CHAPTER VIII (J.S.

DC 1946
According to Society of Dyers and Colourists
classified into 3 classes
p-280) the direct cotton dyestuffs are
APPLICATION OF DIRECT DYESTUFFS under.
Class A: Dyes having good levelling properties;
Direct dyes or substantive dyes_are widely used in the
industry and ar popular among dyers because textile Class B:Dyes which are not self-levelling but which can
of their cheapness, give level results by addition of salt i.e., which
are salt.
Case of application, levelling in dyeing and
a wide range of controllable: and
availability of shades. They can be applied to cotton
in any form
by a very simple method. They do not, Class C : Dyes which are not self-levelling and which
or brilliant shades and vary in their howeyer, produce bright cannot be adequately controlled by addition of salt but which
fastness
fas!ness to light and washing is not good. The properties. Their require control by temperature i.e. temperature controllable.
of some of the dyes can be improved by fastness properties
an after treatment with CYThe dveing is usually commenced at lower temperaure and
metallicsalts: generally copper salts improve fastneSs LO Jight and lower salt content and the temperature gradually raised to boil and
chromium salts, fastness to washing. the quantity of salt increased.
The direct dyestuffs were first discovered by In yarn dyeing the material to liquor ratio is 1:20 or 1:25.
1884, the first member of the series being Congo [Link] in
They are The dye-bath is prepared with the requisite quantity of dyestuf,
mainly used for cotton and rayon and can be applied to silk, jute 0.5-2% soda ash and 5-10% common salt (for light shades) or
and wool. They are, for the most part, derived from TO-30% common salt (for dark shades). The well scoured'yam is
and their molecule contains two azo groups benzidine
N=N; they are, usually entered at 60°C and given 2-3 turns. The prescribed
therefore, also known as 'diamine' colours. quantity of salt is then added in portions, the first addition being
The direct dyestuffs are marketed under various trade names made 10-15 minutes after commencement of the dyeing and the
such as Atul Direct (Atul), Chlorazol and Durazol (I.C.I.), bath brought to boil gradually. Dyeing is continued near boil for
Chiorantine Fast and Direct Fast (Ciba), Sirium and Sirius Supra 45 minutes. The material is allowed to remain in the cooling bath
(Bayer), Incomine and Incomine Light Fast (Indokem), Solar for some time for obtaining better exhaustion.
(Sandoz), Rano, Ranofast and Rano Sunfast (Suhrid Geigy) dyes. The best temperaure for dyeing the yarn varies with diferent
Dissolving the Dyestuff dyes. In using mixtures of dyes for compound shades, only those dyes
The dyestuff is first pasted with a little cold water. Hot water which possess approximately same dyeing qualities are chosen.
is then added and the liquor boiled with stirring to dissolve the When dyeing pale shades, Dispersol VL, Lissapol C or a
dyestuff. Soft water is used for making the solution. The solution similar agent is added in small quantities to help in obtaining level
is added to the dye-bath by filtering it through a thin piece of dyeings.
cloth and the required quantity of water is then added. For dark shades and while dyeing cotton hanks on yarn
Application dyeing machines of the rotating roller type, the yam is entered
at 90°C. or near boil instead of 60°C. If there is tendency towards
Direct dyes are applied to cotton at boiling temperature from
unevenness, the salt is added, in 2 or 3 portions, the last portion
a slightly all:ine or neutral bath with the addition of salt. They being added near the end of the dyeing. At the end of the dyeing.
differ in their levelling property, affinity at different temperature
and exhauslion property. the yarn is removed, rinsed in order to remove excess of dye
liquot and'saltsolution and then dried.
118
L19
 In dyeing light shades, uneven dyeing may occur in which dyeing is commenced at 60°-70°C, the dye is added first and the
case the amount of salt to be added to the dye-bath is reduced salt is added gradually towards the end of the dyeing operation
or even omitted. Soap or Turkey, Red oil may be added to the in order to obtain level dyeing. For medium shades 12 gms per
dye-bath to obtain greater evenness. litre common salt is added and for _dark shades 18 gms per litre
Usually, 20 percent of common saltar Glauber's salt cal.) may be added. Salt should not be added in excess while dyeing
on the weight of The material is used for exhausting the dye-bath. on jiggers. After giving one end in the dye-bath containing half
Common salt is preferred to Glauber's salt as it is. anhydrous and the quantity of dyestuff, the remainder of the dyestuff is added
does not required large quantity for use. The solubility of the and the fabric run from one roller to the other till the desired
dyestuff in waleF gets reduced byaddition of salt as_a result of shade is obtained.
which more colour is forced on the cotton. In the çase_of heayy
shades or in order to obtain better exhaustion, mÍre salt.may_be In the padding machine used for dyeing pale and medium.
used. Too much of salt if added may precipitate the
dyestuff.
shades, light weight cotton fabrics are dyed. The temperature of
When standing baths are used, care has to be taken to see the dye-bath is 60°C_for,light shades and 80°-100°C-for dark
that
the accumulation of salt does not. become too much. This
can be
shades. Common salt or Glauber's salt is added in portions, half ..
dontrolled by finding the density of the liquor by means of of it being added along with half the quantity of dye solution at
hydrometer, for medium shades it should be 2°Tw and for dark the commencement of the dyeing when the material is given one
shades. from 4° to 6°Tw. When. the bath contains a large end. The remaining dye solution and salt are added in portions
of salt, the salt is added towards the end of amount after each end till the required shade is obtained. While dyeing
the operation and
the goods when taken out of the dye-bath are rinsed well heavy fabrics, Dispersol VL or Calsolene Oil HS in small
deposition of salt on the material which would become [Link]
difficult quantities is added to assist penetration of the dye-liquor.
to remove.
Mercerised cotton has a higher affinity for dyestuff than
In many cases the dye-bath is made_alkaline by adding ordinary cotton. Such material, therefore, requires less dye and less
sod quantity of salt, than ordinary cotton material for obtaining the
ash, sodium phosphate or siliçate. The alkali is added first then
the dye solution and finally the salt. same depth of shade. A higher material to liquor ratio is also _used.
For dyeing light shades the material to liquor ratig is 1:20 After Treatment of Direct Dyed Material
while for dark shade the ratio is 1:15. The fastness to light and washing of direct dyed material can
For loose cotton, slivers, cops, cheeses, hanks. etc., be improved by treatment with solutions of metallic salts. All
6 is carried out in package dyeing machines in which the dyeing direct dyes are not capable of this treatment and in many cases
is packed into a detachable perforated cage material the colour becomes darker or duller by after teatment. Copper
and the
circulated through the package by means of a centrifugalliquor is Sulphate is used for increasing fastness to light and bichromate
Since the m :1 ratio in these machines is short, the pump. for increasing fastness to washing. Formaldehyde treatment also
quantity.
salt required for exhausting the bath is less and it is of improves fastness to washing-particularly of some direct blacks.
