended to audit other types of monitors associated with
the CEMS such as flow or temperature monitors and Particulates.

Data Acquisition and Handling System:

Equipment used to record and report the data produced by an analyser in a CEMS.

Downstream: In the direction of the stack gas flow (e.g. a point near the top / exit of the
stack would be downstream of a point near where the gases enter the stack).

vi | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

Equivalent Diameter:
A calculated value used to determine the upstream and downstream distances for
locating flow to pollutant concentration monitors in flues, ducts or stacks with
rectangular cross-sections.

Excess Emissions:
The amount by which recorded emissions exceed those allowed by regulations (limits
specified)

Excess Emission Report:

A report documenting the date, time, and magnitude of each excess emission episode
occurring during the reporting period.

Emission Load:
It is defined as quantity of pollutants being emitted through stack against time.

Extractive Monitoring System:

A system that withdraws gas sample from the stack and transports the sample to the
analyzer, i,e; analysis takes place in different condition from emission.

Flow Monitor:
It is a component of the CEMS that measures the velocity and volumetric flow rate of
the exhaust gas.

Full-Scale Range:
The absolute calibrated maximum value of a pollutant monitor‟s measurement ability
that may equal or exceed the span value (provided linearity in extrapolated range
exists).

In-Situ Monitor:
CEMS design that measures source-level gas emissions directly inside a stack or duct
at actual conditions. For pollutant or combustion gas measurements, the source
emission gas is not conditioned, so it is considered a „wet‟ measurement.

Industrial Premises / Facility:

Any applicable stationary air contaminant emission source (institutional, commercial,
industrial structure, installation, plant, source or building) approved by the MoEF & CC
or consented to establish and operate by SPCB.

Inspection:
A check for the conditions that is likely to affect the reliability of the system.

Internal Diameter:

vii | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

The inside diameter of a circular stack, or the equivalent diameter of a rectangular duct
(4 times the inner duct area, divided by the inner duct perimeter).

Monitor Malfunction
Any interruption in the capture of data due to the failure of any component of the CEMS
to operate as par the protocol of the manufacturer and or performance requirement shall
be considered as Monitor malfunction.

Monitoring Plan
A plan submitted prior to actual installation of a CEMS that outlines information such as
sampling location and instrument specifications.

Monitor Downtime:
Periods of CEMS operation in which invalid CEMS data or no data is captured due to
any appropriate reason. This includes periods of calibration, preventive maintenance,
malfunction, audits, process shutdown, start up etc.

Operational Test Period:

A minimum specified period, as designated by MoEF & CC, CPCB, or SPCB, over
which a measurement system is expected to operate within performance specifications
without unscheduled maintenance, repair or adjustments.

Out-of-Control Period:
Any period when the CEMS is operating outside specifications and criteria for daily
calibration and stipulated Quality procedure the system generated data will be
considered as out of control.

Performance Audit:
This type of audit is a quantitative evaluation of a CEMS operation.

Summary Report:
This report is a summary of all monitor and excess emissions information that occurred
during a reporting period.

Quality Assurance:
An integrated system of management activities involving planning, implementation,
assessment, reporting and quality improvement to ensure that a process, item or
service is of the type and quality needed and expected by the end users.

Quality Assurance Plan (QAP):

A formal document describing in comprehensive detail the necessary quality assurance
procedures, quality control activities and other technical activities that need to be
implemented to ensure that the results of the work performed will satisfy the stated
performance or accepted criteria.

viii | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

Quality Control:
The overall system of technical activities that measure the attributes and performance of
a process, item or service against defined standards to verify that they meet the
specifications established by the customer, operational techniques and activities that
are used to fulfill the need for quality.

Reference Method:
Any emission test method having international reference.

Relative Accuracy:
The absolute mean difference between the gas concentrations by a CEMS and the
value determined by an appropriate Reference Method is taken to calculate relative
accuracy. The relative accuracy provides a measure of the systematic and random
errors associated with the data from the CEMS.

Source Shutdown:
The cessation of operation of an emission source for any purpose with prior intimation
to the regulator or intimation within specified period allowed by respective SPCB or
CPCB are to be considered as source shutdown.

Source Startup:
The starting in operation of an emission source for any purpose is referred as Source
startup.

Span Value: A design value that represents an estimate of the highest expected value
for a parameter, based on the applicable emission limit. Span is calculated as a
percentage range of the emission limit. Minimum span value should be at least 1.5
times of the emission limit. It may go upto 2.5 times in some cases without
compromising the data accuracy

Standard Condition:
A temperature of 298 K and an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm of Hg are referred as
Standard condition for gaseous emission. The final results are to be normalized /
corrected to standard conditions in all cases

Systems Audit:
This type of audit is a qualitative evaluation of a CEMS operation.

Upstream:
In the direction opposite of the stack gas flow (e.g. a point near where the gases enter
the stack would be upstream of a point near the top / exit of the stack).

Valid Averages: The sub average period for determining half-hour average is 1-minute
average. A valid half hour average must contain at least 22 sub average data within
half-hour period (75%). This is applicable for all CEMS except Opacity.

ix | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

A valid 1-minute average must contain valid data readings representing any 45 seconds
over the previous 1-minute period.

Opacity Monitors normally average out 6 minute data and takes 10 data points to make
hourly data. In this case atleast 50 minutes data in an hour is minimum requirement to
qualify validation test.

Valid Data: Any representative data average that meets the validation criteria.

x|Page
 UPDATED DRAFT

1.0 Introduction

With a view to bring transparency and industrial self regulation, CPCB the apex
regulator have introduced modern and robust online monitoring of effluent and emission
in all types of polluting industries in the country. Central Pollution Control Board (vide its
letter No. B-29016/04/06PCI-1/5401 dated 05.02.2014) issued directions under section
18(1) b of the Water and Air Acts to the State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution
Control Committees for directing the 17 categories of highly polluting industries,
Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) and STPs, Common Bio-Medical Waste
Incinerator and Common Hazardous Waste Incinerator for installation of online effluent
quality and emission monitoring systems to help tracking the discharges of pollutants
from these units in a self-regulated manner. However, this document shall be
exclusively applicable for all types of industrial emissions.

2.0 Purpose
CEMS provide data on the emissions of pollutants and are physically located at plants
and / or facilities that require accurate real time measurement of emissions and
transmission of data to the regulators and in-house utilization of the data in optimizing
and controlling the process. It is mentioned that the CPCB had issued general aspects
of online water quality monitoring and CEMS installation and data connectivity with
CPCB server, however; with a view to fulfill the purpose and systematic management of
CEMS which describes selection, installation, operation, Calibration, Data generation
etc., this document was felt necessary

This guideline document is prepared to assist both industries and regulators in

successful implementation of CEMS through self-regulation. This document provides
information on CEMS equipment and the pollutants that are monitored on real time
basis and to develop a system to satisfy the data quality objectives to implement more
transparent mechanism of environmental pollution control. All the matters addressed in
this document are general in nature and the recommendations given herein should not
be construed as providing specific directions for any particular Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (CEMS). Each installation is site specific. No particular brands of
equipment are being endorsed. The information in this paper is intended solely as a
guideline and does not represent final mandate issued by CPCB. CPCB or Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) may choose to issue more
detailed, technical guideline in future. This document may be reviewed and modified
periodically as warranted by modifications / revisions under Acts governing air emission
time to time.

3.0 Scope & Applicability

The scope and applicability of this document is restricted to description of CEM as a
system for monitoring, data storage and transfer etc. and applicable for establishing
more transparent compliance monitoring mechanism for air emission. This guidance
document explains:

1|Page
 UPDATED DRAFT

a) The industrial sectors (activities) that are subjected to the CEMS requirements
under the Acts;
b) A general description of the types of CEMS (Technology, peripherals,
applicability, limitations) etc; exclusively for air emission parameters
c) A general description of what the requirements are;
d) Types of CEMS tests;
e) Quality Control and Quality Assurance; and
e) Reporting requirement.

This guideline is applicable to any industrial premise / facility as under 17 categories of

Industries and others as specified by CPCB in order to install, operate and maintain a
CEMS for the purpose of continuously determining and reporting compliance with
applicable emission limits under consent to operate given by respective SPCBs or any
other conditions given by MoEF & CC.

4.0 About CEMS

The term CEMS refers to the instrumentation and software required to measure
emissions from a stationary source on a practically continuous (real time) basis. Unlike
for carbon dioxide emissions or energy consumption, input-based methods of
measurement are not reliable for particulate and gaseous emission, since it is a
complex function of combustion conditions and abatement technology and their
dynamic status of operational intricacies. Emission measurement and monitoring by
CEMS has been in practice across the globe since the 1960s. CEMS refers to an
unmanned instrumental packaged system of flue gas sampling, sample transfer &
conditioning and analytical infrastructure integrated with an in-built data acquisition,
handling and data transfer system. Depending upon the regulatory requirement the
system may go from simple to complex; multiple combination of various technology
based individual instrumentation involving the measurement of various gases,
particulates and physical characteristics of emission. CEMS provides a continuous
record of air emission, which helps in keeping track to the performance of control
equipment, process optimization and vigilance to the compliance with emission of
regulatory emission limit values.

4.1 Benefits of CEMS

Continuous measurement of emissions confers a number of benefits relative to
manual source sampling:

i) Real time information:

Emissions may vary quite widely in real time as a function of fuel type & quality,
operating processes and the operational status of Air Pollution Control Devices
(APCDs), Therefore, CEMS readings provide a more accurate record of
emissions on real time basis.

2|Page
 UPDATED DRAFT

ii) Transparency and Openness:

The use of CEM technologies provide high quality on-going information on
emissions from each source so equipped to the industries, regulators and
potentially the public. Therefore, regulation based on this data is also transparent
and clear, industries can predict and be aware of the costs of compliance and
plan accordingly.

iii) Process optimization and ownership on regulatory compliance:

CEMS data enables the occupier to keep vigil on the process control, optimize
the resource utilization, and on the other hand satisfy the regulator with validated
data to maintain the records of their credentials towards the national
commitment.

iv) Self Regulation

It has become a need and necessity to regulate and minimize inspection of
industries on routine basis. For strengthening the monitoring and compliance
through self-regulatory mechanism, online emission monitoring systems need to
be installed and operated by the developers and the industries on, 'Polluter Pays
Principle‟.

v) A steps towards Emission Trading

CEMS is also the prerequisite to participate in Emission Trading. It is being
practiced worldwide through which an industry can cap, trade their permits, earn
revenue, and ultimately ensure better air quality, which may be the ultimate
mechanism developed and practiced in India too in near future.

4.2 General Concept of Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS)

The system comprising of different units / peripherals installed to sample, transport,
condition, analyse, calibrate, data acquisition, record and transmit the emission data
uninterruptedly to regulator on a real time basis without any editing/tampering is
collectively called a Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS)

The CEM system shall comprise of the following:

a) Instrumentation(s) and program(s) that will sample & analyze and quantify the
concentration of the specified pollutants in the gas stream.
b) Instrumentation(s) and/or program(s) that will determine the flow rate of the gas
stream.
c) Instrumentation(s) and program(s) that will record and process the information
produced and yield electronic and printed reports showing the emission rate of
the specified pollutant with the time resolution.
d) The system shall have a Quality Assurance programs and Quality Control
procedures to ensure that all measurements are done as per defined Data
Quality Objectives and adequate verification and validation protocol is inbuilt in
the system.

3|Page
 UPDATED DRAFT

5.0 Sampling Techniques

There is a wide range of instruments and systems available for continuous emission
monitoring, using a variety of technologies. Based on the sampling techniques, transfer
of sample the technical classification can be described in the following chart (Figure 1).

EXTRACTIVE NON EXTRACTIVE (IN-SITU)

(Para 5.1) (Para 5.2)

Poin
Path t
Source Level Dilution

Single
Pass
Cold - Dry In-Stack

Double
Pass
Hot - Wet Out of Stack

Figure 1: Basic Type of CEMS after Jahnke and Peeler,

5.1. Extractive Type CEMS

It involves mechanism of sample extraction and transfers it to the analytical

instrument with or without conditioning depending upon the characteristics of flue
gas, method and field condition. The typical types are detailed as following:

4|Page
 UPDATED DRAFT

i) Source Level Non-Dilution Extractive Systems

This technique typically involves extracting the sample gas from the stack using a
sample probe, through cold or heated sample line, gas conditioning equipment and a
sample pump. The gas sample is not diluted, so the analyzers used in this case
should have a higher working ranges (i.e. 0 – 5000 ppm). The non-dilution extractive
system may be of two types, i.e; “hot wet” and “cold dry” process.

