Recent Research in Engineering and Technology ISBN: 978-81-970245-3-5

Overhead Power Transmission Line Fault Detection & Analysis System Using
Microcontroller

Suvendu Mondal Prathita Roy Baibaswata Das Arindam Mukherjee

Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical Department of Electrical Department of Civil Department of Automobile
Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering
Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur
Institute Of Technology Institute Of Technology Institute Of Technology Institute Of Technology
And Sports Complex And Sports Complex And Sports Complex And Sports Complex
Kolkata, West Bengal Kolkata, West Bengal Kolkata, West Bengal Kolkata, West Bengal
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Pritam Bhattacharjee Souradeep Roy Kalyan Mukherjee Rumrum Banerjee

Assistant Professor, Department Lecturer, Department of Civil Assistant Professor, Department Assistant Professor, Department
of Automobile Engineering Engineering of Automobile Engineering Of Electrical Engineering
Dr Sudhir Chandra Sur Institue of Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur Institute Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur Institute Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur Institute
Technology and Sports Complex Of Technology And Sports Of Technology And Sports of Technology and Sports
[email protected] Complex Complex Complex
Kolkata, West Bengal Kolkata, West Bengal [email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
Krishnendu Kundu, Sourav Kumar Singha,
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Assistant Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur Institute of Engineering, Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur Institute
Technology and Sports Complex Kolkata, West of Technology and Sports Complex Kolkata,
Bengal West Bengal
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—Electrical Power System is an energy supply faulty part of the system from the healthy one. Hence this
system consisting of power generation, transmission and system will give accurate information related to faults and
distribution sectors. All these factors play an important role in transmission line can be monitored from everywhere using web
supplying energy to consumers and transmission lines serve
worldwide, which is one prominent feature among all. A
transmission line is used to transmit electrical power from the Keywords—component, formatting, style, styling, insert
generating station to various distribution units that transmit (key words)
current and voltage from the source to several consumer units.
The transmission line comprises a conductor with a uniform I. Introduction
cross-sectional area along the line: air acts as an insulating or Faults play an important role in affecting the reliability of
dielectric medium between the conductors [1]. The Power power system. More than 80% of the power system faults
system consists of many powerful equipment operating in HV occur in transmission sector which badly effect the reliability
mode where expected or unexpected faults can occur at any of supply and causes damage to the system [4]. Such faults are
time for any reason. Mostly the faults occur in the unpredictable and can occur at any time. The long existence of
transmission sector of the power system which could be due to fault in the system can cause serious damage to the system
high-velocity wind, heavy rainfall or any other technical issue like an infection does to a body. Therefore, in order to protect
etc. and this can cause interruption to the power system [2]. a system from such a situation, the fault should be identified
Interruption in the power system can cause damage to the and cleared as soon as possible. In earlier period, the system
operating equipment whose severity depends upon the type of was established which estimate the value of impedance from
fault occurs. If the fault is not cleared immediately it will the data of current and voltage in order to determine the
result in loss of synchronization, loss of budget or may destroy location of fault [5]. But this method was not effective as it
the network as well as can cause huge damage to the system takes long time to determine the location of fault which is a
[3]. To overcome these challenges, a smart monitoring and sign of unreliability. What if there is a system which uses GPS
fault detection system using digital sensors is proposed. to determine the exact location of fault and NodeMCU will be
Whenever any fault occurs in system, the system will send a used to send all the information regarding faults to the IoT
fault alert notification to the utility IoT cloud server in which cloud server which is accessible through mobile and desktop
user will be informed regarding the fault occurred in the devices?
transmission line. Hence with this system, almost real time
monitoring is achieved. After receiving the exact information Objective
regarding faults, it will be easier for the user to isolate the The main aim of this project is to design a circuit or a device
which will have a capability of determining the type of fault,
Recent Research in Engineering and Technology ISBN: 978-81-970245-3-5

