MICROBIOLOGY

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
ESSAY:
1. Fluorescent Microscopy
2 .Structure of bacterial cell wall and antibiotics targeting it
with mechanism of action(2)
3. Structure of cell wall of bacteria(both gram positive and
Gram negative) and physical requirements for growth(2)
4. Classify bacteria based on depending on shape and mention
details about bearing of flagella among bacteria
5. Growth requirement of bacteria and describe their gaseous
requirements.
6. Sterilization methods, HEPA filter, Protocol to sterilize major
surgical OT
7. Sterilization by moist heat, Autoclave, Disinfectants.(2)
8. Sterilization classification, chemical and microbial agents
with their mode of action.(2)
9. Methods of Identification
10. Mechanism of drug transfer(5)
11. Gene Transfer
12. Define an ideal disinfectant, mention its properties. Give
examples with their uses.
13. Immunofluorescence.

SHORT NOTES
1. Louis Pasteur (3)
2. Robert Koch
3. Lord Lister
4. Differential staining methods.
[Link] Cell Wall(4)
6. Bacterial flagella (4)
7. Bacterial capsule (7)
8. Filamentous appendages of bacteria
9. Bacterial spores (3)
10. Sporicidal chemicals
11. Spore bearing bacteria
12. Endospore
13. L forms of bacteria
[Link] Growth
15. Bacterial growth curve (8)
16. Significant bacteriuria (2)
17. Dry heat sterilization (2)
18. Hot air oven(4)
19. Sterilization by chemical agents microbial agents
20. Non sporing anaerobes (2)
21. Gaseous disinfectants (3)
22. Tyndallisation (4)
23. Antibiotics sensitivity test
24. Seitz filter
25. Sterilization by autoclave (4)
26. Bacterial Filters (3)
27. Sterilization by radiation (1)
28. Testing of disinfectants (2)
29. Enriched Media (2)
30. Selective Media (2)
31. Enrichment Media (2)
32. Differential Media
33. Transport Media (4)
34. Anaerobic Media
35. Anaerobic culture methods (7)
36. Fimbriae (2)
37. Plasmid (9)
38. Phenotypic Variations of bacteria
39. Mutation (3)
40. Bacterial drug resistance (3)
41. Transduction (4)
42. Transmissible drug resistance
43. Methods of transmission of Genetic Materials (2)
44. Conjugation (5)
45. Resistance Transfer Factor
46. Difference between mutational and transferable drug
resistance
47. PCR (2)
48. Bacterial virulence
[Link] heat sterilization
[Link]
[Link] of human infections
[Link] genetic elements
[Link] microcopy (2)
[Link] genetic elements
[Link]
[Link] acid probes
[Link] staining-principle and uses
58. High level disinfectants in hospitals.
59. Virulence determinants of bacteria.
[Link].
[Link] ground microscopy.
[Link] sensitivity testing.
[Link]-medical waste management.
[Link] Koch’s postulates.
[Link]

IMMUNITY
ESSAY:
1. Methods of transmission of infection
2. Innate immunity
3. Active and passive immunity (2)
4. Humoral immunity (2)
5. Cells involving immunity and their functions
6. Difference between the B & T cells , Development of T cells
7. Immunoglobulins (2)
8. Antigen antibody reactions, discuss agglutination tests with
clinical examples(2)
9. Hypersensitivity reactions and Type – I & mechanism of
anaphylaxis (6)
10. Autoimmunity (2)
11. Hypersensitivity reaction-type 4 and Schwartzman reaction
12. Define anaphylaxis,mediators and pathogenesis of
anaphylaxis.
13. Complement System. Alternative C Pathway; biological
functions of complement; genetic deficiencies of complement
system.