In “Hot Wet Process”, the gas is transported via a heated sample line under vacuum
to the analyzer(s). The Analysers are capable to operate at high temperature and
water in vapour phase. Here the results are required to be corrected for moisture.

In “Cold Dry Process”, the sample is allowed to condense using an electronic,

electrical, or contact physical technology and the condensate is removed before
sending the sample to analyser. The Samples are transported hot above the dew
point and then cooled to remove moisture or dried through selective permeable
membrane system like Nafion Drying. Here the analysis are done at almost dry basis
hence, the results are not required to be corrected for moisture.

Typical Cold Dry non-dilution extractive systems have four common subsystems:

a. Non diluting extraction probe

b. Flue Gas CEM system interface,
c. sample transport line preferably heated above dew point to prevent any inline
condensation
d. moisture removal (cold process) and
e. analyzers

ii) Dilution Extractive system

Dilution-extractive systems dilute the sample gas with dry contamination-free dilution
gas to a level below the dew point of the diluted flue gas to eliminate condensation
problems in the CEM system (in lieu of using a moisture condenser). The main
difference between the two technique is that; with dilution extraction, the sample is
diluted with dry zero gas, to a pre-determined factor (e.g. 20:1 to 100:1 or so) as
recommended by the instrument manufacturers. The system components here are
dilution probe, transfer line under positive pressure, dilution system with mixing of
pollutants and diluents and finally the analyser. The moisture is not removed from the
sample here, rather get diluted with contaminant free air to bring down the moisture
level at analyzer‟s workable range. The dilution also helps in other way to bring down
the concentration to ambient level (i.e. 0 – 10,000ppb), so the similar technology and
instrumentation can be used for emission measurement. Here, the concentrations
reported by the analysers are required to be multiplied with dilution factor for
emission value. The most unique component of

a dilution-extractive system (compared to other extractive systems) is the dilution-

sampling probe. There are two basic types of dilution probes; in-stack probe and out-
of-stack (ex-situ) dilution probe are available in market.

5|Page
 UPDATED DRAFT

a) In-Stack Dilution-Extractive Probe

Here the probe is fixed and the sample gets diluted inside the stack. The in-stack
probe design is equipped with coarse and fine filters for removing particulate matter
from the stack gas prior to sample dilution, flow is regulated through a quartz or glass
critical orifice, and an air-driven aspirator and venturi is used for dilution of sample
gas.

Figure 2: Typical In-stack Dilution probe

b) Out-Of-Stack Dilution-Extractive Probes.

The out-of-stack (ex-situ) dilution probe uses the same basic dilution-extractive
sampling technology with the following differences. This system is designed to
constantly heat the sampling assembly, to prevent condensation problem and all
critical parts are mounted out of the stack for quick access and easy maintenance.

Figure 3: Typical Out-stack Dilution probe

6|Page
 UPDATED DRAFT

For extractive CEMS (mainly gaseous) following components with robust technical
specification are required to be installed.

i) Interface in extractive CEMS

CEM interface is the peripherals in between sampling point to the analyzer having
inbuilt software and hardware control to facilitate unattended operation of the system.
The interface components may vary according to the selected CEM type and
pollutant of interest. Generally, it consists of following in case of an extractive CEM
system:

ii) Sampling Probe and Filter

The CEM system interface typically consists of a corrosion resistive rigid probe,
positioned at a representative location. A coarse filter made of sintered stainless
steel or porous ceramic materials is used to filter out particulate matter greater than
10 to 50 μm size. Earlier the coarse filter used to be located at the probe inlet;
however, some current designs have the filter positioned out of the stack for ease of
maintenance.

iii) Sample Transport System

The sample transport system begins at the junction between the probe and the
sample transport line, usually positioned just outside the stack or duct. Sample
transport systems consist of heated sample transport lines and a mechanism such as
a pump to move the gas sample. The sample tubing is usually a non-reactive
material such as Teflon® and the parts of the sample pump exposed to the flue gas
are coated or fabricated from non-reactive materials. The sample pump must be
designed so no lubricating oil can contact and contaminate the sample gas and no air
in-leakage occurs. The most common types of pumps to meet these specifications
are diaphragm and ejector pumps.

iv) Moisture Removal System

The third component is the moisture removal system, which provides a clean, dry
sample to the analyzers. Two moisture removal methods are primarily used;
condensation and condensation/permeation.

a) Condensation Systems
Condensation systems rapidly cool the sample, thereby condensing sample
moisture. The condensed moisture is trapped and periodically removed from the
condenser assembly. To avoid absorption of the target gases by the condensed
liquid, precautions are required in designing condensers and traps that minimize
contact between the condensate and the cooled sample gas. There are two basic
techniques generally used to prevent the trapped condensate from contacting the
target gases. The first and most common approach uses a standard compressor-type
refrigeration unit, and the other is the thermoelectric plate chiller, a solid-state unit
with no moving parts.

7|Page
 UPDATED DRAFT

b) Condensation by selective Permeation Systems

Now a day‟s, nafion (copolymerized Teflon membrane) dryer technology is also
getting popularity which remove moisture automatically through selective permeation
in transfer line without chilling or condensation.

v) Dilution Air-Cleanup System

Dilution-extractive systems require a constant source of contamination free dilution
air. The air supply should be dry (29° to 40°C) and delivered at 6.3 ± 1
2
kilogram/centimeter pressure. Additionally, the dilution air should be free of oils,
particulates, CO2, NOX, and SO2. The air-cleanup system is the critical component
of the dilution-extractive system. A coalescing filter first filters compressed air either
from the plant‟s process air supply or from a dedicated air compressor for
particulates, then liquid and oils condensate. Oil removal is necessary to prevent the
contamination of silica gel or other drying agents in the heatless air-dryer. A heatless
dryer can dry the air to approximately 73°C performs additional drying of the dilution
air. The CO2 extractor utilizes two columns with different adsorbent materials to
absorb any CO2 in the dilution air. Some air cleaning systems may add a CO to CO2
converter before the CO2 extractor if the analyzers respond to interferences from
CO. Addition of a charcoal filter trap to remove any hydrocarbons present in the
dilution air is a healthy practice. An additional desiccant dryer to provide additional
moisture removal is also required in some cases. A submicron filter removes any
particulates that may be released from the upstream desiccant traps required to be
added in the system.

a) Gas Sample Dilution Ratios

Dilution ratios typically range from 20:1 to 300:1. The dilution ratio most widely used
is 100:1. The sample gas flow rates from the various dilution probes range from 50 to
300 ml/min. Dilution ratio depends on two criteria:
(1) the analyzer span range must correspond to the diluted sample gas
concentration
(2) the ratio must be selected to ensure that no condensation occurs in the sample
line at the lowest possible ambient temperature.

5.2. Non- Extractive (In-Situ) CEM System

a) Point CEM
These are closely coupled instrument and probe, where the analyzer is directly
connected to the probe and is installed in-situ at the point of measurement. The
instruments consist of sampling; analysis and detection, all are placed at the plane of
measurement. No sample transport is required. The data are always required to be
corrected for moisture.

b) Path (Cross Duct) CEM

In Cross-duct or Path CEM system basically an energy source (IR or UV) is projected
across the stack from one side to the other. Specified target gases absorb some of
this energy at specific wavelengths resulting in an altered energy state of the gas
molecule. In single path, the energy is transmitted from one side to the other making
8|Page
 UPDATED DRAFT

one pass through the stack. In a double path, the energy is reflected from a mirror on
the opposite side, doubling back on itself.

6.0 Particulate Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (PM-CEMS)

The history of smoke measurement started with “RINGELMANN Scale”, where the
darkness in smoke was measured visually by matching filters. The technologies available
for PM – CEMS are detailed in following paragraphs. These are mostly of in-situ type.
Extractive PM-CEMS are generally used in applications in which liquid droplets are
present. Droplets can cause measurement issues in applications with saturated emission
stacks eg after wet scrubbing systems, wet FGD‟s etc. and in these types applications
extractive systems which condition the gas have been found to be the prime solution for
measuring particulate successfully.

Figure 4: Smoke Density Measurement - “RINGELMANN Scale”

Afterwards, first sampling type instrument was evolved to measure smoke density in
“Bacharach scale” by which soot number was measured. The samples are withdrawn by
a pump and PM gets deposited at centre of a disc filter. The deposited darkness of shoot
are compared with a reference scale.

Figure 5: Bacharach scale – Soot number measurement

9|Page
 UPDATED DRAFT

The interaction of particle on light affects the properties of illumination in different ways
like absorption, reflection, refraction, diffraction / scattering, scintillation etc. Advance
instrumentation of optic based PM monitoring system use respective properties to
correlated particle concentrations.

Figure 6: different properties of light after interaction with PM in flue

6.1 Transmissometry

The oldest technology being used in continuous source monitoring for dust emission is
absorption based, i,e. Opacity Monitor. The principle on which Opacity monitor works
is “Transmissometry”. It is the measurement of Transmittance through a defined path.
The light absorbed and transmitted by or through the particles inside the exhaust duct
can be expressed as:

Transmittance (T) = Ir / Io

Where, Ir is the energy received and Io is the Energy emitted

Opacity is reciprocal of Transmittance and expressed as

Opacity = 1 – (Ir / Io)

More specifically, if a beam of light with frequency ( ) travels through a medium with
opacity and mass density ( ), presumed to be constant for both for a defined light
source and PM characteristics , then the intensity will be reduced with distance (x)
according to the formula;

Where,
 x is the distance the light has traveled through the medium
 is the intensity of residual light intensity at distance x
 is the initial intensity of light, at 

10 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

For a given medium at a given frequency, the opacity has a numerical value that may
2
range between 0 and infinity, with units of (length) / (mass).

Therefore, Opacity may be correlated with particulate concentration by understanding

of Extinction and Lambert-Beers law.

As the light is attenuated by the particles

knal
Extinction = loge 1/T = e

When, k – the extinction efficiency; n – particle concentration in measuring site, a –

mean projected area of particle and l – path length at measurement site

Now, If the physical and chemical nature of the particles are constant, „k‟ is constant,
„a‟ and „l‟ are constant to a specific duct or stack; so only variable „n‟ is then directly
proportional to the Extinction.

The basic operational principle of these instruments is that a collimated beam of visible
light is directed through a gas stream toward receiving optics. The receiving optics
measure the decrease in light intensity, and the instrument electronics convert the
signal to an instrument output. In single pass opacity CEMS the light crosses the flue
stream once and transmittance is detected at other side. For better resolution and
higher accuracy, a dual-pass transmissometer and a modulating light source are used.
The dual-pass transmissometer (with a reflector mirror on the opposite side of the
stack from the light source) allows all of the instrument electronics to be incorporated
into one unit. A high frequency modulation of the light source limits the possibility of
interference because the instrument only reads the loss of light while the light source is
on. When an LED light source is used, electronic modulation of the light (instead of
chopping) is possible. Incorporating the light source and detector into one instrument
also allows direct measurement of the loss of light by comparison of the source
intensity and the loss of light at the same time. This helps prevent inaccurate readings
due to the degradation of the light source intensity (a common problem in basic
transmissometers).

A transmissometer should use an appropriate stable light source which is less affected
by outside interference. Typically 500nM light (Green) or 600nm light (red) is used
Some manufacturers have started using a green LED to monitor both opacity and PM
concentration simultaneously. This theoretical particulate concentration generated from
instrumental signal has to be standardised against Isokinetic Particulate monitoring
using Reference method (USEPA Method 5 or USEPA Method 17 or EN-13284-1) to
generate a „DUST FACTOR‟ for conversion of Extinction data to PM concentration.

There are two popular systems of Opacity monitor;

Diagram for single and double pass opacity monitor

Transmissometers may be single-pass or double-pass design. Single pass design

carries light source on one side of the duct and the detector on other side. Some
modern single-pass designs use two identical senders and receivers on each side of
11 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

the stack to transmit and receive alternatively in order to increase sensitivity and
reduce the effects of fouling of the optical surfaces. Double-pass design incorporates
both a light source and a detector on the transceiver side of the stack, and it provides a
retroreflector on the opposite side.