exact location of fault and transfer its data to the utility

mobile
Recent Research in Engineering and Technology ISBN: 978-81-970245-3-5

phone and desktop of the user with the help of GPS and gauge wire with 16 resistances of 100 ohms and three 220v to
NodeMCU. The Main objectives of this project are: 12v step down transformers [9]. This chapter provide the
● To simulate the system using programmable controller, complete procedure of the system’s Operation that are
current sensor and design a hardware prototype of a system for described as follows:
overhead transmission line. ● To monitor the system under
normal and faulty conditions using NodeMCU and clear the Arduino Board
fault as soon as identified.
● To determine the exact location of fault in the transmission Arduino is an electronic creation platform. Which is free,
line with the help of GPS and send its data to the mobile adaptable and simple to involve equipment and programming
phone and desktop of user. for creators and engineers. This allows you to make various
● To validate the system performance by applying the faults at kinds of single-board microcomputers to which the
different locations to check the efficiency of the system. community of creators can give various sorts of utilization. A
The proposed system is limited to overhead transmission line microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560 is called an
faults. The hardware will operate at a specified voltage level Arduino Mega. It has 54 digital I/O pins (14 are for pulse
due to the presence of low voltage rating equipment as some width modulation), AI pins, serial ports for hardware, crystal
equipment can bear low voltages only. Climatic conditions vibrator, power or USB connection along the reset button.
such as snowfall, rainfall or windstorms can create a problem Thus, this board is a complete package to support the
for a device in determining the exact location of the fault and microcontroller. Powered with the help of a computer, laptop
these conditions can also affect the circuit of the device which AC-DC adapter or a battery. It is compatible with most of the
may result in a malfunction of the system. The unavailability devices and can perform a lot of functionality. It is widely
of a three-phase supply or any other module can restrict the used for multiple purposes because of its ease of handling and
outcomes of the proposed system. The system will notify the several functions which this board provide
faults concerning two end points of the transmission pole or
tower.
This research will allow to understand different types of faults
that can occur in real-time transmission lines. Moreover, this
research will also enable us to study different parameters of
the transmission line. With the help of this research, the basic
knowledge regarding microcontroller GPS and Node MCU
will be provided which are the core components of this
project. The data gathered from this study would enable the
authors to produce benchmark research papers, theories and
fault detection systems which will be an improved version of
the existing electrical power system.

Figure 1: Arduino Mega 2560

II. Proposed system
Power
This research focuses on locating fault in transmission line and
their location then sending this information to Control Room,
Android app and web servers. Four current sensors are This microcontroller is powered with the help of a USB cable or
connecting in series with the sending end of transmission line an external battery or even power supply. Automatic selection
and the output of current sensors is attached at the input side of power source occurs. External power source is based on an
of the Microcontroller. When the fault occurs in transmission adapter (which is based on AC-DC conversion). It is plugged in
line the Microcontroller find the fault type and their location the power jack of the board which is at one end of the
utilizing the GPS which is also attached with the micro- microcontroller. Additionally, power can be supplied from a
controller [8]. The GPS is used to provide the accurate battery. The two terminals of a battery are inserted inside the
location of the fault and Android app is used to monitor fault input voltage and ground pins of the Arduino. The voltage
type, fault current and their exact location where the fault is operating range of the board is six to twenty volts. However, the
occurred in the overhead transmission line. The obtained favorable working limit without destroying the board is from
results is also displayed on the LCD screen to monitor all seven to twelve volts. less than seven volts means the voltage is
these parameters on control room. This project can detect four unstable and the board will not deliver itsfull output. for more
types of faults in overhead transmission line namely, single than twelve volts, overheating of the voltage regulator occurs
line to ground fault, double line fault, double line to ground and the board can get damaged. Arduino mega2560 is unique
fault and three phase faults. For the development of and differs from other boards because it doesn’t contain a USB
transmission lines, we use 22- to serial driver chip. ATmega8U2 is used as a USB-Serial
converter. The power pins are as follows:
Recent Research in Engineering and Technology ISBN: 978-81-970245-3-5

• INPUT VOLTAGE. It is the part which provides input

operational voltage to the Arduino board. This is when we are
using an external power source to power the microcontroller.
voltage can be directly supplied through this power jack or it
can be accessed through the specified pin.
• 5VOLT. It can be provided through USB connection or
external power source like battery or power supply. This is to
power the board and to on its functionality mode. External
power supplies are connected either through pins or power
jack.
• Another supply of 3.3 volt is formed by the regulator present
on the board. Maximum current capacity is 50mA.
• GROUND. Provides ground connection.

