INDEX

1. Governor General _____________________________________ 2-9

2. Revolt of 1857 ______________________________________ 10-13

3. Social Reform Movement ____________________________ 14-21

4. National Movement ________________________________ 22-50

First Stage of National Movement ____________________ 25-26

Second Stage of National Movement _________________ 27-32

Third Stage of National Movement ___________________ 33-50

5. Revolutionary Movements in India ___________________ 51-55

6. Communist Movement in India ______________________ 56-59

Modern History of India (vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl) RAS Mains [1]

 GOVERNOR GENERAL

Lord Cornwallis [1785-93 AD]

Land Revenue Reforms
• In 1790, 10 year contract system was started and the old landlords were given preference. In
1793, this system was made permanent. This is called Permanent Settlement. Its format
was prepared by John Shore, hence it is also called John Shore System.
• In this, company's share was 10/11 and Zamindar got 1/11 part.
• This arrangement was followed in 19% area of British India.
Area : Bengal, Benaras and North- Bengal
• Benefits of Permanent Settlement to Company
Benefits of Company
1. Saving of Time and Money of Company.
2. Increase in efficiency of the company, because the person employed in revenue sector
could be appointed for other administrative works.
3. Company's income got fixed. Therefore, company could easily make its future policies.
4. Zamidars supported britishers.
5. By permanent settlement, company earned short term profit, but the company had to
face losses in the long run as company could not increase the land revenue. That is why
company, adopted RYOTWARI – in South India, MAHALWADI – in North India.
Drawbacks of Permanent Settlement
a. Zamindar was considered as the land owner, therefore farmer got the status of mere labourer.
b. Initially, land revenues were very high. Therefore, peasants were exploited.
c. Zamindars increased this land revenue from time to time, which made the conditions of
peasants extremely miserable.
d. Zamindars did not try to bring any agriculture reforms, which lead to explolation of farmers.
e. In this arrangement, there was a series of ABSENTEE LANDLORDS which lead to
further exploitation of Zamindars.
f. The rising feeling of nationalism in peasant of Bengal was suppressed by Zamindars.
g. Zamindars were also at loss in the permanent settlement, due to the "LAW OF
SUNSET". In this law, if they were unable to deposit the revenue on time, then their
Zamindari was ended.

In 1793 AD, Implemented The "CORNWALLIS CODE"

Features of Cornwallis Code
(I) Separation of Power
(II) Supremacy of Law was established.
(III) While giving the punishment rather than way of murder its motive should be seen.
(IV) Tradition of "Blood Money" was stopped.
(V) Instead of Mutilation (removal of Body parts), harsh imprisonment will be given.
(VI) Religious qualification of witness was not considered.
(VII) Profession of Advocate was started by him.

Modern History of India (vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl) RAS Mains [2]

Importance of Cornwallis Code
(1) Modern Judiciary System Started from this code.
(2) Cornwallis code was based on western culture.
(3) Equal before law (equality of law).
(4) Law of Neutrality was implemented.
Draw Backs of Cornwallis Code
(1) Justice became slow & expensive.
(2) Rich people bought justice.
(3) European Judges were not familiar with Indian Culture.
(4) Laws were extremely complicated Indians could never understand it. Hence people
went to caste panchayats.
(5) He is considered as the founder of Indian Civil Services (ICS) and Indian Police Services (IPS).

Lord Wellesley [1798 – 1805 AD ]

He implemented the "Subsidiary Alliance Arrangement" in India on broder level.
Provisions of Subsidary Alliance
• Company took the responsibility of security of the province which did subsidiary
alliance with company in return. Large Princely state gave them soverign area while
small princely state would give them cash.
• The foreign affairs of the province would come under the company.
• A representative of company was appointed in princely state, he was known as
RESIDENT.
Reasons of Subsidary Alliance
(1) Company was afraid of napoleon.
(2) Only the Marathas could challenge the Company, but company was afraid that Indian
Provinces might attack after uniting.
(3) Company Wanted to Expand its Military Base.
(4) Company was a political power in India, but now it wanted to gain political stability.
The provinces which did subsidiary alliance
(1) Hyderabad - 1798
(2) Mysore – 1799 (Rangapattanam)
(3) Tanjore - 1800
(4) Awadh – 1801
(5) Peshawa – 1802 (Bassein)
Benefits of Subsidary Alliance to Company
(1) It helped company in expanding their British kingdom, as the Indian princely states
gave them soverign regions.
(2) Company succeeded in building an army on Indian expenses.
(3) The company established their control on regions of strategic importance.
(4) Britishers were now free from danger of Indian princely states as they could not form a
federation against Britishers.
(5) Fear of Napolean had ended as now no princely state would do an agreement with any
foreign power without the consent of company.
(6) Company had become a mediator in the internal disputes between Indian states.
(7) Resident interfered in internal matters of princely states.
(8) The company separated trade regions from areas of war (Calculta, Madras, Bengal)

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Disadvantages of Subsidiary Alliance
(1) In the subsidiary alliance, Indian kings gave up freedom in exchange of security.
(2) Company gave patronage to undeserving kings this lead to exploitation of the public.
(3) The kings started living a more luxurious lifestyle.
(4) Resident interfered in the internal matters of the province thus two centre of power was
formed in the province- King and the Resident.
(5) The amount which king gave to the company was more, the kings could not completely
pay this amount and they always had outstanding with them. Thus, to pay this amount
the kings increased the taxes and peasant revolted against this.

LORD Hastings [1813 – 23 AD]

First Anglo-Nepal War [1814 – 16 AD]
This war ended by TREATY OF SANGOLI.
Condition of Treaty
(1) Shimla, Nainital, Ranikhet, Almore etc places were occupied by the Britishers.
(2) Nepali regulation over Sikkim was ended, an English Army was kept in Kathmandu.

That is why company, adopted RYOTWARI – in South India, MAHALWADI – in North

India.
Ryotwari System :
Ryot = Farmer.
• Captain Reed started the Ryotwari system from BARAMAHAL in 1792.
• It was started at large level in Bombay by alphiston and in Madras by Munro.
• The peasant was considered to be the owner of land in this arrangement.
• This arrangement was implemented in 51% area of British India.
Why Ryotwari System was Started?
(1) There was lack of Zamindari System in South India.
(2) The company believed that by making farmers the owners of land, they would
complement land system.
(3) By making the farmer owner of land, he would try to bring land reforms and a support
group will be created towards Britishers which will help in administrative reforms.
(4) There were many loopholes in Permanent settlement.
Like-
• Company could not increase land revenue.
• Zamindars did not try to make any reform in Agriculture.
• There was a series of absentee landlords.

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Benefits of Ryotwari System
(1) Farmers tried to improve the Barren land.
(2) Britishers could easily implement their administrative reforms.
(3) Ideals of land distribution will be established.
Drawbacks of Ryotwari System
(1) Initially the tax rates were very high, which lead to exploitation of farmers.
(2) Land revenue was taken in cash it was difficult for farmers to pay land revenue in cash.
Thus the peasants got trapped in debt trap of money lenders.
(3) To collect the land revenue more administrative officers were required. Company
increased the land revenue to meet this expenditure which increased the exploitation of
peasants. Due to more officers being appointed in the revenue administration the law
and order failed.
(4) English revenue officers now played the role of Zamindars as they themself collected the
land revenue.
(5) The ancient land arrangement in India was getting ruptured and now both land and
farmer could be transferred.
(6) Strict measures were adopted while collecting land revenue and if any peasant was
unable to deposit the land revenue on time then he was deprived of his land.
(7) They also failed in bringing new technologies in agriculture.
(8) Britishers were not much aware of the conditions in South India. Hence they fixed
different land revenues in different regions.

MAHALWARI SYSTEM –
(The world Mahal means – Village/group of villages)
• This arrangement was started in 1822 by HALT MCKENZIE.
• MARTIN BIRD implemented it on large scale.
• JAMES THOMPSON implemented this arrangement in North-Western Province.
• This arrangement was applicable on 30% land of British India.
• It was implemented in Punjab, United Provinces and North-West Provinces.
• The land revenue of the complete village was decided all together.
• In this arrangement, GRAM SABHA was considered the owner of land.
• Initially the land revenue was kept at 80% but later William Bentinck reduced it to 66%.
• Dalhousie had reduced it to 50% as per Saharanpur rule.

DRAWBACKS OF MAHALWARI SYSTEM –

(1) Rate of land revenue was high which lead to farmer's exploitation.
(2) As Gram Sabha was considered the owner of land therefore large farmers occupied
maximum land of the village.
(3) If any farmer could not pay the land revenue then other farmers had to pay his share,
due to which social system of the village got affected and social contradiction arose in
village.

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GOVERNOR – GENERAL OF INDIA
• By the charter act of 1833, the governor general of Bengal became the governor general
of India.
• Lord William Bentinck was the first governor General of India.
William Bentinck [1828-35 AD]
• Came to India as the Governor General of Bengal but was made the Governor General of
India by the Charter Act of 1833.
• In 1829, under article 17, Sati Practice was abolished in Bengal Presidency.
• This Sati ban was implemented with the efforts of RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY.
• RADHA KANT DEV: He opposed the abolishment of Sati Practice. His organization
was named – DHARAM SABHA.
• William Bentinck suppressed Thag Pratha and appointed Colonel Salimen for this.
• William Bentinck regulated opium trade and Bombay port was authorized for this.
• He abolished the 4 Mobile Courts established by Lord Cornwallis.
• In 1835, a medical college was opened in Kolkata.
Anglo-Oriental Dispute –
• In the charter Act of 1813, 1 Lakh were sanctioned for education. But there was dispute
regards its use.

• On 2nd Feb 1835, Trickle Down Theory was given by Macaulay which was accepted by
Government on 7th March 1835.
• According to this, the elite class Indians would be provided European knowledge in
English Medium and this education would filter down to all sections of society.
• Lord Auckland implemented this theory in the form of Government policy.
• Administrative language. In the courts.
Supporters of English Supporters of Sanskrit / Persian
• Bentinck James Princep
• Macaulay Thomas Princep
• Munro Willson
• Elphinstone Trevelyan
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy
REASONS WHY BRITISHERS IMPLEMENTED ENGLISH EDUCATION
(1) Britishers required cheap labour which India could easily provide.
(2) They wanted to create their support group so that administration could become easier.
(3) Due to of western culture trade & commerce of Britishers would increase.
(4) By means of English language they wanted to spread Christianity among Indians.
(5) By English Medium, they wanted to control mindset of Indian people, so that Indian
public becomes supporter of English Language.
• In 1835, English was made the administrative language of India.
• Bentinck was against the ban on press.
• Bentinck annexed Mysore in 1831 and Coorg and Cachar in 1834 into the British princely
state.
• Macaulay came to India as a law member. “Codifies the laws” of India (according to the
Charter Act of 1833).

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LORD DALHOUSIE [1848 – 56 AD]
• Founder of "Modern Indian Map"
• He merged provinces with British India.
Mergers Through War
(1) 1849 - Punjab
(2) 1850 - Sikkim
(3) 1852 - Lower Burma & Pegu.
MERGER THROUGH DOCTRINE OF LAPSE –
He adopted a policy called Doctrine of Lapse. Dalhousie divided Indian provinces into 3
parts.
(1) Free states – Those provinces which were independent at the time of arrival of
Britishers.
(2) Dependent States – Those provinces which were earlier under Mughals /Marathas
but now under Britishers.
(3) Subsidiary States - Those provinces which were established by Britishers.
Princely states of Type I had the right to adopt but type II and type III of princely
states had to ask company before adopting.
Type II would be granted permission but type III can not adopt and would be
annexed and merged in British Territory.
PROVINCES WHICH WERE MERGED –
SATARA - 1848
JAITPUR & SAMBHALPUR - 1849
BAGHAT - 1850
UDAIPUR (M.P.) - 1852
JHANSI - 1853
NAGPUR - 1854
KARAULI - 1855
WOOD DISPATCH [1854 AD]
Under the leadership of Charles wood educational reforms were implemented.
Charles wood was the chairman of BOARD OF CONTROL.
PROVISIONS OF WOOD DISPATCH
(1) The Motive of Educational policy was to spread European Science and Education.
(2) Elementary education will be given in vernacular language. Middle School Education
will be given in both English and Vernacular Language.
(3) For this ANGLO-VERNACULAR SCHOOLS Would Be Opened At District Level.
(4) Higher Education would be given only in English Language. An Education Department
would be established in all 5 PROVINCES in India.
(5) Universities will be opened in CALCUTTA, BOMBAY and MADRAS.
(6) Women education will be promoted at all levels.
(7) Schools will be opened for Teachers Training, Both TECHNICAL and VOCATIONAL
education will be given, Private enterprise in Education will be promoted through
grants–in-aid. Wood Dispatch Delaration is Called Magna Carta of Indian Education.

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VERNACULAR PRESS ACT [1878 AD]
• The act was intended to prevent the Vernacular press from expressing criticism of
british policies. There was no right to make an appeal.
• It is also known as 'GAGGING ACT.'
Newspapers which were banned
• SOMPRAKASH (Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar)
• DHAKA PRAKASH
• BHARAT MIHIR
• SAHCHAR
• To escape from this act, Moti Lal Ghosh translated his newspaper 'AMRIT BAZAR
PATRIKA' from Bangla to English.

LORD RIPON [1880 – 84 AD]

FACTORY ACT (1881) –
• This rule was applicable in factory where at least 100 workers are employed.
• Children less than 7 years can't work in factories.
• Children between 7-12 years of age can work maximum for 4 hours.
• 1882 AD Started local Governance in India.
(Under this Municipal corporations and Boards were established)

Hunter Commission [1882 AD]

This commission was made for reforms in Primary and secondary education.
PROVISIONS OF HUNTER COMMISSION
(1) Primary Education should be given by Government. Its responsibility should be given to
Municipal corporations.
(2) They could impose CESS for Education.
(3) Secondary Education should be of 2 types.
(i) VOCATIONAL EDUCATION – for employment
(ii) LITERATURE EDUCATION – for admission in universities.
(4) Privatization of Higher Education should be done.
(5) Women Education should also be encouraged outside of presidencies for this grant
should be given.
ILBERT BILL CONTROVERSY [1883 AD]
• An Indian Judge cannot hear criminal case against an English Criminal.
• Ripon passed a bill made by Ilbert but it was opposed by the Britishers.
• P.C. ILBERT was the legal member of Executive council of governor General.
• This is called 2nd white revolt (Revolt done by Britishers). After revolt it was proposed
that in such matters a jury of 12 members (Majority Britishers) will hear the case.
• Ripon gave resignation on question of sending Indian army to Egypt.
• According to Florence Nightingale –Revivor of India.
• Florence Nightingale called Ripon the savior of the Indians.

