Math Mammoth Algebra 1-B

Answer Key

By Maria Miller
Copyright 2007 - 2011 Maria Miller.

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 Contents
Worksh. Ans. key Worksh. Ans. key
page page page page

Powers Rational Expressions and Equations

Multiplying Powers .................................... 6 4 Direct Variation ............................................ 40 21
Dividing Powers ........................................ 7 4 Inverse Variation ......................................... 41 21
Negative Exponents ................................. 8 4 Direct and Inverse Variation......................... 42 22
Scientific Notation ..................................... 9 5 Simplifying Rational Expressions ................ 43 22
Introduction to Multiplying and Dividing Rational
Exponential Functions .............................. 10 5 Expressions .................................................. 44 22
Exponential Growth and Decay ................ 11 6 Dividing Plynomials ..................................... 45 22
Add and Subtract Rational Expressions
with Like Denominators .............................. 46 23
Polynomials and Factoring Add and Subtract Rational Expressions
with Unlike Denominators ........................... 47 23
Polynomials .............................................. 12 6 Complex Fractions and
Add and Subtract Polynomials ................. 13 7 More Operations .......................................... 48 23
Multiply Polynomials 1 ............................... 14 7 Rational Equations ...................................... 49 23
Multiply Polynomials 2 ............................... 15 8 Word Problems ............................................ 50 24
Special Products ....................................... 16 8 Motion Word Problems ................................ 51 24
Problems with Polynomials ....................... 17 9 Formulas ...................................................... 52 25
Factoring 1 ................................................ 18 9
Factoring 2: Distributive Property
and Perfect Squares ................................. 19 9 Radicals and Geometry
Factoring 3: Difference
of Squares ................................................. 20 10 Rational and Irrational Numbers ................... 53 25
Factoring Trinomials ................................. 21 10 Operations with Radical
Factoring by Grouping .............................. 22 11 Expressions ................................................... 54 25
Summary of Factoring .............................. 23 11 Radical Equations ......................................... 55 26
Solving Equations by Factoring ................ 24 11 More Radical Equations ................................ 56 26
The Pythagorean Theorem ........................... 57 26
Geometry Problems ...................................... 58 26
Quadratic Equations Distance and Midpoint Formulas ................... 59 27
Problems about Distance
Square Roots ............................................ 25 12 and Midpoint ................................................. 60 27
Solving Quadratic Equations
by Finding Square Roots .......................... 26 12 Review: Equations ........................................ 61 28
Graphing Quadratic Functions 1 .............. 27 12 Review: Graphing 1 ...................................... 62 28
Graphing Quadratic Functions 2 .............. 28 13 Review: Absolute Values
Vertex Form 1 ........................................... 29 14 & Inequalities ................................................ 63 29
Vertex Form 2 ........................................... 30 14 Review: Quadratics ....................................... 64 29
More on Graphing Review: Radical & Rational
Quadratics ................................................ 31 15 Equations ........................................................ 65 30
Solve Quadratic Equations Review: Word Problems ............................... 66 30
by Graphing .............................................. 32 16 Review: Percent and More ............................ 67 30
Completing the Square ............................ 33 18 Review: Geometry Problems ........................ 68 31
Using the Quadratic Formula ................... 34 18
Quadratic Equations in
Geometry Problems ................................. 35 19
Applications of Quadratic
Equations .................................................. 36 19
Challenging Problems .............................. 37 19
Using the Discriminant ............................. 38 20
Quadratic Inequalities ............................... 39 20

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Powers

Multiplying Powers, p. 6
1. a. b4 b. 4b c. 2p2m3 d. 3a + 2b 4. a. 10m9n2 b. x6y7 c. a5b15 d. 16r2
e. 9s10 f. −2x4y4 g. 10w5 h. 16s16
2. a. (p2)(p3) = (p · p)(p · p · p) = p5
i. 16x6 j. 1/27x3 k. (4/25)z4y2
b. (p2)3 = (p2)(p2)(p2) = p6
l. (5/4)x5y8 m. (12/5)x6 n. (−3/8)m8
c. (2w5)2 = (2w5)(2w5) = 4w10
o. 2916y6 p. 256 q. 64x6 r. 65536a8
d. (−5p)3 = (−5p)(−5p)(−5p) = −125p3
5. a. m = 1
3. a. (3p)2 = 9p2 b. 6(ab)2 = 6a2b2 b. This works if either a = 0 or b = 0.
c. (2x3)(4x7) = 8x10 d. (2x2y)5 = 32x10y5 For example: a = 0 and b = 2
c. For example, a = 2 and b = 5. In fact,
you can choose any a and b as long
as neither is zero.
6. (xm)(x0) = xm + 0 = xm ; So x0 must be 1, since that is
the only number that does not change the result of
multiplication.

Divide Powers, p. 7
1. a. 21 · 21 = 441 b. 362 = 1296 c. −1/3 4. a. 7/x b. (3/8)a3 c. (−1/8)x7
d.1/4 e. (−2)5 = −32 f. 42 · 52 /32 = 44 4/9 d. x6 e. 1 f. (2/3)a6 b6
g. 1/16 h. 4/9 i. −9/25 j. 107 = 10,000,000 g. 7a/b 7 h. 4a i. 2a6c4x9
m31 5. a. x = 8 b. x = 16 c. x = 4 d. x = 8
2. a. m2 b. = m31−5 = m26
m5 e. x = 21 f. x = 9 g. x = 17 h. x = 7
(3x)10 6. a. x4+c b. x5a c. x3a+ 2b d. x14a+2
c. = (3x)5 = 243x5 e. 1 f. x−5a g. xb h. x4a+ 9
(3x)5

3. a. y7 b. 1/(3y6) c. −1/x5
d. 1/z 3 e. x8/y2 f. (5n6)/(4m2)
g. 6a6/(7b4) h. 2y4z/(5x4)

Negative Exponents, p. 8
1. a. 27; 9; 3; 1; 1/3; 1/9; 1/27 4. a. 1/m4 b. 1/x3 c. 1/(a2b2) d. 1/(m2a4)
b. 1,000; 100; 10; 1; 1/10; 1/100; 1/1,000 e. 1/(4p2) f. 5/x5 g. a7/b14 h. x10/(64y6)
c. 8; 4; 2; 1; 1/2; 1/4; 1/8 i. y2 j. b2/a4 k. 1/k8 l. 2a12
d. 1/4; 1/2; 1; 2; 4
e. x0 = 1; 1/x; 1/x2; 1/x3 1 x−2
5 a. (5x3)−1 = b. = x2
2. a. 1/16 b. 1/100000 c. −1/32 d. −1 e. 2 f. 9/4 5x 3
−4
x
28 1 1
3 a.
10
= 28−10 = 2−2 = 2
= (3x)2 x2x−2
2 2 4 c. = 81x4 d. = 1/x
m 7
1 (3x)−2 x5x−4
b.
8
= = m7 − 8 = m−1
m m
8
6. a. 1/4096 b. (x6y6)/8 c. y6/x48
m d. 7b3/(12a6) e. 7/(m3n2) f. 32/(x2y3)
c. = m0 = 1
m8

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Scientific Notation, p. 9
1. a. 500,000 b. 21,000 c. −60,700,000,000 3. a. 3.5 × 109 b. 1.6 × 10−3 c. 4 × 109
d. 0.007 e. 0.00000000026 f. −0.01993 d. 1.2 × 10−9 e. 1.8 × 102 f. 5.5 × 103
g. 43,092,000 h. −0.00021392
i. 2,330,800,000,000,000 4. a. 2.9964 b. 2.179230769 × 10−8
2. a. 9.8 × 104 b. 4.1034 × 106 c. −6.15 × 104 c. 8.903703704 × 1014 d. 1.98 × 10−2
d. 5 × 10−3 e. 4.35 × 10 −6 f. 9.65 × 1010 5. 2 × 1010 atoms
g. 3.2 × 10−8 h. −8.0429 × 10−7 i. 5.12 × 105
j. 5.2 × 107 k. −7 × 10−10 l. 2.93 × 10−3 6. 55.84/(6.02214 × 1023) = 9.272 × 10-23 grams.