addèd
gradually after the material is thoroughly immersed in the dye The quantity of metallic salt to be used varies from 1to 3
iquor otherwise the dye would be exhausted on the percent of copper $ulphate or bichromate and 1 to 3 percent of
the material. óutside of
acetic acid depending on the depth of shade dyed. The after
Piece goods çan be dyed in the which maciíne,or jigger. treatment is usually carried out in a fresh bath by any of the
The methods given below :
120
ep8 2025,1452 121
 i) The dyed material is
rinsed and treated in a bath
0.5 to 2% copper sulphate and containing
0.5 to 2% acetic acid (30%) Diazotisation of Direct Dyed Material
for half an hour at 80°C
and
Direct cotton blues are usually then rinsed in cold water. Somè direct dyes containing a free amino group in the
treated by this method. diazotisable position can be diazotised and developed with
ii) The dyed material is
rinsed and treated in a bath developers like B-naphthol to give shades different from he self
2-3% potassium bichromate and containing
2-3% acetic acid (30%) for shades. Primuline was the first direct dyestuff discovered by A.G.
half an hour near boil and
then rinsed in cold water. Greën whictr coutd te diazotised and developed,.with improved
iii) The dyed material is fastnessproperties to give Primuline Red with B-naphthol. The
rinsed and treated in a bath
0.5-2% potassium bichromate 0.5-2% containing material is first dyed witha direct diazotisable dye and the
5% acetic acid (30%) for half copper sulphate and 1 diazotisation and development are carried out on the fibre. A large
rinsed in cold water. an hour at 80°C and then
number ofdiazotisable directrdyes are available. The material dyed
iv) The dyed material is rinsed with direct dyestuff is washed and treated in cold for half an hour
and
2-3% formaldehyde (40%) and 1%treated in a bath cont£ining in a bath containing sodium nitrite (1-3%) and hydrochloric acid
an hour at 65% C acetic acid (30%) for half (5-10%), rinsed and developed without delay with the developer
and then rinsed in cold water. for 15 to 20 minutes. It is then washed, soaped and dried. The
Topping Direct Dyed Material with Basic Dyes diazotisationis carried out in wooden, stainless steel or stone vats
In order to improve the brightness or away from- sunlight. The developers like naphtol, B-naphthol,
direct dyeings are sometimes topped brilliancy of shade, phenol, m-toluene diamine etc. are dissolved by pasting with equa
with a small quantity of basic quantity of caustic soda and pouring boiling water over them. The
dye in a separate bath. The direct dye, acts
as a mordant for the process is rather cumbersome and is not much in use.
basic dye so that the basic dye becomes
fixed on the material
producing a compound shade. Usually while topping, a basic dye Stripping of Direct Dyeings
of the same general colouras the direct dye is used. Thus Almost all direct dyes can be stripped with hÍt dilute caustic
dyed with Direct Green is topped with a small quantity material soda and sodium hydrosulphite. With mixings which contain
of Malachite Green to give a brilliant green (0.1%)
shade. yellow of the Oxyphenine type, it is not possible to strip the
The topping of basic dye is commenced in a cold bath by dyeing to a white by this method. Dyeings with Oxyphenine as a
taking, a portion of the dye solution (one third) and the compoDent are stripped with a 25 percent solution of pyridine in
temperature raised slowly to 60°C adding the remaining dye in water. Ethylene glycol, cyclohexanone etc. can be used instead of
several portions. A small quantity of açetic acid isadded to the pyridine for the purpose of stripping.
dye-bath for obtaining level shades. The material is then washed
and dried.

For obtaining very_fast dyeings by this method, the material

is first dyed with direct dyestuff in a batch containing 2 to 4 Nari
percent tannic acid at boil, allowed to remain in the cooling bath
for some time and after squeezing it is treated in a cold bath
Contairi0ng 1to 2 percent tartar emetic. After washing, it- is topped
with a basic dye like Auramine 0, Malachite Green, Methylene
Blue, Victoria Blue etc.

122
123
 CHAPTER IX Naphthols which were subsequentiy developed, the
Naphthol AS group overB-Naphthol is that because advantage of
of the
substantive dyeing qualities of its members, it is not necessary
APPLICATION OF AZOIC DYESTUFFSC dry the naphtholated material before developing as in the case toof
material treated with -Naphthol and secondly, a large quantity
of material can be naphtholated and kept wet by addition of
(Azoic dyestuffs, often termed as Naphthol colours, are so
widely used in the handloom industry for _dyeing.of cellulosic formaldehydét, the Naphthol bath and then developed. The
number of such Naphthbls now on the market is about 25 and
fibres that there is practically no dyehouse where this class of there are some 44 different Bases for use in conjunction with these
dyestuff is, not used for producing some shade or the other. These Naphthols. Thus it is possible to produce 1100 different shades
dyestuffs are characterised by their beauty and brightness of shades
on the fibre by a combination of these Naphthols and Bases. But
and in many cases by their all-round fastness properties
all combinations are not useful; many of them give repeat shades;
comparable to vat dyes. They produce yellow, golden-yellow, some give dirty shades, some others do not give good fastness.
orange, brown, scarlet, red, maroon, blue, violet and
black shades,
cotton dyers even Black combinations are very expensive.
all of which are produced regularly by the APPLICATION OF NAPHTHOLS
though a selected range is often adopted in practice,
a chemical Naphthols are insoluble in water and require to be dissolved
Dyeing of azoic colours is wholly and [Link] fõr in caustic soda and applied as sodiun salts. The dyeing process
an intelligent
process requiring the services of Bases (or consists essentially of the following 4stages.
Naphthols and Fast Colour
calculating the quantities of standing baths i) impregnation of the material with a solution of seiected
well as for maintaining correct
Salts) for dyeing as Naphthol
process of naphtholation
and feeding baths and for carrying-out the chemicals in proper ii) removal of excess Naphthol solution;
required
and diazotisation by mixing the quantities and weighing them
sequence after taking them in correct iii) developmentin a solution of the selected Fast Base or Fast
applied direçtly as dyestuffs Salt and
carefully. The azoie dyestuffs are not
the fibre itself by impregnating iv) soaping of the material so dyed.
but are actually produced within Naphthol) followed
the dyestuff (called OF NAPHTHOL SOLUTION
it with one component of
PREPARATION
Base). As the
other component (called Soft water shottd be used for dissolving Naphthols as the
by development with the dyestuff in the fibre,
precipitating an insoluble use of hhardd wateresuls tn urbid soutions of the Naphthel
froa
process consists of surface on account of
precipitation does take place on the' depending which-insolubBe compounds are precipitated. Further, dispersing
some
which these dyestuffs rub off
to a greater or less extent agents like Turkey Red Oil used for pasting of
Naphthet-are not
are dyed. insolublepreeptates when
on the skill with which they stable in-hard water and give rise to is
Thomas and
hard-water is used. Complete solution of
the Naphthol
was discovered by M/s
The first azoic colour red shade by.
absolutely necessary for iapregnating the material as incompletely
who produced a bluish
Robert Holliday in 1880 B-Naphthol and gives rise-to fattty dyeing. There
with an alkaline solu ion of. dissolved Naphthol inevitably
padding cotton Later, Meldola are two methods Qf dissolving Naphthol.
diazotised B-Naphthylamine. para-nitraniline.
coupling it with which the sodium salt is formec
coupling B-Naphthol andintroduced a new a) Hot dissolving method in
produced Para Red by Griesheim-elektron
and dissolved in boiling water and
Fabrik
In 1912 Chemiche termed Naphthol AS-
an anilide of B
Naphthol similar
and important was the first of
a series of 125
C'2naztkhoic acid and
124
 b) Cold
dissolving
and dissolved in method in which the sodium salt is formed Cold Dissolving Method
methylated spirit.