SHORT NOTES :
1. Methods of transmission of infections
2. Nosocomial infections(3)
3. Carriers
4. Difference between the exotoxin and endotoxin
5. Exotoxins
6. Innate immunity (1)
7. Active immunity (1)
8. Passive immunity
9. Adjuvants(1)
10. IgG
11. IgM(3)
12. Ig A , (Secretary IgA)(3)
13. IgE (2)
14. Lymphokines
15. B lymphocyte (3)
16. T – lymphocyte (3)
17. T cell subsets
18. Cell mediated Immunity and T-Lymphocytes(2)
19. Antigen presenting cells
20. NK cells
21. Precipitation in gel
22. Compliment fixation test
23. Heterophile antigen
24. Applications of agglutination reactions
25. Passive agglutination (3)
26. Coombs test (3)
27. Synergism
28. pri technique(1)
29. ELISA
30. Applications of ELISA (2)
31. Antibody sensitivity test
32. Fluorescent Antibody techniques (4)
33. Principles of monoclonal antibody Production,Monoclonal
antibodies,pricnciple,techiniques and uses(3)
34. Complement
35. Alternative pathway of complement
36. Biological function of complement
37. Anaphylaxis
38. Antigen antibody reactions and it’s uses in microbiology .
39. Serum sickness
40. Type II-Hypersensitivity
41. Type – III Hypersensitivity (2)
42. Type – IV (delayed)Hypersensitivity (3)
43. Schwartzman’s reaction
44. P.K (Prausnitz - Kustner)Reactions (2)
45. Auto antibody formation theories
46. Autoimmunity (3)
47. Mechanism of autoimmunization
48. GVH Reaction
49. Oncofetal antigen
50. Protocols for safe blood transfusion
51. Human leukocyte antigen
52. MHC
[Link] Ag
[Link] tolerance
[Link] disease of the new born/erythroblastosis fetalis
[Link] immunity
[Link] antigens (2)
[Link]
[Link] autoimmunity
[Link] of immune response
[Link] reaction
61. Allograft Rejection
62. Haptens
63. Igm detection in infectious disease.
64. T4 + CD8

SYSTEMIC BACTERIOLOGY
ESSAYS
1. Classify streptococci, details about infective endocarditis ,
Describe in detail it’s epidemiology, pathogenesis , diagnosis
and management of rheumatic fever.
2. Causes of meningitis and its pathogenicity, lab diagnosis, role
of BACTEC in rapid diagnosis of causative agents in bacterial
meningitis
3. Bacteria causing meningitis, details about acute pyogenic
meningitis caused by any one of them
4. Organism causing meningitis, lab diagnosis of meningococcal
Meningitis (2), / lab diagnosis of cerebrospinal fever
5. [Link] , add note on it’s prophylaxis
6. [Link] (2)
7. Biological weapons, organism used as biological weapon,
details about [Link]
8. Classify lostridia , details about clostridium tetani
9. Clostridium of medical importance, details about gas
gangrene pcr
10. Dysentery, causative agents , details about bacillary
dysentery
11. Salmonella typhi-Pathogenesis,disease caused,lab
diagnosis,classify enterbacteriaceae
12. Causative agents of enteric fever / fever , lab diagnosis of
typhoid fever (3)
13. Bacteria causing prolonged fever, details about enteric
fever (2)
14. PUO, Organism causing PUO, detail about typhoid fever(2)
pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of acute pyogenic meningitis
caused by any one of them.
15. Bacteria causing acute gastroenteritis, details about
[Link], Lab diagnosis (6)
16. Organism causing diarrhoea, details about [Link]
17. [Link], lab diagnosis of plague
18. Zoonosis, bacteria causing zoonotic diseases, details about
leptospirosis
19. Zoonotic bacterial diseases, details about brucellosis 20.
Classify Mycobacteria , details about pulmonary tuberculosis
and lab diagnosis (6)
21. Classify Spirochetes, details about diagnosis of syphilis
22. Organism causing STDs, details about syphilis (4)
23. Bacteria causing UTI, details about lab diagnosis of UTI
24. Bordetella pertussis-Etiology,pathogeneis and lab diagnosis
25. Leptospirosis
26. A 25 year old female admitted with history of watery
diarrhoea resembling rice water of 24 hrs duration along with
copious vomiting. What is your diagnosis? Write the
pathogenesis, sample collections, lab diagnosis and treatment
of the above clinical condition. Add a note prophylaxis?
27. Soft Sore
28. Viral diarrhoea