Figure7. Single pass opacity monitor

Figure 8. Double pass opacity monitor

Single beam and double beam principle- Single-beam configuration is simplest

where one light beam from source is passed to receiver. Dual or double-beam
configurations internally split the light emitted from the source into two beams – one
becomes measurement beam and another becomes reference beam. The
measurement beam is projected through the optical medium of interest and is
referenced to the second (reference) beam, which is totally contained within the
instrument. There can be common or separate detectors for both the beam.

12 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

These two systems have following advantages and disadvantages

Table 1: The advantages and disadvantages of two techniques

Single Pass Double Pass
Simple Low cost Technique More costly but better data quality
High efficiency air purges needed to keep
Difficult to keep the windows clean
the windows clean
Cannot differentiate between gas born Protected mirrors check individual
particles and window contamination contamination on both transceivers
Alternate, bi-directional measurement
Cannot detect misalignment errors
provides automatic misalignment check
Linearity – not influenced by back scatter
Difficult to ensure linearity
effects
Prone to be contaminated during idle Rotary valves protect transceivers during
condition purge air or power failure

6.2 Light Scattering

A popular type PM-CEMS technique is light scattering. This technology is used in both
non extractive and extractive methods depending upon the flue gas condition and
other physical factors. Principally the light scattering is occurred due to reflection and
refraction of the light by the particle. The amount of light scattered is based on the
concentration of particles and the properties of the particles in the light‟s path (e.g., the
size, shape, and color of the particles). If the wavelength of the incident light is much
larger than the radius of the particle, “Rayleigh” scattering occurs. Rayleigh scattering
causes the blue color of the sky because visible sunlight is scattered by very small
particles and gases in the upper atmosphere. If the wavelength of the incident light is
about the same size as the radius of the particle, a type of scattering called “Mie”
scattering will occur. Mie scattering causes the haze seen on a hot summer day and
the reduction of visibility by car headlights in a fog.
These two properties of light scattering are utilized using proper optics eliminating the
interferences in PM CEMS by light scattering method.

A light scatter type instrument measures the amount of light scattered in a particular
direction (i.e., forward, side, or backward) and outputs a signal proportional to the
amount of scattering material (e.g., particulate matter) in the sample stream. The PM
concentration is derived by correlating the output of the instrument to manual
gravimetric measurements. In a scatter light instrument, a collimated beam of visible or
near infrared (IR) light is emitted into a gas stream. The light is scattered by particles in
the light path (i.e., Mie scattering), and the receiving optics focus an area of that light
onto a detector that generates a current proportional to the intensity of light it receives.
The angle of the source to the receiving optics and the characteristics of the optics
determine the volume of space from which the scattered light is measured.

Some components included in these instruments to minimize the effect of interference

and degradation of the light source are: (1) the use of a modulated light and (2) parallel
measurement of the light source intensity.

13 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

The use of the modulated light source limits the possibility that light from some other
source (e.g., ambient Stray light) will be measured, because a reference of the source
intensity is measured along with each scattered light measurement.

Types of instrument vary depending upon their ability to measure forward scattering or
back scattering properties of the particle. This difference is due to the design of optics
preferred by different companies. Light scattering principle is applicable both for in-situ
measurement (for Dry Stack) and extractive out of stack measurement for wet stack.
Forward scattering instruments are probe type and have a smaller measurement
volume than back scatter instruments. Due to the small measurement volume of light
scattering instruments in general, location of the instrument to a place where it
measures a representative concentration of dust is important. Intrusive probes may
need more maintenance at higher particle concentrations

6.3 Scatter-light Extractive PM - CEMS

Principle is same as earlier, but the gas is extracted and heated to vaporise the water
droplets

Figure 11: Extractive (Out of Stack) light scattering

Both these techniques have their own limitations. The advantages and disadvantages
are presented below.

14 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

Table 2: The advantages and disadvantages light Scattering

Advantages Disadvantages
Low price Measures secondary particulate as PM
Easy to install properties of flue gas Adversely affected by
Particle size, density, shape change
Low maintenance as there is no moving IR light gives better response than visible
parts in in-situ scattering system light
Sensitive to low PM concentration Measures liquid drops as PM
Effective after Bag Filter or multi-stage APC Dry scattering system can‟t be used after
wet scrubber
Wet scattering is suitable for emission Cost of installation and maintenance is
monitoring after a scrubber high.

6.4 Optical Scintillation

Optical scintillation, like light extinction, utilizes a light source and a remote receiver
that measures the amount of received light. The difference is that the scintillation
monitor uses a wide beam of light, no focusing lenses, and the receiver measures the
modulation of the light frequency due to the movement of particles through the light
beam and not the extinction of light. The principles at work here are that the particles in
a gas stream will momentarily interrupt the light beam and cause a variation in the
amplitude of the light received (scintillation). The greater the particle concentration in
the gas stream the greater the variation in the amplitude of the light signal received.
The scintillation monitor must be calibrated to manual gravimetric measurements at the
specific source on which it is installed.

Little advance against opacity as it reduces zero and upscale drift with modulated light
to eliminate effects of stray or ambient light. The transmitter and receiver are located
on opposite sides of the duct; therefore, this instrument also measures across-stack
PM concentration. The instrument response increases with PM concentration and can
be correlated by comparison to manual gravimetric data.

Figure 12: Optical Scintillation Technique

15 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

Table 3: The advantages and disadvantages Optical Scintillation

Advantages Disadvantages
Low price Measures secondary particles as PM
properties of PM Adversely affected by Particle
Easy to install
size, density, shape change
The cleaning of receiver in a dirty stack is an
Low maintenance
issue
Sensitivity to little high concentration Not Sensitive to low PM concentration
The presence of liquid droplets or vapour will
Perform better in dry stack Moisture cause erroneous readings due to refraction /
reflection of the light beam by the moisture

6.5 Probe Electrification Technique

Probe electrification takes advantage of the fact that all particles have a charge. Probe
electrification devices utilise charge transfer methodologies where the natural electrical
charge held by a dust particle interacts with a metallic rod in the gas stream.

A triboelectric particulate monitoring device measures the direct current (DC) produced
by the charge transfer when particles strike the probe. The DC is measured by an
electrically isolated sensor probe that is connected to amplification electronics. Multiple
particle strikes create a small flow of current through the instrument; current is
proportional to the momentum (mass times velocity squared) of the particles.
Amplification electronics convert the current to an instrument output signal.

Monitors that rely on inducing a current in the probe, rather than particle contact with
the probe, work similarly except an alternating current (AC) is measured. Because the
signal produced by these monitors may be affected by several factors, the instrument
output must be correlated to manual gravimetric measurements. Some of the primary
factors that may affect the relationship between particle mass and the monitored signal
are particle velocity for triboelectric devices, particle characteristics (e.g., composition
and size), and particle charge. Probe electrification does not work well in wet gas
streams with water droplets or when the particles are subject to a varying electrical
charge. The AC component of the induced current is being used to minimize the effect
of velocity on the measurement. Charged particles present in flue when impact on a
16 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

sensor & generate tribo-flow signal (current & voltage) which is may be correlated
proportionally with particle concentration in emission. Actually the charged particle
transfer the charges when collide with the tribo-electric probe in both the cases.

This particular technique works like a sensor than analyzer; hence kept out of
emission compliance monitoring. This is good for monitoring APCD operation
like bag leak detection.

Table 4: The advantages and disadvantages Probe Electrification Technique

Advantages Disadvantages
Low price Particle charge affect adversely
Triboelectric instruments are affected by changes in
velocity- care should be taken when using in applications
with widely varying velocities. Charge induction
Easy to install technologies generally overcome this issue in the range of
8 -20 m/s. Care should be taken when selecting an
instrument for use in applications with dampers or variable
speed fans
Sensitive to low PM Length of the probe restrict the application in wider flue
concentration path
Very effective as Bag Leak
Not suitable for emission after ESP
Detector(BDL)
Effects of damp particulate can
be mitigated by using an Measures liquid drops as PM
insulated sensing rod
Suitable for measuring AC tribo electric system works better in a stable flow
concentration when Calibrated condition.
against a gravimetric sample DC tribo needs additional flow measuring device
Suitable for Stack less than 5 m
Better suitable in a stack within 2 m diameter
diameter.

6.6 Extractive Particulate Monitoring (Beta attenuation Technique)

The principle behind beta attenuation particulate sampling instruments (beta gauge) is
that energy is absorbed from beta particles as they pass through PM collected on a
filter media. The attenuation due to only the PM is measurable if a baseline beta count
through just the filter can be established prior to sampling. The difference between the
baseline beta count and the beta count after sampling is directly proportional to the
mass of PM in the sample. The two main components of a beta attenuation measuring
system are the beta source and the detector. The selection of beta source depends on:
 It has an energy level high enough for the beta particles to pass through the
collection media (i.e., the filter tape) and the particulate,
 It has enough source material so that a high count rate is present, it is stable
over long periods of time, and
 It does not present a danger to the health of personnel that meet the instrument.

The source of choice has been Carbon-14 because; it has a safe yet high enough
energy level, it has a half-life of 5,568 years, and it is relatively abundant. Many
17 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

different types of detectors can quantify beta particle counts, but the ones most widely
used are the Geiger Mueller counter or a photodiode detector.

The sampling line and detector lies in the same horizontal plane at separated
perpendicularly parallel geometry. A motor ensure two-way movement of filter roll.
Firstly the clean filter comes in the path of detector, the instrument measures a clean
area of the filter media for a fixed period to determine the baseline (e.g., 1 - 2 minutes).
Then it advances that area of the filter to a sampling line for another set period (e.g., 8
to 9 minutes) and finally returns that area of the filter to the detector for the same
period used to establish the baseline reading.
The difference in the beta count can be directly correlated to particulate mass through
calibration of the instrument using a filter media containing a known mass of a
particulate-like material.

Figure 14: Extractive PM – CEMS – Beta Attenuation Technique

This system is exclusively extractive (out stack method) with or without dilution. The
main constrain of this CEMS is that it should have the capability to withdraw the
sample from stack gas stream isokinetically to have proper representation. It may not
generate signal continuously because sampling and analysis time has an automatic
time interval.
Table 5: The advantages and disadvantages Beta Attenuation Technique
Advantages Disadvantages
Direct measure of PM concentration More difficult to install
Not affected by particle characteristic
Expensive
changes
Designed to work in wet stack applications Higher recurring cost of ownership
May be used for monitoring of PM, PM10,
Iso-kinetic Sample extraction is
PM2.5 and even PM1.0, using suitable size
challenging
selective inlet
Transport of sample upto the analyser
Suitable for any types of stack requires expertise & suitable
infrastructure.
Have better correlation with Reference
Use radioactive source. Require trained
gravimetric method compared to other
manpower and careful handling.
methods as the system itself is isokinetic

18 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

6.7 The Matrix for selection of PM CEMS

Looking into the advantages and disadvantages and limitation in field application of PM
CEMS of different technologies Table 6 may be used for selection of specific CEMS for
respective sources.

Table 6. PM technology selection matrix

APC device

Dependant
certificatio
Minimum
Diameter

Velocity
Concentrati

n range

Humid
Stack
Measurement

Wet
on (mg/m3)

Dry
(m)
Technology
Min Max
0.1 -3 x
(6m with 0 to Not in
Bag,
multiple 7.5mg/m3 8-
Probe Electrification

Electrodynamic < 0.1 250 Cyclone, √ √

probes) (QAL1 to 18m/s
Drier,
EN-15267-3) range

AC Bag, √ x
0.1 - 3 <1 250 0 - 15mg/m3 x Yes
Triboelectric Cyclone
Bag, qualitative √ x x
Triboelectric 0.1-3 <1 250 Yes
Cyclone bag leak
10 √ x x
Dynamic 10 (5m 100 Cyclone, 0-
0.5 - 10 stack) No
Opacity / 0 ESP, 150mg/m3
(2m
Scintilation 25 None
stack)
Transmissometry

10 (at Bag, √ x x
5m)
100 Cyclone,
1 - 15 0- 50mg/m3 No
Opacity/ 50 (at 0 ESP,
1m)
Extinction None
100 ESP, √ x x
0.5-12 < 30 None No
0 None
Scattered Light Bag, ESP, √ x x
1-3 < 0.1 300 0-15mg/m3 No
In-situ Light

(Forward) None
Bag , √
Scatter

Scattered Light
2 - 10 <0.5 500 ESP, 0-7.5mg/m3 x x No
(Back/Side)
None
Wet √ √ √
Extractive light scatter
0.5 - 10 0.1 100 collector N/A
(wet FGD)
Wet √ √ √
Extractive Beta <
0.5 -10 0.5 collector N/A
150
(wet FGD)

19 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

7.0 Gaseous Continuous Emission Monitors

The following subsections provide a brief overview of the SO2, NOx, CO2, and O2
monitors that were most widely used for process as well as emission monitoring.