Hot dissolving method
is more labÍrious gives good results and is In this method, the quantity of caustic soda required
is less
than the cold cheap but than that in the hot method. The hot dissolving method is
1s generally
preferred to the dissolving nethod. The hot method
cold method on laborious than this method which gives more more
satisfactory
cheapness. account of itS with the less soluble-Naphthols, and enables more
results
Hot Dissolving Method solutions to be obtained. This method is, however, moreConcentrated
Naotaapthod expensive
than the hot method owing to the use of methylated sniri.
In thismethod,
to aboiling suspensionthe required amount of caustic soda is added The required quantity of Naphthol is first taken in a talu
agent and the resulting of Naphthol in the presence of a dispersing narrow container to minimise the evaporation of methylated
solution is diluted with water. spirit
In certain cases such used. The Naphthol is stirred gently with the required quantity of
AS-SG and AS-SR, the as Naphthol AS-SW, AS-GR, AS-ITR, methylated spirit and caustic soda solution is then added. After
and caustic Naphthol is pasted with Turkey this, the required quantity of cold water is added and stirTed into
soda
and the Red Oil
then dissolved by adding paste is heated (without dilution) and the paste. Formaldehyde, if required, is then added and the
boiling water. The required
Naphthol is weighted, pl¡ced concentrated solution is poured in the dye bath containing the
amount of
required amount of dispersingin a container and pasted with the required amount of water (at appropriate temperature), little
Oil or Azomel A. The urwetting agent nke Tufkey Red dispersing agent and some caustic soda.. No dispersing agent is
any lumps broken down. powder must be wetted completely
A little water and used while dissolving.
paste to enable the paste to be also may be added to the
easily The quantities of various chemicals to be used for dissolving
stirred. The
added to the paste. Therequired
of boiling water is then amount different Naphthols are given in Table 1 below.
stirred and boiled again and to this mixture is well T.R.O.
soda is added while stirring required quantity of
and boiling continued for caustic Turkey Red Oil is commonly used for pasting Naphthols by
minutes. A clear solution of Naphthol a few
is thus obtained which is
cooled to 50°C by addition of cold the hot dissolving method to wet and
water. Formaldehyde is then disperse the dry powder to
enable caustic soda to reaet. with it. If lumps
added where necessary. With Naphthol of unwetted Naphthol
As-BR, AS-G and AS-GR, are present, it is difficult to obtain a
formaldehyde must not be added. satisfactory clear solution.
AS-G particularly is destroyed by The dyeing power of Naphthol
the addition of formaldehyde.
About 2/3. of the total quantity of T.R.0.
pasting and the remaining 113 quantity is prescribed is used for
Formaldehyde retards hydrolysis, of the sodium compound to adopting the hot method of dissolving added to dye-bath when
free Naphthol which gives weak and the In the case of cold method,
unlevel
h¡s little coupling power. It also serves to dyeings because it the entire quantity of Turkey
Red Oil
protect the impregnated the bath. Turkey Red Oil recommended is added to
material from the effects of exposure to air when hanks in open beck is 4 cc perrecommended for dyeing cotton yarn
immediately. If the goods are dried before the not developed
development, 20 cc per litre; for piece goods inlitre and for tub-dip method, it is
formaldehyde need not be added, as the naphtholated material is quantity is 4 cc. per litre. Jigger dyeing the recommended
sensitive to air only in the moist. condition. The
is then added to the dye bath containing the Naphthol solution
water (at the correct-working temperature), required quantity of
caustic soda. dispersing agent and

126
127
 Table l : Quantities of Chenicals Required for Dissolving 1 exposure is improved by an addition of formaldehyde to the
gm of Naphthol
Napthol bath. .In spite of this, the material also requires to be
T.R.O. Caustic Soda, Water Formaldehyde protected from contact with water, steam, acid and chlor1ne fumes
Naphthol and from exposure to sunlight since these agencies have
Solid 40%
deleterious action. Formaldehyde reacts with the dËssolved
AS Naphthol to form condensation products which are more stable to
AS-D | cc. 0.6 g. 40 cc. 0.5 cc. air and less sensitive to water drops and acid vapours. Its action
AS-OL
is more rapid in concentrated solutions than in dilute soiutions.
The quantities of formaldehyde to be added to different Naphthoi
AS-E baths are shown in Table 1.
AS-G 1 cc. 0.5 g. 33 cc. Nil Table II Minimum Quantity of Caustic Soda Required in
AS-TR 1 cc. 0.7 g. 80 cc. 0.5 cc. Naphthol Baths
AS-GR 1 cc. 0.25 g 90 cc. Full Shade Minimum Shade Pale Shade
Naphthol Caustic Soda Caustic Soda Caustic Soda
AS-BO I cc. 1 gm. 50 cc. 1 cc.
gms per Litre gms per Litre gms per Litre
AS-S 1 cc. 1.8 g 80 cc. 0.5 cc.
AS-LB 1.7 cc. 0.50 gm. S0 cc. 1.50 cc. AS
AS-E
AS-BS I cc. 0.6 8 65 cc. 1 cc.
AS-SW
AS-SG I cc. 0.375 g. 40 cc. Nil
AS-LB
Caustic Soda
AS-TR 3 2.25 1.75
Caustic soda is added in two portions to the Naphthol bath.
AS-BG
It is first added while dissolving Naphthol at the start and
dependent on the weight of the Naphthol being dissolved. The AS-OL
second addition is made to the water used for diluting the AS-BS
concentrated Naphthol solution and should not be less than 0.3 AS-D
gm. per litre of caustic soda. The total quantity of caustic soda
used should not be less than the minimum quantities specified in AS-RL
Table II below. AS-BO
Formaldehyde AS-SG
Naphtholated material is usually sensitive to prolonged AS-SR 4.5 3.75 2.5
exposure to air, particularly while in wet state. Such exposure AS-G Note more than 2.5
gives weak or uneven dyeings with streaky patches. These effects
occur most often in hank dyeing, as it takes time to remove the Formaldehyde should not be added to Naphthol AS-G bath
hank from the Naphthol bath, hydroextract it and then enter it into a it destroys its coupling power. Naphthol AS-SG, AS-SR and
the developing bath. The stability of naphtholated material to air AS-BR which have good stability do not require the addition of
128 129
 should not be added
as it decreases affinity
formaldehyde. Formaldehyde also is not required when the spirit (Too much spirit 0.5 litre caustic so
are to be dried before goods by addition of
developing. When qver_printing orpinting and increases cost)
followed
carefully stirred i and
discharge styles, formaldehyde should not be used in the Naphthol (70°Tw); then 15 litres cold water is
bath. solution is obtained.
stirring continued until
a clear
Common Salt
0.5 litre formaldehyde is added and after standing for
(40%)
with
poured into the dye-bath set
Addition of common salt
increases the substantivity of most 5-10 minutes, the solution is
Napthols when used in optimum quantities. Naphthol As-G has T.R.O. and caustic soda.
little affinity if name
common salt is not added to the bath. Naphthols marketed by I.C.I.
are sold under the trade
of Naphthol AS-SR and In the case names of Naphthols and the
AS-BR, it is not necessary to add of Brenthols. Table III shows the
common salt as their substantivity is very
Common salt is as under : high. The addition of corresponding Brenthols.