7. 2.9979 × 108 m/s × 60 × 60 × 24 × 365

= 9.4542 × 1015 meters

Introduction to Exponential Functions, p. 10

1.
After year 1, the principal is now 1.05 × $8000 = 1.051 × $8000 = $8400
After year 2, the principal is now 1.05 × (1.05 × $8000) = 1.052 × $8000 = $8820
After year 3, the principal is now 1.05 × [1.05 × (1.05 × $8000)] = 1.053 × $8000 = $9261
After year 4, the principal is now × $8000 = 1.054 × $8000 = $9724.05
After year 5, the principal is now × $8000 = 1.055 × $8000 = $10210.25

After year 20, the principal is now 1.0520 × $8000 = $21226.38

After year n, the principal is now 1.05n × $8000

Year Jane Jake

2. a. 1.0812 × $4000 = $10,072.68
1 $3360 $4320
b. 1.07259 × $15,000 = $28,162.23
2 $3,763.2 $4,665.6
c. 1.085n × $4,000
3 $4,214.784 $5,038.85
3. a. Comparing, you can notice how Jane's money “takes off” after a while 4 $4,720.56 $5,441.96
so that after 25 years she is well ahead of Jake.
5 $5,287.03 $5,877.31
b. after 8 years.
c. Jane: 7 years; Jake: 10 years 6 $5,921.47 $6,347.50
d. Jane: 13 years; Jake: 19 years. 7 $6,632.04 $6,855.30
12 $11,687.93 $10,072.68
25 $51,000.19 $27,393.90

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Exponential Growth and Decay, p. 11

1. a. 0.93n × 10,000 2. a. after 10 years: 169,004. after 20 years: 190,415.

b. year 2: 8649. Year 3: 8044 Year 4: 7481 b. 5,768,128 and 6,277,604
c. 36,184,867 and 28,967,801
d. 18,383 and 15,361

3. $11,500 × 0.915 = $7176.

4. in 10 years, because 0.93310 = 0.499823231.

5. The numbers in the table are rounded to two
decimals after the calculations. In calculations
one should use all the decimals, if feasible.
Year Value
0 $28,000
1 $22,400
2 $20,160
3 $18,144
4 $16,329.60
5 $13,063.68
c. In year 23, because 0.9322 × 10000 = 2026 6 $10,450.94
and 0.9323 × 10000 = 1884 7 $8,360.76
d. 10 years. 10 years. 10 years. 8 $6,688.60
9 $5,350.88
10 $4,280.71

Polynomials and Factoring

Polynomials, p. 12
1. a. polynomial of degree 7 b. not a polynomial 3. a. 9x4 + 2x2 − 7x b. −x11 + (2x3)/7 + x/4
c. polynomial of degree 6 d. polynomial of degree 6 c. 14ax3 + 2a5x2 − 15a4 d. 2x5 + 14bx2 − 5b2x − 15
e. polynomial of degree 2 f. not a polynomial
g. polynomial of degree 2 4. a. 21x3 b. A = 10x2; P = 14x
h. polynomial of degree 11
i. not a polynomial 5. a. 11x2 + 4x + 6 b. −4b2 − 3ab + 7a
c. 3t3 + 9t2 − 9t d. −2ab2 + 5ab + 11ac
2. a. 1 b. 5 c. 0 d. 11 e. 3 f. 1 g. 3
6. a. 23x2 b. 23x2
7. 368 square feet

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Add and Subtract Polynomials, p. 13
1. a. 7t − 9 b. t − 1 c. 5x2 − 9x − 5 4. a. x3 + 2x2 − 12x + 2 b. 3x3 − 2x2 − 2x + 2
d. 6a2 −13ab − 6a + 5 e. 4s2 − 6s + 4 c. p(0) = 2 and q(0) = 0.
f. xy + 4y − 3x d. p(1) + q(1) = −7. p(1) − q(1) = 1
g. x3 + 4x2 − 6x h. −2at2 − at − 2 5. The third side is
2. a.6x2 + 10x + 1 b. 4ax2 − 2ax + 2a 24 + 4x − (10 − 2x) − (6 − 5x) = 11x + 8.
c. 3y + 7xy + x2 + 6
2

3. a. 7x2 − 5x − 1 b. −4am2 + 12am + 4

c. −8s3 − 8s2 − 6s − 7

6. 90 − (30 − x3) = x3 + 60

Multiply Polynomials 1, p. 14
1. a. 12t2 − 8t b. 30t2 − 20t3 c. 30u − 20u8 5. Let the length of the rectangle be x.
d. 7am3 − 28am2 − 28am e. −8x2 − 16xy + 32xz If the width of the larger part is a, then the width
f. −40ab − 56a3b + 32a2b2 of the smaller part is 200 − a.
g. 3x2 − 8x3 + (11/3)x
h. (2/9)x2 − (3/20)x3 + (8/5)x
i. 8m3 + 10m
2. a. s(s + 4) − s(s − 2) = 6s Then solve the system.
b. a(a + 2) − 2(a − 2) = a2 + 4 2x + 2a = 370
2x + 2(200 − a) = 270
3. a. 9x3 − 23x b. 11y2 − 16y
a = 125 x = 60
4. a. x = −3/8 b. r = 4/9 c. x = 3/4 Plot 1 is 60 ft long and 125 ft wide.
d. −17 1/3 Plot 2 is 60 ft long and 75 ft wide.

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Multiply Polynomials 2, p. 15
1. a. Total area = (8 + x)(x + 2) = 8x + 16 + x2 + 2x 2. a. 2x2 − 9x − 5
= x2 + 10x + 16. b. −3y2 − 13y + 30
c. 46st − 14s2 − 12t2
d. −0.12x2 + 2.5x + 50
e. 2/15x2 + 7x + 90
f. −3/10a2 − 87/10a + 216
g. x3 − x2 − 7x + 15
h. − 4m3 + 24m2 + 20m − 8
i. 20x4 − 38x3 − 39x2 + 60x + 27
j. ab/2 − 12a + 6b − 144
.
b. Total area = (4 + 3x)(2 + 2x) = 8 + 8x + 6x + 6x2 3. a. x2 + 10x + 25 b. 4m4 − 12mn + 9n2
= 6x2+ 14x + 8. c. x4 − 12x3 + 54x2 − 108x + 81
4. Let x be the rectangle's length, and 2x its width.
The area at first is 2x2 and the area afterwards
is (2x − 10)(x + 4).

The difference: 2x2 − [(2x − 10)(x + 4)] = 100.

Solving that we get x = 30.

The original length is 30 ft and width 60 ft.

Special Products, p. 16
1. a. A = a2 + ab + ab + b2 1 c. A = 4w2 + 6w + 6w + 9
= a2 + 2ab + b2. = 4w2 + 12w + 9.

2. Write the special products:

b. A = 16 + 4x + 4x+ x2
= 16 + 8x + x2. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
(a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b2

a. x2 + 6x + 9 b. x2 − 10x + 25 c. c2 − 9
e. 4b2 − 36 f. 25y2 − 10y + 1 g. 9x2 + 16
h. w4 + 4w2 + 4 i. 100 − 9x2 j. 25a2 − 9b2
k. (1/9)x2 − 144 l. (25/81)m2 + (10/9)mn + n2
m. (4/49)m2 − (16/49)mn + (16/49)n2
n. 9s2 + 12sr + 4r4 o. 0.01s2 − 0.04sr + 0.04r2

3. a. x3 + 2x2 − 15x − 36
b. −m4 + 9n2m2 − 9n2 + m2

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Problems With Polynomials, p. 17
1. a. 6x3 − 8x2 + 18x − 24 5. Let x and x + 1 be the two consecutive integers.
b. −6a2 − 5a − 9ab − 21b + 21 (x + 1)2 − x2 = 245; x = 122
c. 6y3 + 24xy3 − 48y2x − 2x2y − 8x3y The integers are 122 and 123.
+ 16x3 − y − 4xy + 8x 6. Let x and x + 2 be the two consecutive even
2. Let x be the side of the original square. integers. x(x + 2) = x2 + 700
x2 − (x − 5)2 = 155. x = 18 in. x = 350. The integers are 350 and 352.