SHORT NOTES :
1. Coagulase test
2. Staph. Aureus-speccial charecteristics
3. MRSA (2)
4. Staph Virulence Factor(2)
5. Group D and B strep
6. Toxin and enzymes of Strep Pyogenes
7. Toxins of strep and virulence factors
8. Non suppurative complications of [Link] (2)
9. CAMP Test
10. Enterococci(2)
11. Neufeld quelleng Reaction (3)
12. Lab diagnosis of gonorrhoea
13. Lab diagnosis of bacterial meningitis
14. Gonorrhoea
15. Non gonococcal urethritis (2)
16. Lab diagnosis diphtheria (2)
17. Prophylaxis of diphtheria
18. Tests for toxin products of corynebacterium(2)
19. Elek’s Test(2)
20. Diptheroids
21. Malignant pustule (5)
22. Clostridium botulinum
23. Toxins of Clostridium welchii
24. Naglers reaction (2)
25. Gas Gangrene (2)
26. Tetanus prophylaxis and lab diagnosis(5)
27. Clostridium difficile
28. Lab Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infection
29. Bacterioids
30. General characteristics of entero bacteriacae
31. Diarrhoegenic [Link] (3)
32. Traveller’s diarrhea
33. Relapsing fever(3)
34. Lab diagnosis Enteric carriers (2)
35. MDR [Link]
36. Lab Diagnosis of enteric fever
37. Vi Antigen
38. Widal test (3)
39. Halophilic vibrio (3)
40. Eltor Vibrio (5)
41. Prophylaxis & epidemiology of cholera
42. Lab Diagnosis of plague
43. Satellitism (3)
44. X and V factor
45. Lab diagnosis of pulmonary TB (3)
46. Extra pulmonary TB
47. Mantoux test (2)
48. Atypical Mycobacteria (3)
49. VDRL Test (2)
50. Lab diagnosis leptospirosis & weils disease- lab diagnosis (3)
51. Standard test for syphilis
52. Lab diagnosis of secondary syphilis
53. Leptospirosis(3)
54. Non venereal treponemes
55. Lyme disease (2)
56. Weils disease
57. Lab Diagnosis of mycoplasma
58. Nocardia
59. Borrelia
60. Gardneralla Vaginalis (2)
61. [Link] (4)
62. Campylobacter
63. Rickettsiae (2)
64. Epidemic typhus
65. Neill Mooser (Tunica)Reaction
66. Scrub typhus (2)
67. Weil felix reaction (4)
68. Q fever
69. Trench Fever
70. Freis Test (2)
71. Inclusion conjuntivitis
72. TRIC agents (4)
73. Guinea pig uses in microbiology
74. UTI
75. Aseptic meningitis
76. Meningitis producing bacteria
77. Non specific urethritis
78. Bacterial vaccines
79. Distinguish between alpha haemolytic streptococci and
pneumococci
[Link]
[Link] monocytogenes
[Link] perfringens and toxins
83. Non suppurative streptococcal disease
84. Anaerobic vaginitis
[Link]
[Link] agglutinating vibrios
[Link]
88.D.B. Pnuemococcus and streptococcus viridians
89.D.B. Classical and eltor vibrio
90. Bacterial zoonotic disease
[Link]’s reaction
[Link] and scotochromogens
[Link] dysentery
[Link]
95. RNTCP (1) 96. Types of diarrheagenic [Link]
97. Laboratory diagnosis of primary syphilis
98. Botulism
99. Toxic shock syndrome gas.
100. Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis.

SHORT ANSWERS (2 Marks):

1. Pigment producing bacteria
2. Diagram of IgM
3. Give four examples for enriched media
4. Name two zoonotic bacterial diseases
5. Tube coagulase test
6. Name four specific serologic tests for syphilis
7. Four differences between exotoxin & endotoxin
8. Two liquid media to grow mycobateria
9. Satellitism
10. Urease test
11. Negative staining
12. Give two examples for transport media
13. Arthus phenomenon
14. Nagler’s reaction
15. Cold sterilization
16. Two uses of HLA typing
17. Oxidase test
18. Name the three special species of brucella
19. Mantoux test
20. X and V factors

MYCOLOGY
ESSAY:
1. Mycotic mycetoma

SHORT NOTES :
1. Chlamydospores
2. Corn Meal agar
3. Dermatophytes (12)
4. Germ tube test
5. Candida albicans / candidiasis (5)
6. Madura mycosis
7. Mycetoma (5)
8. Mycotic Mycetoma (2)
9. Dimorphic Fungi (5)
10. Sporothrix Schenkii
11. Sporotrichosis
12. Rhinosporidiosis / Rhinosporidium seeberi (4)
13. Cryptococcus Neoformens / Cryptococcosis (6)
14. Sabourauds Medium
15. Lab diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis
16. Histoplasma capsulatum
17. Aspergilloma (2)
18. Opportunistic fungi (5)
19. Mycotoxicosis / mycotoxins (5)
20. Cryptosporidium parvum (7)
21. Subcutaneous mycosis
22. Superficial mycosis (2)
23. Oppurtunistic fungal infections
[Link]
[Link] keratitis
26. Tinea versicolor
27. Coccidiomycosis
28. Wood’s lamp in mycology.