Corresponding Naphthols
Naphthol AS and As-RL Table III: Brenthols and
50 gms. per litre Corresponding Naphthols
Napthol AS-BO, AS-E, AS-LB, AS-D, Brenthol
AS-BG, AS-OL, AS-BS and AS-TR AS
20 gms. per litre AS
AS-G
Naphthol A3-SW AT
10 gms. per litre
Naphthol AS-G AS-BO
15 gms. per litre AN
Without the addition of salt, naphthol OT AS-D
AS-G possesses
practically no affinity for cotton fibres. FR
AS-OL
As an example, the method of dissolving AS-RL
(Trade name of Amarthol AS-BS PA
M/s. Amar Dye Chem Ltd. for Naphthol
may be described. AS-BS) FO AS-BG

MN AS-BS
Amarthol AS-BS
Hot Method CT AS-TR

BN AS-SW
1kg. Amarthol is pasted with the required amount of T.R.O.
and 15 litres boiling water is added. The suspension is boiled and DA AS-BR
I.5 litres caustic soda (70°Tw) is added. Boiling is continued for BB AS-E
a few minutes until a clear solution is obtained. The solution is
then cooled to 50°C by adding about 15 litres cold water then 1 BT AS-LB
litre formaldehyde (40%) is added and after standing for 5 mts. GB AS-SG
the solution is diluted to the required volume with water MA AS-LT
Containing the necessary additional amounts of T.R.0 and caustic
soda. RB AS-SR
Cold Method Developing
I kg. Naphthol AS-BS is pasted with 1.5 litres methylated After impregnation with Naphthol, the material is thoroughly
130
131
 saueezed or hydro-extracted. Piece goods are preferably dried
before development. The shade is developed by treating the Table V
material in a bath prepared from either a i) Fast Base or Strength Relationship between Fast Salts and Fast
ii) Fast Salt Bases

Fast Bases are not capable of combining with naphthol Fast Salt Fast Base Parts of Fast Salt equal to
they are diazotised or converted into soluble diazo [Link]
One Part of Base
Fast Salts are soluble in water giving diazo solutions Black K
which
are used directly for coupling with the Naphthol on the fibre; they Blue B Blue B
are stabilised diazo salts of the corresponding Fast
Bass which Blue BB Blue BB
render the tiresome operation of diazotisation 2.5
unnecessary
of great convenience in practice. They are stabilised by
and are Bordeaux GP Bordeaux GP
the diazotised Base with naphthalene sulphonic acids or coupling
Corinth V
fluorosulphonic acids. The developing baths are prepared by Garnet GBC Garnet GBC
pasting the Fast Salts with about five times the weight of luke
warm water, dissolving in cold water and sieving into the bath. Orange GC Orange GC
They are quite expensive. They have to be stored away from light Orange GR Orange GR
and air, otherwise they decompose. Red B Red B 5
The dyeings obtained by using diazotised Fast Bases are Red GL Red GL
exactly the same in properties as those obtained from the
Red 3 GL Red 3 GI 2.5
corresponding Fast Salts. Special additions to the dye-bath are
necessary with certain of the Fast Salts, details of which are given Red KB
in Table IV below : Red RC 5
Red RC
Table IV : Special Additions to Salt Baths Red RL Red RL 5
Fast Salt Per 1 kg. of salt, add Red TR Red TR 5
Fast Blue 0.4 kg. sodium bicarbonate Scarlet G Scarlet G
Fast Red GG 0.33 kg. aluminium sulphate ScarletGG Scarlet GGS 4
Fast Red LTR 0.4 litre acetic acid 50% ScarterR Scariet RE 4
Fast Red RL 0.4 litre acetic acid 50% Scarlet TR
Fast Scarlet G 0.2 kg. sodium acetate Violet B Violet B 5

The Fast Salts are weaker than the corresponding Fast Bases, YeHow GC Yellew-G¬
their relative strengths are given in Table V.
DIAZOTISATION OF FAST BASES
Diazotisation essentially consists of treating the Fast Base
with sodium nitrate and hydrochloric acid. The diazotisation of
bases is carried out by two methods depending [Link] the
132
133
 base is hydrochloride of an amine
or pure amine. For the
hydrochloride of amine which can be distinguishd prevents the Naphthol being washed from the fibre before it has
"C" such as Orange GC, by the suffix been fully developed. Common salt is reduced to 10gms per litre
Scarlet RC, Garnet GBC etc. the
diazetisation is carried out by the direct in the case of developing baths prepared from Fast Garnet GBC
hydrochlorjc acid first and method that is adding salt or base or Fast Corinth V Salt and is omitted in the case of
amines the reverse method /ssodium nitrite afterwards. For pure
followed in which, the base is first
Fast Black Salt. In order to obtain satisfactory development, the
pasted with hot water and sodium gitrite and then acid concentration of the developing bath should not be allowed to fall
The process is carried out at is added. below 2.5 gms per litre of Fast Salt or 0.5 gms. per litre of Fast
low temperature (18°C) preferably
using ice. It takes 20 to 30 minutes
to complete the diazo reaction. Base. Developing baths for Naphthol AS-G shades require an
The solution. is cooled and addition of 4 cc acetic acid (50%) per litre of the developing bath,
diluted with an addition of cold
before neutralising the excess HCI. water to avoid dull and uneven shades. This amount is over and above
carried out in vesseis constructed Diazotisation is preferably the quantity of alkali-binding agent present and tothe special
metal, porcelain, earthenware or of wood, plastic, enamelled additions necessary with certain Fast Salts.
stainless steel; iron,
used. For effective and copper
zinc vessels should not be or As an example, the diazotization of Fast Yellow GC Base
diazotisation, an excess of hydrochloric acid complete may be described.
throughout the operation and the acidity is testedmust be present Fast Yellow GC Base
solution on Congo Red paper which should by spotting the
coloration. Further, an excess of nitrous acid show a deep blue 1kg Base is pasted with 5 litres cold water and 1.2 litres
of hydrochloric acid on sodium formed by the action Hydrochloric acid (32°Tw) 15 litres cold water is added and
nitrite must also be present and
this is detected by spotting the liquor cooled to 10°C and to this 0.2 kg. sodium nitrite dissolved in
on starch/iodide paper which about 2.5 litres cold water is added with stirring. After 15-20
should produce dark browri to deep blue-black
coloration. When
diazotisation is complete, the excess of hydrochloric acid minutes, it is neutralised with 1kg. sodium acetate dissolved in
be removed as it prevents the diazo compound hasto 2.5 litres cold water. Then finally the alkali-binding agent 0.5 litre
that is formed from glacial acetic acid or 1kg. aluminium sulphate dissolved in about
coupling with the Naphthol This is-done by adding sodium
acetate. Certain other chemicals are also used in 5 litres cold water is added 25 gms per litre common salt is
place of sodium finally added to the developing bath when developing wet goods
acetate which are given in the individual diazotisation
recipes. but is not necessary when developing dried goods.