Table 7: Properties for ideal emission analyzer

SN Analytical SN Operational
1 Fast Response 1 Low capital cost
2 Linear output 2 Low maintenance cost
3 Stable Baseline 3 >99% uptime
4 Reproducible 4 Self diagnostic
5 Wide Dynamic range 5 Meets changing requirement
6 Accurate 6 Reliable
7 Robust 7 Compliant to regulatory requirement

7.1 SO2 Monitors

SO2 monitoring technologies are well established and several of these monitors now
incorporate a microprocessor, enabling the operator to check certain monitor operating
parameters, perform calibrations automatically, and perform numerous diagnostic
functions. A brief overview of these technologies is given.

7.1.1 UV Fluorescence Monitors

Fluorescence SO2 analyzers, both pulsed and continuous ultraviolet (UV) light source
type, were originally manufactured for ambient air monitoring. Ambient air SO 2
concentrations are in the parts per billion (ppb) ranges, and these units operate well at
that low concentration. As the fluorescence technology was proven in low
concentration ranges may be well-matched for dilution probe applications. Majority of
the US application have chosen this technology for CEM in a source with dilution-
extractive systems for SO2.

Principle: SO2 molecules excited by UV radiation exhibit fluorescent property, energy

emitted due to transformation of exited SO2 to ground state emits energy, which is
proportional to the molecules present in exposed medium.

The first reaction step is :

SO2 + h1 (UV) → SO2*

Then in the second step, the excited SO2* molecule returns to the original ground
state, emitting an energy H1 according to the reaction:

SO2* → SO2 + h1 (UV)

20 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

The intensity of the fluorescent radiation is proportional to the number of SO 2

molecules in the detection volume and is therefore proportional to the concentration of
SO2.

7.1.2 UV Spectrophotometric Monitors

Several manufacturers offer UV and two offers second-derivative spectroscopic UV

SO2 monitors for in-situ and extractive applications. UV type SO2 monitors have
proven to be reliable instruments, and as with many other monitoring systems,
electronic components (e.g., for optical contamination and lamp current compensation)
have been improved over the past few years. The UV spectroscopic type SO 2
monitors are suitable for use in either extractive or in-situ CEM systems. UV light
absorbs various chemicals as listed below

Table 8: Typical UV Absorbing species

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Mercaptans
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Nitric Oxide (NO) Organic Sulfides
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Organic di sulfides
Ammonia (NH3) Ketones (= CO)
Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) Aldehydes (- CHO)
Carbon di sulfide (CS2) Chlorine (Cl2)

It is not always necessary that the UV photometric analyzer is suitable for all the types
of compounds. The applicability always depends upon the range of measurement,
interferences and coexistence of compounds in same matrix and many other factors.
However, this principle is good for SO2 and reduced sulphur compounds (H2S, COS,
CS2 etc.)

7.1.3 IR based SO2 Monitor

Considering the concentration level expected in emission IR based instruments are
suitable for CEMS. Infrared methods may be based on IR, NDIR, FTIR absorption
spectroscopy.

7.2 NOX Monitors

Typically, Chemiluminscence, UV photometry, or infrared (IR) monitors are used for

monitoring NOx. The selection of type of monitors depends on NOX concentration in
flue, interference from other constituents of flue gas and cost affordability.

7.2.1Chemiluminscence Monitors

Like UV photometry based SO2 analysers ambient air NOX concentrations are in the
parts per billion (ppb) ranges, based units operate well at that low concentration. As
the UV fluorescence technology Chemiluminscence based analysers in low
concentration ranges may be well-matched for dilution probe applications. Majority of
the US application have chosen this technology for CEM in a source with dilution-
extractive systems for NOX. Ammonia in particular interferes and creates a potential

21 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

problem in determination of NOX. The selective catalytic converters installed convert

NO2 to NO without converting ammonia to NO. Essentially all Chemiluminscence
monitors incorporate a high-vacuum sample chamber to minimize quenching
(absorption of the fluorescent light by other molecules).

7.2.2 UV Spectrophotometric Monitors

Several vendors offer UV photometric and second-derivative spectroscopic analyzers

for monitoring NOx. Any Spectrometric analyzers require sample filtering to remove
particulate matter and sample conditioning or heated sample cells to maintain the
sample gas temperature above the dew point. Various design modifications and
improvements to the electronic components (e.g., isolating the electronic and optic
components from the sample cell) have been implemented which has been proved to
produce better result.

7.2.3 IR based NOX Monitor

Considering the concentration level expected in emission IR based instruments are

suitable for NOX in CEMS. Infrared methods may be based on IR, NDIR, FTIR
absorption spectroscopy.

7.3 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopic multiple gas monitor

FTIR measuring system is designed for continuous emission monitoring

measurements (CEM). Typical Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic based
application is H2O, CO2, CO, N2O, NO, NO2, SO2, HCl, HF, NH3, CH4, C2H6, C3H8
and C2H4 monitoring from waste incinerator or large combustion plants. Measured
components and calibration ranges can be changed according to application. This
application is useful for wet gas stream to measure trace concentrations of pollutants
in wet, corrosive gas streams. All parts of the CEMS are heated up to 180 ºC. It can be
used for undiluted gases and the sample gases do not need to be dried before. FTIR is
not suitable for O2 monitoring; however, the system may be coupled with optional the
ZrO2 oxygen analyzer and/or with a FID based total organic carbon analyzer. 16 gases
can be monitored simultaneously with Standard configuration of FTIR multi-gas
analyser. This modular combination may be upgraded to even up to 50 gases. The
major disadvantage of the system is cost.

Benefits

a. Highly exact and reliable monitoring of emission components in flue gases

b. Simultaneous multi-component analysis of 16 standard gas components: CO, CO, HCl,
HF, H2O, NH3, NO, NO2, N2O, SO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8, C6H14 and HCOH
c. Additionally (calculated by use of FTIR-measurement): NOX and total organic
carbon (TOC)
d. Expandable with up to two additional analyzers i.e., oxygen measurement and FID
based measurement of total carbon
e. Proven, suitability-tested technologies
22 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

7.4 Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) based multiple Gas

Monitor

Like FTIR DOAS also can perform multiple gas analysis. The IR option may be better
suited for source monitoring. Absorption of light at different wavelength proportional to
the concentrations is basic principle behind it. Gases like CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, NH3,
VOC, HCl, HF etc. can be measured by this technique. Main issue with DOAS is path
length. Accuracy and sensitivity of measurement at smaller path length may be a
limitation for this technique.

Figure 15: DOAS – CEMS

7.5 Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS)

Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is a technique for measuring

the concentration of certain species such as methane, water vapor and many more like
Ammonia, HCl, HF, O2, H2S etc. in a gaseous mixture using tunable diode lasers and
laser absorption spectrometry. Apart from concentration of gases, it is also possibleto
determine the temperature, pressure, velocity and mass flux of the gas under
observation. TDLAS is by far the most common laser based absorption technique for
quantitative assessments of species in gas phase. The basic principle behind the
TDLAS technique is simple. The focus here is on a single absorption line in the
absorption spectrum of a particular species of interest. To start with the wavelength of
a diode laser is tuned over a particular absorption line of interest and the intensity of
the transmitted radiation is measured. The transmitted intensity can be related to the
concentration of the species present by the Beer-Lambert law, which states that when
a radiation of wave number passes through an absorbing medium, the intensity
variation along the path of the beam is measured. This application is also a cross duct
gaseous measurement technology.

23 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

Figure 16: TDLAS – CEMS

7.6 CO2 Monitors

Essentially all CO2 monitors use IR-based technologies. Either non-dispersive infrared
(NDIR) or gas filter correlation (GFC) technology is used. Earlier CO2 monitors were
generally considered to be less reliable and less accurate (for the concentration ranges
typically observed in flue gas) than O2 monitors. When using a dilution-extractive CEM
system, however, the relative differences, advantages, and limitations between CO2
and O2 monitors are not an issue. A CO2 monitor must be used to determine diluents
concentrations for a dilution-extractive CEM system.

7.7 O2 Monitors

Approximately 75% of the O2 monitors are paramagnetic monitors and the remaining
are primarily electro catalytic oxygen analyzers. These monitoring technologies have
been used for many years and provide reliable for O2.

7.8 Total Organic Carbon or Total Hydrocarbon Analyzer

Extractive Emission monitoring using FID is the best recommended method for Total
Organic Carbon or Total Hydrocarbon. The analyser is calibrated with
Propane/Methane hence the value reported are in equivalent to calibration gas used.
However; the concentrations may be converted to Carbon mass concentration
depending upon the number of Carbon present in calibration gas. The performance
verification can be done also against calibrated portable FID based HC analyser.

24 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

Table 9: Overview on Technical Selection for Gaseous CEMS

Technique Type Measured Comments
* NO2 calculated
Chemiluminscence Extractive NO, NOX, NO2*
(NOX – NO)

SO2, H2S*, TRS* (Total * Cannot be measured

UV Fluorescence Extractive
Reduced Sulphur) simultaneously with SO2

CO, CO2, NOX (both NO Multiple gases maximum

IR Gas Filter
Extractive and NO2), SO2, HCl, HF, upto 10 can be
Correlation (GFC)
TOC, and N2O accommodated

CO, CO2, SO2, NOX, Multiple gases preferably

Fourier Transformed Extractive
NH3, Moisture (H2O), HCl, more than 5 may be cost
Infra Red (FTIR) / Path
HF etc. effective

Differential Optical Multiple gases preferably

CO, CO2, SO2, NO2,
Absorption Path more than 5, but has
NH3, VOC, HCl, HF etc.
Spectroscopy (DOAS) maintenance issues

Flame Ionization Requires H2 gas for flame

Extractive Total HC
Detector and carrier

CO, CO2, NH3, Moisture

Cost effective but not
Tunable Diode Laser Path (H2O), HCl, HF, CH4 , O2,
suitable for SO2 and NOX
H2S etc.
Widely used, maximum
In-situ
Zirconium Oxide Cell O2 temperature tolerance is
Extractive
500ºC
Stable and accurate
Paramagnetic Extractive O2
CO, CO2, SO2, NO, NO2,
Photo-acoustic Can measure any Gas that
Extractive NH3, Moisture (H2O), HCl,
Spectroscopy absorb IR
HF etc.
Notes: (a) Any CEM System must have Flow (Velocity) measurement device and
direct measurement facilities for O2 and CO2 installed (b)Any dilution extractive
system must have CO2 measurement facility at source and measuring point to
prove the correctness of the selected dilution ratio.

25 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

7.9 Flue Gas Flow / Velocity Monitoring Techniques

Most commercially available flue gas flow monitors operate using one of five
principles for measuring velocity and volumetric flow: ultrasonic pulse detection,
differential pressure, thermal detection (convective cooling), audible acoustic
detection and optical scintillation. The five varieties of flow monitors are stack or duct
mounted and operates as a component (including a microcomputer, pressure
transmitters, and temperature transmitters) of a system. Other types of flow
monitoring systems are available:

7.9.1 Ultrasonic Flow Monitors

The volumetric flow rate of stack gas is measured by transmitting ultrasonic pulses
across the stack in both directions. The tone pulses are accelerated or retarded due
to the gas velocity in the stack. The time required traversing the distance of the stack
traveling with and against the flow is a function of the sound velocity and the effluent
velocity. Stack flow can be calculated based on the difference in the times required
to traverse the stack in both directions. The ultrasonic pulses must traverse the stack
or duct at a minimum angle of 10 degrees; however, traverses between angles of 40
and 70 degrees tend to provide the best results, as long as the traverse path length
is not so long that the ultrasonic pulses become difficult to detect. Ultrasonic flow
monitors are also available in probe design with the instrument being installed on
one side of the stack only, While having a shorter measurement length to cross
stack instruments, these instruments have the advantage of not needing mounting
and platforms at two different heights on the stack.

