Storyline

Chapter 14:
Fluid Mechanics

Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 10e

Raymond A. Serway
John W. Jewett, Jr.
Pressure
 Pressure

F
P
A

dF = PdA
F =  dF =  PdA

1 Pa  1 N/m 2
 Quick Quiz 14.1
Suppose you are standing directly behind someone
who steps back and accidentally stomps on your foot
with the heel of one shoe. Would you be better off if
that person were
(a) a large, male professional basketball player
wearing sneakers?
(b) a petite woman wearing spike-heeled shoes?
 Quick Quiz 14.1
Suppose you are standing directly behind someone
who steps back and accidentally stomps on your foot
with the heel of one shoe. Would you be better off if
that person were
(a) a large, male professional basketball player
wearing sneakers?
(b) a petite woman wearing spike-heeled shoes?
 Example 14.1:
The Water Bed
The mattress of a water bed is 2.00 m long by 2.00 m
wide and 30.0 cm deep.
(A) Find the weight of the water in the mattress.

V = lwh
Mg = ( V ) g =  g lwh

Mg = (1000 kg/m3 )( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 2.00 m )( 2.00 m )( 0.300 m )

= 1.18  104 N
 Example 14.1:
The Water Bed
(B) Find the pressure exerted by the water bed on the
floor when the bed rests in its normal position. Assume
the entire lower surface of the bed makes contact with
the floor.

Mg 1.18  104 N
P= = 2
= 2.94  10 3
Pa
lw 4.00 m
 Example 14.1:
The Water Bed
What if the water bed is replaced by a 300-lb regular
bed that is supported by four legs? Each leg has a
circular cross section of radius 2.00 cm. What pressure
does this bed exert on the floor?

F mg
P= =
A 4 ( r 2 )
300 lb  1N 
=   = 2.65  10 5
Pa
4 ( 0.020 0 m )  0.225 lb 
2
Variation of Pressure with Depth
 = M /V
 Variation of Pressure with Depth

M = V =  Ah
Mg =  Ahg
r
 F = PAˆj − P Aˆj − Mgˆj = 0
o

PA − P0 A −  Ahg = 0
P = P0 +  gh

P0 = 1.00 atm = 1.013  10 Pa

5
 Pascal’s Law

A change in the pressure applied to a fluid is

transmitted undiminished to every point of the fluid
and to the walls of the container
 Application of Pascal’s Law
F1 F2 A2 x1
P1 = = A1x1 = A2 x2  =
A1 A2 A1 x2
F2 x1
=  F1x2 = F2 x1
F1 x2
 Quick Quiz 14.2
The pressure at the bottom of a filled glass of water
( = 1 000 kg/m3) is P. The water is poured out, and
the glass is filled with ethyl alcohol ( = 806 kg/m3).
What is the pressure at the bottom of the glass?
(a) smaller than P
(b) equal to P
(c) larger than P
(d) indeterminate
 Quick Quiz 14.2
The pressure at the bottom of a filled glass of water
( = 1 000 kg/m3) is P. The water is poured out, and
the glass is filled with ethyl alcohol ( = 806 kg/m3).
What is the pressure at the bottom of the glass?
(a) smaller than P
(b) equal to P
(c) larger than P
(d) indeterminate
 Example 14.2:
The Car Lift
In a car lift used in a service station, compressed air
exerts a force on a small piston that has a circular
cross section of radius 5.00 cm. This pressure is
transmitted by a liquid to a piston that has a radius of
15.0 cm.
(A) What force must the compressed air exert to lift a
car weighing 13 300 N?
 ( 5.00  10 m )
−2 2
 A1 
F1 =   F2 = (1.33  10 N )
4

 (15.00  10−2 m )
2
 A2 
= 1.48  103 N
 Example 14.2:
The Car Lift
(B) What air pressure produces this force?

F1 1.48  103 N
P= = = 1.88  10 5
Pa
A1  ( 5.00  10−2 m ) 2
 Example 14.3:
A Pain in Your Ear
Estimate the force exerted on your eardrum due to the
water when you are swimming at the bottom of a pool
that is 5.0 m deep.