3. Let x be the rectangle's length. 7. a. 5x3 − 2x2 − 2x − 5

2x2 − (2x − 10)(x + 10) = 20; x = 8. b. x8 + 4x2 + 20x + 25
Its length is 8 ft and its width is 16 ft.
8. a. 9,999
4. Let x be the side of the cube. b. = (1000 − 3)(1000 + 3) = 1,0002 − 9
6(x + 2)2 − 6x2 = 336. = 1,000,000 − 9 = 999,991
x = 13 cm c. (40 + 1)(40 − 1) = 1,600 − 1 = 1599
d. (300 + 5)(300 − 5) = 90,000 − 25 = 89,975
e. (6 + 0.1)(6 − 0.1) = 36 − 0.01 = 35.99
f. (70 − 5)(70 + 5) = 4,900 − 25 = 4,875

Factoring 1, p. 18
1. a. 23 · 32 · 5 b. 22 · 23 c. 2 · 3 · 17 5. a. 2a(3 − a) b. 5m(4 + 7n)
d. 24 · 32 · 53 e. 24 · 5 · 17 c. ab(7c + 1) d. 2x5(4x2 − 11)
e. y(21y + 23z) f. ac(17b2 + 21c)
2. a. 3 · 5 · x · x g. 2x(2 + 3x6 − x4) h. 2b(8a + 2a2 − 5)
b. 2 · 3 · 11 · a · b · b · b · b · c · c
c. −2 · 101 · x · x · y · y i. 5(−mn − 4m + 3n) j. 11s2t(10s3 + 12st6 − 1)
d. 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · 3 · 3 · 5 · m · n · n · n · n · n · n k. 4m2n(−40mn2 + 11) l. c3d(98 + 3cd3)

3. a. 5x b. 3x c. 4a d. 2x 6. a. 2a b. 3x6y c. 12xn+1 d. xn − 2x3n+1

e. 9 f. 2mn g. 2 h. 2abc
4. a. 2a(10b2) b. 2x(x2 − 2)
c. 5m2 d. s2 (2t2 − 5s4)
e. −2ab (−20a − 90c)
2

f. −30xy2(−2/5x2y5z3)

Factoring 2: Distribute Property and Perfect Squares, p. 19

1. a. 2a + 5 b. t + 1 4. a. (3t − 1)2 or (1 − 3t)2
c. r(r − 1) − 6(r − 1) = (r − 6) (r − 1) b. (9x + 1)2
2. a. (x + 4)(7 − x) b. (15x + 4)(7 + y) c. (10s − 3)2 or (3 − 10s)2
c. (2 − a)(3b − 5) d. (2 − a)(a − 1) d. (5x + y)2
e. (5 − 4s)(1 + t) or (4s − 5)(−t − 1) e. (x2 − 3y)2 or (3y − x2)2
f. 8(v − 2w) or −8(2w − v) f. (x2 − 5)2 or (5 − x2)2
g. (x + 5)(6x + 4 − y) h. (6 − x)(1 − 6x) g. [(1/3)b − 1]2
i. (x2 + 1)(2 − x) j. (2w − 1)(5 − w) h. [(2/5)w + 1/4]2
3. a. (2x + 1)2 b. (4x + 1)2 5. a. 6(2t − 1)2 or 6(1 − 2t)2 b. 3(x + 4)2
c. (7s − 3)2 d. (a − 4b)2 or (4b − a)2 c. 10(w + 4)2 d. (1/4)(3x − 1)2 or (1/4)(1 − 3x)2

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Factoring 3: Difference of Squares, p. 20
1. a. (3m − 9) 3. a. 7(x2 − y2) = 7(x − y)(x + y)
b. (x + 5y)(x − 5y) b. 2(e2 − 49) = 2(e − 7)(e + 7)
c. (7y2)2 − (6z)2 = (7y2 + 6z)(7y2 − 6z) c. 6n(4m2 − 25n2) = 6n(2m − 5n)(2m + 5n)
d. ((4/5)w − 1/2)((4/5)w + 1/2) d. 5(x8 − 36y10) = 5(x4 − 6y5)(x4 + 6y5)
2. a. (3t − 1)(3t + 1) e. 7[(1/4)y2 − 1/16] = 7[(1/2)y + 1/4][(1/2)y − 1/4]
b. (6s − 12)(6s + 12) f. (1/2)(9x2 − 1) = (1/2)(3x − 1)(3x + 1)
c. (3x − 4s)(3x + 4s)
d. (9x − 10y)(9x + 10y) 4. a. Let the numbers be x and y.
e. [(1/3)w − 1][(1/3)w + 1] x2 − y2 = 45;
f. [(2/6)s − (3/5)][(2/6)s + (3/5)] (x − y)(x + y) = 45. Now find integer factors of 45:
g. (3t2 − s)(3t2 + s) (3)(15) = 45. So try find x and y so that
h. (9t3 − 8)(9t3 + 8) x − y = 3 and x + y = 15.
It works when x = 9 and y = 6.
i. (3x2y2 − 11zw)(3x2y2 + 11zw)
j. (t50 − 1)(t50 + 1) b. Let the numbers be x and y. x2 − y2 = 105;
k. (a + b − c)(a + b + c) (x − y)(x + y) = 105. Find integer factors of 105.
l. (x − 1 − x)(x − 1 + x) = −(2x − 1) = 1 − 2x For example (5)(21) = 105.
It works when x = 13 and y = 8.

5. a. x2; (x2 − 1); (x2 − 4); (x2 − 9); (x2 − 16); (x2 − 25)
b. The square has the greatest area (which is x2)
since in any of the other area expressions
you subtract a positive number from x2.
The perimeter of each rectangle is 4x.

Factoring Trinomials, p. 21
1. When you factor the trinomial x2 + 4x − 21, your first step is to find
two integers whose product is − 21 and sum is 4.
After finding them, you write the middle term 4x as a sum: x2 − 3x + 7x − 21

then group the terms (x2 − 3x) + (7x − 21)

find a common factor, x(x − 3) + 7(x − 3)

and use the distributive property. = (x − 3)(x + 7)

2. a.(3a + 2)(a + 5) b. (5x + 1)(4x − 1)

3. a. prime b. (s + 6)(s + 3) c. (2x + 5)(x + 1) d. prime e. (2x − 5)(x − 1) f. (5x − 4)(x − 1)
g. 2(3a − 1)(a − 1) h. 3(2x − 1)(x − 2) i. prime j. prime k. (m − 3n)(m − 6n) l. (3x − 2y)(x + 4y)
4. The sides are 2x − 1 and 3x + 2. Perimeter is 10x + 2.
5. x(x + 1)(x + 2) = 3360; x = 14. The sides are: 14, 15and 16.
6. a. 2(5a2 + 11a + 6) = 2(5a + 6)(a + 1) b. a(8a2 − 18a − 5) = a(2a − 5)(4a + 1)
7. a. m is 9: (a + 4)(a + 5)
m is −9: (−a + 4)(−a + 5)
m is 12: (a + 2)(a + 10)
m is −12: (−a + 2)(−a + 10)
m is 21: (a + 1)(a + 20)
m is −21: (−a + 1)(−a + 20)

10
Factoring by Grouping, p. 22
1. a. (x + 2)2 − y2 = (x + 2 − y)(x + 2 + y) 3. a. (40 + 2x)2 − 402 = (40 + 2x − 40)(40 + 2x + 40)
b. (2y + w)2 − 102 = (2y + w − 10)(2y + w + 10) = 2x(2x + 80) = 4x(x + 40)
c. r(s + 1) + 3(s + 1) = (r + 3)(s + 1) b. x = 2 ft
d. y(7x + 1) + 5(7x + 1) = (y + 5)(7x + 1)
4. a. (5 + 2x)(x + 2) b. (8 − 3a)(a − 2)
2. a. (2x + 1)(3y + 1) b. (b + 5)(a + 3)
c. (x − 3)(y + 2) d. (3x + 2)(4y + 7)
e. (2m2 + 5)(4n − 3) f. (7s3 + 2)(t2 − 8)
g. (5a + 1)2 − b2 = (5a + 1 − b)(5a + 1 + b)
h. (9m − 1)2 − 9n2 = (9m − 1 − 3n)(9m − 1 + 3n)
i. (9x − 12)2 + y2 = (9x − 12 + y)(9x + 12 + y)
j. −((7m + n)2 − 144) = −(7m + n − 12)(7m + n + 12)

Summary of Factoring, p. 23
1. a. 8(x2 + 2xy + y2) = 8(x + y)2
b. (2x + 1)(x + 7)
c. x2(3x +1) + 2(3x + 1) = (x2 + 2)(3x + 1)
d. [x + (1/2)y][x − (1/2)y]
e. a(20a2 + 11a − 45) = a(4a − 5)(5a + 9)
2. a. (2x + 3) (x + 3) b. prime
c. (8 − 3a)(a − 2)
d. (m − 1)2 − 9n2 = (m − 1 − 3n)(m − 1 + 3n)
e. [m + (1/3)n][n + (1/5)m]
f. (4/5)m(4m2 − 1) = (4/5)m(2m − 1)(2m + 1) 3. a.
g. 7v(2v + 5)(3v + 2) h. (a − 5 − a2)(a − 5 + a2)
i. 5x2(x + 3) + x + 3 = (5x2 + 1)(x + 3) Sum all the individual areas (A1 through A5):
j. 2x3 (x + 5) − x(x + 5) =(2x3 − x)(x + 5) A = A1 + 2A2 + 2A3 + 2A4 + A5
= 6(3a + 12) + 2(6)a + 2(6)(a + 6) + 2(6)(a − 6)
+ 6(a + 12) = 60a + 144.
b. 9.27 ft or 9 ft 3 in.