It is also necessary to add to the solution of diazotised
Base, a substance to remove the tree caustic soda which is Fast Diazopon A is added to give dyeings of improved fastness
into the developing bath by the Naphthol impregnated material brought to rubbing. When diazotising the Fast Bases, hydrochloric acid is
which tends to inhibit coupling and causes decomposition and normal!ly added first followed by sodium nitrite and other
of the chemicals. However in the case of the following Bases, sodium
diazo compound if the developing bath Ës rendered strongly nitrite is added first followed by hydrochloric acid and other
alkaline. For this purpose, acetic acid and aluminium sulphate chemicals.
which are termed as "alkali-binding agents" are used. The
Salts contain their own alkali-binding Fast i) Fast Orange GR Fast Scarlet R
agents. ) ii)
An addition of 25 gms per litre of common salt is iii) Fast Red B iv) Fast Bordeaux GP
generally
made to all developing baths except in a few cases and the v) Fast Violet B
entire vi) Fast Red 3 GL
quantity is added before development is started. The common salt vii) Fast Red GL and viii) Fast Red RL
Recipes for diazotising different bases are given in Table VI
134
135
 bases. d
st
ot hen en ve es lace
fter es ould In
be It ove In
in litre whic the Use not is of
An hould ped ht ol S-BO, hod lect d The slow Fast KB, The Fast ceta . Red With
be at a in the not the
of be
Fast Red whic react KB
larimne arbonte
is
the AS, cold soda trea d litle in are ice Fast
a
B
ash. is
of
per whic acid
mineral Blue sodiunm case used case of
B,
S1p48:2503, reficnt osulphate soaped boil. soaped AS- W or
materi l
above AS-BO water. soap case devlopr has for
Vcoupling iolet
of
sGarnet tabily KB, ato
bsolute y Base, Yelow used Fast as
litre with or the Fast
to Blue
the an
as
Fintahley bath
at
napht o
be n
l ed. the 20
to RP,
GBC,
Fast sen itve
Red 3
todesirabl Cong esntial acetic GC,
acidty. Base with
Blue Zinc acet , Red
RL
in
soaping Yelow 65°C AS-OL Certain acid Fast
Fast Red to
136 boil
hydrocli materil power.
acid time 30
is
fol wing is GL, the is
base Fast with
of
after soap they AS- W with
se are
Galki-bndg armet
aditon of is for it
3

that or
to
bath lose with Fast materi l devlop very
Scarlet Red Fast temprau case Paper. used Orange sulphate Blue Fast Base, agent. GBC
0.5 30 is
TR, GL, of
Base in B,
Blue Sodium of the GC,
is to in slow zinc Fast B
a the
1 Fast
an like in Baseis TR in
treamn obtain combuinsatinsg Foraasntge Yelow combinats washed prefably imnerso meinxuctespt worked Red Fast diazotsed Garnet
in is
GC in
gm.
their considerably GChot
minutes aded, rinsed Blue GBC 25-30°C.
the
ad it on and B
oxide Blue Base, formate alumin
to is is

true of RR
Napht ol 3
fol wing :
G
of
base Base Napht ol using washed cold much soluti n Blue po r dev lopm nt Scarlet coupling used
BB and to and
and if and AS, and and the
importan shades. sodiuh AS-G in-depth should water gms water shorte. tub-dip Fast Fast bath sodium than Sodium aditon sulphate
Colour Bases
Table VI:Recipes for Diazotising 1 gm of Fast Common
Sodium
Acetic Salt
Sodium Acetate in
Name of the Ouantity Ouantity Quantity Sodium Water Temp. Time Water na the Deve
Acetate Acid 50% the De.
Base of Water of HCI of Water Nitrite loping Bath
Bath

8 8
2 cc5°C 15-20 mt 0.9 gm
8
Yellow GC 8 S-10°C 15-20 mt 0.9 gm
Scc hot 8 8
Orange GC 8 10-15°C 30 mts. 0.75 gm 88
8 8
Red TR 8 30 mts
8 8
Red KB 88
8 8 8
Scarlet TR 8
6 cc hot 8
Scarlet GG 8
8
137 Red RC 8 20 boil 8
Blue 1
& cool 2 cc 25 gA10 gA
0.25 8 2 cc 18°C
Blue BB
Reverse Method
Sodium
Cold Sodium Water
Acetic Acid Common Salt Acetate
u Water Sodium HC Temp. Time 50%
Water Acetate
Nitrite 20 g/
30 cc8 10-15 °C I5 mts 1.00 g 25 g/
Orange R 8
30 cc10-15 °Cl 30 mts. 0.85 &
Red B 25 g/
8 30 mts 0.85 g
Scarlet 1 25 g/
8 30 mts 0.85 g 0 g/
Borde aux GP 20 g/
40 cc8 I5-20 °C 20 mts 0.5 gm
Violet
 Naphthol solution.
a) develop the true shade of the Fast s
shade with Fast Base or
b) dyestuff. iii) developmnent of the
remove excess colour pigment, thus
dyeing to rubbing. improving fastness or iv) soaping
In the exhaust method both Naphthol and Base may be
c) obtain normal degree of fastness,
particularly to light and usual type of dye beck turning the yarm over sticks
chlorine. Other factors which help in improving fastness to
applied in the
requires an immersion
rubbing are in the normal manner by hand. T his
of 20 minutes or more.
i) drying the material in
between naphtholating and
developing (particularly suitable An alternative method of application of Naphthol
for piece dyeing) developer is the "tup-dip" or "tub-liquoring" method,
yarm in 1
i) squeezing the naphtholate d and in
material thoroughly and lots is pro essed with an immersion of 1 mt. in the bath
evenly before developing. generally carried out in 25 litre tub. After processing each kil
iii) adding protective colloid of yarn a definite quantity of feeding Solution is added to keen
like
Azopol A, Prestabit oil etc. whichDiazopon A, Dekol,
keeps the colourlake the volume of the dye-bath and its concentration constant. Tuh
in a fine state of division liguoring machines evolved for this purpose are also used instead
so that it can be easily
removed from the surface of the dyed of working by hand.
it adheres loosely; material to which
Rinsing and soaping of the material is carried out in the onen
iv) using higher temperature viz. 100°C or even beck and is not done by the tub-dip method as the time of
soaping, 120°C for
thereby making colour particles coarser. immersion is too short.
YARN DYEING EXHAUST METHOD
Yarn dyeing which is of
handloom dyer may be discussedconsiderable
in brief.
importance to the This method is adopted when large quantities of yarn are to
be dyed employing high material to liquor ratio viz. 1:20
All types of cotton yarn can be dyed to fast The dye-bath is set with the Naphthol solution to the
Naphthols and can be applied by the exhaust methodshades with
or tub-dip required volume using m:1 ratio of 1:20 at a temperature of 20
method. 30°C. Formaldehyde is added particularly when the yarn is to be
The yarn is thoroughly kier boiled or scouréd before dyeing. hydro-extracted after application of Naphthol. Common salt is
lt is not necessary to bleach the yarn fully or to dry it before added as recommended and is essential when dyeing Naphthol
dyeing: it should be rinsed and hydro-extracted after boiling. AS-G.