VIROLOGY
ESSAYS:
1. DNA viruses ? details about Herpes group of viruses (2)
2. Classify herpes viridae , details about herpes simplex virus (2)
3. Classify herpes viruses, detail about varicella Zoster Virus (2)
4. Viruses causing aseptic meningitis, details about polio
mylelitis virus Pathogensis,lab diagnosis,prophylaxis(3)
5. Classify picorna viruses, detail about polio virus (2)
6. Classify arbovirus details about Japanese encephalitis B (5)
7. Classify arboviruses, detail about dengue virus
8. Rabies (4)
9. Enumerate viruses causing post-transfusion hepatitis. Discuss
in detail about the morphology, pathogenesis, laboratory
diagnosis and prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus.
10. Viruses affecting CNS, details about rabies
11. Classify rhabdoviruses, details about rabies virus
12. Name the virus affecting liver. Explain Hepatitis
[Link] about Hepatitis B.
13. Virus causing post transfusion hepatitis, detail about
hepatitis B (2)
14. Classify HHV, details about it .(1)
15. Classify herpes virus, detail about EBV
16. pathogenesis, epidemiology, lab diagnosis and prevention
of HIV infection.
17. Important Microorganism during blood transmission, detail
about HIV
18. Influenza virus-morphology, pathogenesis and lab diagnosis.
19. Viral vaccines
20. Various methods for isolation of viruses in lab
21. Immunoprohylaxis oif viral disease
21. AIDS

SHORT NOTES
1. Egg culture
2. Viral replication (2)
3. Tissue culture for viruses (4)
4. Cell culture (2)
5. Cytopathic effects(3)
6. MMR Vaccine (3)
7. Viral inclusion bodies (5)
8. Live viral vaccine
9. Interferon (4)
10. Varicella zoster (2)
11. Polio vaccine (3)
12. Prophylaxis of polio
13. Rabies vaccine
14. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) 15. Coxasackie B Virus
16. Coxasackie viruses
17. Sabin Vaccine
18. Difference between the orthomyxovirus and paramyxovirus
19. Influenza viruses-H1N1 infection,diagnosis and prophylaxis.
20. Antigenic Drift and shift (5)
21. Hemagglutination inhibition test
22. Chickungunya fever (2)
23. Japanese B encephalitis Virus (5)
24. Yellow fever
25. 17D Vaccine
26. Dengue fever (5)
27. Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) (2)
28. Rabies prophylaxis (6)
29. Viral vaccines
30. Lab Diagnosis of HBV
31. Lab diagnosis of Hepatitis B
32. Hepatitis E
33. Slow viruses / slow viral disease of man and prions (2)
34. Viral hemorrhagic fever (5)
35. Rota Virus (3)
36. Viral diarrhea (4)
37. Mechanism of Viral oncogenesis (2)
38. EBV (3)
39. Type C hepatitis
40. Lab diagnosis AIDS (2)
41. Methods of HIV transmission
42. Morphology and antigenic structure of HIV
43. Eijkman test
44. Viral gastroenteritis(2)
45. Latent viral infections
46. Congenital viral infection
47. Antiviral agents
48. Bacteriophage
49. Measeles virus (2)
50. Viral hemagglutinin
51. Swine flu pandemic
52. Lab diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
53. Herpes Zoster
54. Suckling mice
[Link] mice
55. Poliomyelitis- lab diagnosis
56. Rhinovirus infections
PARASITOLOGY
ESSAYS:
1. Hemoflagellates and their morphology ? Details about
leishmania donovani or Kala azar morphology, life cycle, clinical
features, lab diagnosis (4)
2. Life cycle of plasmodium falciparum , morphologcial
differences between the different plasmodia
3. Name four parasitic zoonotic diseases, details about
toxoplasmosis
4. Classify cestodes, details taenia solium , lab diagnosis of tap
worm infection (3)
5. Classify cestodes, details about Echinococcus granulosus (5)
6. Intestinal nematodes ? details about ankylostoma duodenale,
lab diagnosis of hook worm infection and enumerate parasites
causing anaemia (3)
7. Important protozoal parasites of man? Details about
malignantertian malaria ,complicatoions and lab diagnosis
8. Hemoparasites ? details about plasmodium falciparum (4)
9. Classify sporzoa, life cycle of plasmodium falciparum,
differentiate it from others, lab diagnosis of malignant tertian
malaria 10. Intestinal parasites of man ? details about
enterobiasis
11. Viviparous nematodes ? life cycle, lab diagnosis of any one,
prevention and control of bancroftian filariasis
12. Classify nemtodes, details about filariasis (2)
13. Tissue or somatic nematodes ? details about wuchereria
bancrofti (3)
14. Ascaris lumbricoides- Life cycle, pathogenensis,lab diagnosis
and classify nematodes (3)
15. Life cycle of Dracunculus medinensis

