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Legal Framework for Renewable

Energy in India
Introduction
In India, renewable energy is not a trend or a style statement; rather, it is a
necessity. It aims to increase the share of renewable energy capacity installed in
the country to 500 GW by 2030, arising from its need to decrease carbon
emissions while securing a continuous supply of energy for its burgeoning
economy. At the very core of that transformation will be a robust legal framework
stimulating the development, financing, and operation of renewable energy
projects. From the Electricity Act to specific amendments and incentives, these
legal instruments will help guide the renewables sector none other than forward.
In this article, we will explore the intricate legal landscape for Renewable Energy
(ambitious green transition) and why it's so important for India's sustainable
future.

Overview of Renewable Energy in India

Renewable energy has recently come to the forefront of the Indian energy arena.
The country is in the process of exploiting its resources to provide non-
conventional green sources of energy for the future. Barring ambitious targets and
government impetus, rapid growth in renewable energy capacity is being
understood.
Present Renewable Energy Capacity
The renewable energy space in India has seen outstanding growth. Of late, the
total installed capacity of renewable energy reached about 144 GW as of March
31, 2024. A breakup of this total capacity of about 144 GW is as follows:

 Solar Power: Solar energy has taken a clear lead with an installed
capacity of about 82 GW. This is inclusive of both the ground-mounted
solar plants and grid-connected solar rooftops.

 Wind Power: The installed capacity for wind energy is around 46 GW.

 Biomass Energy: The installed capacity from biomass energy resources

is 10 GW.

 Hydropower: Small hydro projects add an installed capacity of 6 GW to

the mix of renewables. This jumps to about 47 GW if large hydropower
projects are inducted into the calculus of renewables.

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This diversified mix underlines not just the commitment taken towards sustainable
energies by India but also brings to the fore the potentials that exist within the
country when one speaks of using its rich natural resources.
Goals and Targets for the Future
Ahead of India lies ambitious targets in expanding its renewable energy capacity,
including the attainment of a renewable energy capacity of 500 GW by 2030. This
accession comes as a part of India's commitment to combating climate change and
breaking dependency on fossil fuels. By 2025, these translate to:

 175 GW of solar;

 60 GW of wind;

 10 GW from biomass energy;

 5 GW from small hydropower projects.

It finds support from various government initiatives and policies that attract
investment, promote research, and facilitate the development of renewable energy
projects. Ambitious targets are driven by policy support from initiatives such as
the National Solar Mission to incentives for wind power. The commitment
towards renewable energy is much more than a few numbers for India; it purports
to be a future sustainable and green. If anything, when India treads the path of
focus on clean energy, it is actually walking on two different agendas—mitigating
climate change and providing the burgeoning population with adequate energy
requirements.

Key Legislation Governing Renewable Energy

India has been reshaping the dynamics of its energy landscape by aggressively
pursuing a set of legislative initiatives aimed at the propagation of renewable
energy. In this way, besides encouraging the adoption of clean energy, the
legislation also came up with a structured framework to ensure its proper growth
and integration into the national grid. Let us understand the three key legislations
that are changing the renewable energy domain in India.
Electricity Act, 2003
This is a landmark legislation in so far as the regulation and development of
India's electricity sector are concerned. It provides the foundation for various
stakeholders, including the central and state electricity regulatory commissions,
which would now drive the country's renewable energy policies forward.

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 Provisions for Renewables: The Act provides for the promotion of

electricity generation from renewable sources. It also states that the state
government should formulate state policies relating to grid connectivity
and tariff determination in a manner favorable to renewables.

 Stakeholder Roles: It is stipulated in defined roles for the central

government, state governments, and regulatory bodies towards the growth
of renewable energy projects. This comes with setting up targets achieved
for renewables and ensuring compliance with the same.

 Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs): To keep clean energy in

vogue, this act has brought in RPOs for distribution companies wherein a
certain percentage of their power has to be mandatorily bought from
renewable sources.
This Act provides a uniform approach towards integrating renewable energy into
India's power system, thereby assuring a stable environment for investors and
developers.
National Tariff Policy
Another key tool towards this overall objective of parity in tariffs and pricing for
electricity generated from renewable sources is the National Tariff Policy. How it
affects renewable energy:

 Setting Tariff: The policy provides guidelines about setting tariffs for the
electricity generated from renewable sources. This shall include long-
term power purchase agreements or PPAs, and feed-in tariffs to ensure
project viability.

