Sheet 4

Reynolds Transport Theorem

Apply Bernoulli between 1 and 3

Since tank free level 𝑃1 = 0

Since wide tank diameter with respect to pipe diameter 𝑣1 = 0

Since hose exit at atmosphere 𝑃3 = 0

𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃3 𝑣32
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧3
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2𝑔 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2𝑔

𝑣32
0 + 0 + 3.6 = 0 + +0
2 ∗ 9.81
𝑣3 = 8.4 𝑚/𝑠

𝜋𝐷32 𝜋(0.05)2 𝑚3 𝑙
𝑄 = 𝐴3 𝑣3 = ∗ 𝑣3 = ∗ 8.4 = 0.0165 = 16.5
4 4 𝑠 𝑠
Apply Bernoulli between 2 and 3 to get maximum height at 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑣

𝑃2 𝑣22 𝑃3 𝑣32
+ + 𝑧2 = + + 𝑧3
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2𝑔 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2𝑔
𝑣3 = 𝑣2 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦)

1.8 ∗ 103 101.3 ∗ 103

+ (𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 3.6) = +0
9810 9810
𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.54 𝑚
(𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 )
 𝑃1 + 𝛾𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ∗ 0.6 = 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

Apply Bernoulli between water interface with gasoline and exit

2 2
𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡
+ + 𝑧𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = + + 𝑧𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2𝑔 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2𝑔
𝑄 2.5 ∗ 10−3
𝑣𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = = = 7.96 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 𝜋(0.02)2
4
𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 7.962
+0+1=0+ +0
9810 2 ∗ 9.81
𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 21870 𝑃𝑎

𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 − 𝛾𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ∗ 0.6

𝑃1 = 21870 − 9.81 ∗ 700 ∗ 0.6 = 17750 𝑃𝑎

 𝑑𝑚
= 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 + 𝑄𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 − 𝑄𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

.
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑈0 𝛿𝑏 − ∫ 𝑢 ∗ 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝐴

3 𝑦3
𝛿 𝑦− 3
𝛿 𝛿 ) ∗ 𝑏𝑑𝑦
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑈0 𝛿𝑏 − ∫ 𝑈0 (
0 2

3 2 𝑦4
𝑦 − 3
2𝛿 4𝛿 ) |𝛿
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑈0 𝛿𝑏 − 𝑈0 𝑏 ( 0
2

3 2 𝛿4
𝛿 − 3
2𝛿 4𝛿 )
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑈0 𝛿𝑏 − 𝑈0 𝑏 (
2

5
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑈0 𝛿𝑏 − 𝑈0 𝛿𝑏
8
3
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑈0 𝛿𝑏
8
5) When a uniform stream flows past an immersed thick
cylinder, a broad low- velocity wake is created downstream,
idealized as a V shape. Pressures p1 and p2 are
approximately equal. If the flow is two-dimensional and
incompressible, with width b into the paper,

- Derive a formula for the drag force F on the cylinder.

- Rewrite your result in the form of a dimensionless

drag coefficient based on body length CD = F/(𝜌 U2bL).

⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑉
∑ 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = (𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉 ⃗ 𝑖𝑛 )
𝑐𝑠

2
−𝐹𝐷 = (∫ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∙ 𝑑𝐴)) − 𝜌𝐴𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡(𝑦)
𝑈 𝑈
𝑉−2 𝑈−2
=
𝑦−0 𝐿−0
𝑈 𝑦𝑈
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 − =
2 2𝐿
𝑈 𝑦
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ( + 1)
2 𝐿
𝐿 2
𝑈 𝑦
−𝐹𝐷 = (2 ∫ 𝜌 ( ( + 1)) 𝑏𝑑𝑦) − 𝜌2𝐻𝑏𝑈 2
0 2 𝐿
𝐿
𝑈 2 𝑦 2 2𝑦
−𝐹𝐷 = (2 ∫ 𝜌 ( 2+ + 1) 𝑏𝑑𝑦) − 𝜌2𝐻𝑏𝑈 2
0 4 𝐿 𝐿

𝑈2 𝑦3 𝑦2
−𝐹𝐷 = (𝜌𝑏 ( + + 𝑦) |𝐿0 ) − 2𝜌𝐻𝑏𝑈 2
2 3𝐿2 𝐿

𝑈 2 𝐿3 𝐿2
−𝐹𝐷 = 𝜌𝑏 ( + + 𝐿) − 2𝜌𝐻𝑏𝑈 2
2 3𝐿2 𝐿

7𝑈 2
𝐹𝐷 = 2𝜌𝐻𝑏𝑈 2 − 𝜌𝑏𝐿
6
𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛
𝐿
𝑈 𝑦
2 ∫ 𝜌𝑏 ( + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜌2𝐻𝑏𝑈
0 2 𝐿
 𝑦2
𝜌𝑏𝑈 ( + 𝑦) |𝐿0 = 𝜌2𝐻𝑏𝑈
2𝐿

𝐿2
+ 𝐿 = 2𝐻
2𝐿
3
𝐿 = 2𝐻
2
3
𝐻= 𝐿
4
7𝑈 2
𝐹𝐷 = 2𝜌𝐻𝑏𝑈 2 − 𝜌𝑏𝐿
6
3 2
7𝑈 2
𝐹𝐷 = 𝜌𝑏𝐿𝑈 − 𝜌𝑏𝐿
2 6
𝟏
𝑭𝑫 = 𝝆𝒃𝑳𝑼𝟐
𝟑
𝐹𝐷 1
𝐶𝐷 = =
𝜌 𝑈 2 𝑏𝐿 3
6)- A liquid of density flows through a 90° bend and
issues vertically from a uniformly porous section of
length L. Neglecting pipe and liquid weight, derive an
expression for the torque M at point 0 required to
hold the pipe stationary.