Input and Output

All of the available digital pins (54) can either be assigned an

input or an output status This is done with the help of
command digital Read () or digital Write () under pin Mode ()
functions. The operational voltage level is five volts and these
pins can provide or receive maximum up to forty milliamps. Figure 2: Arduino Mega 2560 Pin Out
An internal resistor is present which is disconnected by default
and has a value of 20-50 Kilo Ohms. Moreover, specific NEO-6MV GPS Module
functions of some pins are given as:
• Serial Pins: Serial pins are used to receive and transmit serial The GPS (Global Positioning System) module transceivers is a
data with the help of RX and TX pins. USB to TTL serial family of stand-alone with the exceptional ‘u-blox’ 6
chips is also connected to pin zero and pin one. 0 (Receiver) positioning engines having great performance with accurate
and 1 (Transmitter); 1: 19 (Serial receiver) and 18 detection of position is the ‘NEO-6’ package series. In a
(Transmitter); 2: 17 (Serial receiver) and 16 (Transmitter); 3: compact (16 x 12.2 x 2.4) millimeter package, these enhanced,
15 (Serial receiver) and 14 (Transmitter). powerful, and inexpensive receivers provide various
• External Interrupts Pins: Interrupt () function is used to see communication options. Their portable design including
the details of interrupt functions. Generally, it is known that processing and storage capabilities makes NEO-6 modules
for interrupts 2 corresponds to0, 3 corresponds to 1, 18 suitable with very low cost and space constraints on battery-
corresponds to 5, 19 corresponds to 4, 20 corresponds to 3, operated smartphones. A “TTFF” (Time-To-First-Fix) works
and 21 corresponds to 2. Configuration of these pins are done in a time frame of less than 1 second and features the 50-
in order to control and trigger an interrupt. channel ‘u-blox’ 6 positioning engines. With two million
• PWM Pins: It extends from pin 0 to pin 13. analog Write () correlation receivers, the specific acquisition unit has the
function is used to obtain 8 bit or 1 byte pulse width capability of huge parallel frequency upper space operations,
modulation (PWM) output. allowing it to locate satellites promptly. One configurable
• SPI Pins: 4 pins are for SPI communication but the SPI ‘UART’ interface for serial communication is included in the
library is mandatory for proper working. Pin 50 is for MISO, NEO-6 M module, however, the standard ‘UART’ (TTL) baud
pin 51 is for MOSI, pin 52 is for SCK, pin 53 is for SS. These rate in this NEO-6 module is 9600. The design of this GPS
SPI pins are also connected with the ICSP header, NEO-6 module antenna would be distinct from the various
• LED 13 Pin. An LED is connected internally to pin number typical whip antennas utilized for ‘linear polarized signals’
13. It is on when high command is passed whereas it is off since the received signals of the GPS module is “Right-Hand
when low command is passed in the Arduino IDE Circular Polarized” (RHCP). The patch antenna is now the
programming portion. most prominent antenna type. Patch antennas are smooth
• I2C Pin: Pin 20 is for SDA and pin 21 is for SCL. It is used possess a ceramic and metal body and are installed on the
to support communication with the help of a wire library. I2C surface plate of the metal. Note, for the optimum efficiency of
is related to TWI. the GPS receiver, the antenna installation location is very
The Arduino Mega2560 also contains sixteen AI pins for critical, and response always depends on the position of the
analog functionality. These pins are of 10 bits resolution antenna. It should be orientated parallel to the geographical
which means that they have 1024 numbers of various possible horizon while using the patch antenna. The antenna would
values. They range from 0 to 5 volts. changes can be made in provide a full view of the horizon, providing as many visible
the upper and lower end of the range with the help of the satellites as possible with a clear line of sight. Advanced
Reference () command in the programming. architecture and innovation vanquish the sources of jamming
and minimize the impacts of multi-path. This module provides
exceptional navigation efficiency to
Recent Research in Engineering and Technology ISBN: 978-81-970245-3-5

‘NEO-6M GPS’ receivers even in the worst and harshest ranging from 0 to 5V depending upon the current through
circumstances under various climatic conditions. conductor.