7.9.2 Differential Pressure Flow Monitors

The S-type Pitot tube is designed as par the design of Stausscheibe or reverse type
Pitot. The probe is constructed of two in-line tubes. The sampling point of the probe
consists of two opposing open faces perpendicular to the traverse axis. A side view
of the probe resembles two stacked tubes with the ends tapered away from one
another and the openings planed parallel to the horizontal axis. The Fechheimer
Pitot probe consists of flow sensors mounted on two multipoint averaging manifolds.
The probe design consists of two manifolds (tubes) welded together with a truss
plate. The truss maintains a distance between the manifolds in a plane
perpendicular to the flow and the stack wall. One manifold averages multiple points
of impact pressure, and the other averages multiple points of wake pressure. The
impact and wake pressure averages are registered by the flow transmitter. This
technology is used in numerous gas flow monitoring applications other than flue gas.
Other types of noncontact flow monitors are also available in market.

7.9.3 Thermal Flow Monitors

Thermal flow monitors measure the electric power required to maintain a constant
temperature of approximately 24 to 38ºC above the exhaust gas temperature in a
flow sensor.

26 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

The monitors are available for both single-point and multipoint analysis, and non-
sensing components of the systems can be constructed from various corrosion-
resistant metals.

7.9.4 Infrared correlation

Light based noncontact devices are also suitable for velocity measurement in flue
gas.

Table 10: Flow meter selection matrix

Types of Flow (Velocity meter)
Parameters Impact Differential Infrared
Thermal Bi-directional
Pressure 1
anemometer ultrasonic correlation
(Pitot Tube)
Single
Irregular Flow Multiport
point
2 2
Wet stack X √ √ √ √
o o
Max Flue Gas Up to Up to 200 – 300 C 450° C - 850 Up to 1000 C
Temperature °C (model
550°C 550°C (model specific)
specific)
Low speed X X X √ √
High Speed X √ √ √ √
Factory/ Factory/
Calibration Factory/ Site Factory/ Site Factory/ Site
Site Site
1
Pressure Transmitter (PT) and Temperature Transmitter (TT) are not installed with a
Thermal Anemometer as it directly measures Mass Flow which is usually the required
quantity. However, for the purpose of ETS in Type 2 CEMS configuration, Volumetric Flow
is required and hence PT and TT are necessary to calculate density and convert mass
flow calculated by the anemometer to volumetric flow.
2
Can be accounted for by using multiple probes/sensors
3
Calibration depends on physical properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat) of the gas
whose flow is to be measured. Thus variation in properties of stack gas from factory
calibrated values can result in inaccurate measurement.

27 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

8.0 Basic Requirements and Steps for Implantation of CEMS in India

Industries identified to install CEMS for respective parameters have to follow the steps
detailed below:

8.1 Parameters to be monitored

Industry specific emission parameters required to be monitored by CEMS are

presented in Annexure – I

8.2 Emission Standard Limit Values

Emission standards for stationary sources are as prescribed in the Air (1981) Act
and Environmental Protection (1986) and its subsequent revisions. These
regulations and subsequent revisions specify their limit values. The emission limits
prescribed to the industries / facilities being directed to install CEMS for respective
parameters are given in Annexure - II

8.3 The Role of Different Parties in a Monitoring Regime

The monitoring regime proposed is based upon CEMS but not limited to the
instrumentation itself; rather, it encompasses a complete institutional and technical
system for ensuring high-quality emission data.

For successful implementation of the programme, major responsibilities have been

entrusted to the industries and SPCBs, with a view to guide the technical issues
involved including monitoring and reporting requirements outlined in this document.
The industry may employ CEMS vendors to install, calibrate and help maintain a
monitoring system suitable for its characteristics as an emissions source. The
industry alone remains accountable for ensuring the performance of CEMS,
documenting that performance through calibration, and sending quality data to the
SPCBs concerned.

The SPCBs would oversee the monitoring regime, record and validate emissions
data from CEMS and further use it. The SPCBs may intervene in the monitoring of a
particular industry for high quality data. They may also coordinate the supporting
roles of third parties such as accredited labs, CEMS vendors and CEMS working
groups in respective industries. The involvement and activity web of various
stakeholders in implementation process is depicted in three steps.

28 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

Figure 17: Stakeholder’s role in selection to acceptance of CEMS in India

Figure 18: Stakeholder’s role in acceptance to data transfer of CEMS in India

Page | 30

29 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

Figure 19: Stakeholder’s role in Data to regulation through CEMS in India

Table 11. Responsibilities of stakeholders
Responsible
Application Responsibilities
stakeholder
 Equipment
Suitability of equipment  Certification
Supplier
CEMS certification  Device selection
 Industry
(QAL1)/ USEPA  Performance evaluations process
 Industry
performance  Performance demonstration- cost
 Equipment supplier
demonstration)  Performance demonstration approval
 Regulator
 Correct installation  CEMS Vendor
 Setting up tamper proof data transfer  Data service
system provider
Correct Installation,  Correct data supply  Industry
Calibration and  Tests - Reference Tests, Calibration  Test Laboratory
functionality (QAL2) checks, Variability test, Uncertainty
calculations etc.  Test laboratory
 Test reports  Equipment
 Functionality checks supplier
Stability performance  Operation and maintenance of CEMS  Industry
QAL3  Tests- Zero drift, Span drift  industry
Continued calibration and  Same as QAL2  As QAL2
functionality  Remote calibration  SPCB/PCC/CPCB

30 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

 Correct data supply, reporting &

Inspection /Surveillance compliance  Industry
tests/ Review of data &  Periodical/intermittent  SPCB/PCC/CPCB
reports, Compliance inspection/verification /Alerts/action  SPCB/PCC
 Data validation  CPCB
 Performance criteria setting

8.4 Selection of CEMS

CEMS selection shall be the sole responsibility of the operator. The selected CEMS
needs to fulfill the criteria of selection of device in light of their suitability for
respective flue matrix for respective parameters, ruggedness, data accuracy,
precision & robustness, desired facility of data acquisition, handling and transfer to
respective terminals including regulator for smooth and tamper free data
management. The CEMS selected shall preferably have COP (Certificate of
Product) of MCerts, TŰV or any other equivalent international agency. Indigenous
CEMS without COP needs to satisfy the performance requirement at par with
internationally certified products equivalent to QAL1 and QAL2 standard or EPA
performance standard criteria (40 CFR Part 75 Appendix B) as detailed for
respective parameters.

Table 12. Performance demonstration required by indigenous CEMS with COP

Correct Stability Ongoing Ongoing
Selection of Valid
Installation before instrumental calibration
CEM calibration
as per calibration stability stability
QAL1 with Functional test
Functional QAL3 plus
appropriate and annual
EU EN15259 QAL3 test and annual
certification surveillance tests
QAL2 linearity
range (AST)
Annual
correlation test
and Relative
None but Accuracy Test
legal onus on Correlation Zero and Span Audits (RATA)
40 CFR part 7-day drift
USA the operator tests over 3 plus quarterly for gases and
75, Appendix test
to provide days linearity test Relative
valid data Response
Assessment
(RRA) for
particulate

The performance demonstration shall extend over a fortnight to one month period. The
entire expenditure for conducting performance demonstration shall be borne by the
manufacturer of the system / instrumentation. The performance demonstration is case
specific and can never be granted as acceptable for even similar stack at same
industries.

31 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

Table 13 . Standard Reference Methods for CEMS

Pollutants Reference method Reference standard
Low range dust Manually, plane filter DIN EN 13284-1
Sulphur oxides Manually, H2O2- absolute DIN EN 14791
Nitrogen Oxides Cont. (Chemiluminescence DIN EN 14792
Carbon Monoxide Cont. NDIR DIN EN 15058
Chlorides, HCl Manually, H2O- absolute DIN EN 1911
Total Organic Carbon Cont. (Flame ionization detector) DIN EN 12619
Total Mercury Manually, Oxid acids- absolute DINE EN 13211
Fluorine compounds Manually, H2O/NaOH- absolute VDI 2470
Ammonium compounds Manually, Saure- Absolute preVDI 3878
Oxygen Cont. (Paramagenetism) DIN EN 14789
Water vapour Manually, SiO2- Ads/Kondens DIN EN 14790
Volume flow Differential pressure, Anemometer, Calculation DIN EN16911-1

For selection of CEMS Table 6 (PM CEMS), Table 9 (Gaseous CEMS) and Table 10
(Flow / Velocity Monitor) of this guideline may be referred.

8.5 Installation Requirement of CEMS

The analysers/ instruments/ sensors have to be installed as per the specified

sampling criteria, so as to have representative sampling of the emissions.

a) To ensure laminar flow the Particulate Matter monitoring systems (CEMS) shall
be installed at a distance atleast at 8 times the stack diameter downstream and 2
times stack diameter upstream from any flow disturbance. PM CEMS,
Flow/Velocity monitor, Moisture probe and Temperature probe installation shall
strictly follow this guideline.
b) Ideally, both particulate and gaseous CEMS installation required to fulfill the
criteria ensuring laminar flow. However, in extreme cases, the location at a
distance atleast at 2 times the stack diameter downstream and 1/2 times stack
diameter upstream from any flow disturbance for Gaseous CEMS is allowed as
referred in 40 CFR Part 75 of USEPA Appendix A.
c) Cross duct CEMS devices shall be installed 500 mm below the porthole
designated for manual sampling ensuring no disturbance created by the probe
when simultaneous data are collected during calibration. Probe type CEMS shall
be installed at 500 mm below the porthole designated for manual sampling too
but at 90º to the reference sampling port
d) All measurement ports into the stack shall be as per CEMS system requirement.
e) Particulate CEMS devices (Cross Duct) or probe shall be installed in horizontal
plane;
f) Probe / sampling device for gaseous CEMS shall be installed protruding
downwards with suction system facing the direction of flow of flue gases.
g) The construction of chimney shall adhere to CPCB publication, “Emission
Regulation Part III” (COINDS/20/1984-85) unless otherwise specified by CPCB
or SPCB/ PCC.
h) Safety, serviceability, clear approach etc. shall be taken into consideration while
selecting the location.
32 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

i) The sampling position of CEMS has to be approved by respective SPCBs / PCCs

or CPCB. Any deviations from the guidelines in an extremely exceptional case
have to be flagged and communicated and endorsed to the respective
SPCBs/PCCs by the occupier.

All measurements shall be carried out on a suitable CEMS and peripheral installed
within an appropriate working environment as specified by the manufacturer.

The working platform used to access the CEMS shall readily allow calibration and
parallel measurements to be performed using an SRM. The sampling ports for
measurements with the SRM shall be placed as close as possible, but not more than
three times the equivalent diameter up- or down-stream of the location of the CEMS,
in exceptional cases without compromising with well mixed and laminar flow criteria
in order to achieve comparable measurements between CEMS and SRM.

It is necessary to have good access to the CEMS to enable inspections to take place
and to minimize the time taken to implement the quality assurance procedures of
this standard. A clean, well-ventilated and well-lit working space around the CEMS is
required to enable the staff to perform this work effectively. Suitable protection is
required for the personnel and the equipment, if the working platform is exposed to
the weather.

The schematic location for ideal installation of CEMS in a circular stack is presented
in Figure 17.

33 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

Figure 22: Diagrammatic representation of mounting CEMS in stack

8.6 Analytical Range selection of CEMS

The instrument selected for CEM shall have a certified determination range. The
certified range shall match the requirement without compromising with data
sensitivity. In general, the procedures for operational analytical range selection are
differing case to case. The highest measurable range in case of gaseous pollutants
is at 1.5 times of the emission limit as a thumb rule in international practices. The
analytical range is definitely a function of Emission Limit Value (ELV) and highest
values obtained during trial run in a full load optimum condition of a specific source.
In Indian scenario, this operational analytical range may be fixed maximum at 2.5
times of the ELV.