Pbot − P0 =  gh
= (1.00  10 kg/m )( 9.80 m/s ) ( 5.0 m )
3 3 2

= 4.9  104 Pa

F = ( Pbot − P0 ) A = ( 4.9  10 Pa )(1 10

4 −4
m 2
) 5N
 Example 14.4:
The Force on a Dam
Water is filled to a height H behind a dam of width w.
Determine the resultant force exerted by the water on
the dam.

P =  gh =  g ( H − y )
dF = PdA =  g ( H − y ) w dy

F =  P dA =   g ( H − y ) w dy
H

0
1
=  gwH 2
2
 Example 14.4:
The Force on a Dam
What if you were asked to find this force without
using calculus? How could you determine its value?

Ptop + Pbottom 0 +  gH 1
Pavg = = =  gH
2 2 2
1  1
F = Pavg A =   gH  ( Hw ) =  gwH 2
2  2
 Pressure Measurements

P0 =  Hg gh

P0
h=
 Hg g
1.013  10 Pa
5
=
(13.6  10 3
kg/m 3
)( 9.80 m/s 2
)
= 0.760 m
 Pressure Measurements

P = P0 +  gh

P − P0 =  gh
 Quick Quiz 14.3
Several common barometers are built, with a variety of
fluids. For which of the following fluids will the
column of fluid in the barometer be
the highest?
(a) mercury
(b) water
(c) ethyl alcohol
(d) benzene
 Quick Quiz 14.3
Several common barometers are built, with a variety of
fluids. For which of the following fluids will the
column of fluid in the barometer be
the highest?
(a) mercury
(b) water
(c) ethyl alcohol
(d) benzene
 Buoyant Forces and
Archimedes’s Principle

Magnitude of the buoyant force on an object always

equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
 Buoyant Forces and
Archimedes’s Principle

B = ( Pbot − Ptop ) A = ( fluid gh ) A

B = fluid gVdisp

B = M fluid g
Buoyant Forces and Fish
 Totally Submerged Object

Fg = Mg = obj gVobj B − Fg = ( fluid − obj ) gVobj

 Floating Object
B = fluid gVdisp
Fg = Mg = fluid gVobj and Fg = B
→ fluid gVdisp = fluid gVobj

Vdisp obj
=
Vobj fluid
 Quick Quiz 14.4
You are shipwrecked and floating in the middle of the
ocean on a raft. Your cargo on the raft includes a
treasure chest full of gold that you found before your
ship sank, and the raft is just barely afloat. To keep you
floating as high as possible in the water, what should
you do? (Assume throwing the treasure chest
overboard is not an option you wish to consider.)
(a) Leave the treasure chest on top of the raft.
(b) Secure the treasure chest to the underside of the
raft.
(c) Hang the treasure chest in the water with a rope
attached to the raft.
 Quick Quiz 14.4
You are shipwrecked and floating in the middle of the
ocean on a raft. Your cargo on the raft includes a
treasure chest full of gold that you found before your
ship sank, and the raft is just barely afloat. To keep you
floating as high as possible in the water, what should
you do? (Assume throwing the treasure chest
overboard is not an option you wish to consider.)
(a) Leave the treasure chest on top of the raft.
(b)Secure the treasure chest to the underside of the
raft.
(c) Hang the treasure chest in the water with a rope
attached to the raft.
 Example 14.5:
Eureka!
Archimedes supposedly was asked to determine
whether a crown made for the king consisted of pure
gold. According to legend, he solved this problem by
weighing the crown first in air
and then in water. Suppose the
scale read 7.84 N when the
crown was in air and 6.84 N
when it was in water. What
should Archimedes have told
the king?
 Example 14.5:
Eureka!