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Second Factory Act [1891 AD]
• This factory act was applicable in factories where at least 50 workers are employed.
• Children less than 9 years can not work in factories.
• Children of 9-19 years will work only for 7 hours
• Women can't work for more than 11 hours (5am-8pm)

University Commission : THOMAS RALEIGH

1901 – Shimla conference was called in 1901 for university Education. 1902 – University
Commission was formed. 1904 – University Act was passed.

PROVISIONS OF UNIVERSITY ACT

• Education should be given by universities.
• Research should be promoted.
• Laboratory and Library should be opened in universities.
• Universities will be under Governor General.
• No. of government officials were increased in SENATE
• Conditions of Affiliation of Private Colleges to Universities were made strict.
• Curzon wanted to suppress the feeling of nationalism prevailing in University students
by the means of university Act.
• There were 2 Indian members in Thomas Raleigh Commission –
(i) Syed Hussain Bilgrami
(ii) Justice Gurudas Banerjee.
• Railway reforms under ROBERTSON.
• Maximum railway lines in India were laid at times of Curzon.

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 REVOLT OF 1857
Causes of Revolt 1857
(1) POLITICAL REASONS
• By means of Subsidiary alliance of Wellesley Britishers tried to make the king
dependent which was at its peak in through Dalhousies DOCTRINE OF LAPSE.
• Dalhousie Doctrine of Lapse was Lapse of morality as existence of every Indian
province was at threat because company could occupy the Indian princely states by
any reason. Due to this reason, the revolt was led the Indian kings.
• ABSENTEE SOVERETNTY raised unsatisfaction in the minds of Indians against the
Britishers.
• Dalhousie tried to snatch the title of Mughal Emperor which caused anger in the
muslim community.
(2) ADMINISTRATIVE REASONS
• Due to new English Administrative policies, special priviledges of feudals and elite
class was ended. Hence, they were unsatisfied with the Britishers and they were
provitine in revolt of 1857.
• 1856 – 'Lumpsum arrangement' was implemented in Awadh Lands of many
landlords were confiscated.
(3) ECONOMIC REASON
• Land Revenue rates were very high, which led to exploitation of farmers.
• Land Revenue was collected in cash, farmers were unable to pay in cash and they
got into debt trap of Money lenders.
• Indian Raw Material trade was dominated by the Britishers which led to decline of
Cottage Industries.
• As the Industries were closed, unemployment increased and pressure increased on
Agriculture. The Company made the trade rules in their favour which affected
Indian trade and commerce.
• This is the reason that farmers, labour and traders all took part in it.
(4) SOCIAL – RELIGIOUS REASONS
• The Britishers did Racial Discrimination with Indian.
• Due to interference of Britishers in Social rituals there was anger among the Indians.
• Cathalic missionaries made fun of Hindu and Islam religion which affected the
religious belief of people.
• According to the Religious disablility act of 1850, change of religion would not
deprive a person of his parental property.
(5) MILITARY REASONS
• There was discrimination in salary and service rules of Indians and Britishers.
• In the postal Act of 1854 free postal service for soldiers was ended.
• 1856 – General Service Enlistment Act, under this act new recriut undertook
overseas services and Britishers can appoint Indians anywhere but Indians refused
for sea voyage due to religious beliefs.

Modern History of India (vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl) RAS Mains [10]

(6) IMMEDIATE CAUSE
Enfield rifles were brought in place of brown based guns in which cartridges greased
with beef and pork were used.
Events
• New ENFIELD RIFLES were brought in place of BROWN BASE guns in which greased
bullets were used instead of cartridges.
• 29th march – Mangal Pandey of 34th Native Infantry of Bairakhpur Cantonment revolted
against Greased Bullets and killed two British officers named FUSION and Guff.
• 8th April – Mangal Pandey was hanged to Death.
• 24th April – 90 soldiers of Meerut cantonment refused to use the greased bullets.
• 10th May – 20 Native Infantry and 3rd Light cavalry started the revolt in Meerut.
• 11th May – The Soldiers reached Delhi and made Bahadur Shah Zafar as their leader.
• 25th Aug – 'AZAMGARH DECLARATION' was done in the name of Bahadur Shah
Zafar and all Indians were requested to be a part of this revolt.
• The revolt began from Meerut on 10th May 1857.
Center Rebellion English Officers Who
Supressed the Revolt
(1) DELHI Bahadur Shah Zafar Nicholson
Bakht Khan Hudson
• Nicholson was killed in this attack.
• Bahadur shah Zafar was arrested from Tomb of Humayun.
(2) LUCKNOW Begam Hazrat Mahal Campbell
(Mahak Pari)
Birjish Qadir
• Henry Lawrence was burnt alive in Lucknow.
• Public revolt took place in Awadh.
• Awadh was killed "Nursery of Bengal Army"
• Beghum Hazrat Mahal went to Nepal.
(3) KANPUR Nana Sahab (Dhundhupant) Campbell
Tantya Tope (Ramchandra Pandurang)
• Nana Sahab went to Nepal
• Tantya Tope went to Queen of Jhansi
(4) JHANSI Rani Laxmi Bai Hugh Rose
Tantya Tope
• Rani Laxmibai occupied Gwalior
• Scindia remained a supporter of Britishers and ran away from Jhansi.
• Rani laxmi bai died in battle.
• Tantya tope was betrayed by his friend Man singh and got caught in Jungle of Narvar
and he was hanged in SHIVPURI.
• Acc. to Hugh Rose
"Here lay the woman who was the only man among the rebels"
• According to Canning –
"If Scindia had supported the revolt then British power would have ended".
(5) JAGDISHPUR Kunwar Singh Willaim Taylor
(6) FAIZABAD Maulvi Ahmed Ullah Shah Renard
(Danka Shah)
• He lead the 22nd Native Infantry. He defeated Henry Lawrence in Battle of Chinhat.
Britishers kept on reward of 50,000 on him.

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 (7) BAREILEY KHAN BAHADUR KHAN Wincent Eyer
Bakht Khan
(8) ALLAHBAD LIYAKAT ALI Colonel Neil
(9) FATEHABAD Azimullah
(10) BADOT (up) Shahumal
(11) SINGHBHUM Gonu (Chotanagpur) (Tribe)

The strategy of Revolt was made by

1. Azimullah
2. Rangoji Bapu.
• Revolt was to start from 31st may but it started on 10 may from Merrut.
• Symbol of Revolt – 1. LOTUS, 2. CHAPATI.

Results/Importance of The Revolution

• Revolt took place against the company hence the rule of company was ended and british
crown took the rule in their hands.
• Secretary of India was appointed in London. a 15 membered council assisted him and its
office was called INDIA-HOUSE. All its expenditures were on Government of India.
• Governor General was now called VICEROY although rule changed but its nature
remained the same and imperialistic policies continued in future.
• As the soldiers revolted, a commission was made for implementing reforms in the army.
"DIVIDE and COUNTERPOLICY" theory was implemented. Under this in Bengal
presidency the ratio of Indian and British soldier was kept 1:2 and in Madras and
Bombay presidency the ratio was 1:3. Also the member of gorkha and sikh soldiers were
increased on strategic importance places like artillery etc. now only Britishers were
appointed.
• Doctrine of lapse was considered the reasons behind the failure of revolt of 1857. Hence
after the revolt, policy of Regional Boundary Extension was abolished. The kings who
supported britihsers in the revolt were honoured. Although the Indian provinces were
not merged in British Empire but still British supremacy prevailed over it.
• Britishers Rational discrimination increased even more after the revolt and to justify
their rule they gave the theory of "WHITE MAN'S BURDEN THEORY (RUDYARD
KIPLING).
• One of the main reasons of revolt was the communication gap between the rulers and
the public. Hence after revolt in the COUNCIL OF INDIA ACT of 1861 Indians were
given representation in the governance but it was nominal.
• In 1858's "DECLARATION OF QUEEN VICTORIA", Indian Public was considered as
queen's child and it was said that posts will be given as per qualification in
administration and no discrimination will be done on the basis of Caste, Creed, Sex etc.
For this, "Civil Service Act" was passed in 1861 and a written examination was
conducted but the rules and regulations of this exam favoured the Britihsers and were
against the interests of Indians.
• Post revolt, Britishers emphasized more on Trade & Commerce and made economically
exploiting policies.

Modern History of India (vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl) RAS Mains [12]

• Path of violence was chosen in revolt of 1857 but as the revolt failed we adopted policy
of Non-violence in National Movement.
• Revolt of 1857 was led by kings and feudals as they tried to re-establish the ancient
system but after the failure of revolt our National Movement was led by the middle class
group who received English Education.
• Now the goal of National Movement was 'SWARAJ' (Home rule) and Democracy.
The biggest impact of revolt of 1857 was that it resulted as a source of inspiration in our
National movement. As it was said by R.C. Mazumdar –
“A live elephant is worth lakhs, a dead elephant is worth 1.25 lakhs.”

Form or Nature of Revolution

There is dispute amomg historian regarding 1857 revolt.
• According to Lawrence and Seelay the soldiers revolted against the company due to
greased cartridges other service rules. But this is not true as many non-army elements
were also included in the revolt. After the revolt, many farmers and common people
were hanged to death and also many Indians soldiers fought from company's side.
It was a British policy to call revolt of 1857 as a military Revolt as if they called this revolt by
any other name then a question would be raised on their so called Good Governance.
• According to T.R. Homes, this revolt was a struggle between civilization and Barbarism
but this point of view is also not correct as Britishers were more barbic than Indians.
• This revolt was considered a Hindu-Muslim conspiracy against the Britishers and a
religious war against Christianity but this shows their narrow mentality, According to
British PM Benjamin Disraeli it was an National Revolt.
• According to Ramesh Chandra Mazumdar it was neither first, nor national, nor even a
freedom struggle. It was a Sepoy mutiny as till that time there was no development of
Nationalism in India. This revolt did not happen in entire India as Punjab, Sikkim and
Madras were not a part. Various kings and feudals were not fighting for India's
independence they were rather fighting for their personal interests. The soldiers did not
discriminate between Indians and Britishers while they plundered India.
• S.N. Sen in reply to Mazumdar's statement says that no country's entire population takes
part in any revolt of the world rather a large majority of people take part in the revolt.
Similar thing happened in revolt of 1857 hence it should be called a National Movement.
• Although feeling of Nationalism was not developed in India at that time but still all the
rebels went to Delhi and made Bahadur Shah Zafar as their leader also made various
declarations were in his name and participation of common people in the revolt signifies
that at that time the only objective of Indians was to overthrow the british rule from
India.
• We can say that it started as a sepoy mutiny but later became freedom struggle.
• S.N. Sen rightly said that it was a more than a sepoy mutiny but less than National
Freedom Struggle.
Definitely it was India's first freedom struggle which forced the Britishers to change their
policy.

Modern History of India (vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl) RAS Mains [13]

 SOCIAL REFORM MOVEMENT

Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Titles -
• Father of Modern India
• Father of Indian Renaissance.
• "Bridge between Past and Future"
Organization
• Atmiya Sabha – 1815
• Vedant College – 1825
• Hindu College – 1817, supporter – David Haeir (Dutch Watch maker)
• British Unitarian association.
• Brahmo samaj – 1828
Books
1. Gift to Monotheist – English
2. Hindu succession rules - Hindi
3. Precepts of Jesus - Persian
News Papers
1. Miratul Akhbar (Persian)
2. Samvad Kaumadi (Bangla)
3. Brahmanical Magazine
Ideology
1. He opposed SATI PRACTICE and CHILD MARRIAGE.
2. He opposed IDOL WORSHIP, Polytheism, Incarnation of God.
3. He supported widow remarriage, women education (English Education)
4. He supported Permanent settlement.
5. He supported Capitalism.
6. He supported Democracy.
7. He demanded appointment of Indians on higher post.
8. Supported upnishad.
• 1833 – Raja Ram Mohan Roy died in BRISTOL
• He had a debate with missionaries over matter of Monotheism.

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Other Supporters
DWARIKA NATH TAGORE
TARA CHAND CHAKRAVARTI
• 1843 – Debendra Nath Tagore took forward the Brahmo Samaj. 1839 :– Debendra Nath
Tagore headed the TATTVABODHINI SABHA in 1839 and also published TATTVA
BODHINI PATRIKA whose editor was AKSHAY KUMAR DUTTA.
• Keshab Chandra Sen was made the ACHARYA by DEBENDRA NATH TAGORE of
Brahmo Samaj.
• 1865 :- Keshab Chandra Sen was dismissed from the Brahmo Samaj.
He founded the "Bhartiya Brahmo Samaj", while debendra nath tagore's Brahmo Samaj
came to be known as "ADI BRAHMO SAMAJ"
• 1872 :- By the efforts of sen "Native Marriage Act" was passed in which minimum age of
marriage was fixed as 14 and 18 years.
• Keshab Chandra sen got his 13 year old daughter married with Hindu Maharaja of
Cooch-Bihar.
SADHARAN BRAHMO SAMAJ
• Supporter Anand Mohan Bose
• SURENDRA NATH BANERJEE
• DWARIKA NATH GANGULY
• Newspaper of Keshav Chandra : Indian Mirror
• Organization - Keshav Chandra Sen
1. Maitrie Sangh (Sangat Sabha)
2. Indian reform association
3. Tabernacle of New dispenstion

VEDA SAMAJ
• Called the "Brahmo Samaj of South". Founded by efforts of Keshub Chandra Sen.
Founder – Gharlu Naidu, Vishwanath, Mudaliyer.

PRARTHANA SAMAJ [1867 AD]

With help of Keshab Chandra sen Prarthana Samaj was founded in Bombay.
Founder–
1. Justice Mahadeo Govind Ranade.
2. Atma Ram Pandurang
3. R. G. Bhandarkar
4. Chandavarhar.

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MAHADEO GOVIND RANADE : He was political guru of Gokhale.
• Called 'Socrates' of Maharastra.
Organisations
1. Widow Marriage Organisation (1867)
2 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1871)
3 Deccan Education Society (1884) (Fergusson College, Poona).
4 National Social Conference (1887)
In future it became Fergusson College, Poona.
Tilak , Gokhale and Agarkar were associated with these three colleges.

