Beam-columns (Rolled sections)

-1st- Suggest suitable bracing system . (studied before).

1- Level of upper and lower chord of truss. 1
2- Level of rafter (beam) in portal Frames.
1
1
3- Level of crane girder to avoid the effect of braking force. 3
1
4- Level of mezzanine Floor (Floor beams).
5- if Hcolumn > 6.00 m. 5 6
mezanine

-2nd- Calculate straining actions on Column (N, Mx ,My)

-3rd- Choice of Section. X
X

a) -if the column subjected to (Mx & N ) I.P.E Y Y

b ) -if the column subjected to (Mx & N )
Min-plane
H.E.B Y Y
Min-plane
Mx X
f= neglect normal effect. Mx
Sx X
2 f= neglect normal effect & My.
assume f= 0.8 - 1.2 t/cm Sx 2
3 assume f= 0.5 - 0.7 t/cm M-out-of-plane
Sx = ......... cm 3
from tables (I.P.E) Sx = ......... cm
from tables (H.E.B)

Fca Fbx A1 Fby A2 < 1.00 case (A). ‫بعـــد كـــده كـــل اللـــي ھنعملـــه اننـــا ھنجـــد كـــل مكونـــات النعادلـــه االخـــيره المـــراد الموصـــول اليھـــا وليـــس شـــرط الترتيـــب‬
+ +
Fc Fbcx Fbcy < 1.2 case (B).
-4th - Check for Compression. - Fc : allowable compressive stresses which was:
Lbin Lbout
in = rx
.......... > 180 out= ry .......... > 180 -5 2
For max. < 100 ST.37 1.4 - 6.5x10 max.
-5 2
( rx , ry from tables . ) ST.44 1.6 - 8.5x10 max.
to get Fc & Fca -5 2
Fc = ST.52 2.1 -13.5x10 max.
N = ........... t / cm2
Fca =
A IF max. > 100 Fc = 7500
2
max.

-5th - Check class of Section (Compacteness)&L.T.B. and get Fbcx and Fbcy and get A1 and A2
-6th - Check for bending. and get Fbx and Fby: -7th - Check interaction :
Fca Fbx A1 Fby A2 < 1.00 case (A).
+ +
- Fbx = Mx - Fby = My Fc Fbcx Fbcy < 1.2 case (B).
Sx Sy
 Buckling Length Of Columns K > 1 1- columns permitted to sway:
Where: L b= K * L
K < 1 2- columns prevented from sway:
A-for truss structures :
1st case :
i ) For hinged base: ii) For fixed base:
h h
L b = 2 (h2 + 21 ) L b = 1.3 (h 2 + 21 )
Ic in in
Lb = h 1OR h 2 the bigger
Lb = h 1OR h 2 (bigger) out
Col. permitted to sway out

2nd case : For roof column: For crane column:

h
L b = 1.5 (h 2 + 21 ) L b = 1.5 (h3 )
in
in
roof col. Lb = h3
Partially fixed Lb = h 1OR h 2 the bigger out
out
crane col.
Col. prevented
From sway
3rd case : cantilever truss :
4th case : for cantilever truss and sidesway prevented:

h
L b = 2.1 (h 2 + 21 )
in
Lb = h 1OR h 2 the bigger
out

5th case : Fink Truss :

L b = (h 2 + h1 )
in
L b = 2.1 (h )
in Lb = h 1OR h 2 the bigger
out
Lb = h
Fink truss out
 B -portal frames :
‫ فـــي الكـــود المصـــري ﻣـــع االخـــذ فـــي االعتبـــار‬chart ‫ ﻣن‬K ‫ويتـــم ايجـــاد قيمـــة‬
B
Ig L b = K * Lc
in
Ic Lb = Lc
out
A
Note : we always use Ix as we check that the buckling around X-axis in plan other wise use Iy

a) Frame prevented from sway: b) Frame permitted to sway:

for hinged base GA = 10 Ic - F = 2.0 for fixed far end - F = 0.67 for fixed far end
Lc - F = 1.5 for hinged far end - F = 0.50 for hinged far end
GB = code page 60
for fixed base GA = 1 IG - F : if there is no real support we usually take it = 1.0
*F
LG Where F factor depends on the condition of the far end of girder F 1/G