SHORT NOTES:
1. Primary amoebic meningioencephalitis (6)
2. Free living amoebae (4)
3. Life cycle of entamoeba histolytica (2)
4. Lab diagnosis intestinal amoebiasis
5. Trichomonas vaginalis (4)
6. Trichomonas
7. Lab diagnosis and morphology of KALA AZAR (3)
8. Pernicious malaria
9. Exoerythrocytic cycle
10. Exoerythrocytic shizogony
11. Erythrocytic stage of [Link]
12. Lab diagnosis of malaria
13. [Link]
14. Black water fever
15. Toxoplasma gondii or toxoplasmosis (2)
16. Redia and cercaria
17. Fasciola hepatica
18. Lung fluke (2)
19. Larval forms of cestodes
20. Cysticercus cellulosae (5)
21. Hydatid cyst (2)
22. Pathogenisis and lab diagnosis of hydatid diseases
23. Dwarf tap worm
24. Pathogenisis of strongyloides stercoralis
25. Trichinella spiralis (2)
26. Life cycle of A. duodenale
27. Gamatocytes of [Link]
28. Thread Worm
29. Microfilaria of [Link]
30. Microfilaria (9)
31. Onchocerca valvulus
32. Cyclops (2)
33. Larva migrans (5)
34. Morphology of pathogenic intestinal protozoans
35. Bile stained eggs (2)
36. Life cycle of balantidium coli 50. Examination of feces for
parasitic infection
37. Life cycle of Taenia solium
38. Extra intestinal amoebiasis(3)
39. Complication produced by [Link]
40. Casoni’s [Link]- classification according to
habitat of adult worm.
41. Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides
42. Lab diagnosis of Malaria
43. Cysticercosis
44. Stool examination- concentration methods
45. Filariasis- lab diagnosis
46. Pnuemocystic jerovecii
47. Viviparous parasites (2)
48. Role of cyclops in parasitic disease
49. [Link] and its larval forms
50. Loa Loa

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
ESSAY
1. Significant bacteriuria (3)
2. Water born diseases
3. Nosocomial infections (3)
4. Laboratory assessment of portability of drinking water
5. Concentration methods of fecal examination (3)
6. Bacteriological examination of milk(2)
7. bio-safety in microbiology lab
8. Universal precautions
9. Milk born diseases and prevention
10. Presumptive coliform count
11. Emerging and Reemerging infections

SHORT ANSWERS :
1. Name four DNA viruses.
2. Draw and label a bacteriophage. (2)
3. Define definitive host. Give two examples.
4. Otomycosis. (2)
5. Trichomonas Vaginalis.
6. Mention four species of candida.
7. Complications of ascariasis (roundworm infestation).
8. Define an intermediate host.
9. Mention three antifungal agents.
10. Complication of dengue virus.
11. vaccines against poliomyelitis
12. Four arbovirus infection prevalent in India
13. Delta Hepatitis agents
14. Draw the ovum of Eterobius vermicularis
15. Two parasites infecting eye
16. Name two parasites causing a. Anemia b. Visual larva
migrans
17. Chlamydospore
18. Name two fungi causing occulomycosis
19. Enumerate four dermatophytes
20. Four organism causing mycetoma
21. Oncogenic viruses.
22. Dimorphic fungi
23. Features of blood smear in vivax/ falciparum malaria.

SHORT NOTES:
[Link] – lab diagnosis (2)
[Link]
[Link] precautions
4. PCR
5. Role of vectors in transmission of infectious agents
6. Normal microbial flora
7. Significant bacteriuria (2)
8. Aedes aegypti as a vector