 Investment Encouragement: Predictable and preferential tariff

structures under the policy attract investments into the renewable sector.
The sustenance of Renewable Projects is a long-term requirement.

 Cross-Subsidies: The policy also contemplates cross-subsidies, thereby

compelling that the cost of promotion of renewable energy does not
acquire fabulous dimensions for the consumer. This balance between the
two is very critical to perceptible acceptance and wide implementation.
The National Tariff Policy has a significant role in designing the financial
scenario so that renewable energy projects are economically viable.
Energy Conservation Act, 2001
The Act provides for the efficient use of energy and also prevents its profligate
use; it indirectly helps propagate the renewable energy initiative. Here's how it
helps:

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 Energy Efficiency: It is implemented through the Bureau of Energy

Efficiency, an autonomous body established under the Act. Efficient
energy use reduces the overall demand and allows the grid penetration of
more renewables.

 Incentives for Renewables: Policies for incentivizing energy efficiency

projects are declared in this Act, as well as incentives for Renewable
Energy solutions such as Solar Water Heaters and Green Buildings.

 Public Awareness: This act triggers a sense of energy conservation

awareness. This cultural change, thus advances wider acceptance and
development of renewable technology.
With these, the Energy Conservation Act supplements other renewable energy
policies to ensure that energy use is least wasted and efficiency is maximized to
usher in a sustainable future. Along with this, the National Action Plan on Climate
Change (NAPCC), launched in 2008, outlines India’s strategy for addressing
climate change, focusing on promoting renewable energy. It includes eight
national missions, such as the National Solar Mission and the National Mission for
Enhanced Energy Efficiency, which aim to enhance energy security and promote
sustainable development.
All these regimes collectively make a strong environment for the growth and
development of renewable energy in India. Their assurances include that the
transition to greener sources of energy is orderly, sustainable, and economically
viable.

Statutory Bodies and Their Roles

There are a variety of regulatory bodies that are strategically placed to oversee the
renewable energy sector in India. Nearly all these bodies are deeply involved in
policy-making, tariff regulation, and project facilitation. Understanding the role of
these regulatory bodies is important to appreciate the legal framework within
which renewable energy is governed in India.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is at the forefront of catalyzing
India's renewable energy revolution. It is concerned with the overall policy
framework governing the development of renewable energy sources.

 Policy Formulation: One such ministry engaged in formulating policies

for encouraging renewable energy is the MNRE. It plans to attract more
investment, make project clearances easier, and involve private
participation.

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 Implementation: MNRE monitors the implementation of several

Programs/Projects on Renewable Energy. It coordinates with other
Ministries/Departments of the Central Government, State Governments,
and the private sector for smooth implementation.

 Incentives and Subsidies: MNRE offers a range of fiscal incentives on

renewable energy projects, that involve subsidies, grants, and tax benefits.
Such incentives reduce the financial burden on developers, thereby
providing an impetus for the growth of renewable energy.

 Research and Development: Emphasis is also given to research and

development for new renewable energy technologies or upgrading
existing ones. The Ministry funds research initiatives and also partners
with academic and research institutions.
Coming into multifaceted roles, MNRE acts as a catalyst in India's journey toward
renewable energy, ensuring that the policies are not just available but also put into
practice.
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)
The function of the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission is to regulate the
electricity sector in India on issues relating to tariffs and the integration of
renewable energy into the grid.

 Tariff Regulation: It is the CERC that shall approve the tariffs for
electricity generated from renewable sources. It sets competitive tariffs
for the Renewable Energy Sector, hence making it an attractive sector for
investors as well as consumers.

 Integration promotion: CERC develops guidelines and frameworks for

the integration of renewable energy into the national grid. This includes
addressing related technical challenges and smooth grid connectivity of
projects pertaining to renewable energy.

 Market development: It promotes electricity markets for renewable

energy. This pertains to facilitating trading mechanisms such as
Renewable Energy Certificates and power purchase agreements.

 Dispute Resolution: It also serves as a mediator in case of disputes

between two stakeholders of the electricity sector. This would carry
forward a fair and efficient regulatory environment.
The role of CERC assumes perceptible prominence for the maintenance of a
balanced and equitable electricity market so that renewable energy can co-exist
with conventional sources of energy.