For roof column: For crane column:

- For partially fixed base: L b = 1.5 (h3 )

Lb = h1
out in
Ig Lb = h3
B L b = K *L out
in
roof column:
Ic Ic
Lc
A GA = Partially fixed = 3.00 GB =
IG
*F
LG

If the connection between the main beam For column 1: For column 2:
and the truss column is rigid G = 10.00
A G A = 1.00
Col. 2 I c1 Ic2
we have to calculate the buckling length
Lc1 + L 2 G =
IG G = c B
for col. 1 & col. 2 separatly. Col. 1 B IG
L
G

IMP note :

If the connection between the main beam h

L b = 2 (h 2 + 21 ) L b = 2.10 *L
and the truss column is simple in For any cantilever col. in
 Fbcx & Fbcy
- get Fbcx , Fbcy , Fbx , Fby.
- Fbx = Mx Allowable bending Compression Flange Tension Flange
Sx Stresses F bcx F bcy Fbt
Compact and
- Fby = My Lu act.
< Lu max 0.64 Fy 0.72 Fy 0.64 Fy
Sy Non-compact and
-to know ( Fbcx ) we must know two conditions ?? Lu act.
< Lu max 0.58 Fy 0.58 Fy 0.58 Fy
1ST -whether the section is Compact or Non-compact.
Lu act.
> Lu max Fltb1 0.58 Fy 0.58 Fy
2nd -the Relation between (Lu-act) & (Lu-max).

1ST -How to know the section is compact or non-compact :

a -Flanges : web ‫ بعـــد كـــده بنحـــدد نوعيـــه ال‬flange ‫بنــــــدأ اوال بتحديــــــد ال‬ Rolled sections built-up-sections
check compact, as beams 16.9 15.3
< Compact < Compact
Fy Fy
‫ فـــي الكـــود و موجـــوده فـــي ورق القـــوانين‬11 ‫من اول ع مود من صفحه‬
C C
< 23 Non-Compact < 21 Non-Compact
tf Fy tf Fy
> 23 Slender > 21 Slender
Fy Fy

b-Web
If Ncol . < dw x tw x Fy If Ncol . > dw x tw x Fy
so the neutral axis is in the web : so the neutral axis is in the flange :
1) assume compact :
Fy 1) assume non-compact : Fy
2) get
2)Calculate : C
=1( N +1) ‫ﺣفـــظ‬ C
2 dw.tw.Fy If dw < 58 Compact.
= - N/A + Mx/Sx ‫ﺣفـــظ‬ tw Fy
Note : N is +ve for (comp) - N/A - Mx/Sx
and -ve for (tension) T Then: Fy T
Fy dw < 190
> -1 Check tw (2+ ) Fy If dw
tw
< 64 non-compact.
the value of will lead to the check Fy
equation . dw < 95 (1- ) -
< -1 Check tw Fy
3) Check compactenness.
If dw is greater than the above
If > 0.5 dw < 699 tw If dw is greater than the above the web is Slender.
tw (13 - 1) Fy tw
ratios so you must check the
Section is (non-compact) or ‫ فـــي الكـــود و موجـــوده فـــي ورق القـــوانين‬9 ‫صــــفحه‬
If < 0.5 dw < 699 Slender.
tw Fy but u must know these steps
2nd - how to know if L.T.B occurs or not : if Lu (act.) < Lu(max) Fbcx for compact or non compact
if Lu (act.) > Lu(max) Fbc = least of (FLtb) or (0.58 Fy)

‫الغـــير ممســـوك‬ Comp. flange ‫طول العمـود ناحيـه‬ ‫ھو‬ Lu (act).

but 1st, we must know what braces the comp. flange???

1- bracing outside plane braces the comp. Flange. 2-knee bracing at the level of any Side girt : . 3- the points of changing moment from T to C : .

SEC (1-1)

TRUSS

SEC (2-2)

for cantilever sheds may be dont use side girts (opened).