Operating Modes of GPS

Two continuous operating modes ‘Highest Efficiency’ and

‘Eco Mode’ and one intermittent mode of operation ‘Power
Saving feature’ are available on the NEO-6M module. The
acquisition engine is widely used in highest efficiency mode,
resulting in the highest possible Time-To-First-Fix TTFF,
whereas Eco mode optimizes the acquisition engine's use to
provide less consumption levels. There is virtually no
variation in acquisition and tracking efficiency in these modes
for strong to moderate signals.

Figure 5: ACS712 Current Sensor Module

Table 1: Pin Configuration of ACS712 Module

Figure 3: NEO-6MV GPS Module

Liquid crystal display (16x2)

Seven segment and multi segment are the widely used

displays which are prove to be beneficial for its low cost,
simple programming and uncountable abilities and special
Claymation. Such type of devices are mostly used in the
circuit of computers, calculators and cell phones.

Figure 6: pin diagram of ACS712 Current Sensor Module

Figure 4: 16x2 LCD display NodeMCU ESP8266

ACS712 Current Sensor Module NodeMCU ESP8266 was created and produced by Espressif
Systems, it is built around a low-cost System on a Chip (SoC).
The ACS712 module consist of an IC which record the current It is an open-source platform used for developing both
by fulfilling a Hall Effect Theory. Always prefer to use IC software and hardware. NodeMCU makes a great choice for
then the module since IC is derived from module. These all types of Internet of Things (IoT) projects as it includes all
ACS712 have a range lies between (5 to -5), (20 to -20) and the essential computer components which include CPU, RAM,
(30 to -30) for Alternate current. It is always recommended to Wi-Fi etc. It is difficult to operate and gain access to
select optimum range for the project. It is easy to link it with ESP8266. Even performing simple operations such as
any microcontroller because ACS712 produce analog voltage switching it on or sending keystroke to the computer needs the
person operating it to solder wires with proper analogue
voltage to its pins. Moreover,
Recent Research in Engineering and Technology ISBN: 978-81-970245-3-5

for the chip to understand the operator's instructions, the

instructions have to be given in low level machine
instructions. This causes it to be a burden for people who wish
to use it in their own IoT projects. Things which make
Arduino different from NodeMCU is that the Arduino board
can include several types of memory chips, CPU chips and a
range of programming environments.

Figure 9: Arduino IoT Cloud

Methodology

Figure 7: NodeMCU ESP8266 Wi-Fi module diagram First of all, the connection of four current sensors in a series of
transmission lines at the starting point is made, in which 3
current sensors are connected at three-line wires (line 1, line2
and line 3) and one is connected at the neutral wire and output
of all current sensors are connected to the analogue pins of the
microcontroller for the measuring of load and fault currents.
• A0 connected with the current sensor of line 1.
• A1 connected with the current sensor of line 2.
• A2 connected with the current sensor of line 3.
• A3 connected with the current sensor of line 4.

Figure 8: NodeMCU ESP8266 pin diagram

Arduino IOT Cloud

An online platform which allows to connect, monitor and

control Arduino-based IoT projects. It offers several services
for free and has paid extensions as well. In the designed
prototype, its work is simple and easy to understand. Arduino
is the main centralized unit (In terms of monitoring of system
and detection of faults). The calculated values from Arduino
are shown on the Arduino IoT cloud desktop using
NodeMCU. NodeMCU is providing the necessary internet
connectivity here. Arduino IoT Cloud's interface is easy to use
and understand. It fulfils the purpose of displaying several
parameters including
● Fault type. Figure 10: Current sensors connections Diagram
● Fault distance.
● Current in all three phases. Then 5v power supply to the current sensors Vcc input pins
● Fault location by GPS. from Arduino 5v output pin and all ground pins of sensors are
● Record of faults along with time. grounded. 5v buzzer is connected at pin no 13 of Arduino.
Arduino IoT cloud offers a number of useful services which Liquid crystal display (16x2) is interfaced with Arduino and
are more efficient and has lesser technical limitations the transmission line is designed which consists of 100 ohms
(problems) in comparison to GSM sensor. resistors. Four resistors are connected in series in every line
and considering the resistance of the transmission line is 100
ohms after ever two kilometers distance.
Recent Research in Engineering and Technology ISBN: 978-81-970245-3-5

the fault is changes then length of the conductor change

accordingly which changes the resistance of the transmission
line as a result of this changes occur in the fault current also.
So, calibration of fault current to find the location of fault in
an overhead transmission line is done.