T2 = Fg − B F = B +T 2 − Fg = 0
B = Fg − T2 = mc g − T2

B =  w gVdisp =  w gVc

mc mc g mc g mc g  w mc g  w mc g  w
c = = = = = =
Vc Vc g ( B /  w ) B Fg − T2 mc g − T2

( 7.84 N ) (1000 kg/m 3

) = 7.84 10
c = 3
kg/m3
7.84 N − 6.84 N
Example 14.5:
Eureka!
 Example 14.5:
Eureka!
Suppose the crown has the same weight but is indeed
pure gold and not hollow. What would the scale
reading be when the crown is immersed in water?
 mc   mc g 
B =  w gVw =  w gVc =  w g   = w  
 c   c 

B = (1.00  10 kg/m )
7.84 N
3 3
= 0.406 N
19.3  10 kg/m
3 3

T2 = mc g − B = 7.84 N − 0.406 N = 7.43 N

 Example 14.6:
A Titanic Surprise
An iceberg floating in seawater is extremely dangerous
because most of the ice is below the surface. This
hidden ice can damage a ship that is still a considerable
distance from the visible ice. What fraction of the
iceberg lies below the water level?
 Example 14.6:
A Titanic Surprise

Vdisp ice 917 kg/m3

f = = = = 0.890 or 89.0%
Vice seawater 1030 kg/m 3
 Fluid Dynamics

Turbulent flow:
Laminar flow: irregular unpredictable
each particle of fluid flow characterized by small
follows smooth path whirlpool-like regions
 Fluid Dynamics

Ideal Fluid Flow

1. The fluid is nonviscous

2. The flow is laminar

3. The fluid is incompressible.

4. The flow is irrotational.

Streamlines
 Continuity Equation for Fluids

m1 =  A1x1 =  A1v1t

m2 =  A2 x2 =  A2 v2 t

m1 = m2 or  A1v1t =  A2 v2 t

A1v1 = A2 v2 = constant
Continuity Equation for Fluids
 Example 14.7:
Watering a Garden
A gardener uses a water hose to fill a 30.0-L bucket.
The gardener notes that it takes 1.00 min to fill the
bucket. A nozzle with an opening of cross-sectional
area 0.500 cm2 is then attached to the hose. The nozzle
is held so that water is projected horizontally from a
point 1.00 m above the ground. Over what horizontal
distance can the water be projected?
 Example 14.7:
Watering a Garden
A1  IV  IV
IV = A1v1  v1 = IV /A1 v2 = vxi =  =
A2  A1  A2

1 2 1 2 −2 y f
y f = yi + v yi t − gt  y f = 0 + 0 − gt  t =
2 2 g
x f = xi + vxi t = 0 + v2 t = v2t

IV −2 y f
xf =
A2 g

30.0 L/min −2 ( −1.00 m )  103 cm3   1 min 

xf =    = 452 cm
0.500 cm 2 9.80 m/s  1 L   60 s 
2
 Bernoulli’s Equation

W1 = F1x1 = P1 A1x1 = PV
1

W2 = − P2 A2 x2 = − P2V

W = ( P1 − P2 )V

K + U g = W

1  1  1 1
K =  mv2 + K gray  −  mv1 + K gray  = mv2 − mv12
2 2 2

2  2  2 2
 Bernoulli’s Equation
U g = ( mgy2 + U gray ) − ( mgy1 + U gray )
= mgy2 − mgy1
1 1 2 
 mv2 − mv1  + ( mgy2 − mgy1 )
2 2 
= ( P1 − P2 )V

1 1
 v2 −  v1 +  gy2 −  gy1 = P1 − P2
2 2

2 2
1 1 2
P1 +  v1 +  gy1 = P2 + v2 +  gy2
2

2 2
 Bernoulli’s Equation

1 2
P +  v +  gy = constant
2

P1 − P2 =  g ( y2 − y1 ) =  gh
( for fluids at rest )
 Quick Quiz 14.5
You observe two helium balloons floating next to each
other at the ends of strings secured to a table. The
facing surfaces of the balloons are separated by 1 to 2
cm. You blow through the small space between the
balloons. What happens to the balloons?
(a) They move toward each other.
(b) They move away from each other.
(c) They are unaffected.
 Quick Quiz 14.5
You observe two helium balloons floating next to each
other at the ends of strings secured to a table. The
facing surfaces of the balloons are separated by 1 to 2
cm. You blow through the small space between the
balloons. What happens to the balloons?
(a) They move toward each other.
(b) They move away from each other.
(c) They are unaffected.
 Example 14.8:
The Venturi Tube
The horizontal constricted pipe illustrated in the figure,
known as a Venturi tube, can be used to measure the
flow speed of an incompressible fluid. Determine the
flow speed at point 2 of the figure on the left if the
pressure difference P1 – P2 is known.
 Example 14.8:
The Venturi Tube