Knee-bracing
So we cant use Knee bracing .
side girts

Knee-bracing

Comp. flange Lu (act). = h1/2

Examples of getting Lu (act):

for (A) :
Lu (act) = h1.
without Knee bracing .
for (B) :
Lu (act) = h1/2.
(A) (B) TRUSS

for (A) :
without Knee bracing .
comp. flange Lu (act) = h1/2.
at mid-height
if he told you that using knee bracing
at every side girts. for (B) :
Lu (act) (A&B)= side girts spacing .(a) Lu (act) = h1/2.
Examples of getting Lu (act): SEC (1-1) SEC (2-2)

comp. flange comp. flange

SEC (1-1) SEC (1-1)

TRUSS TRUSS

SEC (2-2) SEC (2-2)

SEC (1-1)
SEC (1-1)
Lu (act). = h1/2
Lu (act). = h1 - L points between bracing.
as we said the point of changing the comp. flange braces it. without knee bracing
without knee bracing
SEC (2-2)
SEC (2-2)
Lu (act). = a (height of wall) because there is no side girts.
Lu (act). = a (height of wall) because there is no side girts.

2nd-How to calculate Lu(max): Examples of getting (Cb):

ECP , page 16.
M1
= = Zero
Lu (max) = 20 bf
M2
Fy - Cb = 1.75
least of.

Lu (max) = 1380 Af Cb
d x Fy 2
Where Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 + 0.3
< 2.3 M1
(code page. 19 ) =
M2
2
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 + 0.3 < 2.3
M1 Smaller moment
= =
M2 bigger moment (code page. 19 )

If moment at fixation is not given take it Mupp/2

 where :
- get A1 & A2 : FEx =
7500 FEx =
7500
2 2
x y

IF Fca < 0.15 so take A1 = A2 = 1.00

Fc

Fca Cmx Cmy > 1.0

IF > 0.15 Calculate A1&A2 A1 = > 1.0 A1 =
1 - Fca
1 - Fca
Fc FEx FEy

- Cm :

1st : For frames permitted to Sway. 2nd : for frames prevented from sway and with transverse Loads: 3rd : for frames prevented from sway and without transverse loads:
- Cm = 0.85 - Cm = 0.85 (Fixed end) - Cm = 0.6 - 0.4 ( M1 ) > 0.4
M2

- Cm = 1.00 (Hinged end)

M1 M1
M1 Smaller moment
= =
M2 bigger moment

M2 M2

= -ve = +ve

for the shown trusses and frames find (cmx) :

For frames permitted to Sway.

frames prevented from sway and without transverse loads:

- Cm = 0.85

- Cm = 0.6 - 0.4 ( M1 ) > 0.4

M2
M M1
= = Zero
M2
Fink- TRUSS
TRUSS - Cm = 0.6
 k height
1- Horizontal bracing :-
1.0 0 - 10 m
1.1 10 - 20 m
ww ( t/m ) wind pressure = ce x k x q = ..... kg/m2
c e = ( 0.8 ) for pressure
k = Factor depends on height
q = 70 kg/m2 ( cairo )

ww ( c e x k x q )( Havg /2 ) = ...... kg/m 2 h1 = clear height + h

1
h2 = clear height + H
H avg = ( h 1 + h 2 )/2
vertical bracing
R
R = ww *B/2

* forces and buckling length :- we have two methods of connecting the bracing:
1st- connected to the web so theres no connection to
purlin and will not affect the buckling.
Purlin

Purlin

bracing bracing

R R R

l in = l out = l/2 l in = l out = l/3 l in = l out = l/4 2nd - connecting the bracing to flange of rafter so
F = +- R R R the connection between purlin and bracing affect
F = +- F = +-
2cos0 2cos0 2cos0 the buckling. Purlin

bracing
 3
2-Vl-bracing : ** for the case of presence of crane girder :-
R
1 1
l in l out
R R 1
F1 = +- L1 1.2 L1
4 2cos01 l in l out
2 1
2 3
F = +- R 0.5 L2 0.75 L2
2 2 2cos02 F1 = +- R S S
2 2
F = R/2 S S
4
3 R
B 5 F2 = +- L2 1.2 L2
2 F = R/2 0.5 S S 2cos0 1
4
3
6
2
F3 = +- R 0.5 S S
2
4
F4 = +- R L4 1.2 L4
2cos0 2
R+B 0.5 S S
l in l out F5 = 2

