Unit 1: Real Numbers ()حقیقی اعداد
The formulas and properties used in exercises typically involve basic operations on
real numbers, number line representations, and properties like closure, commutativity,
etc. Key formulas/properties:
Closure Property for Addition: a+b∈R
Closure Property for Multiplication: a×b∈R
Commutative Property for Addition: a + b = b + a
Commutative Property for Multiplication: a×b=b×a
Associative Property for Addition: (a+b)+c= a+(b+c)
Associative Property for Multiplication: (a×b)×c=a×(b×c)
Identity Property for Addition: a + 0 = a
Identity Property for Multiplication: a×1=a
Inverse Property for Addition: a + (-a) = 0
Inverse Property for Multiplication: a× 1 / a=1 (where a≠0
Distributive Property: a(b+c)=ab+ac
Properties of square roots:
√(ab) = √a × √b
√(a/b) = √a / √b
(√a + √b)(√a – √b) = a – b
(a + √b)(a – √b) = a² – b
(√a + √b)² = a² + 2√(ab) + b
Exponent rules:
aᵖ × bᵠ = (ab)^(p+q)
(aᵖ)ᵠ = a^(pq)
aᵖ / aᵠ = a^(p–q)
aᵖ / bᵖ = (a/b)ᵖ
Unit 2: Logarithms ()لوگارتھم
Exercises involve logarithm laws and conversions. Key formulas:
Logarithm Definition: logba=c means bc=a
Product Law: logb(mn)= logbm+logbn
Quotient Law: logb(mn)= logbm−logbn
Power Law: logb(mn)= nlogbm
Change of Base Formula: logba= logka /logkb (often k=10 or e)
Common Logarithm: log10a= loga
Natural Logarithm: logea= lna
Laws of Indices for Radicals: am/n= [(am)1/2]n
Unit 3: Sets and Relations ()مجموعے اور روابط
Formulas focus on set operations and relations. Key formulas:
Union: A∪B={x∣x∈A or x∈B}
Intersection: A∩B={x∣x∈A and x∈B}
Difference: A−B={x∣x∈A and x∉ B}
Complement: A′={x∣x∈U and x∉ A} (U is universal set)
Cartesian Product: A×B={(a,b)∣a∈A,b∈B}
De Morgan's Laws: (A∪B)′=A′∩B′, (A∩B)′=A′∪B′
Unit 4: Factorization and Algebraic Manipulation ()تجزیہ اور الجبری ہیر پھیر
· Algebraic identities:
(a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
(a – b)² = a² – 2ab + b²
(a + b)(a – b) = a² – b²
(x + a)(x + b) = x² + (a + b)x + ab
(x + a)(x – b) = x² + (a – b)x – ab
(x – a)(x + b) = x² + (b – a)x – ab
(x – a)(x – b) = x² – (a + b)x + ab
· Cubic identities:
(a + b)³ = a³ + b³ + 3ab(a + b)
(a – b)³ = a³ – b³ – 3ab(a – b)
x³ + y³ + z³ – 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x² + y² + z² − xy − yz − zx)
· Tri-variable square expansions
(x + y + z)² = x² + y² + z² + 2(xy + yz + zx)
(x + y – z)² = x² + y² + z² + 2xy – 2yz – 2xz
(x – y + z)² = x² + y² + z² – 2xy – 2yz + 2x
(x – y – z)² = x² + y² + z² – 2xy + 2yz – 2xz
· Polynomial theorem:
Remainder Theorem: Remainder of p(x) ÷ (x – a) is p(a)
Factor Theorem: (x – a) is factor of p(x) if p(a) = 0
Unit 5: Linear Equations and Inequalities ()خطی مساوات اور عدم مساوات
Formulas for solving equations and inequalities. Key formulas:
General Linear Equation: ax+b=0 solution x= −b
a
Trichotomy Property: For real a, b: a < b, a = b, or a > b
Properties of Inequalities: If a > b, then a + c > b + c; if c > 0, a × c > b × c; if c < 0, a × c < b
×c
Absolute Value: ∣x∣= x if x ≥ 0
−x if x<0
Unit 6: Trigonometry and Bearing ()مثلثیات اور سمت
Exercises use trig ratios and bearings. Key formulas:
Sine: sin θ = opposite
hypotenuse
Cosine: cos θ = adjacent
hypotenuse
Tangent: tan θ= opposite
adjacent
Pythagoras Theorem: a2+b2=c2
Bearing: Measured clockwise from north, e.g., 045° for northeast
Sine Rule: a = b = c (mentioned in curriculum for similar figures)
sin A sinB sinC
Unit 7: Coordinate Geometry ()متناسق ہندسہ
Formulas for points and lines. Key formulas:
Distance Formula: (x2−x1)2+ (y2−y1)2
Midpoint Formula: (x1+x2 , y1+y2)
2 2
Section Formula: (mx2+nx1, my2+ny1 )
m+n m+n
Slope (Gradient): m= y2−y1
x2−x1
Equation of Line: y = mx+c
Unit 8: Geometry of Straight Lines ()سیدھے لئنوں کی ہندسہ
Focus on lines and angles. Key formulas:
Slope of Line: m= tan θ
Equation of Parallel Lines: Same slope
Equation of Perpendicular Lines: Product of slopes = -1
Angle Between Lines: tan θ= m2−m1
1+m1m2
Unit 9: Geometry and Polygons ()ہندسہ اور کثیر الالع
Formulas for polygons and triangles. Key formulas:
Sum of Interior Angles of Polygon: (n−2) ×180∘ (n-2)
Exterior Angle Sum: 360°
Area of Triangle: 1 ab sinC
2
Heron’s Formula: s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c) , s= a+b+c
2
Unit 10: Practical Geometry ()عملی ہندسہ
Involves constructions, no specific algebraic formulas, but uses geometric properties
like loci and similar figures.
Locus of a Point: Set of points satisfying a condition (e.g., equidistant from two points is
perpendicular bisector)
Unit 11: Basic Statistics ()بنیادی شماریات
Formulas for data analysis. Key formulas:
Mean (Ungrouped): xˉ=∑xi
n
Mean (Grouped): xˉ=∑fixi
∑fi
Median (Ungrouped, odd n): (n+1) -th term
2
Median (Even n): Average of n -th and n+1 -th terms
2 2
Mode: Most frequent value
Modal Class Formula: l+ f1−f0
2f1−f0−fh
Probability: P(E)=number of favorable outcomes
total outcomes
Relative Frequency: frequency of event
total trials
Circles
Basic circle formulas:
Radius–Diameter: d = 2r
Circumference: 2πr
Area: πr²
Sector area: (θ/2) × r² (θ in radians)
Ring area: π(R² – r²)
Surface Areas & Volumes (Mensuration)
Cuboid:
Lateral Surface Area (LSA): 2h(l + b)
Total Surface Area (TSA): 2(lb + bh + hl))
Volume: l× b × h
Cube:
LSA: 4a²
TSA: 6a²
Volume: a³
Right Circular Cylinder:
LSA: 2πrh
TSA: 2πr(r + h)
Volume: πr²h
Cone:
LSA: πrl
TSA: πr(r + l)
Volume: 1/3πr²h
Sphere:
LSA / TSA: 4πr²
Volume: 4/3 πr³
Hemisphere:
LSA: 2πr²
TSA: 3πr²
Volume: 2/ 3 πr³