𝑑𝑚𝑣𝑟
∑ 𝑀@0 = ( ⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑉
) + 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉 ⃗ 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣

⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡
∑ 𝑀@0 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉

𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = ∫ 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 ∗ 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒕 ∗ 𝝆 ∗ (𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 ∙ 𝑑𝑨)

Assume depth W to the porous section

𝐿
2
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = ∫ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗ (𝑅 + 𝑥) ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑊 𝑑𝑥
0
2
𝑥2 𝐿
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝜌 𝑊 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑅𝑥 + )|
2 0
2
𝐿2
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝜌 𝑊 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑅𝐿 + )
2
7)- Water accelerated by a nozzle to 15 m/s strikes the
vertical back surface of a cart moving horizontally at a
constant velocity of 5 m/s in the flow direction. The mass
flow rate of water is 25 kg/s. After the strike, the water
stream splatters off in all directions in the plane of the
back surface.

(a) Determine the force that needs to be applied on

the brakes of the cart to prevent it from accelerating.

(b) If this force were used to generate power instead of wasting it on the brakes, determine the
maximum amount of power that can be generated.

⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛
∑ 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = (𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉 ⃗ )
𝑉
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑠

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 𝑉

𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
−𝐹𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 = 𝑚̇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑉 ⃗ 𝑖𝑛
−𝑉 )
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

⃗ 𝑖𝑛
−𝐹𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 = 𝑚̇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (0 − 𝑉 )
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

𝐹𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 = 𝑚̇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

𝑚
𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 − 𝑉𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 15 − 5 = 10
𝑠
𝑚̇𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝐴𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑠

𝑚̇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝐴𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

𝑚̇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑖𝑛 𝜌𝐴𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

= =
𝑚̇𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜌𝐴𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑠

25 ∗ 10
𝑚̇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑖𝑛 = = 16.66 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
15
𝐹𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 = 16.66 ∗ 10 = 166.6 𝑁
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 ∗ 𝑉𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 166.6 ∗ 5 = 833 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
8)- A small round object is tested in a 0.75-m diameter
wind tunnel. The pressure is uniform across sections 1
and 2. The upstream pressure is 30 mm H2O (gage), the
downstream pressure is 15 mm H2O (gage), and the
mean air speed is 12.5 m/s. The velocity profile at
section 2 is linear; it varies from zero at the tunnel
centerline to a maximum at the tunnel wall. Calculate

(a) The mass flow rate in the wind tunnel

(b) The maximum velocity at section 2

(c) The drag of the object and its supporting vane. Neglect viscous resistance at the tunnel
wall.
𝜋
𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑑 2 𝑉𝑖𝑛
4
𝜋
𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 = 1.2 ∗ 0.752 ∗ 12.5 = 6.63 𝑚/𝑠
4
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑠
𝑉 − 0 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 0
=
𝑟 − 0 0.375 − 0
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2.66 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟
𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛

∫ 𝜌 ∗ (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∙ 𝑑𝐴) = 6.63

0.375
∫ 𝜌 ∗ 2.66 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟 ∗ 2𝜋𝑟 ∗ 𝑑𝑟 = 6.63
0

0.352 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.63

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 18.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 50 𝑟

⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑉
∑ 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = (𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉 ⃗ 𝑖𝑛 )
𝑐𝑠

𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝑃2 𝐴2 − 𝐹𝐷 = ∫ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∙ 𝑑𝐴) − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛

0.375
𝜋
9810 (0.03 − 0.015) ∗ 0.752 − 𝐹𝐷 = ∫ 1.2 ∗ (50𝑟)2 ∗ 2𝜋𝑟 ∗ 𝑑𝑟 − 6.63 ∗ 12.5
4 0

𝐹𝐷 = 54.7 𝑁
9)- Water is discharged at a flow rate of 0.3 m3/s from
a narrow slot in a 200mm diameter pipe. The resulting
horizontal two-dimensional jet is 1 m long and 20 mm
thick, but of non-uniform velocity; the velocity at
location 2 is twice that at location 1. The pressure at
the inlet section is 50 kPa (gage). Calculate

(a) the velocity in the pipe and at locations 1 and 2

(b) the forces required at the coupling to hold the spray pipe in place. Neglect the mass of the pipe
and the water it contains.

𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑄 = 1000 ∗ 0.3 = 300 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

.
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑨)
𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 300 = ∫ 𝜌 ∗ (𝑉
𝑑𝐴

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝑥)
𝑉 − 𝑉1 2 𝑉1 − 𝑉1
=
𝑥−0 1−0

𝑉 = 𝑉1 𝑥 + 𝑉1 = 𝑉1 (𝑥 + 1)
1
𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 300 = 1000 ∫ 𝑉1 (𝑥 + 1) ∗ (0.02 ∗ 𝑑𝑥)
0
𝑉1 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉2 = 20 𝑚/𝑠

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑉
∑ 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = (𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉 ⃗ 𝑖𝑛 )
𝑐𝑠

𝑄 0.3
𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = =𝜋 = 9.55 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 ∗ 0.22
4

𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 : (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)

𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚̇(0−𝑉𝑖𝑛 )
𝜋
50 ∗ 103 ∗ ∗ 0.22 − 𝐹𝑥 = 300(−9.55)
4
𝐹𝑥 = 4.4 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 : (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)
−𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚̇(−𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 0)
.
𝐹𝑦 = ∫ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ (⃗𝑉 ∙ 𝑑𝑨)
𝑑𝐴
1
𝐹𝑦 = 1000 ∫ 𝑉2 (0.02 ∗ 𝑑𝑥)
0
1
𝐹𝑦 = 20 ∫ 100 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
0

𝐹𝑦 = 4.6 𝑘𝑁

𝑑𝑚𝑣𝑟
∑ 𝑀@𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ( ⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑉
) + 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉 ⃗ 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
.
⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∫ 𝑉 ∗ 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ (𝑉
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉 ⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑨)
𝑑𝐴
1
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 1000 ∫ 𝑉 2 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ (0.02 ∗ 𝑑𝑥)
0
1
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 20 ∫ 100 (𝑥 + 1)2 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ 𝑑𝑥 = 2.83 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
0
 𝑑𝑚
= 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Since steady flow and incompressible

𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3
𝑄1 = 𝐴2 ∗ 𝑣2 + 𝑄3

𝜋(0.05)2
100 = ∗ 8 ∗ 60 ∗ 60 + 𝑄3
4
𝑄3 = 43.45 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟
𝑄3 = 𝐴3 ∗ 𝑣3
43.45 𝜋(0.04)2
= ∗ 𝑣3
60 ∗ 60 4
𝑣3 = 9.6 𝑚/𝑠
 𝑑𝑚
= 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 (𝜌𝑉)
= 𝜌𝑄1 + 𝜌𝑄3 − 𝜌𝑄2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 (𝐴ℎ)
= 𝑄1 + 𝑄3 − 𝑄2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 𝑄1 + 𝑄3 − 𝑄2
=
𝑑𝑡 𝜋𝑑 2
4
𝑑ℎ
Since water level is constant, =0
𝑑𝑡

𝑄1 + 𝑄3 − 𝑄2
=0
𝜋𝑑2
4
𝜋(0.05)2 𝜋(0.07)2
∗ 3 + 0.01 − ∗ 𝑉2 = 0
4 4
12) Water, assumed incompressible, flows steadily through
the round pipe. The entrance velocity is constant, u = UO,
and the exit velocity approximates turbulent flow, u =
umax(1 - r/R)1/7. Determine the ratio UO /umax for this flow.

𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
.
𝜋𝑅 2 𝑈0 = ∫ 𝑢 ∗ 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝐴

𝑅 1
2
𝑟 7
𝜋𝑅 𝑈0 = ∫ 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − ) ∗ 2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑟
0 𝑅
1
𝑅 2 𝑈0 𝑅
𝑟 7
= 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑟
2 0 𝑅

Solve Integration on calculator

𝑅 2 𝑈0 49 2
= 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅
2 120
𝑈0 49
=
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 60
13)- The solid-propellant rocket is self-contained
and has no entrance ducts. Using a control-volume
analysis for the conditions shown, compute the
rate of mass loss of the propellant, assuming that
the exit gas has a molecular weight of 28.

𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣
= 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑃𝑒
= 0 − 𝜌𝑒 𝐴𝑒 𝑉𝑒 = − 𝐴 𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝑇𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣 90 ∗ 103 𝜋0.182
=− ∗ ∗ 1150 = −11.8
𝑑𝑡 8314 4
∗ 750
28
14) A 90° elbow is used to direct water flow at a rate of 25
kg/s in a horizontal pipe upward. The diameter of the
entire elbow is 10 cm. The elbow discharges water into
the atmosphere, and thus the pressure at the exit is the
local atmospheric pressure. The elevation difference
between the centers of the exit and the inlet of the elbow
is 35 cm. The weight of the elbow and the water in it is
considered to be negligible. Determine (a) the gage
pressure at the center of the inlet of the elbow and (b)
the anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in place.
Take the momentum-flux correction factor to be 1.03.

𝑚̇ 25 𝑚
𝑣1 = = 2
= 3.18
𝜌𝐴1 𝜋 ∗ 0.1 𝑠
1000 ∗ 4

𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 3.18 𝑚/𝑠

𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2𝑔 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2𝑔

𝑃1
= 0.35
1000 ∗ 10

𝑃1 = 3.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎

∑ 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚̇(𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 )

⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − 𝑣

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚̇(𝑣2𝑥 − 𝑣1𝑥 )

𝐹𝑅𝑥 + 𝑃1 𝐴1 = 𝑚̇(0 − 𝑣1 )

𝜋 ∗ 0.12
𝐹𝑅𝑥 + 3.5 ∗ 103 ∗ = 25(−3.18)
4

𝐹𝑅𝑥 = −107 𝑁

∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 𝑚̇(𝑣2𝑧 − 𝑣1𝑧 )

𝐹𝑅𝑧 = 𝑚̇(𝑣2 )

𝐹𝑅𝑧 = 25(3.18)

𝐹𝑅𝑧 = 79.5 𝑁
15) A reducing elbow is used to deflect water
flow at a rate of 30 kg/s in a horizontal pipe
upward by an angle θ 45° from the flow direction
while accelerating it. The elbow discharges
water into the atmosphere. The cross-sectional
area of the elbow is 150 cm2 at the inlet and 25
cm2 at the exit. The elevation difference
between the centers of the exit and the inlet is
40 cm. The mass of the elbow and the water in it
is 50 kg.