Solving Equations by Factoring, p. 24

Zero Product Property: 2. b. x2 + (x + 1)2 = 365. Guess and check.
For example x = 10 is too small; try a bigger
If ab = 0, then either a = 0 or b = 0.
number. x = 13 works. The integers are 13 and 14.
1. a. x = 0 or x = −2
b. m = 2 or m = 3 c. Let w and y stand for the width and length.
c. x = 1 1/4 x = or −1/2 Perimeter: 2w + 2y = 72 cm from which we get
d. x = 5/7 w = 36 − y.
e. x = 0 or x = −8 Area: wy = 320. Substitute into that w = 36 − y
f. m = 0 or m = 2 1/4
and we get (36 − y) = 320, or y2 − 36y + 320 = 0.
g. m = 0 or m = −4/15
h. x = −1/3 This is easy to solve by factoring: (y − 20)(y − 16) = 0.
i. a = −1/2 or −3 1/2
j. m = 1 or m = 2/7 So y = 16 cm or y = 20, and correspondingly w = 20
k. m = −2 or −3 or w = 16. This one is easy to solve with guess
and check, too.
2. a. (8 + x)(5 + x) − 40 = 90.
x = 5 in. 3. a. 10 and 11, or −10 and −11
The new length and width b. 12 and 13, or −12 and −13
are 13 in x 10 in. c. 28 and 29, or −28 and −29

11
Quadratic Equations
Square Roots, p. 25
1. a. 9 b. −10 c. 0.1 d. 60 4. a. 4 b. 6 c. −10 d. 2√6
e. 7 f. 4 g. 0 h. ± 100 e. 2√5 f.4√2 g. −5√2 h. 6√2
i. 4 j. −5/8 k. not a real number l. ± 11/13 i. 10√6 j.2√13 k. 20√5 l. ± 4√15
m. 1 2/5 n. 1 1/5 o. 0.15 p. 0.05
q. 64 r. ± 1000 s. not a real number t. 0.71 5. a. 70√7 b. 56√3 c. 60√15 d. 2√2
e. 4 f. −5 g. √14/7 h. 2√3
2. a. 4.12 b. −5.41 c. 0.06 d. ± 4.36 i. √30/2 j. 22√14/7 k. √15/3 l. √165/33
3. a. 3, −3 b. √7 and −√7

Solving Quadratic Equations by Finding Square Roots, p. 26

1. a. −9 or 9 b. −√91 or √91 3. a. When c is any positive number.
c. −5 or 5 d. −√5 or √5 b. When c is 0.
e. −√2 or √2 f. −60 or 60 c. When c is a negative number.
g. no solution h. −√3/3 or √3/3
i. −1 1/4 or 1 1/4 4. a. 8 or −10 b. 18 or −8
c. 13 1/2 or −6 1/2 d. 2 4/9 or −8/9
2. 14.1 inches e. 15 or 21 f. 12 2/5 or 14 4/15

Graphing Quadratic Functions 1, p. 27

1. a. (0, 0); x = 0 b. (2, 2) x = 2 3. a. zeros: x = 0; symmetry axis x = 0; graph (vi).
c. (−3, 1); x = −3 d. (0, 0); x = 0 b. zeros: x = −1 and x = 2; symmetry axis x = 1/2;
(i) a (ii) d graph (ii)
c. zeros: x = −2 and x = 1; symmetry axis x = −1/2;
2. a. down b. down c. up d. down graph (iv)
d. zero: x = 1; symmetry axis: x = 1; graph (v)
e. zero: x = −1; symmetry axis: x = −1; graph (iii)
f. no zeros; symmetry axis x = 0; graph (i)

12
Graphing Quadratic Functions 2, p. 28
1. 2.

How should you move the graph of y = x2 How is the graph of y = cx2
in order to obtain the graph of y = x2 + c? related to the graph of y = x2 ?
If c > 0, move the graph c units up. If c > 1 (or actually c > 1), it is narrower.
If c < 0, move the graph −c units down. If c < 1 (or actually c < 1), it is broader or
“more open”.

3.
How should you move the graph of y = x2
in order to obtain the graph of y = (x + c)2 ?
If c > 0, move it c units to the left. If c < 0 , move it −c units to the right.

13
Vertex Form 1, p. 29
1. a. vertex (0, 0); opens up b. vertex (0, 0), opens up
c. vertex (0, 12); opens up d. vertex (0, −6); opens down
e. vertex (−7, 0); opens up f. vertex (7, −8); opens up
g. vertex (−5, −4); opens up [Link] (12, 5); opens up
i. vertex (−b, c); opens up if a > 0 and down if a < 0.
1
2. a. y = x2 + 3 2. b. y = 2(x + 3)2
4

1 2
3. a. y =− x −2 3. b. y = −(x − 4)2 + 2
2

4. The expression 0.7(x − 2)2 + 4 contains a term that is squared, increased by four. The squared term is always
positive or zero, and when we add four to it, the expression itself is always 4 or more. Therefore the expression,
or y, can never have negative values and thus the parabola can never cross the x-axis.

Vertex Form 2, p. 30
1. (i) e (ii) b (iii) d (iv) a (v) c 3. a. y = (x + 4)2 − 5 b. y = −x2 + 9
c. y = −(x − 2)2 + 4 d. y = (x − 6)2 − 2
2. a. y = 2(x − 9)2 b. y = (−2/5)(x − 2)2 + 4
c. y = −7(x + 2)2 + 1 d. y = (1/6)(x + 1)2 − 7

14
More on Graphing Quadratics, p. 31
1. a. x-intercepts: x = 0 and x = −1 1. d. x-intercepts: x = −2 and x = −6
b. x-intercepts: x = −3 and x = 5 e. x-intercepts: approximately x = −0.5 and x = 2.5
c. x-intercepts: none f. x-intercepts: x = 3

2. a. minimum value of 17. b. maximum value of 34 c. maximum value of −3

d. minimum value of −10 e. maximum value of 6

15
Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing, p. 32
Note: If you choose to multiply your equation by -1, the accompanying graph will be a mirror image of the graph
given in the answer key (as if it was flipped in the x-axis). For example in (e), it is reasonable (though not
compulsory) to multiply the equation by −1 to get the equation 7x2 + 2x = 3.
1. a. One root is located between −3 and −2, b. One root is located between −1 and 0,
and the other between 0 and 1. and the other is between 1 and 2.

c. One root is located between −1 and 0, d. One root is located between −4 and −3,
the other between 2 and 3. the other between −1 and 0.

e. One root is located between −1 and 0, f. One root is located between −2 and −1,
the other between 0 and 1. the other between 1 and 2.

16
 g. The roots are x = −1 and x = 3.