1 1 A2
P1 +  v1 = P2 +  v2
2 2
v1 = v2
2 2 A1
2
1  A2  2 1
P1 +    v2 = P2 +  v2 2

2  A1  2

2 ( P1 − P2 )
v2 = A1
 ( A12 − A2 2 )
 Example 14.9:
Torricelli’s Law
An enclosed tank containing a liquid of density  has a
hole in its side at a distance y1 from the tank’s bottom.
The hole is open to the atmosphere, and its diameter is
much smaller than the diameter of the tank.
The air above the liquid is
maintained at a pressure P.
Determine the speed of the
liquid as it leaves the hole
when the liquid’s level is a
distance h above the hole.
 Example 14.9:
Torricelli’s Law

1
P0 +  v12 +  gy1 = P +  gy2
2

2 ( P − P0 )
v1 = + 2 gh


v1 = 2 gh
 Example 14.9:
Torricelli’s Law
What if the position of the hole could be adjusted
vertically? If the top of the tank is open to the
atmosphere and sitting on a table, what position of the
hole would cause the water to land on the table at the
farthest distance from the tank?
 Example 14.9:
Torricelli’s Law

1 2 1 2 2 y1
y f = yi + v yi t − gt  0 = y1 + 0 − gt  t =
2 2 g

x f = xi + vxi t = 0 + 2 g ( y2 − y1 )
2 y1
g
=2 ( 21 1)
y y − y 2

= ( 2 ) ( y2 y1 − y1 ) ( y2 − 2 y1 )
dx f1 2 −1/ 2

dy1 2
=0
1
y1 = y2
2
Flow of Viscous Fluids in Pipes
P = IV R compare to: V = IR
x
F = SA
h
x
FA
h
v
FA
h
v
F =A
h
Viscosities of Fluids
Flow of Viscous Fluids in Pipes
Flow of Viscous Fluids in Pipes

8 L
R=
 r4

P = IV R

8 L
P = 4 IV Poiseuille's Law
r
( Hagen-Poiseuille equation )
Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics
Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics
Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics
 Assessing to Learn
A block and a beaker of water are placed side-by-side
on a scale (case A). The block is then placed into the
beaker of water, where it floats (case B). How do the
two scale readings compare?

1. Scale A reads more than scale B.

2. Scale A reads the same as scale B.
3. Scale A reads less than scale B.
4. Not enough information.
 Assessing to Learn
A block and a beaker of water are placed side-by-side
on a scale (case A). The block is then placed into the
beaker of water, where it sinks (case B). How do the
two scale readings compare?

1. Scale A reads more than scale B.

2. Scale A reads the same as scale B.
3. Scale A reads less than scale B.
4. Not enough information.
 Assessing to Learn
Two blocks, A and B, have the same size and shape.
Block A floats in water, but block B sinks in water.
Which block has the larger buoyant force on it?

1. Block A has the larger buoyant force on it.

2. Block B has the larger buoyant force on it.
3. Neither; they have the same buoyant force on
them.
4. Impossible to determine from the given
information.
 Assessing to Learn
A metal block sits on top of a floating wooden
block. If the metal block is placed on the bottom of
the beaker, what happens to the level of water in
the beaker?

1. The level decreases.

2. The level stays the same.
3. The level increases.
4. Not enough information.
 Assessing to Learn
A metal block sits on top of a floating wooden
block. If the metal block is suspended from the
bottom of the wooden block, what happens to the
volume of the wooden block that is submerged in
the water?

1. The volume decreases.

2. The volume stays the same.
3. The volume increases.
4. Not enough information.
 Assessing to Learn
A metal block sits on top of a floating wooden
block. If the metal block is suspended from the
bottom of the wooden block, what happens to the
level of water in the beaker?

1. The level decreases.

2. The level stays the same.
3. The level increases.
4. Not enough information.