EXHA UST METHOD AND TUB-DIP METHOD OF All the Naphthol and salt is added to the bath before
the
DYEING commencement of dyeing, there being no need to split the quantity
of Naphthol i.e adding half at the
The main stages of yarn dyeing are the same as those
and the remainder after 15 minutes. commencement of the work
discussed earlier viz. The
in 1 kilo lots and entered into the liquor. yarn is put on to sticks
It is given a preliminary
i) impregnation of the yarn with selected Naphthol solution: turn but elaborate turning is not
necessary. It is kept immersed
ii) thorough wringing or hydroextracting to remove excess of for 20-30 minutes. The yarn is then
drain after covering "thrown-up" and allowed to
it with a cloth dipped in the
Naphthol
138
139
 colution, It should be protected from the action of water, excessive of unabsorbed Naphthol remains in the bath.
steam, acid fumes, chlorine fumes and direct sunlight until it is Hence stand1ng baths
of Naphthol are used whenever possible as this reduces
develope. The yarn is then hydro-extracted thoroughly removing the cost
of dyeing. Dyeing in standing baths requires careful calculation
as much mechanically held Naphthol liquor as possible (for of feeding quantities. The principle of standing bath maintenance
obtaining good fastness to rubbing). The centrifuge should be clear is to add to the dye-bath after processing each batch of yarn.
of water, acid or chemical liquor and should be wiped with a cloth an
amount of Naphthol equal to that removed by the yarn. The
dipped in the Naphthol solution; the yarn before hydroextraction Naphthol is taken up by the fibre in two ways viz.
should be wrapped in a cloth impregnated with Naphthol solution.
i) by virtue of affinity or substantivity and
Wringing or squeezing by hand instead of hydroextraction
can also be adopted but is not very satisfactory when a high
ii) by the mechanically held liquor lost from the bath
standard of fastness to rubbing is required. It should be adopted During hydroextraction much of this liquor is removed from
only for Naphthols of high substantivity or when dyeing pale the yarn-which can be collected and returned to the dye-bath.
shades. Wringing may be carried out by hand on the wringing About 100 litres of liquor can be collected from 100 kilos of yarn
post.
and may contain as much as 0.5 kilo of Naphthol. Every effort
is, therefore, made to avoid undue loss of Naphthol liquor. Some
After hydroextraction or wringing, the yarm is developed as Naphthols are not suitable for use in standing baths, these are
soon as possible. If it is delayed, the yarn should be covered with Naphthol AS-SW, AS-BR, AS-SG, AS-SR
a cloth dipped in Naphthol solution.
The bath is kept ready with diazotised Fast Base or Fast Salt Standing Baths Developers
and common salt is added. Before entering the yarn, the various Developing baths never get exhausted completely. Standing
additions to the bath like alkali-binding agent or special additions baths of developer are employed on exactly the same principle
to Fast Salts are made. as Naphthol baths. The economy effected by using these baths
All the sticks of yarn are then dropped into the developing
is just as great as with Napthols. But all developers tend to
end and are decompose chemically on standing and are not equally suitable fo
bath as quickly as possible, pushed well up to one avoided as it use in standing baths. The efficiency of the bath is impaired if
turning is
turned one by one immediately. Delay in the bath is heavily contaminated with the colour pigment and
acidic developing liquor
may cause a 'halo mark' due to the satisfactory fastness to rubbing becomes more difficult to attain.
yet immersed in the bath. The yarn is
seeping up the yarn not It is desirable to prepare fresh bath every day which can be
immersed for 15-20 minutes. The yarn is
then "thrown up" on
usually hydro-extracted. worked as a standing bath for one day only. Standing baths are
the beck and allowed to drain but is not not used for rinsing and soaping.
It is then rinsed without undue delay. TUB-DIP METHOD
bath containing 3 cc. per litre
The yarn is first treated in a This method is used for dyeing small quantities of yarn
minutes (this is particularly
HCI (32°Tw) at 30-40°C for a least 10 usually about one kilo in a small volume and is carried out by
and violet shades) rinsed in
important in the case of blue, black
and washed first with hot successive impregnation and development of the yarn by treating
water, soaped at boil (or at 65°C)
cold it in a solution for a very short period, say, one minute. After
water and then with cold water.
treating each lot in this, dye-bath is replenished by adding a
therefore.
Standing Baths - Naphthols predetermined quantity of feeding solution. This method,
exhausted, therefore, a good deal
The Naphthol bath is rarely
141
e 140
 resembles an intemittent padding process applied to yarn. Al
Naphthols and Fast Bases and Salts are suitable for It is then either developed immediately or placed aside till a
by this method except the following. application convenient quantity of Naphthol impregnated yam is ready for
development. After each impregnation, it is necessary to replenish
a) Highly substantive, Naphthols such as Naphthols order to
AS-SW, the Naphthol bath by means of a feeding solution in
AS-BR, AS-SR, AS-LB and AS-SG out by the yarn and to
replace the amount of Naphthol taken
These Naphthols make it difficult to obtain even maintain a constant level of liquor which will depend on the
present in the yarn before impregnating, the
impregnation during the short period of immersion of the amount of moisture
yarn and are not, therefore, suitable for application by thoroughness of the squeezing operation and loss of small
method. They can be applied by the exhaust method and this quantities of the liquor during squeezing. The quantity of feeding
development with the diazo solution can be carried out the by solution will depend on the affinity of the Naphthol for cotton
Naphtho! is
the tub-dip method. and also the presence of moisture in the yarn. The
b) Fast Red RL Salt and Fast Red AL absorbed by the yarn by way of affinity as well as by mechanical
Salt.
These are not sufficiently soluble to give high absorption.
of the solution necessary for purpose of concentration After impregnating the first kilo of yarn, the required amount
c) Fast Black K Salt, Fast Blue BB Salt and
feeding. of Naphthol feeding solution is added to the bath and a further
B Salt and Base, Fast Violet B Salt and Base,
Base, Fast Blue kilo of yarn is processed. For treating the batch of yarn by this
Fast Corinth method, the full amount of feeding solution in the batch must be
V Salt and Fast Red LTR Salt and Base.
These are not kept in readiness. The feeding solution may be made up the day
suitable as they are too slow in the speed of coupling. before it is required or alternatively, the cold method of dissoBving
For processing by this method, it is necessary to have a
small may be used which is a most useful method, when feeding
tub with a capacity of about 15 litres. This tub should be fixed solutions for tub-dip dyeing are prepared. Formaldehyde should
below the yarn squeezing rod in such a way that any liquor be added to the Naphthol bath while processing by the tub-dip
coming from the yarn when squeezed falls into the tub. Certain method.
manufacturers have developed suitable machines for handling the The Naphtholated material is then taken up for development.
yarn in one kilo lots.