Determine the anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in place. Take the momentum-flux
correction factor to be 1.03.
𝑚̇ 30 𝑚
𝑉1 = = −4
=2
𝜌𝐴1 1000 ∗ 150 ∗ 10 𝑠
𝑚̇ 30 𝑚
𝑉2 = = −4
= 12
𝜌𝐴2 1000 ∗ 25 ∗ 10 𝑠

𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝛾𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 2𝑔 𝛾𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 2𝑔

𝑃1 22 122
+ +0=0+ + 0.4
9810 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81
𝑃1 = 73924 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑉
∑ 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = (𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉 ⃗ 𝑖𝑛 )
𝑐𝑠

𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 : (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)

𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝑃2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠45 − 𝐹𝑥 = 1.03 ∗ 𝑚̇(𝑉2𝑥 −𝑉1 )

150 ∗ 103 ∗ 150 ∗ 10−4 + 0 − 𝐹𝑥 = 1.03 ∗ 30(𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠45−𝑉1 )

73924 ∗ 150 ∗ 10−4 − 𝐹𝑥 = 1.03 ∗ 30(12 𝑐𝑜𝑠45 − 2)

𝐹𝑥 = 908.5 𝑁
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 : (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒) − 𝑃2 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛45 − 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 + 𝐹𝑦
= 1.03 ∗ 𝑚̇(𝑉2𝑦 −𝑉1 )

0 − 50 ∗ 9.81 + 𝐹𝑦 = 1.03 ∗ 30(𝑉2 sin 45 − 0)

−50 ∗ 9.81 + 𝐹𝑦 = 1.03 ∗ 30 ∗ 12 ∗ sin 45

𝐹𝑦 = 752.7𝑁
16)- A horizontal 5-cm-diameter water jet with a velocity
of 18 m/s impinges normally upon a vertical plate of
mass 1000 kg. The plate is held in a nearly frictionless
track and is initially stationary. When the jet strikes the
plate, the plate begins to move in the direction of the
jet. The water always splatters in the plane of the
retreating plate. Determine

(a) he acceleration of the plate when the jet first strikes it (time = 0).

(b) the time it will take for the plate to reach a velocity of 9 m/s.

(c) the plate velocity 20 s after the jet first strikes the plate.

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝑑𝑉𝑐𝑣
∑ 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛
+ (𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉 ⃗ )
𝑉
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑠
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
0 = 𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 ⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
+ 𝑚̇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑉 ⃗ 𝑖𝑛
−𝑉 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

𝑑𝑉𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 ⃗ 𝑖𝑛
= 𝑚̇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

2 2
𝑑𝑉𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝜌𝐴𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝜌𝐴𝑖𝑛 (𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 − 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 )
= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 0

𝜋 2 2
𝑑𝑉𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 1000 ∗ 4 ∗ 0.05 ∗ (18 − 0) m
𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = = 0.636
𝑑𝑡 1000 sec 2
Case B
2
𝑑𝑉𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝜌𝐴𝑖𝑛 (𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 − 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 )
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑑𝑉𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝜌𝐴𝑖𝑛
2 = 𝑑𝑡
(𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 − 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 ) 𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝜋
𝑑𝑉𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 1000 ∗ 4 ∗ 0.052
2 = 𝑑𝑡 = 1.96 ∗ 10−3 𝑑𝑡
(18 − 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 ) 1000

9 𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
∫ 2 = ∫ 1.96 ∗ 10−3 𝑑𝑡
0 (18 − 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 ) 0

0.0555 = 1.96 ∗ 10−3 𝑡

 𝑡 = 28.3 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Case C
𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 20
𝑑𝑉𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
∫ 2 = ∫ 1.96 ∗ 10−3 𝑑𝑡
0 (18 − 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 ) 0

1 𝑉
|0 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 1.96 ∗ 10−3 𝑡|20
0
(18 − 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 )
1 1
− = 1.96 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 20
18 − 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 18
1
= 0.0947
18 − 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
1
18 − 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
0.0947
𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 7.45 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
17) Firefighters are holding a nozzle at the end of a hose while trying to extinguish a fire. If the
nozzle exit diameter is 6 cm and the water flow rate is 5 m3/min, determine (a) the average water
exit velocity and (b) the horizontal resistance force required of the firefighters to hold the nozzle.

5
𝑄 60
𝑣= =𝜋 = 29.5 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 ∗ 0.062
4

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚̇(𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑥 − 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑥 )

𝜋
2
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1000 ∗ ∗ 0.062 ∗ 29.52 = 2458.3 𝑁
4
18)- Find the force required to hold the plug-in place at
the exit of the water pipe. The flow rate is 1.5 m3/s, and
the upstream pressure is 3.5 MPa.

⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑉
∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉 ⃗ 𝑖𝑛

𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌𝑄 = 1000 ∗ 1.5 = 1500 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

𝑄 1.5
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = =𝜋 = 30.56 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴𝑖𝑛 ∗ 0.25 2
4
𝑄 1.5
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = =𝜋 = 84.88 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗ (0.25 2 − 0.22 )
4
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑛 − 𝐹 = 𝑚̇(𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛 )
𝜋
3.5 ∗ 106 ∗ ∗ 0.252 − 𝐹 = 1500(84.88 − 30.56)
4
𝐹 = 90.3 𝑘𝑁
21) When a plane liquid jet strikes an inclined flat plate, it
splits into two streams of equal speed but unequal thickness.
For frictionless flow there can be no tangential force on the
plate surface. Use this assumption to develop an expression
for h2/h as a function of plate angle, θ.