2. a. The zeros are −2 and 4. d. y = 0.5(x + 3)(x − 4) + 1.

b. Now the zeros are about −2.5 and 4.5. The approximate zeros are −2.7 and 3.7.

c. y = 0.5(x + 3)(x − 4)

17
Completing the Square, p. 33
1. a. x2 + 28x + 142 = (x + 14)2 4. a. y = x2 − 6x + 5 = x2 − 2(3)x + (9 − 4)
b. x2 − 7x + 3.52 = (x − 3.5)2 = (x − 3)2 − 4.
b. vertex = (3, −4); zeros x = 1 and x = 5.
2. a. x2 + 10x = 5 c.
x2 + 10x + 5 2 = 5 + 25
(x + 5 )2 = 30
x + 5 = √30 or x + 5 = −√30
x = √30 − 5 or x = −√30 − 5

b. 5x2 − 8x = 7
8 7
x2 − x=
5 5
8 7
x2 − x + (4/5)2 = + (4/5)2
5 5
(x − 4/5 )2 = 51/25
x − 4/5 = √51/5 or x − 4/5 = − √51/5
x = (4 + √51)/5 or x = (4 −√51)/5

3. a. x = 2 or x = −12
b. x = 4 + √33 or x = 4 − √33
c. x = 7 + 2√15 or x = 7 − 2√15
d. x = (√34 − 4)/2 or x = (−√34 − 4)/2
e. x = (1 + √109)/6 or x = (1 − √109)/6
f. x = (1 + √145)/4 or x = (1 − √145)/4

Using the Quadratic Formula, p. 34

1. a. x1 = (−b + √b² − 4ac)/2a and x2 = (−b − √b² − 4ac)/2a
b. It has no real roots.
2. a. y = −1/2 or −2
b. x1 = (−7 + √53)/2 ≈ 0.14 and x2 = (−7 − √53)/2 ≈ −7.14
c. m1 = (1 + √43)/6 ≈ 1.26 and m2 = (1 − 1√43)/6 ≈ −0.93
d. x1 = 1 and x2 = −9/4 = −2.25
e. x1 = (1 + √265)/12 ≈ 1.44 and x2 = (1 − √265)/12 ≈ −1.27
f. x1 = (2.1 + √15.61)/0.8 ≈ 7.56 and x2 = (2.1 − √15.61)/0.8 ≈ −2.31
g. x = 2
h. x1 = (−5 + √505)/12 ≈ 1.46 and x2 = (−5 − √505)/12 ≈ −2.29
i. x = (5 + √365)/34 ≈ 0.71 and x = (5 − √365)/34 ≈ −0.415
3. a. 4x2 −x − 1 = 0
b. −x2 − 3x − 3/2 = 0

18
Quadratic Equations in Geometry Problems, p. 35
1. 2a + 2b = 102 ft and ab = 594. Solve b from the first: 4. 8.3 cm.
b = 51 − a. Substitute to the second equation to get
a(51 − a) = 594. 5. a. π r2(h) = 350. h = 350/(π r2).
h needs to be between 5.5 cm and 12.4 cm
The dimensions are b = 33 ft and a = 18 ft.
b. π r2(10) = 350. r = 3.34. Diameter is 6.7 cm.
2. w(2w + 3) = 275; w = 11.
The dimensions are 11 cm and 25 cm. 6. 6s2 = 200; s = 5.77 inches.

3. (15 + w)2 = 450; w = 6.213. So I should increase 7. (10 + x)(12 + x) = 240. x = 4.524.
its sides by 6.2 cm. Todd should increase the length and width by 4.52 ft.

Applications of Quadratic Equations, p. 36

1. (s2)/2 = 12; s = 4.899 inches. 3. 10 × 15 = 0.75(10 + 2x)(15 + 2x); x = 0.931 cm
2. 4(x − 8)(x − 8) = 550. x = 19.726 cm 4. x2 = 0.5(x + 6)2 ; x = 14.5 cm.
The dimensions of the original sheet
are 19.73 cm x 19.73 cm. 5. x2 = 0.2(200)(110).
The side of the square should be 66.3 yd.

Challenging Problems, p. 37
b.
Price bottles sold money gained
$3.00 59 $177
$2.90 64 $185.60
$2.80 69 $193.20
$2.70 74 $199.80
$2.60 79 $205.40
$2.50 84 $210
$2.40 89 $213.60
1. a. $2.30 94 $216.20
$2.20 99 $217.80
$2.10 104 $218.40
$2.00 109 $218
$1.90 114 $216.60
c. A the price $2.10, the money he earns
$1.80 119 $214.20 from sales is at its maximum.
$1.70 124 $210.80
$1.60 129 $206.40
$1.50 134 $201

2. Let t = amount of sold tickets and x = ticket price. tx = $1920; (t − 48)(x + 2) = $1920. t = 240 and x = $8.
So, the ticket price was $8.
3. The equation is in the form y = cx2. The coordinates of the point P(135, 30) satisfy that equation, so
we get 30 = c1352. Solving that, c = 30/18225 or 6/3645. So the equation of the cable curve is y = (6/3645)x2.

4. a. H = −4.9t2 + 10t + 1.5 b. (1.02, 6.6) c. After about 1 second. d. After about 2.2 seconds.

19
Using the Discriminant, p. 38
1. a. 3 b. The value of a can be any negative number. 4. The discriminant must be 0.
c. a = 0 k2 − 16 × 9 = 0; k = 12 and −12.
2. a. no solutions 5. a. Let x = one side and b = the other side.
b. x = (−7 + √85)/18 or (−7 − √85)/18 2x + 2b = 56; xb = 180; x = 10 and b = 18.
c. x = −2 or 1/4 So, yes you can. The dimensions are
d. no solutions 10 cm x 18 cm.
e. x = (5 + √205)/15 or (5 − √205)/15 b. No, you can't. You get similar equations
f. no solutions 2x + 2b = 31; xb = 250. b = 31 − x.
x(31 − x) = 250. The discriminant of this equation
3. a. If c is a negative number.
b. If c is 0. c. If c is a positive number. is 312 − 4 (250) = −39, which is negative.

Quadratic Inequalities, p. 39
1. a. ≤ b. < c. >
2. a. b.

c. d.

20
Rational Expressions and Equations
Direct Variation, p. 40
1. a. yes; constant of variation 8 b. no 4. c. s = 3t4 . Solve k from the equation 48 = k × 24.
c. yes; constant of variation 4/5 d. no
e. yes; constant of variation −0.14 d. n = 1/4(m − 5). Solve k from the equation
f. yes; constant of variation −2.8 5.5 = k(27 − 5); k = 1/4
2. a. y = 72 b. y = −30 c. y = 27 d. x = −12 5. 594 cm. We can write d = kh. Solve for k first:
245 = k(33); k = 245/33.
3. a.y = 12x b. y = −2.5x c. y = 9x d. y = −1/6x
If h = 80 cm, d = 245/33(80 cm) = 594 cm.
4. a. y = 156 1/4.
6. Mom can expect it to take 5 min 15 s.
Write y = kx2. First solve for k: 25 = k42 Write t = kw. 21 = k(200); k = 21/200.
so k = 25/16. When w = 3000 ml, t = (21/200) 3000 ml
When x = 10, y = (25/16)102 = 156 1/4. = 315 s = 5 m 15 s
b. x = −45.
We write y = k(x + 5). Solving for k: −40 = k(11 + 5)

so k = −40/16 = −5/2.
When y is 100, we get
100 = −5/2(x + 5). x = −45

Inverse Variation, p. 41
1. a. inverse; constant 5 b. direct; constant 0.4 2.
c. direct; constant 1/14 d. inverse; constant 4.5
e. neither f. neither g. direct; constant 5/2
h. inverse; constant 20 i. inverse; constant 120
j. neither k. direct; constant −4
l. neither m. direct; constant 1/3
n. inverse; constant 2

3. a. y = 8. xy = 48.
b. y = −1; xy = −12
c. y = 6; xy = 30
d. x = −0.07875; xy = −0.63

21
Direct and Inverse Variation, p. 42
1. Direct variation. He can expect $7,200. 4. a. Inverse variation.
It would take them 5 h 50 min to do the job.
2. It is an inverse variation. b. It would take 9 people to get the job
120(160) = 155x. x = 123.9. done in a little less than 4 hr.
Jack should sit 124 cm from the fulcrum point.
5. Direct variation.
3. Inverse variation; 133.3 liters. The 40-kg dog would need 53 mg of medicine.
PV = k. k = 3.5(40) = 140.
1.05V = 140; V = 133.3 liters. 6. Inverse variation. $8 × 19 = $152; b × $11 = $152.
The employee needs to work about 14 hours.
7. 25 kJ.
E = ks2. First solve for k: 144 = k(24)2; k = 144/242.
When s = 10, E = 144/242 (102) = 25.