SWAMI DAYANAND SARASWATI

• 1824 – Born in Morvi state in Gujarat.
• Original Name : Mool Shankar
• His Guru Punanand ji gave him the name "Dayanand Saraswati".
• He received knowledge of vedas from his teacher Swami VIRJANANDA.
• 1875 – Established Arya Samaj in BOMBAY.
• 1877 - Established Arya Samaj in LAHORE.
• 1878 – Established Arya Samaj in DELHI.
• He gave the slogan – "Back to the Vedas"
• They considered only RIGVEDA as authentic.
• His book : SATYARTH PRAKASH (The true exposition)
• Denied monism
• He opposed – IDOL WORSHIP, Untouchability
• He supported – YAJNAS.
• Post Saraswati's death, Arya Samaj got divided in 2 parts-
Vedic supporters English and Vedic supporters
SWAMI SHRADDHANAND
• LALA LAJPAT RAI
SARASWATI
• LEKHRAM LALA HANSRAJ
• MUNSHIRRAM
They were supporters of English
Were supporters of Sanskrit and
Education and they opened
• started gurukul kangri in
DAYANAND ANGLO-VEDIC Schools
Haridwar.
(D.A.V.) and colleges.

• Saraswati led the SHUDDHI MOVEMENT. It was started to bring back people to
Hinduism who had converted to Christianity and Islam.
• In VALENTINE CHIROL's book "INDIAN UNREST" – ARYA SAMAJ and
BALGANGADHAR TILAK has been called "Father of Indian unrest".

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SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
• Original Name – Narendra Nath Dutta.
• Khetri's king ajeet singh gave him 3 things-
(i) His name – Vivekanand
(ii) Pagri
(iii) Money for going to Chicago.
• Guru – Ramkrishna Paramhas.
• 1893 – He took part in "Parliament of Religions" held at Chicago.
• 1896 - He established "VEDANT SAMAJ" in Newyork.
• 1897 - He founded the "Ramkrishna Mission in BELUR, Calcutta.
His Newspaper
1. Prabudh Bharat (English), 2. Udhbodhan (Bengal)
• Margaret Elizabeth of Ireland was his main disciple who was later known as "SISTER
NIVEDITA".
• Subhash Chandra Bose called him the spiritual father of the national movement.

ANNIE BESANT
• 1875 :- Madame H.P Blavatsky and Colonel M.S. olcott founded the "THEOSOPHICAL
SOCIETY" in New York.
• 1882 :- Shifted headquarters to ADAYAR, near Madras, India.
• 1893 :- Annie Besant came to India from Ireland as a member of Theosophical Society.
• 1907 :- Became the president of Theosophical society.
• 1898 :- She laid the foundation of "Hindu College" in Banaras which became "Banaras
Hindu University" (B.H.U) by the efforts of Madan Mohan Malviya in 1916.
• Theosophical Society was influenced by Hindu, Buddhism and Persian religious.
• Society drew inspiration from the philosophy of the Upanishads.
• Annie Besant declared her Adopted Son – JANA KRISHNA MURTHY as incarnation of
Lord Krishna.
• Newspapers : 1. Common weal , 2. New India.

HENRY VIVIAN DEROZIO

• He was a professor in Hindu College of Calcutta.
• He is considered the first nationalist poet of India.
• 1831 – He died at the age of 22.
• He carried forward the work of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
• Surendra Nath Benerjee describes Derozian as- "The pioneers of Modern Civilisation of
Bengal, the conscript fathers of our race".
• Derozio led the Young Bengal Movement.

His organization
1. Academic association
2. Society for acquisition of General knowledge
3. Debating club
4. Bang hith Sabha
5. Anglo Indian Hindu Association

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Newspapers :
1. East India
2. Indian Gazette
3. Calcutta Literature Gazette
JYOTIBA PHULE
• Founded : Satyashodhah Samaj in Maharashta.
• Magazine – GULAMGIRI.
• Opened a school for Dalit Students with the help of wife Savitri Bai Phule.
GOPALHARI DESHMUKH
• Founder – Paramhans Mandali
• Newspaper – "LOKAHITAWADI"
• Due to this magazine, he came to be known as lokahitawadi.
ALIGARH MOVEMENT
• This movement was started by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He tried to bring modernization
among Muslims, hence supported English education and cooperated with the British
government.
• He gave scientific interpretation of Quran.
• Opposed congress Party and Peer-Muridi Practice.
• Wrote a commentary on the Bible.
• Organisations
1863 – Mohammedan literary Association
1864 – Scientific Association
1875 – Anglo – Oriental Mohammedan School.
It became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920.
• In 1888, a party called Patriotic Association was formed.
Made in collaboration with King Shivprasad of Banaras.
• It was an opposition organization to Congress.
• NEWSPAPERS/MAGAZINES-
(i) Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq (Improvement of Manners & Morals)
(ii) Rajbhakt Muslim
• Ideology –
1. Tried to modernize the Muslim Community through modern education among Indian
Muslims without weakening their allegiance to Islam.
2. They gave liberal interpretation of Quran and wrote Commentary on Bible
3. Supported English Education and British rule.
4. Formed Patriotic association with shivprasad king of Benaras for opposition of Congress.
• Initially, they were true supporters of Hindu-Muslim Unity but later said that Hindus
and Muslims are two separate Nations.
• Thimodor Back, Morrison, Arch Bold
They were principles of Aligarh College, which turned Aligarh Movement in favour of
Britishers.
Note : W.W. Hunter Book : Indian Muslim.
DEOBAND MOVEMENT
• 1867–Started from Deoband near Saharanpur district (UP) rebellions of 1857 took part in it.
• Founders : (1) Rashid Ahmed Gangohi, (2) Mohammad Qasim Novitavi
Objective:
(1) To revive Islam to its original form
(2) For this good religious teachers will be trained.

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• Mahmud-Ul-Hasan gave a political and intellectual content to the movement.
• SHIBLI NUMANI was earlier associated with Aligarh Movement, but later became
supporter of DEOBAND MOVEMENT.
WAHABI/WALLIULLAH MOVEMENT
• Started by Abdul Wahab in Iran.
• In India, It was started by SYED AHMED BARELVI against Sikhs in Punjab.
• Post British Annexation of Punjab the movement was directed against the British.
• It was a violent and Communal Movement.
• Their objective – India was considered to be DAR-UL-HARB (Land of Kafiers) and it
needed to be converted to DAR-UL-ISLAM (Land of Islam).
• After Punjab they made East India as their major centre.
Prominent leaders
(1) Hazi Karamat Ali, (2) Shariyat Ullah Khan.
AHMADIYA MOVEMENT
• 1889 – Started from Kadiya, Gurdaspur.
• FOUNDER – Ghulam Ahmed
• He considered himself incarnation of Lord Krishna and Prophet.
• Book – "Bahrin-e-Ahmadiya".
RAHNUMA-E-MAZDA-E-SABHA (PARSI)
• It was a Persian religious reform organization.
• They worked for women empowerment.
PROMINENT LEADERS
• Fardinji Nairoji
• Dada Bhai Nairoji
• Bahramji Malabari
• S.S. Bangali
• Magazine –"Rast Goftar"
SHARADA SADAN-
• Founder : Pandita Ramabai
Worked for girls education.
Women Reform
Widow Remarriage
• 1850 – Vishnu Shastri Pandit founded "Widow Remarriage Association"
• 1852-Karsondas Mulji started "SATYA PRAKASH" in Gujarati to advocate widow remarriage.
• 1878 - Veersalingam started 'RAJA MUNDRI SOCIAL REFORM' which advocated
widow remarriage.
• 1899 - D.K. Karve founded a WIDOW ASHRAM.
WOMEN EDUCATION
• 1819 - Christian Missionaries set up female juvenile society.
• 1849 - J.E.D. Bethure founded first women school in Calcutta.
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was associated with 35 girl's school.
• 1906 - D.K. Karne founded women's college in Bombay.
• Fatima Sheikh and Rukkaiya Sakhawat Hussain made efforts for girls' education.
• 1891 - Bahram ji Malabari enacted the "AGE OF CONSENT ACT' which forbade the
marriage of girls below the age of 12.
CHILD MARRIAGE
• 1929 - An act was made to stop child marriage by the efforts of Harvilas Sarda. This act
is known as 'Sarda Act' which made marriage age 18 from 14.

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Reason of Social Reform Movement
(1) IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE -
When Indians came in contact with Britishers. They got influenced with their religion
which was free of rituals and equality in society. Their progressive mentality motivated
them to bring similar reforms.
(2) BRITISH EDUCATION -
• By means of English Education, came to know about European Revolution,
revolutionaries, thinkers and inventors.
• Ancient Indian books were translated into English, which could now be read.
• Now Indians tried to make their society which was free from bad customs.
(3) CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES -
• By the Charter act of 1813, Christian missionaries got permission to preach their
religion in India.
• Christian missionaries made fun of Hindu and Islam religion hence Indians tried to
get rid of bad practices.
(4) BRITISH LAW
• Britishers made laws to eradicate sati practice.
• Passed the widow remarriage act which gave impetus to Indian Social reformers
and religious reform movement
(5) SELF INSPIRATION –
• Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Dayanand Saraswati and Vivekanand
worked for public awareness in Indian Society.
(6) NEWSPAPERS AND BOOKS
Similar reformers like Rajaram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar wrote
many books. Social evils were attacked through their newspapers due to which changes
started taking place in the society.
(7) MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION
• Social Mobility increased in society as mode of transportation & communication
developed. It helped in reducing inequalities and differences among people.
• In the newspapers, social reformers made comments on bad customs and criticized
them which increased public awareness.
(8) RE-WRITING OF HISTORY
The britishers called the Ancient Era as the "Era of Hindus" while the medieval era as "Era of
Muslims" and tried to distort the Hindu-Muslim unity as Ancient Indian History was
described completely free of bad customs so Indians tried to make their society like that.
Nature of Revolt
(i) MODERN
• The Social and religious reforms were modern in nature as it was based on the
mindset of western culture more emphasis was given on logic.
• Social customs and traditions were logically analysed and ill-logical customs were
being eradicated.
• All the problems of the society were being resolved by keeping 'human' in centre, in
which emphasis was given on humanism.
• Example – Brahmo Samaj, Aligarh Movement, Young Bengal Movement.
(ii) RE-UPLIFTMENT -
• Acc to a few social reformers, all the modern values were already present in Indian
culture there was no need to look towards west.
• They opposed westernization and tried to re-established Ancient Indian Values.

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 • Example – Arya Samaj (Book to the Vedas), Deoband Movement.
(iii) ORTHODOX
• A few social reformers tried to protect the bad customs by calling them cultural
values. They opposed Westernisation like-Dharam Sabha, Wahabi Movement.
(iv) Non-Violent
Social reform movement was non-violent in nature, exception – Wahabi Movement.
(v) ORGANISATIONAL
• Social reform movement was organizational in nature as social reformers formed
various organizations.
(vi) MIDDLE CLASS
• Social reform movement was middle class in nature as this movement was mainly
headed by Middle class people.
Effects of Social Reform Movement
Positive
(1) Due to religious and social reform movement our religion got free from rituals and it
helped in removing bad practices.
(2) Social differences reduced, unity increased which helped in revolting against Britishers.
(3) Many bad-practices related to women were put to an end which led to Women
empowerment in society.
(4) Ancient Indian Culture was praised which increased the confidence of Indians and
helped in National Movement.
(5) Due to this movement, Indians got courage to raise their voice against the atrocities and
torture which later got exposed in National Movement.
(6) Social reformers published many newspaper and books which gave Indians freedom of
expression.
(7) Social reformers tried to spread education which brought modernization and political
awareness in the Society.
Negative
(1) Except Theosophical Society & Ahmadiya Movement, all other social reformers talked about
their own religion and praised their own religion, and called it great which indirectly criticized
the other religion and due to which narrow mentality increased in society.
(2) Shuddhi movement of Arya Samaj and the slogan of "Dar-Ul-Harb" of wahabis spread
communalism in Society.
(3) Some social reformers were orthodox, and they opposed modernisation and gave
protection to bad customs of society. Hence this movement was regressive in nature.
Limitations of Social reforms
(1) Indian society was Status quo and was not open to changes.
(2) British government also did not support the social reformers. Hence due to lack of state
patronage their efforts were not much successful.
(3) India is a large country in which people of various caste customs and traditions resides.
Due to lack of communication & transportation and linguistic problems various social
reformers could not step out of their regions.
(4) There was no spread of education in Indian Society hence understanding for modern values
there were not developed. Hence bad customs were also given status of cultural values.

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 NATIONAL MOVEMENT

Indian National Movement

• Indian National Congress was established on December 28, 1885.
• This day is considered to be the beginning of the Indian national movement.
• Even before the establishment of Congress, many political organizations were formed,
which prepared the background of the national movement.
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha [1872 AD] - Mahadev Govind Ranade
In London
East India Association [1866 AD]
Founder – Dada Bhai Naoroji

In Bombay
(i) Bombay Association 1868 AD
(ii) Bombay Presidency Association
(iii) Indian National Congress (1885 AD)

In Bengal
(i) Bengal Zamindar Sabha, 1838 AD
(ii) Bengal British Association, 1843 AD
(iii) British India Association, 1851 AD
(iv) India legaue, 1875 AD
(v) Indian Association, 1876 AD
(vi) National Congress, 1883 AD

In Madras
(i) Madras Native Association, 1852 AD
(ii) Madras Mahajan Sabha, 1884 AD

Indian National Congress

• In 1884 AD, a conference of 'Theosophical Society' was held in Adyar (Madras).
• A.O. Hume suggested Indians to form an “All India Organization” in this conference.
• This organization was named 'Indian National Union'. Its first conference was to be held
in Poona but due to the spread of plague there, its first conference was held in Gokuldas
Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay.
• On the suggestion of Dadabhai Nauraji, it was named “Indian National Congress”.