Solution:

From continuity
𝑄 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3

𝐴 𝑣 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 + 𝐴3 𝑣3

Since constant depth into paper and constant velocity

ℎ = ℎ2 + ℎ3 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1)

From linear momentum

Assume +ve x axis parallel to v2

𝑑𝑚𝑣
∑𝐹 = ( ) + 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣

0 = 0 + 𝑚̇2 𝑣2 + (−𝑚̇3 𝑣3 ) − 𝑚̇ 𝑣 cos(90 − 𝜃)

Since constant depth into paper and constant velocity

ℎ2 − ℎ3 − ℎ sin 𝜃 = 0

Since
ℎ3 = ℎ − ℎ2 (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1)

ℎ2 − (ℎ − ℎ2 ) − ℎ sin 𝜃 = 0

ℎ(1 + sin 𝜃) = 2ℎ2

ℎ2 (1 + sin 𝜃)
=
ℎ 2
22) A 2-kg disk is constrained horizontally but is free to move
vertically. The disk is struck from below by a vertical jet of water.
The speed and diameter of the water jet are 10 m/s and 25 mm at
the nozzle exit. Obtain a general expression for the speed of the
water jet as a function of height, h. Find the height to which the
disk will rise and remain stationary.

2
𝑃0 𝑣02 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛
+ + 𝑧0 = + + 𝑧𝑖𝑛
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2𝑔 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2𝑔
2
102 𝑣𝑖𝑛
0+ +0=0+ +ℎ
2 ∗ 10 2 ∗ 10
2
𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 100 − 20 ℎ

𝑣𝑖𝑛 = √100 − 20 ℎ

𝑑𝑚𝑣
∑𝐹 = ( ) + 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣

For the plate to remain stationary

−𝑊 = 0 + 0 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑙

𝑊 = 𝜌𝐴 𝑣2𝑖𝑛

𝜋 ∗ 0.0252
2 ∗ 10 = 1000 ∗ ∗ (100 − 20 ℎ)
4

ℎ = 2.96 𝑚
23) The four devices shown rest on frictionless wheels, are restricted to move in the x direction only
and are initially held stationary. The pressure at the inlets and outlets of each is atmospheric, and
the flow is incompressible. The contents of each device are not known. When released, which
devices will move to the right and which to the left? Explain.
25)- Water flows in a uniform flow out of the 2.5-mm slots of the rotating spray system, as shown.
The flow rate is 3 L/s. Find
(a) the torque required to hold the system stationary
(b) the steady-state speed of rotation after it is released
If the same flow rate in the rotating spray system is not uniform but instead varies linearly from a
maximum at the outer radius to zero at the inner radius, find
(a) the torque required to hold it stationary
(b) the steady-state speed of rotation.

Uniform velocity profile

𝑑
∑ 𝑀@𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ∫ 𝑉 ∗ 𝑟 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑑𝑉 + ∫ 𝑽 ∗ 𝒓 ∗ 𝝆 ∗ (𝑉 ⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑨)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚𝑣𝑟
∑ 𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = ( ) + 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑉
⃗ 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝐶𝑉 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑖𝑛 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟

⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉

𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑄 = 1000 ∗ 3 ∗ 10−3 = 3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 3 = 𝜌𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡

3
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = 2.4 𝑚/𝑠
1000 ∗ (2.5 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 0.25) ∗ 2

𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = ∫ 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 ∗ 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒕 ∗ 𝝆 ∗ (𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 ∙ 𝑑𝑨)

0.3
2
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = ∫ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗ 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 0.0025 𝑑𝑟 ∗ 2
0.05
2
𝑟 2 0.3
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 2.4 ∗ 1000 ∗ 0.0025 ∗ 2 ∗ |0.05 = 1.26 𝑁. 𝑚
2
 Case B
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟)
𝑤𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 𝑉 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑚̇ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 − 𝜔𝑟
0 = ∫ 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒔 ∗ 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒕 ∗ 𝝆 ∗ (𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 ∙ 𝑑𝑨)
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 2.4 𝑚/𝑠

0.3
0 = ∫ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ∗ (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 − 𝜔𝑟 )𝑟 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 0.0025 𝑑𝑟 ∗ 2
0.05
0.3
2𝜋𝑁 2
0 = 1.26 − ∫ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ∗
𝑟 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 0.0025 𝑑𝑟 ∗ 2
0.05 60
1.26 = 0.01126 𝑁𝑁 = 112 𝑅𝑃𝑀

Linear velocity profile case

⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉

𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑄 = 1000 ∗ 3 ∗ 10−3 = 3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

.
3
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑨)
𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚 = = 1.5 = ∫ 𝜌 ∗ (𝑉
2 𝑑𝐴

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑠
𝑉−0 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 0
=
𝑟 − 0.05 0.3 − 0.05

𝑉 = 4𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑟 − 0.05)
0.3
1.5 = ∫ 1000(4𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑟 − 0.05)) ∗ 0.0025 𝑑𝑟
0.05
1.5 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 (2.5((2𝑟 2 − 0.2))|0.3
0.05
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4.8 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉 = 4𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑟 − 0.05) = 19.2(𝑟 − 0.05)

𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = ∫ 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 ∗ 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒕 ∗ 𝝆 ∗ (𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 ∙ 𝑑𝑨)