Simplifying Rational Expressions, p. 43

1. a. a/(7bc); excluded values: a, b, c ≠ 0. 3. x can be any number except 0.
b. w/(3x3); excluded values: w, x ≠ 0.
4. a. 3a − 5 b. −(x + 3)/2
c. r/6; excluded values: r ≠ 0, −2.
c. (y + 2)/(y − 2) d. (x − 2)/(x − 7)
d. (3(x − 2))/(5(x + 2); excluded values: x ≠ 5, −2
e. (3 + b − 9x)/(2 + x) f. (7 − x)/(x − 5)
e. (3 − 7a)/(−2); excluded values: a ≠ 0
g. (a − 9)/(2 − a) h. (t + 2)/(2t − 3)
f. 1 − 2a − 5a2 ; excluded values: a ≠ 0
g. 1/(z + 7)3 ; excluded values: z ≠ −7 5. x = 0.5 or x = 1.5
h. 3(b − 1)2/(2b + 1); excluded values: b ≠ −1/2
i. 7(r + 2)/r ; excluded values: r ≠ 0, −2
2. a. −1 b. −4x c. −5/4
d. −1 e. −2/y f. −4x3

Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions, p. 44

1. a. 7/(4a); a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0. 4. Answers vary. For example:
b. (x2 − 1)/12; (no excluded values) a. (2/x2)(x/2) = 1/x
c. 14s2/t; t ≠ 0. b. (−4/x3) ÷ (−4/x2) = (−4/x3)( x2/−4) = 1/x

2. a. (a/b)(a2/b) = a3/b2; a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0. 5. a. (y2 − 10y)/4

b. 3; (no excluded values) b. (y2 − 4y + 4)/(y2 + 2y + 1)
c. 5y/x3; x ≠ 0. c. 4x − 4
d. (x + 1)/20
3. a. (a2 − 4)/(7a + 35) e. (z − 3)/2
b. (x + 1)/(5x) f. (a2 − a)/(5a − 25)
c. 1/(10m2)
d. (5x + 5 + x2y + xy)/10 6. m = 3.5
e. a2/(a + 1)
f. 24/(2 − n)

Dividing Polynomials, p. 45
1. a. x − 7 b. 3x + 2 c. 5x − 8 3. a. x + 1 R13 b. 3x + 2 R −27
c. 4x2 + (3/2)x − 3/4 R −11 1/4
2. a. 5x2 − 4x b. 2x2 − x − 10 c. x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 18
4. a. x2 − 5x + 1 R2 b. 7x2 − 20x − 3
c. 2x3 + 7x2 + 5x d. 4x + (11/5) R −3/5

22
Add and Subtract Rational Expressions With Like Denominators, p. 46
1. a. 8a/3 b. (4b − 2)/5 c. (y + 4)/2x 5. x/(x + 1).
Find the difference 1 − 1/(x + 1).
2. a. (−4 + 2x)/(x + 1) b. (t + 8)/(t − 2) c. 1/(a − 1)
3. a. 6/(1 − x) b. (2s + 4)/(s − 2) c. 1/(a − 1) 6. a. (y2 − 7)/4 b. (2m2 + 2m + 25)/m2
c. 1/(s + 7) d. 1/(x2 + 1)
4. a. 4/(5x − 10) b. 1/6
c. (x2 − 4x + 4)/x d. x + 2 7. x = 8

Add and Subtract Rational Expressions with Unlike Denominators, p. 47

1. a. 20 b. 4(x + 1) c. 2y5 d. 2(a + 1)(a − 1) 4. a. 16/5x b. (2b − 4a)/(ab)
c. (10y + x3 + 3x2)/(5x2) d. (3x + 1)/x
2x 2x3 t+1 t2 + 3t + 2 e. (4w3 + 12)/w2 f. (2bc − 4)/(ab3c)
2a. = b. =
x+1 x2(x + 1) t −2 t2 − 4
5. a. (4 − 5x2)/(x2 − 2x)
x x2 − x b. (b2 − 7b + 7)/(b − 1)
c. = c. (x3 + x2 + 3x − 10)/(x2 − 2x)
x2 + 3 x3 − x2 + 3x − 3
d. (x2 − x + 2)/(x2 − 2x + 1)
3. a. 17a/20 b. (x2 + x + 8)/(4x + 4) e. (q2 − sq + 2s + q)/(sq)
c. (y3 + 10)/(2y5) d. (17a − 1)/(2a2 − 2) f. (−2yx2 − 3x2 + 2y + 2)/(1 − x2)

Complex Fractions and More Operations, p. 48

1. a. 4 1/5 b. 6/77 c. −91 3. a. (7x − 20)/(x3 − 100x)
d. a3/b e. (x2 + x)/2 f. (2m + 1)/(m − 2) b. (2x − 2)/(x2 + 2x)
2. a. (x + 5)/(x + 1) 4. (6x2 − 27x + 20)/(x − 2)
b. (y2 + y + 12)/(y2 + y − 5)
c. a/(a2 − 2a + 1)
d. 1 − x

Rational Equations, p. 49
1. a. Multiply by 2x2. 2. a. x = 0
You will get 20x2 − 5x − 2 = 0. b. x = 7/10
x = (5 + √185)/40 ≈ 0.465 or c. m = (−9 + √33)/12 ≈ −0.271 or
x = (5 − √185)/40 ≈ −0.215. m = (−9 − √33)/12 ≈ −1.229.

b. Multiply by (s − 1)(s + 1). d. no solutions

You will get 2s2 − s − 7 = 0 e. p = (1 + √217)/(−12) ≈ −1.311 or
s = (1 + √57)/4 ≈ 2.137 or p = (1 − √217)/(−12) ≈ 1.144.
s = (1 − √57)/4 ≈ −1.637.
f. x = (−15 + √41)/4 ≈ −2.149 or
x = (−15 − √41)/4 ≈ −5.351.
g. k = 4 4/5

23
Work Problems, p. 50
1. a. Jack can do 1/4 part in 1 hour. He can do t/4 part 3. (1/12)t + (1/7)t = 1; t = 4.421; 4 hours 25 minutes.
of the job in t hours.
b. Jill can do 1/3 part in 1 hour, and she can do 4. Let r be Jerry's working rate. Peter's working rate
t/3 part of the job in t hours. is 1/2.5 of job done in 1 hour.
c. Together they can do 7/12 of the job in 1 hour, (1/2.5)(5/3) + r(5/3) = 1; r = 0.2 = 1/5;
and (7/12)t of the job in t hours. Jerry gets 1/5 of the job done in 1 hour, so it would
d. t/4 + t/3 = 1, t = 1.714 hours. take Jerry 5 hours to wash the car alone.
They will take 1 hour 43 minutes to complete 5. Six men take 3 1/12 hours to do the job. The working
the job. rate of six men is therefore 1/(3 1/12) = 12/37 part of
2. If t is the amount of time it takes them in workdays, job done in one hour. The working rate of 1 man is
we get the equation (1/2)t + (2/3)t = 1. From it we get, (12/37)/6 = 2/37 job done in one hour.
t = 6/7 days = 8.57 hours = 8 hours 34 minutes. You 20 men can do (2/37) * 20 = 40/37 of the job in one
can also solve this thinking in hours, instead of hour. It takes 20 men therefore 37/40 hour
workdays. = 0.925 hours = 55.5 minutes to dig the ditch.

Motion Word Problems, p. 51

1. t = d/r 5. Let r be the speed of the bus.
2. x = 9/7 or about 1.29 mph. rate time distance
rate time distance Train r + 20 25/(r + 20) 25
With current 3 + x 2 2(3 + x) Bus r 18/r 18
Against
3−x 5 5(3 − x) The times are the same: 25/(r + 20) = 18/r;
the current
r = 51.429 km/h.
The distances are the same: 2(3 + x) = 5(3 − x).
6. rate time distance
3. Let v be the speed of the airplane in still air. Jane 4/3s t − 1/3 7
rate time distance Audrey s t 7
With the wind v + 6 900/(v + 6) 900
(4/3)s(t − 1/3) = 7 and st = 7. Solving this system
Against of equations, we get s = 5 1/4.
v − 6 880/(v − 6) 880
the wind
Jane's walking speed is 4/3(21/4) = 7 km per hour.
900/(v + 6) = 880/(v − 6); v = 534.
7. Let s = Mary's speed to Grandma's house.
So the speed of the airplane in still air is 534 mph.
4. Let v = speed of motorboat. rate time distance
Going to
rate time distance s 120/s 120
grandma's
Downstream v + 3.5 t 10 coming
s + 10 120/(s +10) 120
Upstream v − 3.5 t + 7/60 10 back

(v + 3.5)t = (v − 3.5)(t + 7/60); v = 24.74 km/h. 120/s + 120/(s + 10) = 5. s = 43.515.