5 R+B 0.5 L3 0.75 L3

R F1 = +- R L1 1.2 L 1 F6 = 2cos0
3
1 4cos0
1 1 1

3 4 F2 = +- R L2 0.75 L2 Case of intrnal columns carries 2 cranes :

2cos0 2
2 B= P
7
F3 = +- R 0.25 S S
2 2
2B
F4 = Zero 0.5 S S or 1
1
3R 0.5 S S l in l out
F5 = 4
F1 = +- 2B
member 3,4 will have the same section we will design on big, force 2cos01 0.5 L1 0.75 L1

very important notes :-

F= +- 2B S S
wind loads are considered as CASE A for the design of bracing 2 2
members .
Choice of section 1- design as 2 angles back to back :- 2- Design as 2 angles star shapped :- 3- Design as single angle :-

assume = 200
from buckling
L bin L bin
. .. 200 = rx = 0.3a 2 a 1 =..... assume = 200 assume = 200
L bout Lb .. 200 = L.bout L bout L bout L bout
. .. 200 = ry = 0.45a
out

3
a 2 =.....
ru = 0.38a 200 = rv = 0.20a

a =..... cm a =..... cm
a avg = a 1 + ( a2) choose a avg* a avg* t
Lecture
2

L bin
Check as acompression

. = = ........ 200 Lb L bout

in rx
= . out
= ru
out

= ........ 200 . = = ........ 200

.
L bout max out rv
out = ry = ........ 200
. .. -5 2
2
Fc = 1.4 - 6.5 * 10 100 . Fc = 1.4 - 6.5 * 10
-5
100
2 2
ry = (r x ) + (e + tg )
2 7500 7500
2 100 2 100
. .. -5 2
Fc = 1.4 - 6.5 * 10 max
100
. f act = force = .......
7500 . f act = force A 0.6 F
2 A = .......
2 100 Fc
max
. l
60
. f act = force
d
2 A = ....... Fc
. l
. l
60 where d = 2 a + t p
60 ,d=a d
d
Check as tension

. force = ......... . force = ......... . f act = force

2 A net 0.58 f y
2 A net 0.58 f y A net = .... 0.58 Fy

design as zero member where A = A + A ( 3A1 )

net 1 2 3A + A
choose an angle to satisfy 1 2
Lb . l A2
. = r d 60 A1
 Design of side and end girts
1- Loads and straining actions :-
Dead - Live - wind
load load load Imp. notes
P = 100 kg
wDL ww
X
( 1 tie rod span = S/2 )
( 2 tie rods span = S/3 )
2
S
M X = ww * 8 ( wind load )
y
2
S p*s
M y = w DL * 8 + 4 ( DL - LL )
a ) Dead load :-
B- we have to check another case of wind
own weight of girt = ( 10 - 20 ) kg/m , if wind is suction :
2 MX My
weight of steel corrugated sheets = ( 5 - 8 ) kg/m + = Fb c = 0.5 & l = span
u ( act )
SX Sy
... wDL = O.W. + wc * a = ........ kg/m , if wind is pressure :
assume S X = 6 or 7 S y c = 0.8 & l = S.
u ( act )
2
channels are non compact or slender so F b = 1.4 t/cm
b ) Live load :-
For case of maintenance ( ‫ ) صــــيانة‬, there is a concentrated load ... M x + 7 XM y = 1.4 S X = ....... cm
3
choose
S
of 100 kg p LL = 100 kg

c ) Wind load :-
2
wind load = c . k . q = ........ kg/m
a - stress
c = 0.8 for pressure
MX My 2
k = 1.0 for h 10 m Fb = + = ......... 1.4 t/cm
SX Sy c = + 0.8 c = - 0.5
k = 1.1 for h 20 m
( l u ( act ) = 0 corrugated sheets ) pressure side suction side
q = 70 kg/m2 in cairo

... ww = ( c . k . q ) * a = ........ kg/m

C-
3
( in Y - direction ) For the case of using cold formed sections for side and end girts ,
PLL * S span we must use tie rods to make the section safe .
LL
=
48 E I 300