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State Regulatory Commissions

State regulatory commissions, therefore, become hugely important in enabling
renewable energy projects at the state level. Each state has a regulatory
commission within India that modifies policies and regulations to suit local
conditions and requirements.

 Regulatory Oversight: This involves regulating the state-level

implementation of the national renewable energy policy by state
commissions. They adapt such policies to meet specific state needs,
ensuring compliance.

 Tariff Setting: Like CERC, state commissions are also tasked with
determining tariff projects for renewable energy in respective states. They
consider local factors and wish to come up with exciting tariffs that will
attract investors.

 Project Facilitation: Such commissions facilitate the setting up of

renewable energy projects by way of issuance of relevant clearances
while sorting out local problems. In most cases, the timely execution of
such projects is worked out by developers closely liaising with them.

 Monitoring and Compliance: State regulatory bodies monitor the

performance of renewable energy projects and make sure that State and
National regulations are complied with at the grassroots level. This
further creates awareness and folklore for the adoption of renewable
energy.

Legal Frame Work Related to Renewable Energy

in India- A Critical Study

Introduction

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India has always used clean energy, but renewable energy is still a
relatively new technology in other countries. In order to guarantee
that national and international targets for increasing the amount of
power generated by renewable energy sources are realised, the legal
structure for sustainable energy resources should in particular
contribute. India has over 1.3 billion people and more than 4 lakh MW
of installed energy capacity, making it a country with a surplus of
electricity. With ambitious targets to expand the use of sources of
clean energy, lower emissions, and achieve a net-zero carbon
footprint by 2070, India is dedicated to promoting renewable energy
and addressing climate change. Investment in renewable energy has a
lot of potential thanks to India's ambitious 2030 objective of
producing 450 GW of the capacity for renewable energy.

It's critical to keep in mind that energy governance is a highly

complex subject, and that there is no "the most effective model" that
can be used to manage renewable energy (RE).A few regulatory
measures, such as


Student, CMR University, School of Legal Studies.

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the approval of a particular RE law with a set of regulations for the

application of tariff incentives for the generation of energy from
sources that are sustainable, may be taken into consideration.Incent
ives and subsidies have been successful in enacting positive reforms
in Europe. Global investment treaties and legally binding protocols
may ensure that everyone has access to energy, despite the fact that
such initiatives require political objectives and desire that transcend
national boundaries. According to regional and institutional legal
frameworks, RE is now a serious problem for within as well as outside
development operations. International and regional legal authorities
have also heavily pushed the potential of RE to improve sustainable
development for everyone.Therefore, using and consuming RE helps
to promote sustainable development in many ways. The UN's
approved SDGs provide a legal framework and highlight the
importance of Renewables in ensuring everyone has access to reliable
and inexpensive energy. Overall, the inclination for and dependence
upon Renewable energy (RE) are 21st-century realities that cannot be
rejected or removed in any way on a national, regional, and
international scale..

Constitutional Provisions

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In India, electricity is included on the concurrent list, which enables

both the federal and state governments to enact laws impacting this
sector. The power Act of 2003 is the main law governing the power
industry in India. It establishes the legislative framework for the

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development, control, and efficient supervision of the power industr

y, incorporating efforts involving renewable energy.

The 2003 Electricity Act: The Central Government recognised the

necessity for the Electricity Act, 2003 (Electricity Act) 1 due to the
nation's continuing economic reforms and power sector reforms in the
several states. The State Electricity Boards (SEBs), which at first
were set up pursuant to the IEA, 1910, and the ESA, 1948, performed
poorly, forcing the Government of India (GOI) to enact an identical
and unifying law to address the present necessities of the renewable
energy sector, across the spectrum of generation, disposal,
transactions, and dissemination of electricity.

● To take actions that will promote the growth of the electricit y

sector, protect consumer interests, and promote competition.

● To rationalise electricity tariffs and ensure that there is an

adequate supply of electricity in all areas.

● To establish Regulatory Commissions

and an Appellate Tribunal for Electricity.

● To rationalise the tariff and ensure that there is an adequate

supply of electricity in all areas.