Time to drive there: 120/43.515 = 2.76 hours.
So, Mary's speed to Grandma's is 43.515 mph, and it
took her 2 hours 45 minutes to get there.

24
Formulas, p. 52
1. a. b = (2A)/h − a 2. Let a = the other base.
b. m2 = (R2F)/(Gm1) (1/2)(a + 2.7) · 5.5 = 15.4; a = 2.9.
c. m = (2E − kx2)/v2 So, the other base is 2.9 cm.
d. R = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2) = (R1R2)/(R1 + R2) 3. 1/R = 1/4 + 1/7; R = 28/11 = 2.545 ohms.
e. R1 = [R2f(n − 1)] / [R2 + f(n − 1)]
4. 1/(3 3/4) = 1/5 + 1/R2; R2 = 15 ohms.
f. f = R1R2 / [(n − 1)(R2 − R1)]
5. radius = 4.0879 cm

Radicals and Geometry

Rational and Irrational Numbers, p. 53
1. a. 143/10 b. 56/100000 c. 7/100 4. a. 76/238 = 38/119 b. −1946/3600 = −973/1800
d. 1015/1000 e. −17/7 f. −11/7 c. (x + y)/2 d. (2a + 3b)/12
g. 9/1 h. −125/1
5. a. rational; 5/9 b. rational; 3093/990
2. a. 0.27 b. 2.625 c. 0.523809 d. 1.175 c. rational; 40271/9900 d. rational; 26/9
e. rational; −714/99 f. rational; −56/999
3. Answers vary. You could find the average of the two g. irrational h. rational; 10100/99999
given fractions. Or, you could first write them with i. irrational j. irrational k. irrational
a common denominator, and find a fraction between l. rational; 15 m. rational; 10
them. For example: n. irrational o. irrational
a. 3/11 and 4/13 are 39/143 and 44/143. So fractions
40/143, 41/143, 42/143 and 43/143 are in between 6. a. between 4 and 5 b. between 8 and 9
them. Or, taking the average we find that c. between −11 and −12 d. between 22 and 23
(3/11 + 4/13)/2 = 83/246, which is between both. e. between 7 and 8 f. between 2 and 3
Or, use the decimal approximations of the numbers 7. a. 7/30. The product is (3/10)(7/9).
to find some fractions between them. b. 7/375. The product is (21/100)(8/90)
Example answers: c. 46/99 or 0.46.
b. −291/1000 or −741/2542 or −370/1271
or −371/1271
c. 1793/229,632 or 781/100,000 or 7805/1,000,000

Operations with Radical Expressions, p. 54

1. a. 5√11 b. 10√x c. 13√17 − 2√13 6. a. (−3/2)√2 b. (6/7)√7 c. (31/6)√30
2. a. 5√18 = 5√9 · 2 = 5√9 · √2 = 15√2 7. a. √6 + 2 b. 14√2 + 2√10 c. 13 + 7√7
b. 22√2 d. 44 − 24√2 e. −72 − 6√2 f. −2√5 + 28√10.

3. a. √7 and √28 = 2√7 8. Area 12 − 15√2 + 20√3 − 3√6

b. none Perimeter 14 + 10√3 − 2√6
c. −6√45 = −18√5 and −√20 = −2√5 9. a. 17 + 4√15
4. a. 6√3 b. 0 c. 22√3 − 20√5 b. 7 + 2√42 + 6 = (√7 + √6)2
so the square's side is √7 + √6
1 11 and its perimeter is 4√7 + 4√6.
5. a. =
11 11 · 11
√11 √11
= =
√11 · 11 11

b. (6/11)√11 + √11 = (17/11)√11

25
Radical Equations, p. 55
1. a. 5m − 2 = 49; m = 10.2 b. √x = 20; x = 400 3. a. no solution b. no solution c. y = 23
c. x/3 = 25; x = 75 d. x = 8 e. no solution f. y = −11
2. a. x + 5 = 400; x = 395 b. 2s − 7 = 121; s = 64
c. y = −96.8 d. u = 3
e. x = 7/24 f. 2 − 5r = 256; r = −50.8
g. x = 192 h. t = 896 i. x = 1

More Radical Equations, p. 56

1. a. 5x = x2 ; x = 5 or x = 0 3. a. 10.95 b. 19.8
b. x = 8 + 2√5 ≈ 12.472 c. The difference is 0.023. The arithmetic mean
c. x = ( −31 + √73)/(−6) ≈ 3.743 is 5.5 and the geometric mean is 5.47722557.
2. a. no solution 4. Let x and y be the numbers, and x = (1/4)y.
b. w = (25 − √237)/(−2) ≈ −4.803 √(1/4)y² = 14; y = 28; x = 7. Remember geometric
c. y = −4 mean only applies to non-negative numbers.
d. y = √7745 ≈ 88.006 or y = −√7745 ≈ −88.006
e. z = (21 + √41)/40 ≈ 0.685078 5. √xy = √884 and y = 5x + 3. Since xy = 884, we
f. x = −1 1/6 substitute y = 5x + 3 in it, to get x(5x + 3) = 884.
From it, x = 13 and y = 68.

The Pythagorean Theorem, p. 57

1. a. no b. yes c. no 4. a. √121.68 ≈ 11.03 cm
b. s2 + s2 = 652; s ≈ 46 in.
2. a. √74 ≈ 8.60 b. √91 ≈ 9.54
c. √405 ≈ 20.12 and 2√405 ≈ 40.25 5. The square's side is √312 cm.
d. √24 ≈ 4.90 The diagonal is √312 + 312 = √624 cm ≈ 25 cm.
3. a. √292 ≈ 17.09 b. √51 ≈ 7.14 6. x2 + [(4/5)x]2 = 352; x ≈ 27.3304.
c. √1159 ≈ 34.04 d. √31 ≈ 5.57 The sides are 21.86 ft and 27.33 ft.
e. √151.45 ≈ 12.31 f. √4/49 + 16/25 ≈ 0.849

Geometry Problems, p. 58
1. a. Let x be the height of the triangle. 4. Yes, she will exceed 6.5 km.
3.52 + x2 = 102; x ≈ 9.367. Let c be the unmarked side of the trapezoid.
The area is 9.367 (7) / 2 ≈ 32.8 square units. 0.32 + 0.52 = c2; c = √0.34 ≈ 0.58.
b. Solving for height: The distance she runs is
42 + x2 = 82; x = 6.93. (0.58 + 0.5 + 0.7 + 0.4) × 3 = 6.54 km.
The area is (8 in.)(6.9282 in.)/2 ≈ 27.7 sq. in.
5. First find the diagonal x of the side squares:
2. x2 + (0.67x)2 = 672; x = 55.66; 62 + 62 = x2; x = √72. Then consider the right
The legs are 55.7 cm and 37.3 cm. triangle marked in the picture:

3. The shorter sides of the kite are 1.097 ft and

the longer sides are 1.858 ft, or 1 ft 1 in
and 1 ft 10 in.

x2 + 62 = d2. Substitute x = √72 , and we will get

72 + 36 = d2; d = √108 ≈ 10.4 cm.