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Annual Sessions of India National Congress
1885 AD
Place – Bombay
President – Vyomesh Chandra Banerjee (First Christian President)
• 72 people participated in the conference.
• Surendranath Banerjee did not participate in the conference.
• 9 resolutions were passed in this conference.
• Not a single one of these proposals was related to farmers and labourers.
1905 AD
Place – Banaras
President – Gopal Krishna Gokhale
In this session, Congress supported the 'Swadeshi Movement'.
1906 AD
Place – Calcutta
President – Dada Bhai Naoroji
• The extremist group wanted to make Bal Gangadhar Tilak the president.
• In this conference, Congress had demanded 'Swaraj' for the first time.
• Congress had passed 4 resolutions-
(i) Swaraj (ii) National education
(iii) Use of indigenous goods (iv) Boycott of foreign goods
1907 AD
Place – Surat
President – Rash Bihari Bose
• This convention was earlier proposed in Nagpur. But due to Tilak having more
influence in Nagpur, the moderate party shifted it to Surat.
• The extremist group wanted to make Lala Lajpat Rai the president.
• In this session Congress got divided into two parts-
(i) Extremist - Extremist
(ii) Moderate party – Liberal
1916 AD
Place – Lucknow
President – Ambika Charan Mazumdar
• There was a compromise between the extremist group and the moderate group.
• This agreement took place due to the efforts of Tilak and Annie Besant.
• An agreement was also reached between Congress and Muslim League, which is
called Lucknow Pact.
This agreement happened due to the efforts of Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Note : Madan Mohan Malviya opposed this agreement.
1924 AD
Place – Belgaum (Karnataka)
President – Mahatma Gandhi
• Gandhiji presided over the Congress session only once.
• In this, a proposal was passed to make Hindi the national language.
1931 AD
Place – Karachi
President – Vallabh Bhai Patel
• Congress accepted the “Gandhi-Irwin Pact” (Delhi Pact – March 5, 1931).
• Congress released economic and political manifesto-

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 (i)Political Manifesto
Congress demanded ‘fundamental rights’ for Indians.
(ii) Economic Manifesto
Congress demanded autonomy for trade unions.
Demanded socialist economy.
• At the time of this session, members of ‘Naujawan Bharat Sabha’ had opposed
Gandhiji. This organization was established by Bhagat Singh and these people were
angry with Gandhiji because of the hanging of Bhagat Singh.
• During this session, Gandhiji had said – “Gandhi may die but Gandhism cannot.”
1938 AD
Place – Haripura
President – Subhash Chandra Bose
• Congress supported the Prajamandal movements going on in the princely states.
• Planning committee formed. Its president was 'Jawahar Lan Nehru'.
1939 AD
Place – Tripuri
President – Subhash Chandra Bose
• Subhash Chandra Bose had defeated former President Sitharamanmya, who had the
support of Gandhiji, for the post of President.
• There were differences between Congress and Subhash Chandra Bose regarding
members in the executive, hence Subhash Chandra Bose resigned and Rajendra
Prasad was made the new president.
Reasons for the Rise of Nationalism in India
1. British Government
Impact of British policies

Positive Negative
Positive Negative
(i) Political unity Imperialist policy
(ii) Administrative uniformity Racial discrimination
(iii) Impersonality of administration Preaching of Christian missionaries
Development of education  Economic Exploitation – Drain of
(iv)
Arrival of western modern values Wealth
Means of transportation and Reactionary policies of lytton
(v) communication, Like - Rail, post, • Vernacular Press Act, • Arms Act, •
telegraph etc. Age reduction in ICS
(vi) Role of newspapers and books Albert Bill controversy
2. Revolution of 1857 AD
3. Various tribal and peasant rebellions
4. Establishment of Congress
5. Global nationalism, in 1870 AD
• Germany • Italy
National Movement can be Divided into Three-Phases-
(1) Moderate era [1885 - 1905 AD]
(2) Extremist era [1905 - 1919 AD]
(3) Gandhi era [1919 - 1947 AD]

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 First Stage of national movement
[1885 – 1905 AD]
• The influence of moderates was more in this phase.
Main Leader
• Vyomesh Chandra Banerjee
• Surendra Nath Banerjee
• Firozshah Mehta
• Dada Bhai Naoroji
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale
• Ideology of Moderates
(i) They believed in the fairness of the British.
(ii) The British rule was a divine blessing for India, because according to them the
British brought modern education and modern values to India.
(iii) The departure of the British will bring political instability in India.
(iv) Political consciousness has not developed among the Indian people, hence they
should not be included in the national movement.
(v) Educational development of Indians should be done.
(vi) Educated Indians of all classes, regions and religions should be included in the
movement.
(vii) National movement should be carried out through conferences, petitions and
memorandums.
• Contribution of moderates in the national movement
Initiate organised leadership  Continuity – Consistency.
(i) Started the national movement, organized it and provided leadership.
(ii) The national movement was saved from the oppression of the British in its
initial stage.
(iii) They gave a secular form to the national movement.
(iv) They popularized the theory of “drain of wealth”, hence the first phase is also
called the period of ‘economic nationalism’.
• Due to these, many reforms had to be made, Like-
(i) 1886 AD - Public Service Commission
(ii) 1892 AD - India Council Act
(iii) 1896 AD - Expenditure Reform Commission (Melby Commission)
• Shortcomings of Moderates
(i) Could not reveal the real nature of British rule.
(ii) They could not understand the potential of the Indian people, hence they could
not make the national movement a mass movement.
(iii) Moderates gave less time to the national movement.
(iv) Most of their demands were related to the upper class, hence they could not
connect with the public.
(v) This policy of persuasion or political mendancy disappointed the youth.

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 • Drain of Wealth
(i) Literal meaning – ‘One-sided flow of money.’
(ii) This theory was given by 'Dada Bhai Naoroji'.
(iii) This theory was presented by Dadabhai in his article 'England's debt to India'
in the convention of 'East India Association' in 1867 AD.
(iv) Later, Naoroji explained this theory in his book "Poverty and unbritish Rule in
India".
(v) Congress had accepted this principle in the Calcutta session of 1896 AD.
(vi) In 1901 AD, G.K. Gokhale explained this principle in detail in the 'Imperial
Legislative Council'.
(vii) R.C. Dutt had explained this theory in detail in his book "Economic History of
India".
(viii) During British rule, Indian wealth was transferred to Britain, but India did not
receive anything in return.
• Means and Methods of Drain of Wealth
(i) Expenses on Home Government
• Salary and pension of the employees of East India Company.
• Dividend to the shareholders of E.I.C.
• Expenses of COD/BOC.
• Payment of company's loan.
• Expenses of Indian council.
• Military and non-military expenses.
• Cost of goods coming from Britain.
(ii) Benefits given to British investors
Like - Railways, Insurance, Bank, Tea Garden, Indigo Plantation.
Payment of losses in Railways (Guarantee Scheme).
(iii) The British used to do private business in India.
(iv) Indian kings and emperors (noble class) used to give gifts to the British.
• Effect of drain of wealth
(i) Capital formation could not take place in India because the excess money went
to Britain. Therefore, there was no saving in India. As a result, agriculture and
industries could not develop in India.
(ii) Due to the destruction of agriculture and industry, problems of famine and
unemployment arose in India.
(iii) Due to additional wealth, the standard of living of the people of Britain
improved.
(iv) As a result of this Indian wealth, 'Industrial Revolution' became possible in
England and Indian cottage industries declined.
“The British rule is like a sponge which absorbs from the banks of Ganga and
squeezes out on the banks of Thames.”
John Sullivan's Statement

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 Second Stage of National Movement
[1905 – 1919 AD]
Era of extremists
Prominent leaders
(1) Lala Lajpat Rai
(2) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(3) Bipin Chandra Pal
(4) Aurobindo Ghosh
Reasons for the Rise of Extremists
(1) Indians were dissatisfied with the moderates.
(2) There was a situation of famine and plague in India and the British government was not
paying attention.
(3) There was anger among Indians against Curzon's policies. (Bengal Division, University
Commission)
(4) At this time there was a wave of extreme nationalism all over the world. And many
events in the world also affected Indians.
Like- Japan's victory over China in 1895
Ethiopia's victory over Italy in 1896
Japan's victory over Russia in 1905
Boer rebellion (Dutch farmers)
(5) Ancient India was glorified in the religious reform movement, this increased the self-
confidence of Indians.
Ideology of Extremists
(1) British rule is imperialist and colonial in nature.
(2) Indian people do not have political consciousness but still they should be included in the
national movement. Because giving responsibility develops the capabilities of
responsibility.
(3) Religious symbols should be used in the national movement.
(4) Indigenous goods should be used and foreign goods should be boycotted.
(5) Strikes, processions etc. should be resorted to.
Contribution of Extremists to the National Movement:
(1) The real nature of the British was exposed.
(2) Made the national movement a mass movement.
(3) Our indigenous industries benefited from the boycott of goods.
(4) Indigenous educational institutions were established. This led to the spread of education
in the society.
(5) They presented examples of personal renunciation and sacrifice. For example: Tilak was
the first politician who went to jail for the first time.
Drawbacks of Extremists
(1) There was a split in the Congress due to his extremist attitude. And the British
government suppressed the movement.
(2) Due to their use of religious symbols the secular nature of the movement was harmed.
(3) They paid more attention to criticizing the moderates rather than criticizing the British.
(4) The extremists were not organized among themselves.

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 Partition of Bengal
• 19th July 1905 :- Declaration of Partition of Bengal.
• 7thAug 1905 :-Swadeshi movement was started in opposition of partition of Bengal.
Anand Mohan Bose addressed a large gathering in Calcutta.
• 16th oct 1905 :- Partition of Bengal took place. Sorrow day was celeberated.
• On the advice of Rabindranath Tagore, people in Bengal tied Rakhi to each other.
Main Song
(1) Vande Mataram
(2) Aamar Sonar Bangla
• Surendra Nath Banerjee had called the partition of Bengal as a thunderbolt from the sky.
• Krishna Kumar Mitra's Sanjivani newspaper asked for boycott of foreign goods.
• Ashwini Kumar Dutt (teacher of Barisal) established Swadeshi Bandhav Samiti and
published a newspaper named Swadeshi.
• Avvindranath Tagore started indigenous painting and established the Indian Society for
Oriental Arts.
• This institution used to provide scholarships.
• Nandlal Bose was given scholarship for the first time.
• P.C. Roy founded Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Company.
• Gurudas Banerjee established the National Education Council. Arvind Ghosh was the
principal of the National College, Calcutta.
• Apart from Bengal, the Swadeshi movement took place in other parts of the country.
Like-
(1) In Delhi – Syed Haider Raza
(2) In Madras - Chidambaram Pillai
(3) Andhra Pradesh – Hari Sarvotama Rao
(4) Punjab – Lala Lajpat Rai
(5) Maharashtra – Bal Gangadhar Tilak
• There was a difference of opinion between the moderate party and the extreme party
regarding the Swadeshi movement.
(1) Moderate:
Wanted to limit the Swadeshi movement to Bengal. Were only in favor of boycott of
foreign goods.
(2) Extremists
Wanted to spread the Swadeshi movement across the country. Wanted to boycott
every aspect of the British government.
There was a split in the Congress in 1907 and the British government suppressed the
movement.
• Tilak was sentenced to 6 years imprisonment under section 124 of sedition and was sent
to Mandalay jail in Burma.
Importance of Swadeshi Movement
(1) India's first mass movement in which all the people participated.
(2) It started with a regional issue like Partition of Bengal but later spread to the entire country.
(3) Our indigenous industries benefited from indigenous adoption and foreign boycott.
(4) Many indigenous educational institutions were established. Due to which education was
promoted.
(5) Tools like Swadeshi adoption and foreign boycott were useful in Gandhiji's non-
cooperation movement.
(6) Due to the pressure of the movement, the British government had to make reforms in 1909.

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 Muslim League
• A Muslim delegation under the leadership of sir aga Khan met Governor General Minto
II in Shimla on 1st oct 1906.
• This delegation was sent by principal of Aligarh College Archbolt .
• 30th Dec 1906- Muslim League was founded in Dhaka
Founder – Salim Ullah Khan
First Chairman – Waqar ul Mulk
• 1908 – Sir Aga Khan was made a permanent Chairman
• 1908 – In 1908's Amritsar session Muslim League demanded separate electoral for Muslims.

Council of India Act 1909 (Morley Minto Reforms)

Causes of Reforms:
(1) A long time had passed since the reforms of 1892 and Congress was demanding reforms.
(2) The British government wanted to end Hindu-Muslim unity.
(3) Wanted to satisfy the moderates through reforms.
(4) The British government wanted to end the influence of the revolutionary movement.
Provisions of the Act:
(1) The number of members in the Central Legislative Council was increased. Now there
were 69 members, out of which 9 were permanent and 60 were additional members.
(2) The Executive Council of the Governor General shall have one Indian member. (S.P.
Sinha was the first Indian member to be made a law member) (Satyendra Prasad Sinha)
(3) The number of members in the Provincial Legislative Council was also increased. Like:
50 members in Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Uttarakhand.
Punjab, Burma, Assam – 30 members
(4) Members of the Legislative Council were given the right to ask supplementary questions.
The budget could be debated but could not vote on the budget.
(5) Questions related to these subjects could not be asked.
Foreign affairs, princely states, railways, debt, interest
(6) Muslims were given separate electorate.
(7) An Indian member will also be appointed to the Council of India.
(Earlier also there were Indian members in the Council of India but now it was made
mandatory, in 1907 there were 2 Indian members in the Council of India.)
Syed Hussain Bilgrami, K.G. Gupta
Shortcomings of the Act
(1) Communalism spread in the country by giving separate electorate to Muslims. Which
later changed into two-nation theory. Due to which the country was divided.
(2) A distinction was made between general voters and Muslim voters. The general voter
first elected the members of the Provincial Legislative Council and they elected the
members of the Central Legislative Council. Whereas Muslim voters directly elected the
members of the Central Legislative Council.
(3) Indians were not given proper representation in the Executive Council of the Governor
General.
(4) Members were given the right to ask supplementary questions. But still no questions
could be asked in finance related matters.
(5) The Governor General had the power of veto and ordinance.

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 DELHI COURT – [1911 AD]
• British Emperor – George V and his wife Mary visited India.
• Gateway of India was built to welcome them.
Declarations –
(1) Bengal Division was cancelled (1911)
(2) Capital was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi.
Delhi Conspiracy Case
• In Dec 1912, when the Capital was being shifted to Delhi a bomb was thorwn on G.G.
Hardinge II in chandni chowk under leadership of Ras Bihari Bose
• 4 people were hanged –
Ameer Chand, Awadh Bihari, Bal Mukund , Basant Kumar

Kamagata Maru Incident [1914 AD]

• Kamagata Maru was the name of Japanese ship carrying 376 passengers which was
taken to Vancouner (Canada) by Gurdeet singh
• They were turned back by Canadian Authorities and a "Shore Committee" was formed.
• Members of share Committee –
Balvant Singh, Rahim Hussain, Sohan Lal Pathak
• Indians living in America also opposed this.
• While returning back the ship reached Yakohama port (Japan) and 1st world war (1914)
began.
• Britishers called the ship back to Calcutta.
• Ship finally reached Calcutta here in conflict with police at "Budge Budge port" near
Calcutta 18 people died.