The Indian Electricity Act of 19102: This law was the first to regulate
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the production, transmission, and use of electricity in India. The 1910

Act allowed for the granting of licences to any individual or group in

1
Electricity Act, 2003 (Electricity Act)
2
Indian Electricity Act of 1910

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order to offer energy in a certain area, as well as the provision of

power by non-licensees with the
government's approval in certain circumstances.
Provisions were created to make it easier for these licensees to
build energy supply lines and complete their operations. The 1948
Electricity (Supply) Act3: The Electricity (Supply) Act of 1948 called
for the rationalization of electricity production and supply as well as
general action that would advance the field of electricit y. State
Electricity Boards were established and given control over
organising the provision of electricity across several States. The
Central Electricity Authority, State Electricity Boards, and
Generating Companies were all subject to the provisions of this Act
regarding their legal authority and duties.

Regulatory Commissions for Electricity Act of 19984: In order to

separate State Governments from the determination of prices, the
Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act of 1998 provides for the
creation of both a Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)
and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs). Additiona
lly, it included provisions for the rationalisation of power rates, open
policies on subsidies, the promotion of effective and environmenta
lly friendly policies, and related issues.

The 2014 Electricity (Amendment) Act : On December 19, 2014,5 the

Minister of Power introduced the Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2014

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(2014 Bill) in the Lok Sabha with the intention of revising the

3
1948 Electricity (Supply) Act
4
Regulatory Commissions for Electricity Act of 1998
5
The 2014 Electricity (Amendment) Act On December 19, 2014

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Electricity Act. In several facets of the power industry, this bill

recommended a number of reforms to the Electricity Act. Eliminat
ing the transportation and material of the cables from the supplier's
business; expanding freedom of access, rivalry, and markets; and
stepping up support for renewable energy sources were the key thrust
areas.

2015's National Renewable Energy Act 6: In order to diminis h

dependency on fossil fuels, improve supply security, and reduce CO2
and other emission levels of greenhouse gases, this Act seeks to
promote the use of sources of clean energy for the generation of
electricity by taking macroeconomic, weather-related, and
conservation concerns into account. In particular, this Act will
contribute to achieving national and global targets to increase the
quantity of energy that comes from renewable sources. The follow ing
energy sources are considered renewable energy (RE) sources: wind,
solar radiation, mini hydro, biomass, biofuels, landfill and sewage gas,
municipal solid waste, industrial waste, geothermal energy, ocean
energy, and any other energy source that the ministry may notify.
Hybrids of the aforementioned sources are also included in this
category. 7

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The Current Scenario of

Renewable and Clean Energy
Utilisation in India

6
National Renewable Energy Act,2005
7
M/S Radhe Renewable Energy V/s State of Gujarat on 23 December, 2019

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India has always been a leader in environmental sustainability and

climate protection. The major narrative of Indian culture is still based
on a sizable portion of folklore literature and practises aimed at
adopting a holistic perspective of the natural resources.

In Godavarman Thirumalpad v. Union of India (1997) 8, While not

specifically focused on renewable energy, this case established the
principle of environmental jurisprudence in India. It emphasized the
importance of sustainable development and the protection of natural
resources, which are fundamental to the promotion of renewable
energy. However, in recent times, there has been a growing emphasis
on climate protection. Since recently, India's international standing
has been improving, and the country now holds the G20
Presidency.Ind ia is starting to serve as an example for nations all
around the world, particularly in terms of how economic growth and
environme ntal preservation may coexist. With a goal of 500
gigawatts by 2030, India has emerged as the main economy with the
greatest rate of growth in the addition of renewable energy capacity,
with over 100 gigawat ts installed by the end of 2021.9

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8
T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad vs Union Of India & Ors, AIR 1997 SUPREME
COURT 1228
9
Competition Issues In Energy Sector In India A Critical Legal Study, Singh Kirti,
2018, Dr Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law UniversityJournal.

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By 2030, our Indian government wants to install 523 GW of

renewable energy capacity, including 73 GW from hydropower. By
July 2021, India has 96.96 GW of existing alternative energy capacity,
representing 25.2% of all the capacity currently in use and offering a
sizable opportunity for the expansion of green energy.10

The number of solar power panels on our neighbor's rooftops is

growing daily. The high cost of manufacturing and supportive
legislative environment are two criticisms leveled at alternative
energy sources. Low production efficiency and greater costs,
particularly those related to constructing and installing facilities like
solar or wind farms, are now the main and best-known barriers to the
adoption of renewable energy.11 Examples include: transmission,
related stories, entry barriers, politics, and oversupply.

