Got it! I'll expand each answer slightly while keeping it concise enough for 2-mark responses.

CO1 Questions (Cloud Computing)

1. Classify the characteristics of cloud computing.

Cloud computing has five main characteristics:
o On-demand self-service: Users can automatically provision resources.
o Broad network access: Resources are available over the network and accessed
through standard devices.
o Resource pooling: Providers pool resources to serve multiple customers
dynamically.
o Rapid elasticity: Resources can be quickly scaled up or down based on demand.
o Measured service: Resource usage is monitored and billed accordingly.
2. Elaborate the term cloud computing.
Cloud computing is a technology that delivers computing services like servers, storage,
databases, and applications over the internet. It allows users to access and use resources
on-demand without owning physical infrastructure, usually on a pay-as-you-go basis.
3. Express your views on resource pooling pertaining to data centre.
Resource pooling means cloud providers combine their physical and virtual resources
such as storage, processing power, and memory, and allocate them dynamically to
different customers. This improves efficiency, reduces costs, and ensures optimal
utilization of data center infrastructure.
4. Elaborate the term on-demand self service.
On-demand self-service allows users to provision computing resources automatically
without human interaction. Users can instantly acquire and release resources like server
time or storage as needed, providing flexibility and quick response to changing
requirements.
5. Discuss about OVF.
The Open Virtualization Format (OVF) is a platform-independent standard for packaging
and distributing virtual machines. OVF enables easy deployment, portability, and
management of virtual appliances across different virtualization platforms.
6. Indicate the advantages of SaaS.
SaaS (Software as a Service) offers multiple benefits including:
o No need for software installation or maintenance.
o Accessible via any device with internet and browser.
o Automatic updates reduce IT workload.
o Cost savings due to subscription pricing and no hardware investment.
7. Represent the two variants of private cloud.

Variant Description
Private cloud infrastructure managed and hosted within the organization’s own
On-premises
data center, providing full control.
Hosted Private Private cloud hosted and managed by a third-party provider but dedicated to a
Cloud single organization, combining control with external management.
 8. Classify the benefits of cloud computing.
Benefits include:
o Cost efficiency: Pay only for resources used.
o Scalability: Easily scale resources up or down.
o Flexibility: Access services from anywhere with internet.
o Disaster recovery: Data is backed up and recoverable.
o Improved collaboration: Shared resources enhance teamwork.
9. Classify the challenges of cloud computing.
Challenges include:
o Security: Protecting sensitive data in the cloud.
o Data privacy: Compliance with regulations like GDPR.
o Vendor lock-in: Difficulty in switching providers.
o Downtime: Service outages affect availability.
o Performance: Network latency can impact applications.
10. Indicate the need for virtualization.
Virtualization allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical machine,
maximizing hardware utilization. It simplifies resource management, improves
scalability, supports disaster recovery, and reduces costs by consolidating infrastructure.

CO2 Questions (Data Centre & Virtualization)

1. Elaborate the term data centre.

A data centre is a centralized facility that houses computing resources like servers,
storage devices, and networking equipment. It provides the infrastructure needed to store,
process, and distribute large volumes of data reliably and securely.
2. Classify the levels of virtualization implementation.
Virtualization can be implemented at different levels:
o Hardware-level: Virtualizes physical hardware for guest OS (e.g., hypervisors).
o OS-level: Virtualizes at the operating system kernel level (containers).
o Application-level: Virtualizes specific applications to run independently of the
OS.
3. Discuss about XEN hypervisor.
Xen is an open-source, bare-metal (Type 1) hypervisor that allows multiple operating
systems to run concurrently on a single physical host. It provides efficient CPU
scheduling and memory management, and supports both full and para virtualization.
4. Distinguish between full and para virtualization.

Feature Full Virtualization Para Virtualization

Guest OS Runs unmodified Requires OS modification
Slightly lower due to instruction Higher performance through direct
Performance
emulation calls
Hypervisor-aware OS interacts
Hardware Access Emulates hardware completely
directly
Complexity Simpler for guests but more overhead More complex due to OS changes
 5. Represent the concept behind binary translation.
Binary translation is a technique where privileged instructions from a guest OS are
dynamically identified and translated by the hypervisor into safe instructions that can run
on the host without compromising system stability or security.
6. Discuss about the term hypervisor.
A hypervisor is software that creates and manages virtual machines by abstracting the
physical hardware. It enables multiple OS instances to run concurrently on a single
physical machine by managing resources and isolating VMs.
7. Indicate the use of virtual swap file.
A virtual swap file is used to extend the memory available to a virtual machine by using
disk space as additional virtual RAM, helping prevent crashes when the physical memory
is fully utilized.
8. Distinguish between bare metal and hosted hypervisor.

Feature Bare Metal Hypervisor Hosted Hypervisor

Location Runs directly on physical hardware Runs on top of a host OS
Performance High, direct hardware access Lower, depends on host OS
Examples Xen, VMware ESXi VMware Workstation, VirtualBox
Use Cases Enterprise servers, data centers Desktop virtualization for development/testing

9. Determine the benefits of compute virtualization.

Benefits include improved hardware utilization, isolation between workloads, easier
disaster recovery, simplified system management, and faster provisioning of computing
resources.
10. Represent the use case of virtual machine console.
The VM console provides administrators with a direct interface to interact with a virtual
machine’s desktop or command line, allowing them to install software, troubleshoot
issues, or manage the VM remotely.