Home Rule League Movement [1916 AD]

• This movement was inspired from Ireland.
• "Tilak" and "Besant" headed the home rule movement.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
• April 1916 – Home rule league was founded in Belgam
• President – Joseph Baptista
• Tilak's league was restricted to –
• Maharashtra (excluding Bombay City)
Karnataka, Central Provinces, Berar
• He demanded that primary education should be promoted in the vernacular language.
• He demanded formation of Linguistic states.
• He tried to establish Hindu-Muslim Unity and also tried to eradicate untouchability.
• Tilak's Newspapers
Maratha (English)
Kesari (Marathi)
• Tilak Books –
Geeta Rahasya
Arctic home of the Vedas
• Members of gopal Krishna Gokhale's "Servants of India Society" were restricted to be a
part of Home rule league.

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Annie Besant
• Sept 1916 – Besant's League was set up in September 1916 in Adayar, Madras
• Secretary – George Arundale
• Region – British India (Excluding Tilak's Home Rule League)
• Leaders who joined Besant's Home Rule League –
• Jawahar Lal Nehru, Mohd. Ali Jinnah, V.P. Nadia etc
• As the movement progressed, Annie Besant was arrested.
• In opposition to Besant's arrest, Subramaniam Aiyer gave up the title of "Knightood"

Montague Declaration (August Declaration)

• 20th Aug 1917
• India Secretary Montagu made this declaration.
• In this declaration it was decided that India should now be given Home rule.
• Post this declaration Annie Besant Withdrawed her home Rule Movement.
• Tilak went to London to file a case against Valentine chirol and Tilak died on 1st Aug 1920.
• In this way home rule League movement lost leadership.

Importance of Home Rule League:

(1) Broke the decade long inactivity of the national movement.
(2) Women joined the movement because of Annie Besant. This promoted women
empowerment.
(3) Various committees were formed in the Home Rule Movement, due to which the
national movement got an organizational form.
(4) Various constructive programs were started which were later adopted by Gandhiji.
(5) Second line leaders were prepared in the national movement.
Like : Nehru, Jinnah
(6) Due to the pressure of the movement, the British made reforms in 1919.
(7) It was the first major mass movement which took place all over India.
Drawbacks:
(1) This movement was limited to cities and villages and did not spread.
(2) Their demand for self-rule was less as compared to the extremists because the extremists
had been demanding Swaraj since 1906.
(3) Constructive programs also remained theoretical and could not be implemented.
(4) This movement ultimately became leaderless and ended without any clear result.
(5) Formation of states on the basis of language promotes regionalism.

LUCKNOW SESSION [1916 AD]

Reasons for settlement between moderates and Extremists :
(1) After the Surat split of 1907, the extremists had become isolated in the national movement
and now they wanted to join the national movement. For this it was necessary to join
Congress. Because Congress was the focal point of the national movement.
(2) Two big leaders of moderates, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Firoz Shah Mehta, died in 1915.
(3) The moderates were becoming inactive and now they needed new energy.
(4) The moderates were not satisfied with the reforms of 1909.
(5) The ideology of the extremists had changed.
(6) The Indian people were troubled (by inflation) due to the First World War and now
there was a demand for a big mass movement. And for this, the merger of the extremist
party and the moderate party was necessary.

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Reason for Agreement between Muslim League and Congress
Muslim League:
(1) Partition of Bengal was cancelled.
(2) Aligarh College was not given the status of university.
(3) The number of liberals had increased in the Muslim League.
Like - Mohammad Ali Jinnah
(4) Congress had accepted the demand of Muslim League for separate elections.
(5) In the First World War, Turkey was fighting against Britain and the British wanted to
end the post of Caliphate of Turkey, due to which there was dissatisfaction among the
Muslims.
Congress
(1) Congress wanted to establish Hindu-Muslim unity so that the social base of the national
movement would increase.
(2) Congress wanted to maintain the secular nature of the national movement.
(3) Muslim League had accepted the demands of Congress.
Like : Swaraj, expansion of legislative councils.

Effects of Lucknow Pact:

Positive Effects:
(1) With the establishment of Hindu-Muslim unity, the social base of the national
movement increased and the secular nature of the movement was established.
(2) Due to the agreement, the British were successful in putting pressure on the
government.
Negative Effects:
(1) By accepting separate electorate, the principle of two-nation theory was also accepted
which later became the cause of partition.
(2) Congress accepted separate electrate for Muslims, hence in 1919, if separate electorate
were given to Sikhs and Anglo Indians, Congress could not oppose.
(3) Giving more importance to Muslim League gave Hindu organizations an opportunity to
react.
(4) Hindu-Muslim unity was also established for a short period, which did not yield any
long-term benefit.

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 Third Stage of National Movement
(1919 – 1947 AD)
(Gandhian Era)
Gandhian Philosophy
 SATYA –
• Gandhi laid excessive emphasis on truth and considered it as the ultimate mean of
life.
• That’s why Gandhi's book is called experiment with truth.
• Gandhiji called satya equal to god; According to him Satya (truth) is god.
 Non Violence –
• Non violence played a major role in Gandhiji's life. Non violence means – "No -
violence" which is a negative concept
• Gandhi gave a positive concept of non-violence and included love, sacrifice, courage,
bravery, sympathy, duty in non- violence.
• Acc to Gandhi if one had to choose between violence and cowardness, then one
should choose violence.
• Acc. to him if someone does violence to fulfill his duties then it will be considered as
non- violence
 Satyagrah :-
• Satyagarh is made up of 2 words Satya+Agrah here satya means justice while Agrah
means to do efforts.
• Acc to Gandhi we should make efforts for political, social and economic justice.
• Gandhiji considered non-violence essential for satyagrah.
• By Satyagrah one should try to change heart of the other person.
• According to Gandhi only a brave person can follow satyagrah.
 Sarvodaya :-
• It is the social philosophy of Gandhi which he adopted from John Ruskin's book "unto
this last"
• Word sarvodaya means- Sarv + uday which means upliftment of all the people
should be done in every possible manner.
• "All the people" means – upliftment of all in quantitative terms.
• "Every possible manner" means upliftment of all in qualitative from- ethical, physical
& spiritual upliftment.
• By this Gandhi wanted upliftment of the last person of the society.
 Trusteeship
• It is Gandhi's economic philosophy.
• Acc to this capitalist is not the owner of his property but is the trustee of his property
as he has earned this property by the support of people and by the exploitation of
natural resources.
• Therefore, he should use this capital for the welfare of the people.
• According to Gandhi non-violence and satyagrah is essential for trusteeship and heart
transformation of capitalists should be done.

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 Purity of Means and End.
• For the purity of means all thinkers and philosophers are unanimous.
• According to Sri Krishna in Geeta for pure end wrong means can be used.
• In this way chanakya also tells about use of inappropriate measures for achieving
pure end.
• Gandhi emphasized on purity of both means and end.
• According to Gandhi by use of wrong means the end also becomes impure as means
& ends have the same relation as seed and plant.

Political Thoughts
• According to Gandhi, there should not be centralization of power its decentralization
must se done to – centre → state → villages
• Gandhiji wanted to decentralization the power to every person of the society
• According to Gandhi, one day every person would be self disciplined and self
controlled and concept of 'state' will not be needed.
• This ideal condition of society was called "Ram Rajya"
•
Gandhi's View on National Movement
• Firstly Gandhi considers non- violence as a way to freedom struggle and to achieve
this he followed mean like – satyagrah, Non-Violence, Fasting etc.
• Gandhi considered public awareness important for national movement and wanted to
include common people for this.
• Gandhi adopted policy of coordination and co-ordinated various contradictory
ideologies in national movement like extremists and moderates. Hindu Muslim,
Peasants and Zamindar, Labour and capitalist/industriatists etc.
• Gandhiji adopted the policy of struggle rest struggle as according to him common
public can not continuously engaged in freedom struggle as there capacity is limited.
• Therefore the movement should be stopped after reaching at a particular level and
energy could be regained for the next stage.
• During the period of rest, creative activities should be conducted like- spread of
education women empowerment, Dalit upliftment, Hindu-Muslim unity, promotion
of charkha wheel.
• Gandhiji emphasized on simplicity
• 1891 Gandhiji returned to India after completing his education (law) from London.
• 1893 Gandhiji went to South Africa to fight the court case of Abdullah Bhai.
• Gandhiji started satyagrah against racial discrimination in South Africa
• Gandhiji founded 2 Ashram in South Africa – TOLSTOY, PHOENIX
• Gandhiji published a newspaper named – INDIAN OPINION
• The Britishers gave 2 medals to Gandhiji for helping in suppressing Zulu and boer
revolutioners.

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 • 9th Jan 1915 :- Gandhiji returned to India
• Gandhiji went on India tour for 1 year.
• 1916 :- Gandhiji founded Sabarmati Ashram in Ahemdabad.
• At the time of 1st world war Gandhiji supported the Britishers and asked Indian youth
to join the army. Therefore, people started calling Gandhiji as Sargeant. Britishers
gave him the title of "KESAR – E- HIND"
• 1916 Gandhiji took part in the inaugration ceremony of BHU. This was Gandhiji's 1 st
public appearance in India.
• Gandhiji met Raj kumar shukla in Lucknow session of Congress in 1916 and asked
Gandhiji to come to Champaran.

Champaran Satyagrah (1917 AD)

Tinkathiya System
• It was mandatory for the farmers to grow indigo on 3/20th part of their land.
• Gandhiji did Satyagrah in favour of Indigo Cultivators.
• Britishers constituted a committee for enquiry in which Gandhiji was a member.
• Gandhiji was able to get 25% Compensation for peasants.
Gandhiji's supporters –
▪ J.B. Rajendra Prasad , Mazrul – Ul- Haq, Narhari Pareek.
▪ Judith Brown called these supporters as "sub- Contractor in har book Gandhi's rise to
power."
▪ Ravindra Nath Tagore gave Gandhi the title of 'Mahatma' on the success of this
movement.

Ahmedabad Mill Labour Movement-1918

• The mill-owners ended plague allowances given to labourers.
• Mill laboures did movement against mill owner 'Ambalal Sarabhai'
• Gandhiji did hunger strike and got 35% bonus for labourers.

Kheda Peasant Movement- 1918

• Gandhiji was chairman of Gujrat Kisan Sabha.
• Land renenue was being taken from the farmers even after the crop failure.
• Gandhiji commenced the movement in favour of the peasants.
• Britishers didn't took land revenue.
Gandhiji's Supporters –
1. Vallabh Bhai Patel
2. Shankar Lal Banker
3. Indu Lal Yagnik
4. Mahadeo Desai
Judith Brown has called these supporters as 'sub-contractors'.

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Rowlatt Act [1919 AD]
• A 'Sedition Committee' was constituted under the leadership of Sydney Rowlett.
• 2 acts were passed on the recommendation of this committee which is known as
"Terrorism crim Act "/Rowlatt Act.
• No appeal, no plea, no lawyer. This was a black law.
• Gandhiji started satyagrah movement against this. Satyagrah Sabha was constituted
in Bombay. On 6 th April 1919 :- An 'All India strike' was held.
• Gandhiji was going to Delhi on the advice of Shraddhanand saraswati. But he was
arrested at Haryana's Palval station and was sent back to Bombay.
• Dr. Satpal and Saiffudian kichlue were arrested in Amritsar.
• Martial law was implemented in Amritsar and rule was handed over to General R
Dyer.

Jalianwala Bagh Massacre [13th April 1919 AD]

• Jalianwala Bagh was crowded due to Baisakhi Fair.
• General R Dyer fired on innocent people.
• An Indian named Hansraj Supported Dyer.
• According to government record 379 were killed but in real more than 1000 people
were killed.
• Hunter Committee was constituted for enquiry about this massacre which consisted
of 3 Indians-
Chimanlal Sitalwad, Sultan Ahmed, Jagat Narayan
• Gandhiji condemned this report and called it thinly disguised whitewash.
• Congress constituted "Madan Mohan Malviya Committee" for the enquiry in which
members were-
Gandhi ji , Motilal Nehru, C R Das.
• Ravindra Nath Tagore returned back the title of 'Sir' in the oppose of this massacre.
• Shankaran Nayar resigned from the executive Council of Governor General.
• Punjab's governor Michael O Dyer claimed the proceedings of Gen. Dyer were right.
• Later Sardar Udham singh assassinated Michael Dyer in England.
• House of lords called General R Dyer as "Lion of British Empire" and gave him the
"SWOROD OF HONOUR"
• Gurudwara Committee of Punjab gave him the title of singh and gifted him Saropa.

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 Council of India Act -1919 (Montague- Chelmsford Reforms)
Changes in Home Government (Britain) :-
• The expenditure of Council of India were laid down on England Crown.
• Members of council of India were reduce to Min-8, Max-12
• A high commissioner was appointed in India, which ensured supply of goods to
Indian government. Its expenditure was to be born by Indian govt.
Changes in Indian Government.
Changes in the centre
• 3/8 of the members will be Indians in Governor General's executive Council
• Two houses would be made in center.
(i) Council of state (60)
(ii) Central legistative assembly (145)
• Separation of power was done and central & provincial list were made.
• Separate electoral system for Sikhs and anglo Indians was given.
• Direct election was implemented but it was not universal. It was given on the basis
of money and women were not included.

Changes in the Provinces :-

• Dyarchy rule was implemented in provinces.
• Under this provincial subject were divided into 2 parts.
(i) Reserved – Irrigation, Finance, trade & Commerce, law
(ii) Transferrable – Industry, Agriculture, Education, health, PWD
• The nominated members of governor made laws on reserved subjects
• Public representatives made laws of transferrable issues.

Reason of this Act –

• In 1909's act it was said that after 10 years constitutional reforms will be done.
• Indian public was outraged due to the 1st world war therefore government wanted to
end this by means of this act.
• In 1917's August Declaration it was decided that Indian's would be given home rule.
• The government wanted to get the moderates in their favour by means of
constitutional reforms.
• The Indian's demand for home rule created pressure on government to make reforms.
Drawbacks of the Act of 1919:
1. Indians still did not have proper representation in the Executive Council of the
Governor General.
2. Separate electorate was not only continued but also further expanded.
3. Universal suffrage was not given.
4. Dyarchy was implemented in the provinces.
5. G.G. had the powers of veto and ordinance.