● Simplified RTS implementation process: To make the process

more straightforward, the Ministry has created a national portal
(solarrooftop.gov.in) where any residential user from anywhere in the
nation can apply for rooftop solar without having to wait for the
Discom to complete the procurement process and choose suppliers.12

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10
Report on Renewable energy efficiency, Ministry of Power
11
M/s Alopi Parshad and Sons Ltd. V/s. Union of India AIR (1960) SC 588
12
Robert P. Taylor et. al., Financing Energy Efficiency – Lessons from Brazil,
China, India and Beyond, The International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development / The World Bank ,2008

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● Programme for National Bioenergy: Launched on November

2, 2022, the National Bioenergy Programme consists of the following
Sub-schemes:

○ Programme on Power from Urban, The industr ia l sector, and

Farming Wastes/Residues (Waste to Energy Programme)

○ The Human Resource Development Scheme's Vayumitra and

Jalmitra Skill Development Programme was introduced in 2022. 1500
crore rupees in new equity invested in IREDA and 1000 crore rupees
in SECI.
● Due to its enormous capacity to lead globally in the alternat
ive energy industry and create green jobs, the authorities of India
urged every significant player in the energy business to invest in
India.

● In order to enable enormous scale grid-dependent solar power

projects, an agenda for "The Creation of Photovoltaic Parks
and Ultra Massive ji Solar Power Projects" is being executed
with a goal of producing 40 GW by March 2024. Solar parks
offer solar power firms a plug-and-play idea by providing the
infrastructure that is required, comprising land, strength
outflow facilities, transportation connectivity, water facilit y,
etc., along with all necessary regulatory clearances.. 13 As of
October 31, 2022, 56 Solar Parks with a combined capacity of

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39.28 GW have been approved throughout 14 states.In 17

13
Anindita Chakrabarti and Ravinder Kumar Arora India‟s Energy Security:
Critical Considerations, 17(6) SAGE 2 (2016)

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parks, solar energy projects with a combined capacity of more

than 10 GW have already been put into operation. The
remaining parks are in various phases of implementation.
From January through October 2022, there will be solar
parks.14

India has been able to safeguard the environment without obstructing

a significant number of infrastructure projects by picking a way
where economics and ecological can both coexist harmoniously.I ndia
currently has the lowest cost for installing renewable energy capacity,
and in the near future, it is predicted that its price for green hydrogen
would be the most affordable worldwide.15

India is therefore ready to switch from being an energy net importer

to an energy net exporter. India's potential for renewable energy has
grown by more than 25% over the course of the following six years,
which is a remarkable rate of growth for any nation, let alone one
with 140 crore people that is still developing.

Barriers to the Use of Renewable

Energy
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Although it faces several obstacles, the nation's renewable energy

field provides intriguing investment possibilities. Project delays may
result

14
National Institute Of Transforming India , Report of expert Group on 175 GW
RE by 2022 Govt. of India , 2015
15
Diksha Garg and Kamlesh Kaur, Understanding India‟s Energy Sector: Players,
Policy Framework and Challenges 3 (1) IJSRM 2357 (2015)

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from state participation in regulating property laws and electricit y

tariffs. Even while some countries have made the purchasing of real
estate easier, issues with land distribution, fragmented ownership, and
disputed titles still exist. In Centre for Public Interest Litigation v.
Union of India (2013)16 the allocation of coal blocks in India Were
challenged highlighting the environmental and social costs associated
with fossil fuel-based energy production. The judgment emphasized
the need for transparency and accountability in energy policy and
paved the way for greater scrutiny of government decisions in the
energy sector, potentially incentivizing the shift towards renewable
energy sources.

Additionally, in an effort to reduce rates, state governments and

utility providers try to renegotiate PPAs, increasing the possibility of a
contract default and non-payment. Further Such renegotiations may be
required by political changes, highlighting the significance of state-
level risks associated with politics. The impact of the COVID-19
epidemic on the public budgets of many nations has resulted in
payment delays and bankruptcies, necessitating the use of force
majeure measures.

● High cost and low productivity, in particular capital costs, or

the up-front cost of constructing and installing solar and wind

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16
Centre For Public Interest Litigation ... vs Union of India, AIRONLINE 2020 GUJ
367

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farms, are the most evident and well publicised obstacles to

the use of renewable energy.17

● By 2030, the nation's aims and strategies call for quadrupling

the capacity of renewable energy sources and more than doubling the
share of gas from natural sources in all electricit y production.
● The India Vision Case is based on a rapid resolution of the
current public health crisis, environmental issues, and a more
complete realisation of India's stated energy policy objectives, along
with a faster pace of economic growth than in the Steps.18
● The Sustainable Development Scenario looks at how India
could mobilise an additional surge in clean energy investme nt to
produce a rapid peak and subsequent decline in the emissio n of
greenhouse gases.