The range selection in PM shall be done based on the experience and emission data
collected during trial run. It is always advised to fix the range at 2.5 times of the
emission limit or at 125% of maximum concentration recorded by Reference
sampling during calibration of CEMS, whichever is higher. This is to capture all data
point during normal operation with only 25% acceptable extrapolation of calibration
regression equation.
34 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

8.7 Calibration Requirement for PM CEMS

i) The Particulate Matter continuous monitoring system (PM-CEMS) shall be

calibrated at different operational loads against Isokinetic sampling (triplicate
samples at each load) at the time of installation. The facility shall cooperate to
vary load of dust in flue either by changing production rate or tuning of APCD
attached to the emission system.
ii) In cases where it is not possible to change the dust level from the APCD (Ie
bagfilters) it should be acceptable to have a calibration with 5 isokinetic
samples at the normal dust level and to use a calibration curve drawn through
zero. The valid calibration range of the CEM shall be 200% of the maximum
dust level during the Isokinetic test.
iii) The calibration shall be repeated if there is not a valid calibration against the
criteria defined in table 13 of section 8.11
iv) The results from the Particulate CEMS shall be compared on fortnightly basis
i.e. second Friday of the fortnight, at fixed time (replicate sample) starting 10.00
am with standard Isokinetic sampling method. The frequency mentioned is
required to be followed for at least first six month of operation from the date of
endorsement of respective SPCBs after calibration. Afterwards the frequency
may be relaxed if system performance is proved satisfactory by the SPCBs.
This exercise is only to check the performance; no adjustment of Calibrated
Dust Factor is allowed unless full-scale calibration is performed. The change of
CDF should be permitted only if it is approved by SPCB/PCC.
v) In case, deviation of the comparison values for 02 consecutive monitoring is
more than 10%, the system shall be recalibrated at variable loads against
Isokinetic sampling method (replicate samples)
vi) After any major repair to the system, change of lamp, readjustment of the
alignment, change in fuel quality, the system shall be recalibrated against
Isokinetic sampling method. (Triplicate samples at each load)
vii) The data capture rate of more than 85% shall be ensured.
viii)The intensity of lamp shall be checked fortnightly.
ix) The comparison/ verification of data/ calibration shall be done by CPCB/SPCB
empanelled laboratory as per the specified frequency.

8.8 Calibration Requirement for Gaseous CEMS

(i) The instruments/analyzers for real time monitoring of gaseous emissions shall
have calibration certificate with respect to their functioning, drift, linearity,
detection limit, output, operating temperature and other relevant parameters
before and during installation.
(ii) The concentration of span gas shall be equal or close to 80% value of selected
range in respective cases. Inbuilt Calibration check Cuvette (cells) may help in
regular calibration check.
(iii) Initially the instrument shall perform multilevel (minimum 5 levels including zero
and span is desirable) calibration. The instrument is calibrated with 5 different
gas levels by comparing the CEM output to the actual gas concentration
determined in the stack by Reference Method or injection of known calibration

35 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

gases. In cases with multi-component analysers it is sufficient to do a 3 point

calibration for all the gases measured.
(iv) Calibration of extractive CEM shall ensure the calibration of whole system
(Sampling, sample treatment and analysis)
(v) After six months of operation, the system shall be rechecked for its health and
data accuracy and reliability, following multi point calibration (at least 03 span
concentrations) using standard reference materials.
(vi) The data comparison and calibration verification shall be done on quarterly
basis by empanelled laboratories following standard procedures and using
certified reference standards.
(vii) The health of the instruments/analysers shall be assessed on daily basis
at fixed time (10.00 a.m.) by checking the zero drift.

(viii) The instruments / analyzers shall be rechecked for zero and span drift
every Friday at fixed time (10.00 a.m.) using standard methods and standard
reference materials.
(ix) For Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), Non Dispersive Ultra
Violet (NDUV)/Non Dispersive Infra Red lamp based systems; the calibration
shall be revalidated once in 03 months, and after replacement of lamps.
(x) The values of ND-UV / ND-IR based system (folded beam-in-situ) will be
compared with the standard methods using Standard Reference Material every
Friday at fixed time (10.00 am) and Zero drift checked daily at fixed time (10.00
am).
(xi) In case the daily zero drift is more than the acceptable limit as specified in the
catalogue/brochure of the instrument/analyser or specified in this guideline
(whichever is higher) and persists continuously for five days, the instrument /
analyser shall be recalibrated following procedure laid down at point (ii & iii)
above.
(xii) In case the weekly span drift is more than the acceptable limit as specified
in the catalogue brochure of the instrument/analyser or specified in this
guideline (whichever is higher) and persists continuously in the succeeding
week the instrument/analyser shall be recalibrated following procedure laid
down in point (ii & iii) above.
(xiii) The instrument / analyzer shall be recalibrated after any major
repair/replacement of parts/lamps or readjustment of the alignment using
standard methods and certified reference materials.
(xiv) The instrument/analyzer system shall have provision of remote calibration,
for verification of the system performance by SPCBs/PCCs whenever, felt
necessary.
(xv) The intensity of the lamp shall be checked once every fortnight.
(xvi) Data capture rate of more than 85% shall be ensured.
(xvii) The comparison/ verification of data/ calibration shall be done by CPCB
empanelled laboratory once in 6 months.

8.9 Registration Requirement

The occupier is required to supply information to the SPCB and CPCB by means
of registration for new one and also to update the existing database. The
information required during Registration are:

36 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

a) Name of Industrial premises / Facility

b) Address of Industrial premises / Facility
c) Plant operators (organizational chart)
d) Process Description – source specific information
e) Process activity – the type & quantity of fuel burned (load factor) etc.
f) Exhaust Stack / Vent ID
g) Installed Control devices
h) Stack height
j) Stack Diameter (ID)
i) Height of sampling location from ground level
k) Height of sampling location from point of last disturbance
l) CEMS type, make, model etc.
m) CEMS analyzer types.
n) List of parameters monitored
o) Date of Installation
p) Date of initial calibration

Operator shall provide detailed description of all parameters to be monitored and

their expected normal & maximum values to be measured.

All industrial premises / facility that fall under the Air (1981) Act, EP (1986) Act and
its revised regulations are to submit / update the database, based on individual
operating consent issued by SPCBs.

8.10 Data Acquisition System (DAS)

(i) DAS (Data Acquisition System) defines the logging of digital data from the
analyzers. DAS should also withdraw the key operational parameters- plant
load/capacity utilization, efficiency, fuel rate, air supply etc. along with the
emission data. . These data are readily available and can be taken as mean
average (during each monitoring cycle) values.
(ii) The data shall be transferred directly from the analyzer (no in between logic) to
the server at CPCB/ SPCBs or PCCs via Data Acquisition System.
(iii) Data should be in encrypted format (tamper proof)
(iv) DAS to automatically and seamlessly transfer data to Data Acquisition &
Handling System (DAHS).
(v) Data dissemination to stakeholders from web server linked to DAHS.
(vi) The system shall operate on Open Application Programme Interface (API)
protocol based on REST based technology.
(vii)The system shall record all the monitored values and transfer 15 min. average
value to DAHS. The system shall have provision to assess the momentarily
values as and when required.
(viii) Data validation protocol inbuilt with data quality codes to defined specification.
(ix) Web server to meet the needs of local PCBs, Industry and CPCB.

8.11 Criteria for acceptance of CEMS field Performance

A CEMS to be used at installations covered by CPCB direction shall have to be
proven suitable for its measuring task (parameter and composition of the flue gas)
by use of the procedure equivalent to international standards (EPA PS or EN QAL
37 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

Standards). It shall prove performance in accordance to the set performance

characteristics during the field-testing.

The performance testing procedures involve all concerned including plant operator,
vendor and testing laboratories. The Regulator has to inspect the installation and
collect information as per Checklist (ANNEXURE III). The comments of the inspector
on these information are essential tool to qualify the installation for further
performance testing

Field-testing is a procedure for the determination of the calibration function and its
variability, and a test of the variability of the measured values of the CEMS
compared with the data quality objectives specified in these standards. The
performance tests are performed on suitable CEMS that have been correctly
installed and commissioned. A calibration function is established from the results of
a number of parallel measurements performed with a Standard Reference Method
(SRM). The variability of the measured values obtained with the CEMS is then
evaluated against the required criteria to satisfy the Data Quality Objective.

Table 14: Performance Specification for SO2, NOX and CO

S.No. Specification Tolerance ranges/values
01 Zero Drift 24 hr. ≤ ± 2 % of Span
02 Span Drift 24 hr. ≤ ± 4 % of Span
03 Analyzer‟s Linearity ≤ ± 2 % of Span from calibration curve
04 Performance Accuracy ≤ ± 10 % of compared Reference Measurement

Table 15: Performance Specification for O2, and CO2

S.No. Specification Tolerance ranges/values
01 Zero Drift 24 hr. ≤ ± 0.5 % of O2
02 Span Drift 24 hr. ≤ ± 0.5 % of O2
03 Analyzer‟s Linearity ≤ ± 0.5 % of O2
≤ ± 10 % of compared Reference measurement or
04 Performance Accuracy within 1% of O2

Table 16: Performance Specification for PM CEMS

S.No. Specification Tolerance ranges/values
ZeroDriftbetweentwo
01 servicing intervals ≤ ± 2 % of Full Scale range
Reference point Drift
between two servicing
02 intervals ≤ ± 4% of Reference value range
The difference between the actual value and the reference
value must not exceed ±2 percent of full scale (for a 5
03 Analyzer‟s Linearity point check).
04 Performance Accuracy ≤ ± 10 % of compared Reference Measurement

Table 17 : Performance Specification for Flow Analyzers

S.No. Specification Tolerance ranges/values
01 Zero Drift 24 hr. < 4%
02 Span Drift 24 hr. Span drift < 4%
03 Analyzer‟s Linearity <2% of FS
04 Performance Accuracy ≤ ± 10 % of compared Reference Measurement
38 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

The performance test procedures are repeated periodically, after a major change of
plant operation, after a failure of the CEMS or as demanded by regulators.
9.0 Quality Assurance / Quality Control

A Quality Assurance Plan (QAP) must be written, implemented, maintained and

followed. It must include and describe a complete program of activities to be
implemented that will ensure that the data generated by the CEMS is complete,
accurate, precise, traceable and reliable. The QAP must satisfy the requirements as
stated in this document and any other requirements which are necessary to ensure
accuracy, precision, traceability and reliability of the data and information.

a) Operational checks are those procedures that are performed on a routine basis,
generally daily, to determine whether the system is functioning properly. These
procedures include daily zero and calibration checks and visual checks of system
operating indicators and so on

i. Daily zero & span checks shall be made using procedures recommended by the
manufacturer.
ii. Daily records must be kept, however; adjustments shall be made only in the
cases when drift is greater than 10% of the calibration gas value, the activity shall
be recorded and linearity shall be crosschecked.
iii. For extractive systems, the calibration gases are to be introduced upstream of all
filters and sample conditioning system as close to the tip of the probe as
possible.
iv. For opacity monitors daily drift is limited to +/-2% opacity
v. For PM‟s the daily drift is limited to +/-3% of reference value
vi. For flow monitors the daily drift is limited to +/-3% of span

b) Routine maintenance is performed at regular intervals.

I. Tasks to be performed at least monthly are: replacing filters, replacing bearings

on motors, cleaning pumps, etc.
II. Tasks to be performed at least quarterly are: leak checks, linearity check on
instruments, etc.

c) Regular performance checks of system operation include zero and span checks,
purging, data capture rate, alarms, comparison of data with history, outlier
identification, checking of average and report generation.

10.0 CEM System Test

The initial test for gas and opacity/dust monitors, the performance specification test or
certification test, have two major criteria that CEM systems must meet: 1) calibration
drift and 2) relative accuracy,

a) Calibration drifts “The difference in the CEM system output readings from the
established reference value after a stated period (usually one week) of operation.” The

39 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

calibration test is conducted by introducing calibration gases into the CEM system, to
examine the system‟s ability to hold its calibration over a period of time.

b) Relative accuracy “The absolute mean difference between the gas concentration or
emission rate determined by the CEM system and the value determined by the
reference methods plus the 2.5% error confidence coefficient (CC = t 0.975 (SD/√n)) of a
series of tests for gases and 10 % error confidence coefficient of a series of tests for
PM, divided by the mean of the reference method tests.” That is,

Where, |d| = the mean difference between the reference method result and the CEM
result
|CC| = the confidence coefficient
RM = the average of the reference method values obtained in the test series

The principal sampling strategy for the relative accuracy test is to take CEM readings
and reference method samples at the same time.