This is frequenly carried out alongside the Naphthol impregatton
Yarn is well boiled out, rinsed and hydro-extracted before The yarm is developed after it has been squeezed on the rod. For
treatment. It is preferable to carry out the dyeing on dry yarn porpose of developing,a similar 15 litre tub placed under another
because the dry yarn facilitates the calculation of Naphthol feeding squeezing rod is employed. In this tub, about 10 litres of the
I quantities and ensures that the Naphthol liquor is absorbed rapidly developing solution is taken and one kilo of Naphtholated- yarn
is entered and well turned for one minute after which it is
by the fibre whereas with wet yarn, absorption only takes place
by diffusion. The tub is filled with about 10 litres of Naphthol squeezed on the squeezing rod. The developing bath is fed on the
d
same principle as the Naphthol þath. If the development is not
solution. the strength of the solution depending upon the depth unifoYm, the turning should be continued until the full
of shade required. One kilo of yarn is placed on a stick. (The development takes place. After developing, the yarn is allowed to
weight of yarn taken while dyeing a batch of yarn should be more lie for 3-4 minutes and then rmsEd. It should not be
or less the samne.) The yarn on the stick is entered into the lie too long before riasig. It is then finally rinsed allowed to
with water
Naphthol solution and turned for about a minute. It is then taken
containing a little hydrochloric acid and then rinsed and soaped
out and squeezed as thoroughly as possible on the squeezing rod. as usual.
142
143
Tub-dip Consideration obtained immediately; maximum absorption is obtained in
In thè tub-dip method, the time of working is only a couple about 20 to 30- minutes.
of minutes. The material, therefore, absorbs less amount of ii) Temperature:The amount of Naphthol absorbed is not
Naphthol than when it is worked for a longer time in the same affected with slight differences in impregnation temperature.
concentration of the bath. If therefore, the same depth of shade The most suitable temperature for impregnation is 20° to 25°C.
is to be produced in both the cases, i.e., the tub-dip method and
the exhaust method, then it is necessary to use more concentrated iv) Concentration of solution: The substantivity of Naphthol
baths for tub-dyeing method than for exhaust method to when applied from weak solutions 15 _greater than when
compensate the time factor. This concentration is usually double applied from strong solutions.
of that for exhaust method. Thus, for dyeing the same depth of v) Addition of salt : The addition of salt to Naphthol bath
shade with Naphthol AS and Fast Yellow GCSalt by the tub-dip increases its substantivity.
method and exhaust method the following quantities are required : The amount of Naphtho! absorbed per unit weight of the
Exhaust Method: 5.8 gms of Naphthol AS per litre and material is of consi derable importance in Naphthol calculations.
9.25 gms of Fast Yellow GC per litre.
This quantity determines the strength of the dyeing and upon it
depends the amount of Fast Base required for developing and the
Tub-dip Method : 10 gms of Naphthol AS per litre and feeding quantities of Naphthol and developer required for the
18.5 gms Yellow GC Salt per litre. maintenance of standing baths. This quantity is the same
The feeding addition for subsequent loss is the same in both irrespective of whether the dyeing is carried out in varying liquor
ratios, viz. 1:5, 1:10, or 1:15. The ultimate concentration of
the cases for equal weights of the material handled per lot. Naphthol in all these cases in the exhaust bath is found to be the
Substantivity of Naphthols same. This enables us to calculate the amount of Naphthol
It is imnportant to consider what is known as substantivity required for a particular depth of shade to be dyed in a particular
of Naphthol. Substantivity denotes the, extent to which a Naphthol liquor ratio provided we know the starting concentration for a
1S absorbed by the material being dyed. It is a measur of afinity particular quantity of Naphthol to be fixed per kg. in a given
whËch ,the Naphthol possesses for the fibre under the particular liquor ratio. Manufacturer's charts give the quantity of various
conditions of dyeing employed and is expressed in terms of the Naphthols absorbed per kg. of material for different concentrations
percentage which is absorbed of the total Naphthol present in the of Naphthol.
dye bath. The Naphthols have different substantivity, some_have In the case of Naphthol bath the requirements necessitating
very low substantivity while others possess very high substantivity. calculations in respect of particular shade are as under :
Knowledge of substantivity of any Naphthol is important because a) Conversion of the Naphthol concentration used at one liquor
it is the amount of Naphthol absorbed by the fibre that controls ratio to that suitable for another.
the depth of shade obtained, Various factors influence the
substantivity viz., b) Conversion of the Naphthol concentration used without any
common salt to that required when common salt is added
i) m:1 Ratio : The longer the ratio employed the lower is the to the bath:
substantivity; the shorter the liquor ratio, the greater is' the
substantivity. c) Determination of correct feeding quantity for maintaining a
standing bath.
11) Time of impregnation : Full absorption of Naphthol is not
144 145
 Naphthols AS-SW same quantity of T.R.0.,
Naphthol Feeding Quantities : When standing baths are In the case of used for the starting
weight of Naphthol as was
used it is necessary to add to the bath after each dyeing an is used for unit
of Naphthol equivalent to that taken out by the material amount bath.
in order dissolvine th.
to bring the content of the bath to its
original value. The bath Formaldehyde : The quantity used when to one balf
then becomes ready for impregnation of be reduced
feed by hot method should
The Naphthol taken out of the bath byanother batch of material. Naphthol
dissolving. When dissolving by
the c
consists of 2 portions, viz.,
any batch of material amount recommended for
should be used.
method, full amount
a) The Naphthol absorbed by the the amount
material by virtue of its Common Salt : This is added in proportion to from 100
affinity: and Thus, if 5 litres are lost
of solution lost from the bath.
b) The Naphthol contained in the common salt in the startine
solution litres of solution and the amount of
to the material. When the material is mechanically adhering for feeding will
taken out of the bath bath was 2 kg. then the common salt required
it always takes some liquor along
this liquor depends on the squeezing with it. The amount of be equal to : 5/100 x 2 kg = 100 gm.
is done by hand, the material effect. If the squeezing CALCULATION OF DEVELOPER QUANTITIES
will
liquor but if it is hydro-extracted, carry
it will
its equal weight of
Developer Starting Bath : The approximate starting bath
liquor on the dry weight of the material. take 50% of the concentration to be used with various developers for weak
The amount of Naphthol absorbed by
the material is obtained
medium and heavy shades for [Link], 1:10 and 1:20 m:1 ratio and
from the [Link] substantivity for tub liquoring process are given in the manufacturer's charts.
Table or graphs. If this amount
is subtracted from the quantity The respective quantities required for Fast Salts are also given in
the starting bath, the bath givesof Naphthol originally added to the charts.
the amount of Naphthol not
removed by affinity, i.e. the ultimate The theoretical quantity of developer required for
bath. The concentration of the liquorconcentration of the Naphthol
bath will be equal to the ultimate lost mechanically fron the combination with the Naphthol can be obtained by multiplying the
by measuring the liquor lost (by concentration of the bath. Hence, amount of Naphthol contained in the material by combining ratio
quantity of Naphthol lost can beusing a graduated dipstick) the
easily
for the particular Naphthol and developer in question. The
combining ratios for various combinations are given in the
feeding quantity to be added to the Naphtholcalculated. The total Manufacturer's charts.
each batch of material is therefore bath after processing
equal to the Naphthol absorbed The chemical combination between the
by the material by affinity plus the
from the bath. Naphthol lost mechanically Base is quantitative but in order to Naphthol and Fast
obtain a satisfactory speed of
Other Additions : When feeding the coupling, it is necessary to take an excess of
Naphthol bath, it is the developing bath for diazo compound in
necessary to use definite quantities of T.R.O., combination with Naphthol.
formaldehyde (when required). An addition of Caustic soda and amount of developer to be used in the The correct
common salt will from the charts. It will be seen starting bath is obtained
also be necessary if it has been used from the above that shorter
in the starting bath. The give more economical baths
quant1ties recommended are as under : working.