0.3
2
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = ∫ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗ 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 0.0025 𝑑𝑟 ∗ 2
0.05
0.3
2
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = ∫ (19.2(𝑟 − 0.05)) ∗ 𝑟 ∗ 5 𝑑𝑟 = 2.28 𝑁
0.05
 Case B

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 − 𝜔𝑟

0 = ∫ 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒔 ∗ 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒕 ∗ 𝝆 ∗ (𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 ∙ 𝑑𝑨)

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 19.2(𝑟 − 0.05)

0.3
0 = ∫ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ∗ (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 − 𝜔𝑟 )𝑟 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 0.0025 𝑑𝑟 ∗ 2
0.05

0.3
2𝜋𝑁 2
0 = 2.28 − ∫ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ∗ 𝑟 ∗ 5 ∗ 𝑑𝑟
0.05 60

0.3
2𝜋𝑁 2
0 = 2.28 − ∫ 19.2(𝑟 − 0.05) ∗ 𝑟 ∗ 5 ∗ 𝑑𝑟
0.05 60

2.28 = 0.01583 𝑁𝑁 = 144 𝑅𝑃𝑀

Consider a rectangular block of mass M = 100 kg,
ρ=1000 kg/m3, and A = 0.01 m2. Find the jet
speed V required for the cart to be brought to
rest after one second if the initial speed of the
cart is Uo = 5 m/s. For this condition. What is the
distance the cart takes to stop, and how long
does the cart take to return to its initial position?

𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑉𝑐𝑣
∑𝐹 = ⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛
+ (𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉 ⃗ )
𝑉
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑠
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑈
0 = 100 + (𝑚̇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑉 ⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑉 ⃗ 𝑖𝑛 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑠

𝑑𝑈
−100 = 𝑚̇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (0 − (−(𝑈 + 𝑉𝑗 )))
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑈
−100 = 𝜌𝐴(𝑈 + 𝑉𝑗 )(𝑈 + 𝑉𝑗 )
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑈 1000 2
= ∗ 0.01 ∗ (𝑈 + 𝑉𝑗 )
𝑑𝑡 −100

𝑑𝑈
2 = −0.1 ∗ 𝑑𝑡
(𝑈 + 𝑉𝑗 )

0 1
𝑑𝑈
∫ 2 = −0.1 ∗ ∫ 𝑑𝑡
5 (𝑈 + 𝑉𝑗 ) 0
−1
|0 = −0.1
(𝑈 + 𝑉𝑗 ) 5
−1 −1
− = −0.1
𝑉𝑗 5 + 𝑉𝑗
𝑉𝑗 = 5 𝑚/𝑠

𝑑𝑈
= −0.1(𝑈 + 5)2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑈
𝑈 = −0.1(𝑈 + 5)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑈
𝑈 = −0.1 𝑑𝑥
(𝑈 + 5)2
0 𝑥
𝑈
∫ 2
𝑑𝑈 = −0.1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5 (𝑈 + 5) 0
𝑥 = 1.93 𝑚
 𝑑𝑈
= −0.1(𝑈 + 5)2
𝑑𝑡
𝑈 𝑡
1
∫ 𝑑𝑈 = −0.1 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
5 (𝑈 + 5)2 0

−1 𝑈
| = −0.1 𝑡
(𝑈 + 5) 5
−1 −1
− = −0.1 𝑡
𝑈 + 5 10
−1 1
= − − 0.1 𝑡
𝑈+5 10
1
𝑈= −5
0.1 𝑡 + 0.1
𝑑𝑥 1
= −5
𝑑𝑡 0.1 𝑡 + 0.1
10
𝑑𝑥 = ( − 5) dt
𝑡+1
0 𝑡
10
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( − 5) dt
0 0 𝑡+1

𝑡 = 2.512 𝑠𝑒𝑐
A freshwater jet boat takes in water through side vents and ejects it through a nozzle of diameter D =
75 mm; the jet speed is Vj. The drag on the boat is given by 𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 ~ 𝑘𝑉 2 , where V is the boat speed.
Find an expression for the steady speed, V, in terms of water density ρ, flow rate through the system
of Q, drag constant k, and jet speed Vj. A jet speed Vj = 15 m/s produces a boat speed of V = 10 m/s.

(a) Find the value of the constant k.

(b) What speed V will be produced if the jet speed is increased to Vj = 25 m/s?

(c) What will be the new flow rate?

⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛
∑ 𝐹 = (𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉 ⃗
𝑉 )
𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑠

𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

−𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = 𝑚̇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ∗ (−𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙 ) − 𝑚̇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ∗ (−𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙 )

−𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = 𝑚̇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ∗ (−𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙 + 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙 )

−𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = 𝜌𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑗 ∗ (−𝑉𝑗 + 𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 )

2
𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 𝜌𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑗 ∗ (𝑉𝑗 − 𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 )
2
𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉𝑗 − 𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 )

2
𝜌𝑄 𝜌𝑄
𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 + 𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 − 𝑉 =0
𝑘 𝑘 𝑗

𝜌𝑄 √ 𝜌𝑄 2 𝜌𝑄
− ± ( ) +4 𝑉
𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑗
2

2
𝑎) 𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 𝜌𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑗 ∗ (𝑉𝑗 − 𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 )
𝜋
𝑘 ∗ 102 = 1000 ∗ (0.075)2 ∗ 15 ∗ (15 − 10)
4
𝑘 = 3.3
2
𝑏) 𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 𝜌𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑗 ∗ (𝑉𝑗 − 𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 )
𝜋
3.3 ∗ 𝑉 2 = 1000 ∗ (0.075)2 ∗ 25 ∗ (25 − 𝑉)
4
𝑉 = 16.68 𝑚/𝑠

𝜋
𝑐) 𝑄 = (0.075)2 ∗ 25 = 110.4 𝑚3 /𝑠
4
A water jet with a velocity of 35 m/s strikes a circular
dish concentrically. The dish moves to the left at 15
m/s. The jet diameter is 20 mm. The dish has a hole
at its center that allows a stream of water 10 mm in
diameter to pass through without resistance. The
remainder of the jet is deflected and flows along the
dish. Use the mass and momentum conservation
principle to calculate the force required to maintain
the dish motion.