11. Record Keeping

All industrial premises / facility subject to CEMS requirements must maintain a file for:
a) All pertinent information, manufacturer literature, phone logs, meeting notes;
b) Operations and maintenance records;
c) Emission measurements, system performance specification test data and field
accuracy tests, calibration checks;
d) Excess emission reports, instrument logbooks, downtime, adjustments and
maintenance.
e) For unusual values reported by CEMS the reason for it with documented
evidences must be recorded.
f) The history of zero/span adjustments and calibration must be kept available for
inspection.

These records must be retained and made available to SPCB/PCC/CPCB for inspection
upon request.

12. Reports

a) CEMS Performance Test Report:

This test is to be conducted by the person responsible for the installation. A copy of the
test results to be furnished to the SPCB/PCC/CPCB upon completion. The test report
has to be self explanatory, unambiguous, properly calculated and reproduced with unit
of expression as required by the regulators. The basic calculation for reporting is given
in ANNEXURE IV.

b) Report of Excesses emission:

40 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

(i) Any Exceedance of values over the prescribed standards or norms shall be
considered as violation.
(ii) Instantaneous elevated data i.e. spikes with duration less than one minute shall be
dealt separately and not considered for data averaging.
(iii) Continuous Exceedance of values upto 10% over the standards/norms for more
than half an hour shall require preventive action from the industry.
(iv) Frequent Exceedance of the values i.e. more than 5% of the total data capture in a
day of the prescribed standards/norms shall invite action from SPCBs/PCCs
(v) Any Exceedance of the monitored values as against the standards shall invite
SMS & email to the industry from SPCBs/PCCs, requiring immediate feedback on
the corrective action initiated/taken.
(vi) In case the emission/ discharge quality exceeds continuously the prescribed norms
by 10% over the standards and for duration of one hour or more, the industry shall
inform the SPCBs/PCCs of the action initiated to control the emission/discharges
and the effectiveness of the measures taken. In case the industry fails to control
the emissions/discharges within the norms it shall move towards closure of its
operation following the laid down standard operating practices.
(vii) For any second failure of the industry to keep the emissions/discharges within 10%
of the norms for period exceeding one hour the industry shall immediately move
towards closure of its operation under intimation to SPCBs/PCCs.
(viii) The values recorded during calibration or during preventive maintenance shall not
be considered for Exceedence and assessing the data capture rate.
(ix) Plant start-up or batch process starting emissions shall not be considered for
averaging for the initial, 30 minutes period in case of batch processes or small
furnaces/ boilers not operating continuously.
(x) Plant shut down period shall be excluded while calculating data capture rate.

c) Monthly Monitoring Report is required to be submitted in prescribed format as

Annexure VI. The monthly report to the authority shall include:

i. All daily mean value emission data, related to the daily operating time derived from
the half-hourly mean values for gases & Total PM.
ii. The date and time identifying each period the system was inoperative, and the
nature of repairs. Information to include in CEM instrument downtime summary

1. Duration of downtime
2. Reasons for the downtime

iii. A summary of the excesses/ Excess Emission Report.

1. Date of excess emission
2. Start and end time excess emission
3. Magnitude of excess emissions
4. Reason or cause for the excess emissions
5. Corrective actions taken or measures taken to minimize emissions

iv. Zero / span calibration records.

v. A record of any on-stack maintenance of CEMS monitors / probes.

41 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

e) Quarterly Monitoring Report shall include the following besides the monthly task (the
prescribed format is given as Annexure VII)
i. Leak check on sample system
ii. Instrument linearity check results
iii. Relative Accuracy Test report

Note: Monthly reports must be received by the SPCB/PCC/CPCB within 15

calendar days after the end of the month and quarterly reports must be received
by SPCB/CPCB within 7 days of each calendar quarter.

f) Annual Report: All the monthly and quarterly tasks plus Third party audit report in
presence of Regulator

42 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

13.0 Further Readings

S.No. References
1.0 CPCB’s CEMS related Documents
i) Direction for installation of CEMS and CWQMS in 17 Cat. Industries, CETP, HWI,
BMWI
ii) Draft Notification on CEMS and CWQMS
iii) Minutes of Meeting with Industries on Online Monitoring
iv) List of Parameters for CEMS and CWQMS
v) First hand information on list of suppliers
vi) CPCB/e-PUBLICATION/2013-14 on “Specifications and Guidelines for Continuous
Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS) for PM Measurement With Special Reference to
Emission Trading Programs
2.0 USEPA Documents related to CEMS
a) Continuous Monitoring Manual
b) 40 CFR Part 75: CEMS Field Audit Manual
c) USEPA CEMS Performance Specification
i) PS – 2 : Performance Specification for SO2 and NOX
ii) PS – 3 : Performance Specification for O2 and CO2
iii) PS – 4 : Performance Specification for CO
iv) PS – 4A: Performance Specification and Test Procedure for CO
v) PS – 4B: Performance Specification and Test Procedure for CO and O2
vi) PS – 6: Performance Specification and Test Procedure for Emission Rate
vii) PS – 8A: Performance Specification and Test Procedure for Hydrocarbon
(TOC)
viii) PS – 11: Performance Specification and Test Procedure for PM CEMS
ix) PS – 15: Performance Specification for Extractive FTIR CEMS
x) PS – 18: Performance Specification for HCl – CEMS
d) Quality Assurance (QA) Documents
i) Procedure 1: QA Requirement for Gaseous CEMS
ii) Procedure 2: QA Requirement for PM CEMS
iii) Procedure 5: QA Requirement for Total Gaseous Mercury (TGM) CEMS and
Sorbent Trap
e) 40 CFR part 180
f) COMS (Continuous Opacity Monitoring System)
3.0 EN Documents
i) EN 15267 – Part 1: Certification of AMS (CEMS)
ii) EN 15267 – Part 2: Certification of AMS (CEMS)
iii) EN 15267 – Part 3: Certification of AMS (CEMS)
iv) EN 14181 – Quality Assurance of AMS (CEMS)
v) EN 14884 – Test Method AMS (CEMS) for TGM
vi) EN-15259 : location of sampling and CEMS

4.0 UK Documents
a) RM:QG-06: Calibration of PM CEMS ( Low Concentration)
b) Mcerts : BS EN 13284: PM CEMS

5.0 Standard Operating Procedure for Compliance Monitoring using CEMS – Abu
Dhabi

43 | P a g e
UPDATED DRAFT

44 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT
ANNEXURE II
Parameter specific Emission Standards for industries need to install CEMS
Industries / Parameters
SN Units of Operation Emission Limits Options available for CEMS
Facilities prescribed
Raw Material 3
01 Aluminum PM PM 150 mg/NM In situ PM CEMS
Handling
3
Calcinations PM, PM 250 mg/NM NDIR for CO
CO CO 1% (Max)
3
Green Anode Shop PM PM 150 mg/NM FTIR for CO and HF (costly
3
Anode Bake Oven PM PM 50 mg/NM , solution)
Total HF 0.3 Kg/MT of Al
3 DOAS for all (but Path length may
Pot room PM, PM 150 mg/NM
-
Total HF Total F 2.8 Kg/MT (Soderberg Tech.) be an issue)
0.8 kg/t (Pre-baked Technology)
02 Cement Rotary Kiln with Commissioned on or Commissioned on or after PM CEMS
Co-Processing before 25.08.2014 25.08.2014
3 3
PM 30 mg/NM 30 mg/NM NDIR for CO
3 3
NOX 800 mg/NM 600 mg/NM
3 3
SO2 100 mg/NM 100 mg/NM IR GFC, FTIR, DOAS for multi-
Vertical Shaft Kiln Commissioned on or Commissioned on or after gas analysis (NOX, SO2, HCl,
with Co-processing before 25.08.2014 25.08.2014 HF)
3 3
PM 50 mg/NM 75 mg/NM (Critically FID for HC (TOC)
Polluted /Urban area)
3
150 mg/NM (other Areas)
3 3
NOX 500 mg/NM 500 mg/NM Hot wet extractive gaseous CEMS
Preferable)
3 3
SO2 200 mg/NM 200 mg/NM
NDIR for SO2 and NOx
3
Rotary Kiln without PM 30 mg/NM PM CEMS
3
Co-Processing NOX 600 mg/NM
3
800 mg/NM (with ILC) IR GFC, FTIR, DOAS for multi-
3
1000 mg/NM (for mixed stream ILC and SLC gas analysis (NOX, SO2, HCl, HF)
3
SO2 100 / 700 / 1000 mg/NM (Depending on Sulphur
in Limestone) NDIR for SO2 and NOx
3
03 Distillery Boiler Stack PM 150 mg/NM In-situ PM CEMS
3
04 Chlor-Alkali ( Hypo tower) Cl2 Cl2 – 15 mg/NM FTIR, TDLAS
Cold/dry extractive NDIR using
3
(HCl Plant) Cl2, HCl *HCl vapour and Mists – 35 mg/NM permeation dryer acceptable for
HCl

45 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

SN Industries / Units of Operation Parameters Emission Limits Options available for CEMS
Facilities prescribed
3
05 Fertilizers Phosphate PM, PM – 150 mg/NM In-situ or Cross Duct PM CEMS
3
Fluoride Total Fluoride – 25 mg/NM
Urea (Old 3 FTIR, TDLAS, for HF/NH3 gases
plants)before PM, 150 mg/NM
Cold/dry extractive NDIR using permeation dryer
01.01.1982 Ammonia 2 Kg/MT of product
acceptable for HF
3
Urea (New PM, 50 mg/NM Hot/wet extractive NDIR acceptable for NH3
plants)after Ammonia 0.5 Kg/MT of product
01.01.1982
06 Iron & Steel Coke Oven Plant 3 In-situ or Cross Duct PM CEMS preferably optical
New Batteries at PM 50 mg/NM based technology
3
GF sites Rebuild SO2 800 mg/NM
3
Batteries NOX 500 mg/NM NDIR, IR GFC, FTIR, DOAS for multi-gas analysis
Existing Batteries (CO, NOX, SO2, HCl, HF)
3
Sintering Plant PM 150 mg/NM
Blast Furnace Existing Units New Units
3 3 Dilution extractive CEMS acceptable for SO2, NOx,
PM 50 mg/NM 30 mg/NM
SO2 250 mg/NM
3
200 mg/NM
3 CO
3 3
NOX 150 mg/NM 150 mg/NM
CO 1% (Max) 1% (Max)
07 Oil refinery Furnace, Boiler Before 2008 After 2008 In-situ or Cross Duct PM CEMS preferably optical
3 3 based technology, approved Probe Electrification
and captive power PM 10 mg/NM 5 mg/NM
PM- CEMS
3 3
plant Gas based SO2 50 mg/NM 50 mg/NM Gaseous anlysers preferably be dilution extractive
3 3
NOX 350 mg/NM 250 mg/NM due to safety issues
CO 150 100 NDIR (CO), IR GFC NOX, SO2)
Furnace, Boiler Before 2008 After 2008 In-situ or Cross Duct PM CEMS preferably optical
3 3 based technology, approved Probe Electrification
and captive power PM 100 mg/NM 50 mg/NM
PM- CEMS
3 3
plant Liquid Fuel SO2 1700 mg/NM 850 mg/NM Gaseous anlysers preferably be dilution extractive
3 3
based NOX 450 mg/NM 350 mg/NM
3 3
CO 200 mg/NM 150 mg/NM NDIR (CO), IR GFC NOX, SO2
Sulphur Recovery Existing SRU New SRU UV Fluorescence for H2S, SO2
3 3
Unit (SRU) H2S 15 mg/NM 10 mg/NM
3 3
NOX 350 mg/NM 250 mg/NM NDIR (CO)
3 3
CO 150 mg/NM 150 mg/NM

46 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

08 Petrochemical Furnace, Boiler Existing Plant New / In-situ or Cross Duct PM CEMS preferably optical
3 based technology, approved Probe Electrification
Heater Vaporizer PM, 100 mg/NM Expansion
PM- CEMS
3
Liquid Fuel based SO2 450 mg/NM 50
3
NOX 1700 mg/NM 350 Gaseous anlysers preferably be dilution extractive
3
CO 200 mg/NM 850 due to safety issues
150 NDIR (CO), IR GFC (NOX, SO2)