● India is expected to experience rapid growth in solar energy.

Currently, coal generates close to 70% of India's electricit y,
while solar produces less than 4%. In the STEPS, they
converge in the low 30% range by 2040, and in some
scenarios, the transition occurs even faster.

● Utility-scale renewable energy projects are growing in

popularity thanks to certain creative regulatory strategies that support
combining solar energy with other production technologies and
storage to provide "round-the-clock" supply.

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17
DR.S.R, Mayani (2012), Legal research methodology
18
Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited (BESCOM) V/s E.S. Solar
Power Pvt. Ltd. & Ors.

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India's energy landscape is undergoing a significant transformat io n,

with an increasing emphasis on renewable energy sources. The
nation's ambitious targets for renewable energy deployment reflect its
commitment to combatting climate change and achieving energy
security. However, despite the favorable policies and legal
frameworks in place, several barriers hinder the effective utilization
of renewable energy in India.
● Land Acquisition and Infrastructure Challenges:
One of the primary barriers to renewable energy adoption in
India is the acquisition of suitable land for renewable energy
projects. Land is often a contentious issue due to competing
land-use demands for agriculture and industrial purposes.
Furthermore, the construction of infrastructure, such as
transmission lines and substations, to connect renewable
energy projects to the grid faces delays and bureaucratic
hurdles

● Grid Integration:
The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, such as
solar and wind, poses a challenge for grid integration. India's
power grid needs significant upgrades to accommodate
variable power generation. The legal framework must address
issues related to grid stability, energy storage, and demand-

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side management to ensure the seamless integration of

renewables into the grid.

● Policy and Regulatory Uncertainty:

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The evolving nature of renewable energy policies in India

sometimes results in uncertainty for investors and project
developers. Frequent changes in regulations, tariffs, and
incentives can discourage investments. A stable and long-
term policy framework is essential to provide the necessary
confidence to investors and stakeholders

● Financial Barriers:

The high upfront costs of renewable energy projects remain a

significant hurdle. While financial institutions offer loans and
incentives, many developers face challenges in securing
affordable financing. The legal framework should encourage
innovative financing mechanisms, like green bonds and
public- private partnerships, to make renewable energy
projects more financially accessible.

● Land-Use Regulations and Environmental Clearances:

Environmental regulations and clearances are essential for the
protection of ecosystems and public health. However, complex
and lengthy approval processes often slow down renewable
energy projects. Striking a balance between protecting the
environment and expediting approvals is crucial.

● Technological Constraints:
Technological barriers also affect the growth of renewable

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energy in India. Research and development incentives can

facilitate the development and adoption of advanced
renewable energy technologies. The legal framework should
encourage

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technological innovation and collaboration between the public

and private sectors.

● Lack of Skilled Workforce:

The renewable energy sector demands a skilled workforce.
There is a need for comprehensive training and educational
programs to meet this demand. Legal provisions can support
the development of training and certification programs,
enhancing human resources in the renewable energy industry.

● Resistance from Conventional Energy Interests:

The conventional energy sector wields significant influe nce,
and the transition to renewables can face opposition.
Policymakers and regulators must navigate these interests
while maintaining a balance between conventional and
renewable energy sources.

India's legal framework for renewable energy has made significa nt

strides in promoting sustainability and mitigating climate change.
However, numerous barriers continue to challenge the effective
implementation of these policies. In M.C. Mehta v. Union of India
(2002),19the Supreme Court of India mandated the use of cleaner fuels
and technologies in the transportation sector to address air pollut ion
concerns. While not directly related to renewable energy, this decision
underscored the judiciary's role in promoting sustainable and
environmentally friendly energy practices. Addressing land acquisit
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ion challenges, improving grid infrastructure, reducing policy

uncertainty,

19
M.C. Mehta vs Union Of India And Ors AIR 2002 SUPREME COURT 1696

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addressing financial barriers, and encouraging technologica l

innovation are critical steps in overcoming these hurdles. An
adaptable legal framework that evolves with changing needs and
technologica l advancements is essential to achieving India's
renewable energy targets and fostering a sustainable energy future