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Drawbacks of Dyarchy Rule –
• The division of reserved & transferrable subjects was unscientific.
• More important departments were included in reserved list and the minister of
reserved subjects did not coordinate with the ministers of transferrable subjects. Even
the administrative officers did not co operate with ministers of transferrable subjects.
• There was competitiveness among public representatives to become minister which
increased greed among them.
• The minister of trasferrable subject were responsible towards legistature while
ministers of reserved subjects were responsible towards governor.

Khilafat Movement (1919-20)

• After the 1st world war Treaty was concluded between turkey & Britain. Under this
Otomann empire of Caliph of Turkey was divided.
• Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali lead the Khilafat movement against this.
• Its leadership was given to Mahatma Gandhi.
• Gandhiji and Tilak supported Khilfat Movement while Madan Mohan Malviya and
Lala Lajpar Rai opposed this movement.
• Gandhiji called Khilafat Movement as a 'Golden chance for Hindu Muslim Unity'.
• 31 Aug 1920 Khilafat movement got converted into non co operation movement.
• 1924, revolution was done in turkey under the leadership of Kamal Mustafa Pasha
and Khalifa was removed.

Non Co-operation Movement

Causes
(1) After swadeshi movement there was no big public movement in India.
(2) Therefore there was need of large public movement in India.
(3) Due to 1st world war inflation occurred and people were outraged.
(4) During 1st world war youth was recruited in army in large numbers but they were
removed after the war due to which unemployement increased.
(5) Taxes were increased during the 1st world war on farmers. During 1st world war Britain
lost on various occasions.
(6) Britain supported democratic values during 1st world war due to which aspirations of
the intellectuals increased but they were astounded when these values were not
implemented in India.
(7) After the Lucknow pact there was a pressure of a large public revolt on Congress.
(8) In Home rule movement organizations were formed but there was no result of this
movement hence people were outraged.
(9) Due to rowlatt Act, Jaliawala Bagh Massacre and Report of Hunter Commission people
were outraged.

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(10) Hindu-Muslim unity was established due to khilafat movement.
• The act of 1919 didn't meet expectations of indians.
• Tilak called this as sunrise without sun.
• After the success of champaran, kheda and Ahmedabad movements Gandhiji
emerged as a powerful leader.
• 1st Aug 1920- Tilak died in England after which Gandhi started the non-co operation
movement.
• Gandhiji gave up his titles - Zulu, Boer and Kesar-e-Hind .
• Jamnalal Bahadur gave up his RAI BAHADUR title.
• Sept 1920 :-A special session of Congress was held in Calcutta chairperson- Lala
Lajpat Rai
• C.R. Das opposed the proposal of Non-Co-operation but Gandhiji was successful is
getting the proposal passed with the support of Motilal Nehru & Ali Brothers.
• Dec. 1920 – A regular session of congress was held in Nagpur chairperson-V.
Raghavachari.
• C.R. Das presented the proposal of non-Cooperation. Few changes were made in the
constitution of Congress in this session. A working committee of 15 members was
made. Membership fees of congress was 25 paise. Linguistic congress committees
were formed.
• Tilak swaraj fund was established.
• Boycott of foreign goods was the most successful programme
• Women encompassing Tadi shops became very popular although it was not a part
of the main programme.
• 1921- oppose of Bombay visit of prince of wales.
• 5th Feb 1922 (Chaura Chauri Incident) :-The public became violent at a place called
Chaura-Chauri and 22 policmen were burnt alive.
• Gandhiji abandoned non-co operation movement as he was quite upset with this
violent movement.
• 12th feb 1922 :- The Congress working committee took the movement back.

Causes- Why the movement was withdrawed?

1. The movement got violent and it could get into wrong hands.
2. A voilent movement could be suppressed by the government.
3. 'Satya & Non Violence' these principles were very dear to Gandhiji more than the
principle of Swaraj and now the movement was loosing the values of non-violence and
Gandhiji did not want to achieve the end by impure means.
4. Gandhiji's policy was struggle, Rest and struggle and now it was time to take rest and
regain energy for the next phase.
5. In the beginning of the movement Gandhiji claimed that we would gain swaraj in an
year but now when after a year british goverment was not ready to give swaraj and
people's participation in the movement got less.
6. After 1921's Ahmedabad session there was pressure of not paying taxes but Gandhiji
knew that Indian society was not ready for this.
7. Contradications of Indian society came forward.

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Importance of Non-cooperation Movement-
1. It was first public movement which spread across large part of India.
2. All the sections of society took part in it. There was active participation of women in this
movement.
3. Hindu-Muslim unity was established.
4. New tools like Truth, Non-violence, Satyagrah, Boycott etc emerged out.
5. The energy of Indian youth was expressed in right direction.
6. Indigeneous industries and educational institutions were established.

Drawbacks of Non-Cooperation Movement –

1. This movement did not spread in whole India as it did not spread in Punjab & Madras.
2. Hindu Muslim unity was established only in initial days and later communal Riots took
place in Delhi & Malabar.
3. This movement was not Completely non-violent but violent activities took place in
Malabar & Chaura-Chauri
• C. R. Das and his wife Basanti were the first one to get arrested in the movement.
• Mohammed Ali also got arrested during this movement.
C.R. Das was against the boycott of elections and Lala Lajpat Rai was against the boycott
of schools and colleges.

Gaya Session of Congress, 1922

• Post Non Co-operation Movement Gandhiji was arrested under sedition charges under
Article 124 (A) for 6 years.
• Post the non- co operation movement 2 groups were formed
Pro Changers – supported elections
No changers – against the elections

Pro Changers No Changers

• C.R. Das Rajendra Prasad
• Motilal Nehru Rajgopalachari
• Vitthal Bhai Patel Vallabh Bhai Patel

Ideology of Pro Changers

• According to them congress should participate in elections and should oppose
government wrong policies.
Ideology of No-changers:
• According to them, congress should not take part in elections as they would become a
part of constitutional machinery and would not be able to oppose the wrong
governmental policies.
• C.R. das was the chairman of Gaya session of Congress.
C.R. das proposed to take part in elections but due to Gandhi's supporters (Pro
changers), the proposal could not be passed.

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 Swaraj Party
• 1 Jan 1923 :– C.R. Das founded Swaraj Party on 1st January 1923
• Chairman – C.R. Das
• General secretary – Motilal Nehru.
• Swaraj Party took part in the 1923 elections. It got full majority in Central province.
• They got maximum seats in Bengal, Bombay and U.P.
• They manged to win 42 seats out of 101 in the provincial assembly of central provinces.
• Vitthal Bhai patel was made the chairman of provincial assembly of central provinces.

Causes of Decline of Swaraj Party –

1. The death of C.R. Das in 1925 weakened the Swaraj party and it became leaderless.
2. They opposed the wrong policies of government and did many public welfare work but
they could not deliver their work to public.
3. The members of Swaraj party started competing with each other in the urge of becoming
the minister.
4. They had formed coalitions with members having different ideologies.
5. Congress kept itself away from Swaraj Party.

Simon Commission (1927)

• In India for constitutional reforms a Committee constituted under the chairmanship of
Simon.
• It consisted of 7 Members among which there was no Indian, hence it is also called as
"WHITE COMMISSION".
• The Indians protested against it.
In the Act of 1919 it was said that constitutional reforms will be done in India after 10
years in 1929. But Simon commission was constituted 2 years prior as –
(i) Conservative party was in power in Britain and they were feared to loose the election
and labour party government could give more rebates to Indians.
(ii) The effect of revolutionaries were increasing in India. Hence British government wanted
to reduce their impact and get moderates in their favour.
1928 – Simon commission came to India
Revolters Place
Jawahar Lal Nehru Lucknow
Govind Vallabh Pant
Lala Lajpat Rai Lahore
Lala Lajpat Rai died in Polic Lathi Charge.
Lala Lajpat Rai said that the shots that hit me are the last nails to the coffin of British rule in
India.
Parties which supported Simon Commission –
(i) Unionist Party (Punjab)
(ii) Justice Party (Madras)
(iii) Shafi Group (Muslim League)

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Provisions of Simon Commission
(1) An all India federation should be made after merging British India and princely states.
(2) Federal system should be implemented in India.
(3) Dyarchy rule should be ended in province and they should be made autonomous.
(4) Indian will not be given any responsibility act Centre.
(5) Burma should be separted from India.
(6) Separate electoral in not right but still it should be continued.
(7) Expansion of voting rights should be done but universal voting rights should not be
given to Indians.
Nehru Report – [1928 AD]
• The Indian secretary Lord Birken head challenged Indians to draft a constitution.
• A Committee was appointed under chairmanship of Motilal Nehru to draft a constitution.
• The committee also included Subhash Chandra Bose.

MAIN RECOMMENDATION –
• An all India federation will be formed by combining british India & state.
• India will be given a dominion status.
• Dyarchy rule should be ended in provinces and they should be given autonomy.
• Residuary powers should be given to the centre.
• Burma should be seprated from India.
• Sindh should be made a separate state.
• Indians should be given fundamental Rights.
• Separate electoral should be ended and general reservation should be given
• Universal voting rights should be given
• Supreme Court should be established.
• Muslim league, Hindu Mahasabha and Sikh mahasabha opposed the Nehru report.
• Jawahar lal Nehru and S.C. Bose opposed the demand of a dominion state.
• J.L. Nehru and S.C. Bose formed "Independence for India League".
Lahore Session [1929 AD]
• Congress will launch civil disobidience movement.

GANDHI'S ELEVEN DEMANDS [Jan 1930 AD]

Gandhi presented eleven demands to the Governor General Irwin on Jan 31, 1930. The
demands were as follows -
(1) Devaluation of Rupee
(2) Reduction in Land Revenue
(3) Reduction in expenditure on Army
(4) Reduction in number of employees which were highly paid.
(5) Special import duty on foreign textile.
(6) Reserve coastal shipping for Indians.
(7) Abolish salt law and government monopoly on salt.
(8) Ban on Alchohol
(9) Indians should be allowed to keep arms for self defence.
(10) Abolish spy system
(11) Release political prisoners.

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 Civil Disobedience Movement
Causes –
(1) It had been a long time since non- co operation movement ended and a new movement
was needed under the policy of struggle rest struggle.
(2) Swaraj party supported british government in legistature council which boosted
confidence of Indians.
(3) Outgrage of Indians against the simon commission and death of Lala lajpat Rai.
(4) The Britishers did not accept the Nehru Report.
(5) By the demand of Poorna Swaraj in Lahore Session confidence of Indians further
increased.
(6) Gandhi's Eleven demands were rejected.
(7) Rigid salt laws
(8) Due to the 1929's economic crises, unemployment increased.
(9) At this time revolutionary movement was going on in Indian which led to public
awareness in youth.
(10) At that time, socialist movement was going on in India and political awareness
increased in farmers and labourers.

DANDI MARCH [12 March – 16 April, 1930 AD]

• On 12th march 1930, Gandhi along with of 78 members of Sabarmati ashram started
march from Ahmedabad to Dandi.
• An American journalist web millar was also along them.
• Gandhi broke the salt law by picking up handful of salt at Dandi on April 6
• This marked the launch of civil disobedience movement.
• Subhash Chandra compared this to Nepolean's historic Paris March and Mussolini's
Rome March.
• C. Rajgopalachari led a march from Tirchirapally to vedaranniyem.
• K. Kelappan and T.K. Madhavan led a march from Calicut to poyannur.
• In Assam, Satyagrah's walked from silhat to Nokhali (Bengal) to make salt. They all
broke the salt law.
• Protest against forest laws were done in central province
• Bihar – refused to pay Chawkidari tax.
• Dharasana :- A salt Satyagraha was done at Charasana, Maharashtra
• Sarojini Naidu led this campaign
• United province & Gujarat :- A no revenue campaign was organized
• Assam: - A powerful agitation was organized against infamous "Cunningham Circular"
which forced parents, guardians to furnish assuarances of good behavior.
Nagaland :- Rani Gaidinliu (15) raised the banner of revolt against foreign rule she was
captured in 1932 and sentenced to life imprisonment.
Peshawar: - Chandra Singh Garhwal refused to fire on an unarmed crowd (revolutionaries )
NWFP (North West Frontier Province) –
• Khan Abdul Gaffar khan or Frontier Gandhi organized a volunteer brigade "Khudai
Khidmatgars" popularly known as the "Red shirts"
• He published a newspaper named 'DASROZA' in Pashto language.

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 GANDHI-IRWIN PACT (5TH March 1931)
1. Congress will suspend civil disobledience movement.
2. Congress will take part in 2nd round table conference
3. The people residing in coastal areas were permitted to make salt.
4. Immediate release of all political prisoners.
5. Land which was seized during the movement and not yet sold to third parties will be
returned.
Round Table Conferences
• Three round table conference were organized in London (1930, 1931, 1932)
• Congress only attended the 2nd round table conference.
• Gandhiji was the only person from congress to attend this conference.
• Gandhiji went to London by a ship named Rajputana.
• Sarojini Naidu and Madan Mohan Malviya also wernt to attended the conference.
• Gandhiji returned from 2nd round table conference in 1932 and restarted the civil
disobedience movement. Civil disobedience movement ended in 1934.

Importance of civil disobedience movement.

1. It was India's first all India movement which spread from Bengal upto north west
frontier province.
2. All class of society participated in this movement. Women labourers and peasants also
participated in it.
3. All the revolutionaries used their energy in positive activities.
4. This was 1st movement which started with goal of Puran Swaraj.
5. This movement also spread in rural areas.
6. 1935's Government of India Act was a result of Civil disobedience movement.

Communal Award (16th Aug 1932)

• The communal award was announced by British Prime minister RAMSAY MAC
DONALD, In Aug 1932.
• The communal award declared depressed classes (dalits) also to be minorities and
entitled them for separate electoral.
• At this time, Gandhi was in YERWADA JAIL, Pune. Gandhi did Hunger strike against
communal award.
Poona Pact :
• Signed by B.R. Ambedkar on behalf of depressed classes.
• It took place between ambedkar and Gandhi
• This pact rejected separate electorate for the depressed classes.
• But the seats reserved for the depressed classes were increased from 71 to 148 in
provincial legistature.
• Ravindra Nath Tagore thanked Gandhiji for signing Poona pact.
• While in Jail, Gandhi formed an "India Antiuntouchability league in sept 1932."
• He called dalits as HARIJAN. He also started the weekly news paper "Harijan"
Note : Ambedkar's Parties
• All India Depressed Class Association, All India Scheduled Caste Federation,
Independent Labor Party, All India Class Conference (M.C. Raja), All India Depressed
Class League (Jagjivan Ram).