Furnace, Boiler Existing Plant New / In-situ or Cross Duct PM CEMS preferably optical
3 based technology, approved Probe Electrification
Heater Vaporizer PM, 10 mg/NM Expansion
PM- CEMS
3 3
Gas based SO2 50 mg/NM 5 mg/NM
3 3
NOX 350 mg/NM 50 mg/NM Gaseous anlysers preferably be dilution extractive
3 3
CO 150 mg/NM 250 mg/NM due to safety issues
3
100 mg/NM
NDIR (CO), IR GFC (NOX, SO2)
09 Power Plant TPP Installed Less than 500 More than
st
before 31 PM MW 500 MW Cross Duct PM CEMS
3 3
December 2003 NOX 100 mg/NM 100 mg/NM
3 3
SO2 600 mg/NM 600 mg/NM IR GFC (NOX, SO2)
3 3
Hg 600 mg/NM 200 mg/NM
3 3
0.03 mg/NM 0.03 mg/NM FTIR, DOAS for Multigas analysis
TPP Installed Less than 500 More than NDIR, for Multigas analysis
st
before 1 January PM MW 500 MW
st 3 3
2004 upto 31 NOX 50 mg/NM 100 mg/NM
3 3
December 2016 SO2 300 mg/NM 600 mg/NM
3 3
600 mg/NM 200 mg/NM
3
TPP Installed
st
PM 30 mg/NM
3
before 1 January NOX 100 mg/NM
3
2017 onward SO2 100 mg/NM
3
Hg 0.03 mg/NM

47 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

SN Industries / Units of Parameters Emission Limits Options available for CEMS

Facilities Operation prescribed
10 Zinc Old units New Units In-situ PM CEMS
3 3
Smelter PM 100 mg/NM 75 mg/NM Dilution extractive CEMS acceptable
SRU SO2 1370 (Upto 300 T) 1250 (Upto 300 T) UV Fluorescence / NDIR for SO2
1250 (above 300 T) 950 (above 300 T)
11 Copper Old units New Units In-situ PM CEMS
3 3
Smelter PM 100 mg/NM 75 mg/NM Dilution extractive CEMS acceptable
SRU SO2 1370 (Upto 300 T) 1250 (Upto 300 T) UV Fluorescence / NDIR for SO2
1250 (above 300 T) 950 (above 300 T)
3
12 Biomedical Incinerator Stack PM 150 mg/NM In-situ PM CEMS
3
Incinerator NOX 450 mg/NM
Cold/dry extractive NDIR for HCl, NOx, CO,
CO2 (permeation drying)
3
HCl 50 mg/NM
CO & CO2 Combustion Efficiency > 99% Ideally system should be Hot wet
Temp. P.C.C 850 ± 50 ºC Extractive Type or Cold/dry Extractive using
Temp. S.C.C. 1050 ± 50 ºC permeation dryer
3
13 Common Incinerator Stack PM 50 mg/NM Ideally system must be Hot wet Extractive
Type or Cold/dry Extractive using
permeation dryer

QAL 1 approved PM CEMS (o- 15mg.m3

3
Hazardous HCl 50 mg/NM certification range)
3
Waste SO2 200 mg/NM FTIR Type Multigas analysis is best Suitable
3
Incinerator CO 100 (30 min); 50 (24 hourly) mg/NM (but costly solution)
3
NOX 400 mg/NM
3 Cold/dry extractive NDIR for HCl,HF,SO2,
HF 4 mg/NM
NOx, CO, CO2, TOC (using permeation
O2 ≤ 11% drying)
3
TOC 20 mg/NM FID based instrument or NDIR for TOC
Paramagnetic or Zirconum cell Type
Oxygen sensor.

Notes: * Mist not possible by CEMS


Flue gas velocity, Temperature, moisture, CO2 and O2 measurement are compulsory for all installation. Installation using
dilution techniques must have CO2 measurement facilities at stack and at the instrument end.

 All the data has to be corrected to mass/volume at STP (760 mm Hg Pressure and 298 K temperature).

48 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

ANNEXURE III
Check list for Inspection and Certification of Installation of CEMS

A. General Information

SN Particulars Information
1 Name of the Company

2 Address

3 Type (Category)

4 Contact Person

5 E. Mail

6 Phone Numbers

B. Information on Source Emission

SN Particulars Information
1 Application Description

2 Size or Production Capacity

3 Average Running Load

4 Number of Emission points of process

stacks for which Emission Limits are
Prescribed
5 Number of Emission points of process
stacks installed CEMS
6 Air Pollution Control Devices (APCDs)
of individual emission points
7 Parameters covered under CEMS for
individual stack
8 Type of CEMS installed (In-situ or
Extractive)
9 Technology adopted for individual
parameters

10 Parameter wise Make and Model of

individual CEMS installed

49 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

SN Particulars Information
11 The Sample conditioning system if
Extractive CEMS are Used
12 Distance between probe and analyser
in case of extractive CEMS

13 Whether Flue gas Temperature,

Moisture, Velocity and diluents (O2 and
or CO2) monitoring systems are
installed; if Yes detail thereof;

14 Location of DAHS

15 Shelter or Analyser Location

16 Availability of Calibration Gas cylinders

attached to systems with concentrations
and validity

C. Flue Gas Stream Constituents at Sample Probe Location

SN Constituents Expected Concentration Ranges

Minimum Maximum
1 SO2 ppm
2 NOX ppm
3 CO ppm
4 H2S ppm
5 NH3 ppm
6 HCl ppm
7 HF ppm
8 Hydrocarbon ppm
9 O2 %
10 CO2 %
3
11 Opacity / PM % / mg/NM

D. Flue Gas Conditions at Sample Probe Location

Condition Expected Range Observed Range

Flue gas Temperature (ºC) Minimum Maximum
Flue gas static pressure (mm H2O)
Flue gas velocity (m/Sec)
3
Particulate (mg/NM )
Moisture (%)
Water Droplets (Yes or No)
Fuel Used
Quantity of Fuel Burnt
Note: The values recorded should be in order of historical data

50 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

E. Ambient Environment at CEMS Enclosure Location

Check Points Observation

Elevation from sea level (m)
Temperature (ºC) Minimum Maximum
Relative Humidity (%) Minimum Maximum
Availability of UPS Yes / No

F. Physical Arrangement at Probe Location

Check Points Observation

Measurement location (Stack or Duct)
Shape at Measurement Location (Circular or Rectangular)
Height of the CEM from Ground Level (m)
Distance of CEM downstream from last disturbance (m)
Distance of CEM upstream from last disturbance (m)
Inside Dimension at CEM location
Wall thickness at CEM location
Outside Dimension at CEM location
Material of Construction of Stack or Duct
Height of the manual Isokinetic sampling port (m)
Distance between CEM and Isokinetic sampling port (m)

G. Operational Aspects

Check Points Observation

Calibration and Operation of Particulate CEMS
Comment on CEMS Selection

Comment on CEMS Installation Criteria

Date of First Calibration

Calibration at different Load Condition performed or not
Present Dust Factor
Actual Range of Measurement set in CEMS
Number of calibration performed so far
% Variations in selected Dust Factor with
justification Reported unit of measurement
Whether suitable corrections for Moisture, Temperature,
Diluents (CO2, O2) are incorporated online in reports or not
Records of servicing and maintenance is available or not
Data Capture Rate

51 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

Check Points Observation

Verify if there is any change in scaling in data logging and
transfer
At least last one month data
Verify if there is any sealing at upper end at below the
selected range
Verify if there is sudden fall or rise of data without justification

Calibration and Operation of Gaseous CEMS

Comment on CEMS Selection

Comment on CEMS Installation Criteria

Comment on Sample Transfer line and conditioning in case

of Extractive CEMS

Date of First Calibration (Multipoint with establishment within

selected range)

Actual Range of Measurement set in CEMS

Zero Drift (Daily, Weekly and Monthly)

Span Drift (Daily, Weekly and Monthly)

Span Gas Concentration (it should be at 80% of Range)

Reported unit of measurement
Whether suitable corrections for Moisture, Temperature,
Diluents (CO2, O2) are incorporated online in reports or not
Records of servicing and maintenance is available or not
Data Capture Rate
Verify if there is any change in scaling in data logging and
transfer
At least last one month data
Verify if there is any sealing at upper end at below the
selected range
Verify if there is sudden fall or rise of data without justification

52 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

ANNEXURE IV

Formulae for Data Reporting

SN Parameters Units of Standard Algorithm Remarks
Expression values
01 Barometric Pressure (Pbar) mm of Hg
02 Standard Pressure (Pstd) mm of Hg 760
03 Actual Pressure (Pactual) mm Hg
04 Stack Temperature (TS) Kelvin x º C + 273.15
05 Temperature at Analyser Kelvin x º C + 273.15
(Tm)
06 Standard Temperature Kelvin 298 25 º C + 273.15 = 298
(Tstd)
07 Moisture (M) %
08 Moisture Fraction (Mw) Ratio (M) /100
3 3 3 3
09 Wet m to Wet Nm Wet Nm x m * {(Pactual)/ (Pstd)}{™/ (Tstd)
3 3 3 3
10 Wet Nm to Dry Nm Dry Nm x m * {(Pactual)/ (Pstd)}*{™/ (Tstd)}*{1 / (1 – Mw)}
3
11 Conversion of ppmw of any mg/Nm (x ppm) * (molecular weight) / 24.45 All the
3
gas to mg/Nm instantaneous
values required
to be corrected
in CEMS
3
12 Conversion of ppmv of any mg/Nm {( x ppmv)}*{(12.187)}*{(MW)} / {(273.15 + 25 °C)} This is not
3
gas to mg/Nm applicable for
CEMS as
Pressure
correction is not
applied
3
13 CO2 Correction 12 % {x mg/Nm } * {(12 / Measured CO2)} All the
instantaneous
Correction not needed wherever CO 2 is > 12% values required
to be corrected
in CEMS
wherever applied

53 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

SN Parameters Units of Standard Algorithm Remarks

Expression values
3
14 O2 Correction 11% Cr = {x mg/Nm * ( 20.9 - 11 )} /{ ( 20.9 - All the
Measured O2)} instantaneous
values required
Correction not needed wherever O 2 is < 11% to be corrected
in CEMS
wherever applied
3
15 O2 Correction 3% Cr = {x mg/Nm * ( 20.9 - 3 )} /{ ( 20.9 - Measured Applicable for
O2)} gas and liquid
fuel in
Correction not needed wherever O 2 is < 3% Petrochemical
industries
16 Combustion Efficiency {(%CO2)*100} / {(% CO2 + %CO)} Applicable for
Biomedical Waste
Incinerator

54 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

ANNEXURE V
Continuous (Real time) Source emission Daily Monitoring Report Format

A) Source Information:

1. Reporting Period From: To:

2. Name of the Industry with ID (If any)

3. Plant Name

4. Stack ID

5. APCD

6. Operation Time (Hours)

B) Information on CEMS

Parameter Make Instrument Type Span Location

ID

C) Information on CEMS Operation Summary

Parameter Down time Reasons Corrective Actions

From To

Notes: Excluding Zero and Span Checks. Report Downtime as % of

source operation time

55 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

ANNEXUR VI
Continuous (Real time) Source emission Monthly Monitoring Report Format

Pollutant Inst Stack Data Average Downtime Reasons Excess Magnitude Zero – Maintenance
ID ID Capture monthly of Emission of Excess Span / Repair of
Rate emission Downtime events Emission Calibration CEMS
Drift
(%) Units as % of source (hrs.) % from %
applicable operation Standard
limit

Report Prepared by: Report Approved by:

(Signature) (Signature)

56 | P a g e
 UPDATED DRAFT

ANNEXURE VII
Continuous (Real time) Source emission Quarterly Monitoring Report Format

Parameter Instrument Location Data Downtime Zero – Out of Corrective Leak Check Linearity Accuracy
ID Capture Span Control Actions Results Check Test Report
Rate Calibration Periods in
Drift terms of Drift
(%) % of %
source
operation

Report Prepared by: Report Approved by:

(Signature) (Signature)

57 | P a g e
UPDATED DRAFT

58 | P a g e