Result and analysis

The approach employed in this project for the development of
system integrated for the detection of faults in transmission
lines composed of various hardware components including
Arduino mega micro-controller, ACS712 Current Sensor
Module, Liquid crystal display (16x2) and 5v Piezo Buzzer.
This project is design to detect 4 types of faults and their
locations in overhead transmission line. The project can
identify faults in following ways.
● Single Line to ground fault(L-G).
Figure 11: LCD Connections Diagram ● Line to Line fault(L-L).
● Double Line to ground fault(L-L-G).
Observations. The objective of this system is to monitor ● Three phase faults(L-L-LG).
transmission line faults and find their location. Authors Therefore, authors design this system in proteus software to
observe that during normal condition when there is no fault simulate and test a circuit before it is built to make sure it will
only a small amount of load current passes through the function properly and efficiently. The system of operation and
transmission line. But when the fault occurs near to the end of results of simulations are given below. After that, the
the transmission line, the fault current flow is higher in prototype is designed and tested with various conditions and
magnitude than the normal load current, and when as the fault in all conditions it is working successfully.
approaches near to the starting of the transmission line fault
current increases because of the decreasing impedance of the
transmission line. Also observed that the fault current is at
maximum when a phase fault occurs at the starting of the
transmission line [10].

Calculations.

The resistance of a conductor is calculated by the following

formula.
𝜌𝐿
𝑅=
𝐴
Here Specific Resistance (” ρ”) is a property of any
conductive material and is constant for conductors “(A”) is Figure 12: Circuit Diagram for fault detection System
area of conductor which is constant. (“L”) is length of
conductor. Flow chart of the system’s operation
So, 𝑅∞𝐿
and according to ohm’s law The arrangements of the activity can be seen in figure below
𝑉 which shows the steps (flow diagram) of how this project
𝐼= works, the framework can be summed up into these
𝑅 successions:
When the length of conductor increases then resistance also ● Initially the microcontroller ensures that if there is any fault
increases and fault current decreases so when fault occur at far or not, if the controller doesn’t find any error in the
position from the starting of transmission line then length of transmission line, then it works in a normal way, however, if
conductor and resistance increases and fault current decreases. any fault occurs in the transmission line, then the system go to
Similarly, when fault occur near at the starting of transmission next arrangement.
line then length of conductor and resistance decreases so fault ● Display the detail of faults on the LCD incorporating the
current increases. Firstly, calculation of fault current through lines where failure occurred.
the input of current sensors is done then calibration of location • In the third step, GPS identifies the area of fault with its
according to the magnitude of fault current [11]. coordinates.
● At the last, WIFI Module sent all the information to the
Summary Android app and web server.

In this chapter authors describe methodology, observation and

their calculation for the system of operation. As the location of
Recent Research in Engineering and Technology ISBN: 978-81-970245-3-5

Figure 15: L-G fault occurred in transmission line hardware

Figure 13: Flow Chart showing sequence of operations
results

Case: 1 Single Line to Ground Fault

Whenever any of the single line is short with ground wire
single line to ground fault occurs. The LCD shows type of
fault (single line to ground fault) and in which line fault is
occurred with providing the distance of the faults.

Figure 16: LCD display after delay during Line to Ground fault
hardware results

Case: 2 Line-to-Line Fault

The figure below shows that the line-to-line fault occurs when
two lines are short with each other. The LCD shows the type
of fault (line-to-line fault) and in which line fault occurs
providing the distance of the faults.

Figure 14: L-G occurred in transmission line Software Simulation

Recent Research in Engineering and Technology ISBN: 978-81-970245-3-5

Figure 20: LCD display after delay during L-L-G hardware results

Case: 4 Three Phase Fault

The figure below shows that the three-phase fault occurs when
three lines are short with each other. The LCD shows type of
Figure 17: L-L fault occurred in transmission line Software
fault (three phase fault) and in which line fault occurred with
Simulation
providing the distance of the faults.

