ANSWERS:

Chapter 1 – Matter
Questions, p15
1. atoms 2. in constant random motion
3. cohesive force 4. least

Questions, p16
1. J
2. Specific latent heat
3. Latent heat of fusion
4. Latent heat of vaporization
5. 2260 × 103 J

Questions, p20
1. T
2. F; Evaporation is a change of state from liquid state to vapour by absorbing heat
at all temperatures.
3. T
4. T
5. F; When solid iodine is heated it sublimates into iodine vapour.

Exercises, p21
SECTION I
A. 1. a. 1 × 10-10 to 5 × 10-10 m
2. a. Solid
3. a. very high
4. b. 2260 × 103 J
5. d. Ice
6. d. deposition
7. b. liquids
8. a. adhesive force

B. 1. a. both A and R are true

2. a. both A and R are true

C. 1. Plasma
2. Adhesion
3. Condensation
4. Latent heat of vaporization
5. Freezing

D. 1. T
2. F There is force of attraction between particles of matter.
3. T 4. T
5. F; Freezing is the opposite of melting.
D. 1. same 2. no 3. cooling 4. boiling

SECTION II
E. Give Reasons for the following:
1. Mercury does not wet wood because the adhesive force between mercury and
wood is much less. Water wets wood due to the adhesive force between water
molecules and wood.

2. Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape. The interparticle attraction
in liquidsis not as strong as that in solid. Hence, they take the shape of the
container in which theyare kept.
[Link] 1 g of ice melts, it absorbs 336 J of heat from the soft drink and makes the
drink cooler. But if you keep in water at 0 °C, it absorbs only 4.2 J of heat from the
soft drink and does not make the drink as cool as ice does.

4. Water from lakes, rivers, and seas does not vaporize rapidly because of the high
latent heat of vaporization of water.

F. Distinguish between the following:

1. Solids and liquids (any four points on the basis of kinetic theory)
Solids Liquids
1) Definite shape 1) No definite shape
2) Cannot flow 2) Can flow
3) Particles of a solid cannot move 3) Particles of liquid can move freely
freely can only vibrate in their position
4) Interparticle spacing is very less 4) Interparticle spacing is more than that
in solids.

2. Condensation and Evaporation:

Condensation Evaporation
1) The process where a gas (or vapor) 1) The process where a liquid changes
changes into a liquid. into a gas (or vapor)
2) Gas molecules lose energy (usually 2) Molecules in the liquid gain enough
through cooling), causing them to slow energy (usually from heat) to overcome
down and come closer together, forming the forces holding them together,
a liquid allowing them to escape into the gas
phase.
3) Releases energy (heat) during the 3) Requires energy input (heat) to occur.
process

3. Latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization:

Latent heat of fusion Latent heat of vaporization
1) Latent heat of fusion is the amount of 1) Latent heat of vaporization is the
heat absorbed or released when a amount of heat absorbed or released to
substance changes from solid to liquid change a substance from liquid to
or from liquid to solid without any vapour/gas or from vapour/gas to liquid
change in temperature. without any change in temperature.

2) The specific latent heat of fusion of 2) The specific latent heat of

ice is 336 × 103 J/kg. It means that 1 kg vaporization of water is 2260 × 103 J/kg.
of ice absorbs 336 × 103 J of heat energy It means that 1 kg of water absorbs 2260
to change into water. And that 1 kg × 103 J of heat energy to change into
water releases 336 × 103J of heat energy water vapour. And that 1kg of water
to change into ice. vapour releases 2260 × 103 J of heat
energy to change into water.

4. Boiling and Evaporation(Write from textbook)

Refer Table 1.2 on page 20.

5. Sublimation and deposition:

Sublimation Deposition
1) Sublimation is the change of state 1) Deposition is the change of state from
from a solid to a gas without passing a gas to a solid directly without going
through the liquid phase. through the liquid state is called
deposition.
2) For example, naphthalene or moth 2) In severely cold weather, when water
balls have a strong smell as particles are vapour in the air comes into contact
breaking away from the surface. with a window, it changes directly to ice
without first changing into water. This is
also how frost forms on the ground

G. Short Answer Questions:

1. The interparticle space in liquids is more as in comparison to solids. The
particles in a liquid can change position by sliding over each other. Hence, liquids
flow but solids do not.

2. Gases do not have definite shape and volume. The particles in gases are very
loosely packed. Therefore, the interparticle space in gases is much more as
compared to liquids. Also, the interparticle attraction is the least in gases. Hence,
gas particles move freely and at high [Link], when a gas is kept in a container,
the particles spread out in all directions.
3.
a. Liquid
[Link]

4. A balloon filled with air bursts near fire because the heat from the flame causes
the air inside to expand rapidly, increasing the pressure within the balloon, which
eventually exceeds the balloon's ability to withstand the pressure, leading to burst.
5. It is advised to keep strips of wet cloth to a feverish person's forehead because
the water evaporates, absorbing heat from the body and causing a cooling effect,
which helps lower body temperature.

6. Water droplets appear on the outer surface of a glass containing ice-cold water
due to condensation, where water vapor in the surrounding air cools down and
changes from a gaseous state to a liquid state upon contact with the cold glass
surface.