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒

𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 + 𝐴3 𝑉3 + 𝐴4 𝑉4
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑖 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 1,2,3, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑜 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 = 𝑉4
𝐴1 = 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4
𝐴3 + 𝐴4 = 𝐴1 − 𝐴2
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴3 + 𝐴4 = 0.022 − 0.012 = 2.36 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2
4 4
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑉𝑐𝑣
∑𝐹 = ⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛
+ (𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉 ⃗ )
𝑉
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑠
𝑑𝑡
⃗ 2 + 𝑚̇3 𝑉
−𝑅𝑥 = 0 + 𝑚̇2 𝑉 ⃗ 3 + 𝑚̇4 𝑉
⃗ 4 − 𝑚̇1 𝑉
⃗1

−𝑅𝑥 = (𝜌𝐴2 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 )𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 + (𝜌𝐴3 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 )(−𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠40) + (𝜌𝐴4 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 )(−𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠40) − (𝜌𝐴1 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 )𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙
𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 35 − 15 = 20
𝑠
𝜋 𝜋
−𝑅𝑥 = 1000 ∗ 0.012 ∗ 202 + 1000(𝐴3 + 𝐴4 )(−202 𝑐𝑜𝑠40) − 1000 ∗ 0.022 ∗ 202
4 4
𝑅𝑥 = 167𝑁
An unloaded helicopter of mass 10,000 kg hovers at
sea level while it is being loaded. In the unloaded
hover mode, the blades rotate at 400 rpm. The
horizontal blades above the helicopter cause a 15-
m-diameter air mass to move downward at an
average velocity proportional to the overhead blade
rotational velocity (rpm). A load of 15,000 kg is
loaded onto the helicopter, and the helicopter slowly
rises. Determine

(a) the volumetric airflow rate downdraft that the

helicopter generates during unloaded hover
and the required power input

(b) the rpm of the helicopter blades to hover with the 15,000-kg load and the required power
input. Take the density of atmospheric air to be 1.18 kg/m3.

Assume air approaches the blades from the top through a large area with negligible velocity and air
is forced by the blades to move down with a uniform velocity through an imaginary cylinder whose
base is the blade span area.

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎 ) 𝑈𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑉
∑ 𝐹 = (𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉 ⃗ 𝑖𝑛 )
𝑐𝑠

𝑊 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑊 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 2

𝑊 10000 ∗ 9.81
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = √ = √ 𝜋 = 21.6 𝑚/𝑠
𝜌𝐴 1.18 ∗ 4 ∗ 152

𝜋
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∗ 152 ∗ 21.6 = 3817 𝑚3 /𝑠
4

1 1
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 (𝑊̇ ) = 𝑚̇𝑉 2 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 3
2 2
1 𝜋
𝑊̇ = 1.18 ∗ ∗ 152 ∗ 21.63 = 1051 𝑘𝑊
2 4
 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏 ) 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 (𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠)

𝑊 25000 ∗ 9.81
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = √ = √ 𝜋 = 34.2 𝑚/𝑠
𝜌𝐴 1.18 ∗ 4 ∗ 152

𝑁𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
=
𝑁𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
34.2 ∗ 400
𝑁𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = 633.33 𝑟𝑝𝑚
21.6
1 1
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 (𝑊̇ ) = 𝑚̇𝑉 2 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 3
2 2
1 𝜋
𝑊̇ = 1.18 ∗ ∗ 152 ∗ 34.23 = 4170 𝑘𝑊
2 4
Water flows steadily past a porous flat plate. Constant suction is applied along the porous section.
The velocity profile at section cd is:
3
𝑢 𝑦 𝑦 2
= (3 − 2 ( ) )
𝑈∞ 𝛿 𝛿

A- Evaluate the mass flow rate across

section bc.

B- Calculate the drag force on the plate due to water.

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑐

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝑎𝑏 = 𝑄𝑎𝑑 + 𝑄𝑑𝑐 + 𝑄𝑏𝑐
𝛿 3
𝑦 𝑦 2
(𝛿 ∗ 𝑤) ∗ 𝑈∞ = (𝐿 ∗ 𝑤) ∗ 𝑉𝑎𝑑 + ∫ 𝑈∞ (3 ∗ − 2 ( ) ) ∗ 𝑤 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑄𝑏𝑐
0 𝛿 𝛿

0.0015 3
1.5 0.2 𝑦 𝑦 2
( ∗ 1.5) ∗ 3 = (2 ∗ 1.5) ∗ +∫ 3 (3 ∗ − 2( ) ) ∗ 1.5 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑄𝑏𝑐
1000 1000 0 0.0015 0.0015