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 Government of India Act 1935
1. Change in home government (London)
• The council of India was ended.
• An advisory committee was constituted to assist secretary of India but its advise
was not binding on the secretary of India.
2. Changes in Indian Government (Centre)
(i) An all India federation will be formed comprising all British India provinces and all
chief commissioneries and Indian states.
It was mandatary for British provinces to be a part of this federation while it was not
mandatary for Indian states to be a part of this federation.
(ii) Two houses will be constituted in centre.
Council of states: - 260 members (156+104)
Central legislature : - 375 members (250+125)
(iii) Dyarchy rule will be implemented in centre
(iv) Separation of power - Union list, provincial list, concurrent list
(v) Residuary powers were given to governor.
(vi) Burma was separted from India.
(vii) New states were formed Sindh, Odisha and NWFP
(viii) Separate electoral for dalits.
(ix) Governor General was given right to exercise his veto and issue ordinace.
(x) Federal court was constituted which looked into centre state relations
(xi) UPSC and RBI were established

Change in Provinces
Provincial autonomy replaced diarchy.
Provinces were granted autonomy and separate legal identity.
Bi-cameral legistature were formed in 6 provinces out of 11
1. Bengal 2. Madras 3. Bombay
3. Assam 5. U.P. 6. Bihar

Demerits of Government of India Act 1935

• There was a provision of an all India council but it was optional for the provineces to be
a part of it.
• That's why this council could not be formed.
• The provinces were given more seats in comparison to their population.
• Population in provinces was 24% but they were given 40% seats in state assembly and
33% seats in central legislative council.
• Provision of Dynarchy rule at centre.
• Division of powers took place but the residuary powers were given to Governor General
• Separate electorate system was not only continued but also expanded.
• Governor General was given right to promulgate ordinance and veto power.
• Till now no provision was made for Supreme Court.
• Autonomy was given to provinces but even now Governor had the power and right o
promulgate ordinance.
• 80% of the Budget in the Centre was Non-Votable.
• Nehru Ji called this act as a car without engine and many brakes.
• Even now universal voting rights were not given.

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 Elections of 1937
• Congress formed its government in 8 out of 11 provinces.
• Congress could not form its government in Punjab, Bengal and Sindh.
Province party Leader
Punjab Unionist Party Sikander Hyat khan, Khiyar Hyat khan
Bengal Bengal Krishak Party Fazul-Ul-Haq
• Muslim league did not get majority.
• Muslim league and Congress jointly contested elections in united province but congress did
not include league in the government.
• Muslim league raised allegation on Congress party tha Muslims are being exploited in
congress ruled provinces.
• Muslim league formed committees for enquiry-
▪ Sharif Committee
▪ Peerpur Committee
• In the 2nd world war British government included Indian army without asking Indians.
• To oppose this decision provincial Government of congress resigned on 15th november 1939.
22 nd Dec 1939 :- Muslim League celebrated "Liberation Day"

LAHORE SESSION OF CONGRESS (1940)

(1) Chairperson – Mohammed Ali Jinnah.
(2) In this session Muslim league demanded for a separate nations for Muslims, Pakistan.
(3) 1930 – Poet Ikbal was the first person to raise demand for a separate state for Muslims.
(4) 1933 – Choudhary Rahmat Ali (Cambridge University) named this separate Muslim state as
Pakistan.
(5) He was a student of cambridge University
(6) He published a pamphlet "Now or Never"
August offer (8th Aug 1940) :- To get Indian's Co-operation in the war Viceroy lord
linlithgow announced the August offer -
1. A war Advisary council will be constituted.
2. Majority will be given to Indians in Viceroy's executive Council
3. Dominion status will be given to India.
4. Indians will be invited to form their constitution.
5. No future constitution to be adopted without the consent of minorities.

Positive Provision :-
• A war advisory council was constituted
• 1st time it was proposed that dominion status will be given to India.
• For the first time there was a provision that Indians could make their own constitution
Negative provision:-
• Since 1929 demand was for Poorna Swaraj while Britishers only gave dominion status.
• There were better provisions in the Government of India Act, 1935
• Veto was given to the minorities.

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 INDIVIDUAL SATYAGRAHAS (Oct 1940)
• It came up after the August proposal.
• Gandhiji started this movement from Pavnar Asharm (Maharashtra).
1st SATYAGRAHI – VINOBA BHAVE
2nd SATYAGRAHI – J.L. NEHRU
• This movement came to be known as "DELHI CHALO MOVEMENT"
• Gandhiji believed that Britain is fighting against facistist power and if a large movement is
carried out then Britain's power would be divided and Hitler could win. But we are also
against Britain's Colonialism and will oppose Britishers by means of Individual satyagrah so
that Britishers establish democracy in India.
CRIPPS MISSION (1942)
• It was a single member commission
MAIN PROPOSALS –
1. An Indian union of dominion status would be set up and it would be free to decide its
relations with the Commonwealth and free to participate in the united nations and other
international bodies.
2. After the end of the war a constituent Assembly would be constitued to frame a new
constitution and members of this assembly would be partly elected by the provincial
assemblies through proportional representation.
3. A separate agreement would be done for minorities all these proposal would come into
action after the end of the war.
Indian rejected the CRIPPS PROPOSAL
Gandhi termed this as "POST DATED CHEQUE"
Positive aspects –
(i) Such dominion state would be made which would be free from the membership of
Commonwealth.
(ii) A constituent assembly would be made to frame new constitution.
(iii) The veto power of minorities was cancelled.
NEGATIVE ASPECTS :-
(i) Indians demand for Poorna Swaraj was rejected.
(ii) The provinces could make their separate constitution.
(iii) All the provisions were futuristic.

Quit India Movement

Reason
1. Under the strategy of "struggle – Rest- Struggle" it had been a long time since civil dis
obedience movement hence there was a need for huge public revolt.
2. Indians were disappointed by August offer and Cripps Mission.
3. Individual satyagrah movement.
4. Due to the 2nd world war life of Indian Public was affected.
5. Japan continuously took lead in Second world war and occupied Burma and now its next
events centre was India.
July 14 1942 quit India proposal was passed at Wardha
August 8, 1942 –
• The quit India movement started from Gawalia Tank on August 8, 1942
• Gandhiji gave slogan of 'Do ro Die'
August 9, 1942

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• On august 9, Gandhiji along with all the top leaders of the congress were arrested under
operation "Zero hour"
• Gandhiji was kept in aga khan palace of Poona and other leaders were kept in Ahmed
Nagar's fort.
• 2nd line leaders led the movement -
▪ JayPrakash Narayan
▪ Ram Manohar Lohiya
▪ Usha Mehta
▪ Aruna Aasaf ali
▪ Meenu masani
▪ Achyat patwardhan
▪ Usha Mehta established underground Radio station.
▪ Ram Manohar Lohia addressed radio station.

Parallel Governments
Parallel Governments were established at many places –
• Ballia (UP) - Chittu Pandey
• Satara - Nana Patil
- Y.B. Chavan (Parallel Government which remained in power for maximum time.)
• Tamluk (WB) - Satish Samant
• This parallel govt was called caste government.
• They formed an army called Vidhyut Vahini Sena.
• A woman named matanagini Hazra was associated with this government.
• The public started attacking British Buildings and violent activities increased.
• The Britishers blamed Gandhiji for this violence.
• Gandhiji did a 21 day hunger strike against this allegation.

Importance of quit India movement.

(1) It was the biggest movement of Indian freedom struggle which spread across India after
1857.
(2) All classes of Indian society showed active participation, even the capitatlists
participated in this movement.
(3) It was the first movement which started with the objective of complete independence.
(4) Army, Police and administration :- Iron frame of Britishers were challenged
(5) India's Independence was assured, now it was just a matter of time.
(6) Despite the opposition of the Muslim League, Muslims joined the movement in large
numbers and the movement did not become communal.

C. Raja Gopalachari Formula (1944)

The main provisions were –
1. Muslim league will support congress demand for independence.
2. A public referendum will be conducted for division of Bengal & Punjab
3. All the political parties will be given chance for publicity before the referendum.
4. In case of partition a federation will be formed with common defence (army), foreign policy
and communications. This will be executed only when Britisher will leave India.
Congress accepted this formula.

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 Jinnah's conditions –
• He wanted only muslim to vote in the referendum and not the entire population
• A corridor to be given to merge north-west and north East province.
• He also opposed the idea of a common defence and foeign policy etc.
• Gandhiji tried to convince Jinnah and called Jinnah "Kayde-Azam" but Jinnah refused to
accept this proposal.

Wavell Plan (1945)

:- Lord Wavell was the G.G. of India at this time.

Proposals of Wavell Plan

1. Except Governor General and the Commander in chief all members of the executive council
were to be Indians.
2. Hindus and Muslims were to have equal representation.
3. Shimla conference to be called for further discussions about India's future.
4. Political prisoners would be released.

Shimla Conference (June, 1945)

• 22 members took part in Shimla conference.
• Congress was headed by Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad.
• Jinnah proposed the names of all muslim members would be given by Muslim league.
Congress opposed this and due to this reason Shimla conference was unsuccessfull.

Cabinet Mission 1946

It was 3 member mission
Patrick Lawrence – Indian Secretary.
Stafford Cripps – President of the board of Trade
A.V. Alexander – Naval Chief

Provision of Cabinet Mission –

1. The demand for formation of Pakistan was rejected as –
(i) Due to large geographical distance between West and East Pakistan. A Corridor could not be
given for the merger.
(ii) The resources can’t be divided.
(iii) The issue of princely states.
2. A federation would be formed after merging British Provinces & Indian princely states.
3. Defence, foreign Affairs and communication would be given to centre and other powers
would be with princely states.
4. The British Provinces will be divided into 3 parts
5. If the provinces want they could form their own union.
6. Constituent assembly would be formed first constitutions of provinces will be made and
later union constitution would be made.
7. If any dispute occurs on religious matter then a separate suggestion would be taken from
Muslims and Non-Muslims.
8. An interim government will be formed.

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 Positive Aspects:-
1. To refuse the demand of Pakistan
2. Formation of interim government.
Negative aspects –
1. The union was made weaker.
2. The provinces were given right to from their own separate union and constitution.
• Congress and Muslim League both accepted cabinet Mission.
• The head of interim government was J.L. Nehru.
• 5 Members of Muslim league were a part of Interim government.
• Liaqat ali was made finance minister
• The election of constituent assembly took place on the recommendations of cabinet mission.
• There were 389 seats in the constituent assembly.
• Muslim league won 73 seats out of 78.
• But still muslim league was in minority so Muslim league did not become a part of
constituent assembly.
• on 16th aug 1946, 'Direct Action day' was celebrated
• Communal riots took place in Bengal.
Attlee's Statement 20 Feb 1947 :-
Element Attlee, British Prime Minister made an announcement on 20 Feb 1947
Main ponts of attlee's statement –
1. 30, June 1948 was fixed for India's independence.
2. Mountbatten would replace Wavell as viceray
Plan Balkan :- Mountbatten decided that India should be divided just like Balkan Countries.

MountBatten Plan (June 3, 1947)

Main points –
1. Two dominion states – India & Pakistan were formed.
2. Punjab and Bengal legislative Assemblies would meet in two groups. Hindus and Muslims,
to vote for Partition. If a simple majority voted for partition, then these provinces would be
divided.
3. A boundary commission would be set up under chairmanship of redcliffe for partition.
4. Referendum will be done in NWFP and silhat district of Bengal.

Indian Independence Act (18 July, 1947)

• It was placed in British Parliament on 4th July 1947 and was passed on july 18, 1947
Provisions –
• Two independent dominions of India & Pakistan will be formed from Aug 15, 1947
• The Governments of the 2 dominions were to be carried in accordance with G.O.I Act 1935
until constitution is formed.
• Constitutent assembly will function as Central legislative assembly until elections are held.
• British treaties with Indian princely status would be abolished.
• The title "Kesar – e- Hind" from British Queen will be removed.
• Lord Mountbatten was the 1st governor General of Independent India.
• C. Rajgopalachari was 2nd and last governor General of Independent India.

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 REVOLUTIONARY
MOVEMENTS IN INDIA
A. Maharashtra
1. Vasudeo Balvant Phadke
• He did tribal revolt with Ramosi tribe.
• It was India's first organized revolutionary movement.
• Major centre – Bombay
• Objective – Formation of Hindu state.
• Falke was arrested by Britisher
• After that Daulta ramosi led the movement.
2. Chapekar Brothers: -
• Damodar and balkrishna chapekar murdered 2 Plague officers Rand & Lt. Ayerst
on 22 June, 1897.
• Chapekar Brothers were hanged.
• Tilak was imprisoned for 18 months for publishing controversial article
(Tilak was 1st politician who went to jail)
3. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (Veer Savarkar)
• 1899 Formed on association called "Mitra Mela " in Nasik
• 1904 Renamed to Abhinav Bharat. (Symbol of Victory Tower, Chittor)
• Savarkar went to London for studies.
• Anant Lakshman Karkare of this organistation murdered Nasik's Judge Jackson
• Karkare was hanged to death.
• Savarkar Brothers (Ganesh & vinayak) were given life imprisonment.
B. Bengal –
Anushilan Samiti

Calcutta Midnapur Dhaka

P. Mitra Gyandra nath Bose Barindra Ghosh
Bhupendra Dutt
Newspaper –
• Yugantar
• Sandhya

• Hemchandra Kanungo was sent to Paris to learn art of bomb making.

• A bomb manufacturing factory was opened at Calcutta.
• Prafull Chaki, Khudi Ram Bose were sent to kill judge of muzaffarpur Kingsford but
by mistake they killed 2 canadian women
• Prafull Chaki committed sucide and Khudiram Bose was hanged to death.

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• 34 revolutionaries were arrested from ManikTalla. Arvind Ghosh was also included
in these revolutionaries.
It is called "Alipur Conspiracy Case"
• Narendra Gosai Become government witness so other revolutionaries killed him.
• Arvind Ghosh was relased due to lack of evidence.
• Arvind Ghosh went to Pondicherry & opened an Ashram.