Questions are changed in the new textbook

[Link] Answer Questions:

1. Intermolecular space.
Matter is made up of particles with spaces between them.
When a substance dissolves, its particles occupy the spaces between the particles
of the solvent.

2. A’ is a gas.
Properties of gases:
1) They do not have fixed shape and fixed volume.
2) They have large interparticle space.
3) They have least forces of attraction between the molecules.
4) They are highly compressible.

3. The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 336 × 103 J/kg. This means that 1 kg
of ice absorbs 336 × 103 J of heat energy to change into water. And that 1 kg water
releases 336 × 103 J of heat energy to change into ice.
Advantages :
1) effective for cooling drinks and preserving food.
2) Snow on the mountains does not melt at once, but slowly changes into water
,thus preventing floods in summer and providing a year long water supply.

4. a. At the time of melting, energy is used to change the arrangement of the

particles inside the body rather than increasing the random movement. All the
energy is used to separate the particles enough so that they can flow over one
another. Therefore, the temperature remains constant.

b. As a solid is heated, its particles vibrate more rapidly as it absorbs kinetic

energy. Eventually, the organization of the particles within the solid structure
begins to break down, and the solid starts to melt.

c. Yes, In a solid, molecules are held in a fixed, ordered arrangement by strong

intermolecular forces. As the kinetic energy increases, the molecules move faster
and begin to overcome these forces.
5. Steam at 100°C is better for heating purposes than water at 100°C because it
contains more energy due to its latent heat of vaporization, which is released when
it condenses back into water, making it a more efficient heat transfer medium.
6.
1) Substance X: - Melting Point: -218 degrees Celsius - Boiling Point: -189
degrees Celsius The melting point of substance X is lower than its boiling point.
Additionally, both the melting and boiling points are below 0 degrees Celsius.
Based on these factors, we can conclude that substance X is in a solid state at room
temperature. It remains solid until it reaches its melting point, at which it will
transition into a liquid state. When the temperature exceeds its boiling point, it will
vaporize and become a gas.
2) Substance Y: - Melting Point: 81 degrees Celsius - Boiling Point: 218 degrees
Celsius
The boiling point of substance Y is higher than its melting point. Both the melting
and boiling points are above 0 degrees Celsius. From this information, we can infer
that substance Y is a solid at room temperature. When heated to its melting point, it
will transform into a liquid, and upon reaching its boiling point, it will vaporize
and become a gas.
3) Substance Z: - Melting Point: -20 degrees Celsius - Boiling Point: 79 degrees
Celsius Substance Z has a melting point below 0 degrees Celsius and a boiling
point above it. This indicates that substance Z is a solid at room temperature. When
the temperature rises above its melting point, it will transition into a liquid state.
As the temperature continues to increase, it will eventually reach its boiling point
and convert into a gas.

7.a. Water is undergoing a phase change from solid to liquid (melting).

b. The temperature remains at 0 degree Celsius because the water is undergoing a phase change
from solid to liquid (melting). During this process, the energy removed is used to change the
state of the water, not its temperature.

c. Latent heat of fusion .

d. Boiling

e. Latent heat of vaporization.

Definition: Latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat energy required to convert a unit
mass of a liquid into a gas (or vapor) at its boiling point, without changing the temperature.

Picture study, p24

1. Deposition – gas to solid
Condensation – gas to liquid
Melting – solid to liquid
Sublimation – solid to gas
Freezing – liquid to solid
Evaporation – liquid to gas
2. a. The horizontal line de
b. The horizontal line bc
c. i. Point A ii. Point B
d. cd represents the decrease in temperature of the liquid and ef represents decrease
in temperature of the solid,

3.a. i) AB –Gas , ii) BC- Liquid , iii) CD Solid

b.00C
My Learning Corner, p25
A. 1. In hot food, molecules are at random motion and average speed of the
molecules are more, and hence can travel at a speed into the open, whereas in cold
food, random movements of the particles are less and does not travel much out in
the open.
2. The liquid will occupy only 400 mL in the container, whereas the gas will
occupy 500 mL in the container. The particles in liquid are loosely packed, but will
have a definite volume. But the particles in gas are packed very loosely and the
interparticle attractions are very low. Hence, gas particles move freely and at high
speed and they occupy the entire space of 500 mL.

Extra:
3. The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 336 × 103 J/kg. This means that 1 kg
of ice absorbs 336 × 103 J of heat energy to change into water. And that 1 kg water
releases 336 × 103 J of heat energy to change into ice.
4. The rate of evaporation is affected by temperature. As the temperature increases,
the rate of evaporation increases. Evaporation is also assisted by wind, which helps
to remove the vapour particles from the liquid so that more particles escape.

5. Condensation is the process of a gas turning into a liquid, by giving out heat
energy. When a gas is cooled, the freely moving particles start losing kinetic
energy and slow down. Then, the forces of attraction between the particles (now
with lower energies) become strong enough to hold them together, and the gas
begins to condense into a liquid. Examples of condensation are formation of
clouds, dew, and fog.