26
Distance and Midpoint Formulas, p. 59
1. a. distance √29 ≈ 5.39
midpoint (1.5, 3)
b. distance √40 ≈ 6.32
3. a. √(a − (−3))2 + (2 − 7)2 = √61;
midpoint (−1, −3) a + 3 = √36 or a + 3 = −√36; a = 3 or a = −9.
c. distance √58 ≈ 7.62
midpoint (0.5, 1.5)
2. a. distance √160 ≈ 12.6; midpoint (2, 5)
b. √(4 − a)2 + (2.2 − 1.5)2 = 1.7;

b. distance √82 ≈ 9.1; midpoint (1/2, −5/2) (4 − a)2 = 2.4; a = −2.45 or a = 5.55.
c. distance ≈ √38.4164 ≈ 6.20;
midpoint (√11/2, (3 − √5)/2) ≈ (1.66, 0.38) 4. a. (6, 13) b. (1.55, −2.2) c. (13/12, −29/6)
d. distance √ (1/5)2 + (7/5)2 = √50/25 = √2 ≈ 1.4
midpoint (3/10, −1/10)

Problems about Distance and Midpoint, p. 60

1. No, it is not a right triangle. 3. Since the base of the triangle is 9 units, and its area
Calculate the distances AB, BC, and CA: is 20, its height must be 4 4/9. (9h / 2 = 20)
AB = √61 , BC = √13, and CA = √68. The x-coordinate of the third vertex is either
Check if these fit into the Pythagorean theorem. 3 4/9 or −5 4/9, and the y-coordinate of the third
But 61 + 13 ≠ 68. vertex is 1/2.

2. Choose the vertical side as base, and then the

height of the triangle is 8.
Area is 40 and perimeter is 20 + 4√5 ≈ 28.94. 4. a. D = (−5, 5)

b. The equation of the line through A and C is

y − 5 = (4/5)(x − 2).
The equation of the line through B and D is
y − 1 = (−4/9)(x − 4).

c. y = 3 and x = −1/2.
(Solve the system of equations formed by
the equations of the lines above.)
5. a. A = (−√5/2, −4) and B = (√5/2, −4)
b. The perimeter is √201 + √5 ≈ 16.4

27
Review: Equations, p. 61
1. a. 1 1/2 b. c = 124/89 ≈ 1.393 3. a. x < 2
c. 120 d. −4 4/5
e. −3 1/5 f. b = −22/9
2. a. a = 3/7, b = 2 3/7
b. x = 2 3/14, y = 23/28 b. m ≥ 2

c. x ≥ 4/9

d. x > −3 3/10

Review: Graphing 1, p. 62
1. a. 2x + 3y = 13 b. x + 2y = 3 1. c. 2x − y = −5 d . x + 3y = 0

2. s = 1 1/2

3. The graphs students make may vary, as far as the y- and x-axis scalings.
a. slope 210 b. slope -2/3 c. slope 0.6

28
Review: Absolute Values & Inequalities, p. 63
1. a. x = −2 or x = 8 b. y = 6 or y = −14 c. x = 2 1/2 or x = −12 1/2

2. a. −5/2 < w < 1 1/2

b. t ≥ 5.5 or t ≤ 0.5

3.a. no solution b.−20/3 ≤ y ≤ −4/3 c. y < −10 or y > 20

4. a. b. c.

Review: Quadratics, p. 64
1. 3. a. no solution
b. x = (5 + √217)/16 ≈ 1.233 or
x = (5 − √217)/16 ≈ −0.608
c. x = (2.5 + √11.05)/1.2 ≈ 4.853 or
x = (2.5 − √11.05)/1.2 ≈ −0.687

4. The discriminant of the equation 6x2 − 34x + 145 = 0

is negative: 342 − 4(6)(145) = −2324. So the equation
does not have solutions, and thus the parabola never
crosses the x-axis.
5. The discriminant is zero: 144 − 20k = 0; k = 7 1/5.
Solution x = 6/5

2. a. x = 0 or x = 2/7 b. x = 5 or x = −7
c. x = 7

29
Review: Radical & Rational Equations, p. 65
1. a. x = 25/6 2. a. x = 23 b. no solution c. x = −144/7
b. x = (7 − √29)/10 ≈ 0.161 or d. x = 14
x = (7 + √29)/10 ≈ 1.239 e. x = (1 + √177)/2 ≈ 7.152 or
c. s = 3 and s = −1 x = (1 − √177)/2 ≈ −6.152
d. w = 1 f. z = 5/16
e. x = (−13 + √4901)/14 ≈ 4.072 or
x = (−13 − √4901)/14 ≈ −5.929 3. a. x = 9 b. y = 2/19
f. no solution c. x = (−25 − √1125)/(−2) ≈ 29.271

Review: Word Problems, p. 66

1. Let d = dimes, n = nickels, p = pennies. 6. When the trains meet, they will have covered
10d + 5n + p = 224; 10(2 + n) + 5n + (2n) = 224; the distance 120 km.
n = 12;
Rate Time Distance
He had 14 dimes, 12 nickels, and 24 pennies.
First train 120 t 120t
2. Let m = Mom's age now and s = Sarah's age now.
m = 3s − 6; m + 10 = 2(s + 10) − 4. Second train 144 t 144t
Sarah is 12 and Mom is 30. Sum 120
3. Let x = how much John had initially,
120t + 144t = 120. t = 0.4545 hours or about
and h = the price for one hammer.
x − 5h = $49.50; x − 9h = $7.50. 27 minutes. They meet at 4.27 PM.
h = $10.50 and x = $102. 7. 4.5 km/h.
4. Let D be Miriam's debt, and h her hourly pay. Let s be Mark's rowing speed in still water.
−D + 34h = 0 and −D + 150h = 1450. Rate Time Distance
h = $12.50 and D = $425. Upstream s − 1.5 1.5/(s − 1.5) 1.5
5. Let x be one integer and z be the other integer. Downstream s + 1.5 1.5/(s + 1.5) 1.5
z = (2x + 302); x + (2x + 302) = 680.
x = 126 and z = 554. 1.5/(s − 1.5) = 2(1.5)/(s + 1.5); s = 4.5 km/h.

Review: Percent and More, p. 67

1. 0.75 × $75 = $56.25; 0.8 × $56.25 = $45. 7. Jane needs to still read 230 page. We write a
The new price is $45. proportion
250 pp/170 min = 230 pp/x. x = 156.4 minutes
2. The new price is $81.60. The original price is $96. ≈ 2 hours 36 minutes.
0.85x = 81.60; x = 96.
8. 1 hour 58 minutes.
3. 0.3p = $125; p = $416.67.
Mark's working rate is 1/4.5 job done in one hour,
The original price is $416.67,
and Ernest's working rate is 1/3.5 job done in
and the new price is $291.67.
one hour.
4. 0.7 × 1.1p = $475; p = $616.88. Let t be the time it takes them to work together
and complete 1 job.
5. 2500t × 0.075 = $500; t = 2.67 years. t/4.5 + t/3.5 = 1. t = 1.96875 hours or
So you should invest it for 3 years. 1 hour 58 minutes.
6. The rest 9. 1 hour.
Fat Total
(water etc.) Let x be Amanda's working rate (jobs/hour).
Skim milk 0.005x 0.995x x Annie's working rate is 1/2 job per 1 hour.
Their combined work rate is x + 1/2.
Normal milk 3.5 ml 96.5 ml 100 ml
Mixture 0.005x + 3.5 0.995x + 96.5 100+ x To do 1 job together, they take 2/3 hours (40 min):
x + 1/2 = 1/ (2/3) or (2/3) (x + 1/2) = 1.
0.005x + 3.5 = 0.01(100 + x). x = 500 ml.
x = 1.

30
Review: Geometry Problems, p. 68
1. The sides are √82, √90, and 4. Area is 18. 5. First find the equation of the line through A and B,
perimeter is √82 + √90 + 4 ≈ 22.54. and the midpoint of the line segment AB.
2. The fourth point is (−3, −2). A is (−2, 0) and B is (3, 2). Midpoint is (1/2, 1).
The sides are 7, 7, √53, and √53 . Equation of the line through A and B is
The perimeter is 14 + 2√53 ≈ 28.56. y − 0 = (2/5)(x + 2).
The perpendicular bisector has slope −5/2 and goes
3. The sides are √56 = 2√14 ≈ 7.483.
Perimeter 8√14 ≈ 29.933. through the midpoint (1/2, 1) so its equation is:
Its diagonal 4√7 ≈ 10.583. y − 1 = (−5/2)(x − 1/2), or in standard form
10x + 4y = 9.
4. The height of each triangle is√62 − 2.52 = √29.75 ,

so the area of each triangle is 5√29.75/2. Thus, the

surface area is 4 × 5√29.75/2 + 25 ≈ 79.54 sq. in.

31