Suggestions

The functioning of renewable energy facilities in India uses a variety

of effective technologies. Almost every wind and small hydroelectr ic
project is linked to the grid, either directly or through the transmiss
ion licensee's networks, which are both public and private. Even
though we have been using off-grid systems in India since ancient
times, there are specific situations where the biomass and bagasse-
based networks operate in this way. 20 Additionally, the majority of
solar projects now built in the nation are off-grid installations, despite
recent measures by MNRE and strong developer interest, which are
likely to lead to the rapid development of grid-connected solar power
with high yield production. Three problems must be resolved:
● Should current projects also be covered by the REC
programme, or only new projects that were commissioned after the

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REC mechanism was introduced?

20
Bihar State Electricity Board, Patna and Ors. v. M/s. Green Rubber Industries and
Ors

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● Should both grid-connected and off-grid initiatives be covered

by the legal system and the REC programme?

● Should participation in the REC programme be voluntary or

should it be made mandatory?

The following factors contribute to the various difficulties in

integrating the REC programme to disconnected projects with minor
grid projects: challenges with accounting for electricity produced
using clean energy because the SLDC is not aware of them. 21 A
rigorous monitoring system for this type of energy production will
need to be institutionalised, and an independent metering scheme will
need to be set up. On a global basis, net metering was made available
to account for the energy produced by small-scale renewable energy
installatio ns. Otherwise, it is difficult to estimate the amount of
electricity produced or replaced in India via off-grid methods.

Recommendations which help to

integrate Renewables Better into
the Grid
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● Develop time-of-day cost for large supply, particularly peak

price (this can come first since it is simpler than consumer time - of-
day pricing).

21
Dr. Sairam Bhat (2016), Energy Law & Policy in India, Professor NLSIU,
Bangalore.

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● Adequate legal framework is required to advance the use of

clean energy storage technologies.

● Improving data exchange across the nation as well as

measurements, forecasts, and analysis for wind and solar generation.
● Start auxiliary services in the grid with a strong legal
foundation.
● Install intelligent mobile grids to increase grid stability and
demand flexibility.

● Distribute renewable energy sources (or all types of

generation) as efficiently as possible while accounting for their effects
on the remaining components of the grid, such as transportatio n
constraints.

● The future of energy comes from renewable sources, according

to some. With the right planning and work, we can begin that future
far sooner.
● All stakeholders must get appropriate insurance to cover losses
in order to control risk.

Critical Analysis

The legal framework related to renewable energy in India has

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undergone significant developments and transformations over the

years. This critical study, conducted from the environmental law
perspective, has shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of the

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existing legal regime. While India's commitment to renewable energy

is commendable, there are key areas that require further attention and
improvement.

One of the notable strengths of the Indian legal framework is its

recognition of the environmental imperative and the need to transitio
n towards cleaner and more sustainable sources of energy. The
National Action Plan on Climate Change and the ambitious targets set
under the National Solar Mission and National Wind Mission
demonstrate the government's commitment to address climate change
and promote renewable energy sources.22 However, the critical study
has also unveiled certain weaknesses in the current legal framework.
One of the primary concerns is the lack of a unified and
comprehensive renewable energy law. The existing laws and
regulations related to renewable energy are spread across various
sectors and are often disjointed. This fragmentation can lead to
confusion and inefficiencies in the implementation and enforcement
of renewable energy policies. Furthermore, the study highlights the
need for more stringent regulatory mechanisms and better
enforcement of environme ntal standards. While India has made
significant strides in expanding its renewable energy capacity, there
remain challenges in ensuring that the environmental impact of
renewable energy projects is adequately addressed. This includes

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issues related to land use, water consumpt io n, and the protection of

biodiversity.