0.00675 = 0.0006 + 0.0046 + 𝑄𝑏𝑐

𝑄𝑏𝑐 = 0.00155 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑚̇𝑏𝑐 = 𝜌 𝑄𝑏𝑐 = 1000 ∗ 0.00155 = 1.55 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑
𝑄𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑜 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑄𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑐𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑉
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉 ⃗ 𝑖𝑛
𝑥 𝑥

𝛿
⃗ 𝑖𝑛
−𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = ∫ 𝜌 𝑢2 𝑑𝐴 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑉 𝑥
0
2
0.0015 3
𝑦 𝑦 2
−𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = ∫ 1000 ∗ (3 (3 ∗ −2( ) )) 1.5 ∗ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝜌𝐴𝑈 2
0 0.0015 0.0015

−𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = 11.57 − 1000 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 0.0015 ∗ 32

𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = 8.68 𝑁
A small rocket, with an initial mass of 400 kg, is to be launched vertically.
Upon ignition, the rocket consumes fuel at the rate of 5 kg/s and ejects gas
at atmospheric pressure with a speed of 3500 m/s relative to the rocket.
Determine a) the initial acceleration of the rocket and b) the rocket speed
after 10 s, if air resistance is neglected.
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑉𝑐𝑣
∑𝐹 = ⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛
+ (𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉 ⃗ )
𝑉
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑠
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑐𝑣
−𝑊 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 + 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (−𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
−400 ∗ 9.81 = 400 ∗ 𝑎 − 5 (3500)

𝑎 = 33.94 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

𝑑𝑉𝑐𝑣
−𝑚𝑐𝑣 ∗ 9.81 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 − 5(3500)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣
= 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣
= −5
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣 = −5 𝑑𝑡
𝑚 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣 = ∫ −5 𝑑𝑡
400 0

400 − 𝑚 = −5 𝑡
𝑚𝑐𝑣 = 400 − 5𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑐𝑣
−(400 − 5𝑡)9.81 = (400 − 5𝑡) − 5(3500)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑐𝑣 17500
= − 9.81
𝑑𝑡 (400 − 5𝑡)
17500
𝑑𝑉𝑐𝑣 = ( − 9.81 ) 𝑑𝑡
(400 − 5𝑡)
𝑉 10
17500
∫ 𝑑𝑉𝑐𝑣 = ∫ ( − 9.81 ) 𝑑𝑡
0 0 (400 − 5𝑡)

𝑉 = 369.2 𝑚/𝑠
2-m-long vertical and 1-m-long horizontal section, as shown in
Figure. Water discharges to atmospheric air at an average velocity
of 3 m/s, and the mass of the horizontal pipe section when filled
with water is 12 kg per meter length. The pipe is anchored on the
ground by a concrete base. Determine the bending moment acting
at the base of the pipe (point A) and the required length of the
horizontal section that would make the moment at point A zero.

Solution:
- Weight acts at the center of the horizontal pipe
- Force water stream acts on negative x direction at z = 2m

Taking the whole L shape as a control volume

𝑑𝑚𝑣𝑟
∑ 𝑀@𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ( ) + 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣 ⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑣
⃗ 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
Assume clockwise as a positive direction moment and reaction moment at A in clockwise direction
Also Weight and v out are in the positive rotational direction

⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣2𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗ 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑀𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑊 ∗ 0.5 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣

𝜋 ∗ 0.12
𝑀𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴 = 1000 ∗ ∗ 32 ∗ 2 − 12 ∗ 10 ∗ 0.5 = 81.36 𝑁. 𝑚
4

𝜋 ∗ 0.12 𝐿
𝑀𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴 = 1000 ∗ ∗ 32 ∗ 2 − 12 ∗ 10 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ = 0
4 2

𝐿 = 1.53 𝑚
A large lawn sprinkler with four identical arms is
to be converted into a turbine to generate
electric power by attaching a generator to its
rotating head, as shown in Fig. 6–41. Water
enters the sprinkler from the base along the axis
of rotation at a rate of 20 L/s and leaves the
nozzles in the tangential direction. The sprinkler
rotates at a rate of 300 rpm in a horizontal plane.
The diameter of each jet is 1 cm, and the normal
distance between the axis of rotation and the
center of each nozzle is 0.6 m. Estimate the
electric power produced.

Solution:
- The total mass flow rate is uniformly distributed on the 4 nozzles

𝑑𝑚𝑣𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∑ 𝑀@𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ( ) + 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣 ⃗ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑣 ⃗ 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
𝑑𝑚𝑣𝑟
Since constant speed rotation, ( ) =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
Since the inlet passes through the center of rotation, 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 𝑣
⃗ 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑛 = 0

Since the moment is about a fixed point so 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

∑ 𝑀@𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 ⃗𝑣𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝜌𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 1000 ∗ 20 ∗ 10−3 = 20 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 20 𝑚
𝑣𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = = 2 = 63.65
𝜌𝐴 4 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝜋 ∗ 0.01 𝑠
1000 ∗ 4 ∗ 4
𝑣𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑣𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 − 𝜔𝑟
2𝜋 ∗ 300 𝑚
𝑣𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 63.65 − ∗ 0.6 = 44.8
60 𝑠

𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∑ 𝑀@𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣

⃗ 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 20 ∗ 44.8 ∗ 0.6 = 537.6 𝑁. 𝑚

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∗ 𝜔
2𝜋 ∗ 300
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 537.6 ∗ = 16889 𝑊 = 16.8 𝑘𝑊
60