Books of Aurobindo Ghosh –

1. New lamps for the old: - In these moderates were criticized.
2. Life divine
3. Essays on geeta
4. Savitri
Books of Barindra Ghosh
1. Bhamnai Mandir
2. Vartman ranniti ke niyam
1915 – Bagha jatin died in police firing at Balsor, Odisha

C. Punjab
• Prominent leaders – Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajeet Singh (Uncle of Bhagat Singh)
• Ajeet singh's organization – Anjuman- i-Mohabbat-I- vatan
• Newspaper – Bharat Mata

Revolutionary Movement outside India

1. London –
Indian Home Rule society –
• Established by Shyam Ji Krishna verma
• This organization gave scholarships to Indian students
• Their office was called "India House"
• Newspaper - "Indian Sociologist"
• Other Members - Abdhullah Suhravardi
- Madam Bhikaji Kama
- Veer Sawarkar
- Madal Lal Dhingra
• This organization celebrated golden in jublee of Revolt of 1857 in 1907.
• Veer Sawarkar worte a book called "The first war of Indian Independence" and
published a pamphlet named – "Grave warning"
• Madan lal Dhingra killed the political advisor of Morley "Curzon wailly " on 1st July
1909
• Madany Lal Dhingra was hanged and Sawarkar was given Kala Pani Jail.

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• Madan Bhikhaji Kama: She is called "Mother of Indian Revolution" and she was
Secretary of Dadabhai Nauroji . She took part in II communist international
conference held in sttutgart, Germany and hoisted Indian flag (1st time out side India)
2. Vancouver
• Taraknath Das & G.D. Kumar established united Indian house.
• Newpaper – Free Hindustan (Taraknath Das)
• Organisation of G.d. Kumar - Swadeshi Sevak Griah
• Newspaper of G.D. Kumar – Swadeshi Sevak
• Newspaper of Ram Nath Puri – Circular-i-Hind
3. San Francisco: -
• Lala Hardayal and Sohan Singh Bhakhna established "Yugantar Ashram".
• Newspaper – "Gadar" was published on 1 nov 1913. It was first published in
URDU, later it was published in other Indian languages.
• Due to this newspaper, this movement came to be known as – Gadar Movement.
• Lala Hardayal was professor in Stanford University.
• Gadar revolutionaries came to India and made Ras Behari Bose as their leader.
• They planned a REVOLT on 21st Feb 1915 in India, but Britishers came to know
about this plan and many people got arrested.
• Bhai Parmanand and Kartar Singh Sarawa were hanged.
• This is called 1st Lahore conspiracy case
4. Afghanistan: -
Raja Mahendra Pratap established government in 1915.
• Ubedullah Sindhi, Mahmood Hasan
• In 1915, Raja Mahendra Pratap formed the Government of India in Afghanistan.
• He established Prem Vishwavidyalaya in Vrindavan.
Importance of Revolutionary Movement
1. They set examples of personal sacrifices. Inspired youth to join the national
movement.
2. They were successful in keeping national movement active in the era of inactiveness.
3. National movement reached into rural areas also as they took refuge in villages.
4. National movement reached foreign countries too.
5. Due to the revolutionaries the social base of national movement increased rapidly.
6. Due to them, Britishers had to make various reforms eg-
i. Government of India Act 1909.
ii. Abolishing Bengal Division 1911

Limitations of Revolutionary Movement

1. They couldn't connect with the Indian Society not even with moderates and entremists.
2. They lacked in of organization, ideology, strategy and leadership.
3. They unknowingly use religious symbols in the national movement due to which they
couldn't connect to the Muslim community.
4. They couldn't popularise the movement.
5. British Government was able to easily suppress them.

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 2nd Phase revolutionary Movements
1. Hindustan Republican Association – 1924
Established at : Kanpur
Founders : Shachindra Sanyal (Book – Bandi Jeevan)
Jogesh Chatterjee
Bhagwati Charan Bohra (The philosophy of Bomb)
Chandra shekhar Azar
Ram Prasad Bismill
2. Kakori Incident (U.P.) – 9th Aug 1925
A government train having treasury was looted
4 People were hanged –
(i) Ram Prasad Bismill
(ii) Ashfaq Ullah Khan
(iii) Roshan singh
(iv) Rajendra Lahidi
3. Hindustan Socialist republic association – 1928
Established in 1928 at Firozshah Kotla
Founder : Chandrashekhar Azad
Bhagat Singh
Rajguru
Sukhdev
• 30th Oct 1928 – Lala Lajpat Rai was killed in Lahore on 17th Dec 1928 Saunders
who killed Lalaji was murdered.
• 8th April 1929 Bhagat Singh and Batukedhwar Dutt in opposition of "Public Safety
Bill" threw a bomb on Vacant chairs of Central legislative assembly and gave
slogan of "Inqualabad Zindabad"
• 23rd March 1931 :- Bhagat singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged to death
under Lahore conspiracy case (Murder of saunders)
• 27th Feb 1931 – Chandra Shekhar Azad was killed in police firing at Allahbad's
Alfred park.
• Revolutionaries did hunger strike in jail and jatin das died after 64 days of hunger
strike.
• Bhagat Singh Book - Why I am an atheist?
Organisations of Bhagat Singh
1. Naujawan Bharat Sabha
2. Lahor Student Union

4. Indian Republican Army (Chittagong Armoury Raid) – 18th april 1930

• This raid was headed by Master Suryasen, he was a teacher in National school of
chittagong.
• He was the founder of – Vidrohi sangh
(Indian Republican Army)
• Other supporters :
Ganesh Ghosh Anant Singh
Lokinath Baule Preetilal Vadekar
Kalpana Dutt

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 • A declaration of an interim government headed by master suryasen was done in
Chittagong.
• Surya sen and Kalpana Dutt were arrested and Suryasen was hanged in 1934.
• Preetilal wadekar died during a raid at a railway Institute.
14th Dec 1931 :- Two school students Shanti Ghosh and Suniti Choudhary shot the
collector at Komilla] Odisha
• 6th feb 1932 :- Beena das shot the Governor at convocation ceremony at Kolkata
University.
Importance of Revolutionary Movement –
1. They developed nationalism among Indians.
2. Kept the movement active during an era of inactiveness.
3. Due to their socialist ideology, they were succesful in joining labours & peasants.
4. Revolutionaries laid emphasis of on secularism.
5. Revolutionaries believed in 'total Revolution' which not just focused on political
freedom but also on economic, social and cultural freedom.
6. Participation of women.
7. Due to the spirit of political awareness among people’s civil disobedience movement
gained importance.
8. They were successful in creating pressure on English government.
eg – Gandhi – Irwin Pact.
1935's Government of India Act

Difference between the revolutionary movement of the first and second phases
1st phase 2nd phase
Revolution of 1st phase couldn't not revolutionaries of 2nd phase formed
(i)
form an organization organisations in large scale
Believed only in political They talked about collective revolution.
independence. That is, along with political freedom,
(ii)
social and economic freedom was also
considered necessary.
(iii) They used religious symbols. They laid emphasis on secularism.
Women were not involved in Various women participated in
(iv)
revolutionary activities. revolutionary activities
Could not take the form of a popular Became extremely popular in India.
(v)
movement in India.
(vi) They lacked ideology. They believed in socialist ideology.

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 COMMUNIST
MOVEMENT IN INDIA
Manvendra Nath Roy (M.N. Roy)
• 1920:- Manvendra Nath Roy established Indian communist party in 1920 in
Tashkent.
• This part was formed by influence of Lenin.
• He was the only Indian to take part in 1st Communist International.
Other supporter –
• Avani Mukherjee, Roza Fitigraph
• Mohammad Ali, Mohammad Shafique
• M. N. Roy was Stalin's Advisor.
• In 1940, MN Roy founded 'extremist Democratic Party'
• M.N. Roy's Books – India in Transition
• M N Roy's Newspaper – "VanGuard of Indian Independence" Later it was
renamed to – "Advanced Guard of Indian Independence."
• 1925 – Satya Bhakt established communist party of India. General Secretary –
M.C. Ghate.
Communist Movement in India –
1. Peshawar Conspiracy Case – 1922
• The Communists returning from Russia after taking training in Communism
were arrested in Peshawar
2. Kanpur Conspircy Case 1924
Communist Centre Newspaper
(i) Shreepal Amrit Dange Bombay The socialist
(ii) Muzaffar Ahmed Bengal Navyug
(iii) Ghulam Bussain Punjab Inqlab
(iv) Singaravelu Chettair Madras Labour Kisan Gazette
Shrepad Amrit Dange published a pamphlet named – Gandhi v/s Lenin
Muzaffar Ahmed along with Kavi Mazrul published a newspaper named
– Bengal newspaper.

3. Merruth Conspiracy Case (1929):

• 31 Communists were arrested, out of which 3 were Britishers.
3 Britisher – Philip spratt, Ben Bradly, H. Lester Hutchinson
• Mahatma Gandhi went to jail to meet these communists
• Advocates who fought their case – Kailash Nath Katju, [Link] , H.F.
Ansari, J.L. Nehru

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Stages of communist Movement in India
1st Stage (1920-29) :-
• In first stage, there were two ideologies of the communists.
• According to Lenin's ideology –
• Communists should oppose the capitalist rule of Britishers in India and as
congress is the biggest party in India therefore communists should become a part
of national movement and should support congress.
• In the 1st stage, Lenin's ideology was accepted and support was given to congress
in the national movement. Due to this prosecution of Meerut's communists was
done by Jawahar Lal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi went to meet the communists'
in jail.
2nd Stage – (1929-1934)
• In this stage MN Roy's ideology was accepted
• Congress was called the party of bourgeois
• Jawahar Lal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose were called agents of Capitalism
and Gandhi Irwin pact was called betrayal with the country.
• British government imposed a ban on communist party.
3 Stage – (1934-1939)
rd

• The Communists merged into congress to escape from the Brithish Government
and tried to affected congress according to the communist ideology.
• For this they supported Jawahar lal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose.
• Due to the support of communists, Subhash Chandra won in the Tripuri session
even after Gandhi's opposition.
4 Stage (1939-45)
th

• Initially supported the 'Quit India Movement' but when Hitler attacked Russia
and Britisher's favour them. Communists opposed the quit India movement and
supported the British Government.
• In various cases communists became government witnesses against congress.
5th Stage (1945-47)
• Communists put forward demand of dividing India into 17 parts in front of
Cabinet Mission this made the communists unpopular in Inda.
Contribution fo Communists –
(1) They developed political awareness among peasants and labourers. It expanded the
social base of National movement.
(2) They put forward the problems of peasants and labourers at National platform.
(3) A new Dimension was given to national movement and it was connected to
communist ideology.
(4) They laid emphasis on values of secularism in national movement.
(5) The adopted the policy of struggle
(6) They gave the slogan of 'overall revolution'
(7) They filled the vaccum of National movement which congress can't fill.
(8) The Civil Disobedience Movement benefited from the development of political
consciousness among farmers and laborers.
(9) Due to these, various farmers and labor organizations were established in India.

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Limitations of Communist Movement –
1. They overestimated the potential of Indians.
2. Communism was not according to Indian conditions as in peace loving country like
India the arrangements could not be changed by means of violence.
3. The Britishers did not established Industries in India that’s why the labour class could
not develop and Indian peasants were illiterate that's why communism was limited
only till the educated class.
4. The communists took many wrong decisions due to which they became unpopular in
India.
eg. – Oppose of Congress, Oppose of Quit India movement, Demand of 17 parts of
India
5. The communists did not try to mould their ideology according to Indian condition
and tried to forefully impose communism.
6. Indian communists could not develop their independent ideology and always took
inspiration from Russia.
7. Indian Communists were not organized & united and there was lack of efficient
leadership
Congress Communist party
•It was set up in Bombay in 1934.
•This was pressure group in Congress whose aims was
Objective:
a. To emphasise socialism in policies of congress.
b. To restrict youth to move towards communism
c. To present options in front of youth.
Other Founders
Founders Books
(i) Jay Prakash Narayan Why socialism?
(ii) Ram Manohar Lohiya Culprits of partition of india
(iii) Acharya Narendra Dev Socialism & National movement
(iv) Achyut Patvardhan

(v) Ashok Mehta

Other Communist Parties –
Name Founder
(i) Revolutionary communist party Somendra Nath Tagore

(ii) Indian Bolshevik Party N.D. Majumdar

(iii) Bolshevik Leninist Party Ajeet Rai, Indrasen

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Azad Hind Fauz :
• Founder : Captain Mohan Singh, Niranjan Singh Gill
• Then Ras Bihari Bose become the leader of Azad Hind Fauj.
• Ras Bihari Bose Founded 'Indian Independence League' in Tokyo.
• In future, Subhash Chandra Bose became the head of Azad Hind Fauj.
• Two headquarters of Azad Hind Fauj : Singapor, Rangoon
• At Singapore under the leadership of Subhash Chndra Bose a temporary government
was formed.
• Azad Hind Fauj occupied Andaman and Nicobar with the Japanese help and changed
its name to Shaheed Island and Swaraj Island.
• The head of Jhansi Rani Regiment of Azad Hind Fauj was Lakshmi Swainathan.
• 1945 Azad Hind fauz was on backfoot due to the surrender of Japan.
• S.C. Bose died in plane crash on the way to Taiwan.
• A case was filed against 3 members of Azad hind fauj in Red fort –
Shahnawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehgal, Guru Baksh Singh Dhillon
• Advocate who faught their case - Bhulabhai Desai, Kailsh Nath Katazu, J.L. Nehru,
Tej Bahadur Sapru.
• All 3 army officials were given death sentence.
• Governor General Lord Wavell pardoned their death sentence.
• Subhash Chandra Bose gave Mahatma Gandhi the title of "Father of the Nation "
• Subhash Chandra Bose's autobiography – Indian Struggle
• S.C. Bose's biography – Springing Tiger Written by 'Hugh Toye'
Royal Naval Mutiny
• 18 February 1946 - 25 February 1946
• Marines complained of racial discrimination and poor food.
• A soldier named Thambha Dutt had written 'British leave India' on a ship named
Talwar. He was arrested.
• This rebellion spread from Bombay to Karachi port.
• On 22 February, workers went on strike in its favor.
• On the persuasion of Patel and Jinnah, the marines had surrendered.
Reasons for naval surrender
1. The British government could have crushed the rebellion.
2. Even in independent India, there could have been possibilities of rebellion by
soldiers.

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