Turkey Red Oil: Approximately half For calculating the quantity of
the quantity of to be used in the starting Fast Colour Salt or Fast Base
per unit of Naphthol as was used for pasting the Naphthol is T.R.O. developing bath, the Table giving the
added. equivalent parts of different Fast
combine with one part of a colour Salts or Fast Bases
146 particular naphthol is to be which
referred
147
 Manufacturer's charts), as it is chemIcally not a real Naphthol
to (see and it require acetic acid
addition to the developing bath. It can therefore,
Table VII: Developer Starting Bath with those Naphthols which are deveioped be mixed only
M:L Ratio Qty. of Developer Required conditions. It is on this account that a yellow andunder similar
a blue cannot
1 :5 or below Theoretical quantity plus 10% be mixed to give a green. Further, Naphthols
which have more
1:7.5 11/4 times theoretical quantity. or less same substantivity should be used in
mixtures. While using
1:10 11/2 times theoretical quantity. mixture of Fast Bases. the slow coupl1ng Bases like Fast Violet
B, Fast Blue BB and Fast Biue B should not be
1:15 1 3/4 times theoretical quantity. used in the
mixture. As far as possible, combination of only one Naphthoi
1:20 2 times theoretical quantity. and one Fast Base should be used in order to obta1n consistent
1:30 2 1/2 times theoretical quantity. results.
I:40 3 times theoretical quantity. A combination of naphthols may be used for obta1ning a
Other Additions particular shade if that shade cannot be obtained by a single
i) Common salt : The amount of common salt to be added to naphthol combination. Two naphthois of similar substantivity can
be easily mixed. Thus all the red coupling components can be
the developer feed bath is in proportion to the amount of
liquor lost from the bath. mixed with each other quite easily. Mixtures of naphthol AS and
AS-G with Fast Scarlet RC and mixtures of naphthoi AS-BS and
i) Alkali Binding Agent : When a standing bath of the Naphthol AS-G with Fast Red RC gives scartet and maroon shades
developer is used or a continuous method of dyeings is which give yellow discharges after printing with white discharge
adopted, the quantity of alkali binding agent in the developer
bath has to be controlled. This is dependent on the paste. Naphthol As or AS-BO in combination with Naphthoi AS
concentration of free caustic soda present in the Naphthol
[Link] brown shades of good fastness properties when coupled
with Fast Garnet GBC: Naphthol AS-G in combination with
bath and the degree of hydroextraction or squeezing of the
material after impregnation with the Naphthol solution. naphthol AS-LB produces light yellow brown or biscuit shades.
Matching a shade with naphthols is difficult.
IXTURES OF NAPHTHOL'S AND FAST BASES Mixtures of Bases
Cormbination of Naphthol and base can be made in four
ifferent ways, namely : Mixtures of two bases have to be selected carefully. Those
with similar coupling speed and capable of working at similar pH
i) by using one Naphthol and one Fast Base or Salt; should be used. Thus a mixture of Fast Orange GR and Fast
1) by using one or more Naphthols and one Fast Base or Salt; Scarlet G can be used to give a shade intermediate between the
1) by using one Naphthol and two or more Fast Bases or Salts & two. Mixtures of Fast Blue BB and Fast Violet Bcan be used to
give bluish Violet shade. It is not advisable to use a combination
) by using two or more Naphthols and two or more Fast Bases of naphthols with a combination of bases as it gives products of
or Salts.
cross-coupling of naphthols with the different bases and the
The last combination when used gives rise to various side resultant shade is unpredictable and cannot be repeated.
Joducts and is not practicable; the other three methods are usually
arried out in practice on a large scale. When two or more Naphthols with Other Colours
aphthols are mixed, Naphthol AS-G is not used in the mixture A bright parrot green shade can be obtained by topping
148 149
82025, 14:54
 Naphthol yellow shade with a Wooden vessels are avoided if possibie,
shade with Naphthol AS-G andteact1ve Turquorse Blue. A chutney hydrosulphite.
Lissolamine A possesses affinity for wood cellulose ad
is obtauned by toppinp Fast Red B o Garnet GBC
base is lost by the wood
with a reactive TurquOse
Naphthols can be used with Indigosols to Bluc.
Consequently
Lissolamine
sone of its action
A from the solution.
absotbing
very high fastness propcrtics. produce shades of
A parrot green shade can Method of Stripping
produced by using a mixture of be The dyed material is treated for about 15 minutes at the boil
Grcen IB along with some Naphthol AS-G and Indigosol
machine and developed withnitrite either on a jigger or padding in a bath containing :
diazotised Fast Yellow GC base
containing 5cc/1 acetic acid. This 2% Lissolamine A and 49% Caustic Soda (flakes)
Green IB is casily oxidised. The is possible because Indigosol weight of the material at 1:30-m :1 ratio and then 5 to 6% sodium
in non-tendering shade is superior to vat colour hydrosulphite is added to the bath and treatment continued just
property. Other Indigosols like Indigosol Blue
IBC, Indigosol Grey IBI, Indigosol below the boil, for 30 to 40 minutes until, the dyed shade is
IGK etc. can Brown IRRD, Indigosol Yellow
also be used in reduced to a pale yellow or brown colour. The quantitu
fast parrot green shade can alsoadmixture with naphthols. A very
be obtained by naphtholating hydrosulphite is increased in the case of yellow combinations
material with Naphthol AS-G and after the
diazotised and neutralised Fast Orange drying, developing it with
GC base to which Alcian
The material is rinsed in cold water and treated in l/4
Blue 8 GX dissolved in 0.5% to 1/2°Tw (0.5 gm. per litre available chlorine) bleaching solution
acetic acid and water is added. for 20 to 30 minutes (adding 1/2 to 1% Lissolamine A to the
Matching of shades obtained with mixtures of bleaching bàth to assist bleaching action,) rinsed, soured, rinsed
a Base or of a Naphthol and Naphthols and
Bases is not easy. Even for a self and soaped at boil in a liquor containing 2 gms. of soap per litre
shade, the matching is not very simple as the
shade cannot be
built up adding small quantity of dye as in the
dyestuffs. For matching the shade, its componentscase of say, vat
are first found
out by comparing it with the standard shades. If the shade
of the
sample is found to be lighter than the standard shade,
5 baths of different concentrations then 4 to
of Naphthol are prepared and
an equal number of hanks are Naphtholated in these baths and
developed using one developing bath (if desired) and then
compared with the sample to be matched. The procedure is
continued until a satisfactory matching is obtained.
STRIPPING OF AZOIC SHADES
Azoic dyestuffs once developed, are very difficult to strip.
The yellow combinations with Naphthol AS-G and those with
Naphthols AS-G and those with Naphthols of high substantivity
are the most difficult ones to strip. In order to effect satisfactory
stripping. Lissolamine A is used. It is soluble in water. It is not
a stripping agent but acts as a stripping promoter when used in
conjunction with a reducing agent like alkaline sodium
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