Figure 18: LCD display after delay during Line to Line fault
hardware result

Case: 3 Double Line to Ground Fault

The figure below shows that the double line to ground fault
occurred when two lines are short with each other and are in
contact of the ground wire. The LCD shows the type of fault
(double line to a ground fault) and in which line fault occurred Figure 21: Three Phase fault occurred in transmission line Software
with providing the distance of the faults. Simulation

Figure 19: L-L-G fault occurred in transmission line Software Figure 22: Three Phase fault occurred in transmission line
Simulation hardware results
Recent Research in Engineering and Technology ISBN: 978-81-970245-3-5

Figure 23: LCD display after delay during three phase fault
hardware results

Figure 26: Arduino IOT Cloud display during L-L fault

Case: 3 Double Line to Ground Fault

Figure 24: LCD display after delay during three phase fault
hardware results

ARDUINO IOT CLOUDS RESULTS

Case: 1 Single Line to Ground Fault

Figure 27: Arduino IOT Cloud display during L-L-G

Case: 4 Three Phase Fault

Figure 25: Arduino IOT Cloud display during single line to ground
fault

Case: 2 Line to Line Fault Figure 28: Arduino IOT Cloud display during three phase fault
Recent Research in Engineering and Technology ISBN: 978-81-970245-3-5

Results of simulations of the transmission line fault detection firstly, LCD fault type with an alarm for alert then after a
system for overhead transmission line is provided by authors delay of a few seconds it displays in which line fault occurred
in this chapter. During the normal condition LCD display no by providing the distance of the faults from the starting of the
fault in the system. Whenever any type of fault occurs at any transmission line. The working of the system is morally the
location firstly LCD display fault type with alarm for alert same and the system performs more efficiently in a lower cost
then after a delay of few seconds it display in which line fault and economically benefitable with more accuracy. Therefore,
occurred with providing the distance of the faults from the the system is also performed in a single-phase line instead of a
starting of transmission line. three-phase line with a single current sensor. The huge
complex circuit is modified only with the NodeMCU Wi-Fi
The approach employed in this project for the development of module as a microcontroller.
a system integrated for the detection of faults in transmission
lines composed of various hardware components which make
the circuit big and complex which was discussed previously.
So, including only NodeMCU, ACS712 Current Sensor
Module, Liquid crystal display (16x2) with drive and 5v Piezo
Buzzer authors modify the circuits which can detect 4 types of
faults and their locations in overhead transmission line
including Single phase line. The project can identify faults in
the following ways.
● Single Line to ground fault (L-G).
● Line to Line fault (L-L).
● Double Line to ground fault (L-L-G). Figure 30: Final Model of advanced fault detection system
● Three-phase fault (L-L-LG).
Which is also easier and more cost-effective than the previous • Conclusion and future scope
model. Therefore, the authors designed this system in Tinker Preliminary researches which have recommended strategies
cad software to simulate and test a circuit before it is built to for the protection of transmission lines, mostly rely upon the
make sure it will function properly and efficiently. The system travelling waves [12]. Even though such systems have the
of operation and results of simulations are the same as the potential and ability to distinguish and find faults on the
previous model. After that, the prototype is designed and distribution lines these systems are unable to determine the
tested with various conditions and in all conditions, it is exact location of the fault. Simple analogue methods were
working successfully. introduced by various researchers in the past and they were
mostly based on waves to detect the faults in the system [13].
Circuit diagram of advanced fault detection in The methods using analog advancements have various
transmission line limitations which is the reason for working on innovations
[14]. The approach used in this project, for the development of
The circuit diagram of the Advanced Fault Detection system a fault detection system, uses a variety of hardware equipment
and the system of the circuit with more effective and efficient including GPS, NodeMCU, Arduino, ACS712 Current Sensor
way shown below and it can be divided into various parts Module, and LCD. The system can determine the fault
according to their working functionality. location accurately by using the GPS module [15, 16]. Faults
which can be identified by the system are single line fault,
single-line to- ground fault, double line fault and double line
to ground fault. Consequently, when a fault occurs in the
transmission line, GPS will detect the location of the fault and
then a message will be sent to the control room via NodeMCU
for immediate response and all this information will also be
displayed on the LCD screen.

In future, it is recommended to utilize further advanced

algorithms such as Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning
or Deep Learning in the monitoring of power systems and
detection of fault location in transmission lines accurately
[17].
Figure 29: Circuit Diagram of advanced fault detection system

Results of simulations of the transmission line fault detection • References

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