22
Dr. Manish Yadav (2013), Energy Laws, Professor NLU, Nagpur.

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Another critical aspect is the issue of land acquisition and its

associated environmental impacts. Large-scale renewable energy
projects often require substantial land, and their expansion can lead to
land use conflicts and environmental degradation. It is imperative for
the legal framework to provide clear guidelines for sustainable land
use practices in the context of renewable energy development.The
study also emphasizes the need for stronger incentives and support
mechanisms for decentralized and off-grid renewable energy
solutions.23 These solutions not only reduce the pressure onthe grid but
also empower local communities to take charge of their energy
needs.The legal framework should be revised to promote and
incentivize such community- led initiatives.In addition to the regulator
y challenges, there is a need for greater emphasis on the protection of
the rights of indigenous and local communities.24 Many renewable
energy projects are situated in or near areas inhabited by such
communit ies. The legal framework should include provisions for
meaningful consultation with these communities, ensuring that their
rights are respected, and the benefits of renewable energy
development are equitably distributed. Furthermore, the critical study
underscores the importance of periodic reviews and updates to the
legal framework to keep pace with technological advancements and
changing environmental concerns. It is essential that the regulatory
framework remains adaptable and responsive to emerging
challenges and
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23
Union of India v. Reliance Industries, 2018
24
Arunabha Ghosh and Karthik Ganesan ,Policy: Rethink India's energy strategy
521 (7551) NIWJS 2 (2015)

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opportunities in the renewable energy sector.To address these

weaknesses and further enhance the legal framework related to
renewable energy in India, a holistic approach is necessary. This
approach should involve comprehensive legislative reforms, improved
coordination among various ministries and agencies, and robust
mechanisms for monitoring and enforcement. It is imperative that
environmental considerations remain at the forefront of these efforts.

Conclusion

In conclusion, India's journey towards a more sustainable energy

future is admirable, but the legal framework governing renewable
energy requires continuous refinement. A comprehensive and
integrated legal regime that addresses the environmental impacts of
renewable energy projects, encourages decentralized solutions,
protects the rights of local communities, and adapts to evolving
challenges is essential. As India strives to achieve its renewable
energy targets and reduce its carbon footprint, a strong and
environmentally conscious legal framework will be instrumental in
ensuring that the transition is both effective and sustainable. For
developing countries and those undergoing economic transition,

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renewable energy (RE) is regarded as being of tremendous assistance

when it is supported by an appropriate regulator y framework.
However, it might raise certain unpleasant issues that those nations
might find challenging to address. Intellectual property rights are
undoubtedly a pressing topic in the RE legal system.Globa l

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technical superpowers and developed nations should offer financ ia l, legal, and technical
assistance to those emerging and poor countries in order to lower the barrier and make such
nations self- sufficient.Therefore, the industrialised world should support technology
transfer with lax legislative restrictions, capacity build ing, and infrastructure development
in developing countries' RE sectors. A clear and concise global legal framework for RE will
help the developing world claim these as their due and not merely as a gift. As per
researcher opinion, “Renewable energy means to re-adopt our old Indian tradition which
were used by our great grandparents to fulfi lled energy need without degrading
environment”.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

“India's Energy Plan aims to ensure energy justice while adhering to global

to sustainable growth”

- Hon’ble Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi at the 4th India Energy Forum

1.1 Background Global energy consumption is increasing with strong economic growth
(Doman, 2017)) and is expected to increase further (Ahmad & Zhang, 2020). The US
Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that the world energy use will be
increased by 28% by 2040 (Doman, 2017). The increasing demand for energy services will
put adverse impact on the climate change (Jessel, Sawyer, & Hernández, 2019). Affordable
and adequate clean energy with uninterrupted access is required at individual as well as
societal level for health and well-being respectively (Jessel, Sawyer, & Hernández, 2019)
but there is dearth of access to clean energy for all (Birol, 2007) and it leads to energy
poverty. The concept of sustainable development is related to access to sustainable energy
(Vezzoli et.al., 2018) and solar energy is considered as one of the cleanest forms of
renewable energy. Merely sustainable energy is not sufficient to achieve sustainable
development if it is not coupled with energy access to all (Vezzoli et al., 2018). Increasing
the access to energy with the focus on sustainable energy will result in improvement of

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productivity, health, education, food and water security without harming the environment
and keeping in view the needs of the future generations. At international level, legal
framework for energy was initially developed through soft law; energy use in terms of the
environmental consequence has been highlighted through the principles of environmental
law such as sustainable development (Bruce, 2013). Soft international law is being
instrumental in global energy generation with the support from the comity of nations.
Transition to hard environmental law (binding environmental law) including renewable
energy obligations commitments was largely absent from the global environmental law
framework including UNFCCC regime (Bruce, 2013). 1 To bridge this gap international
organization such as International Renewable Energy Agency had played a significant role
through its various policies for promoting renewable energy generation and technology
transfer. IRENA’s initiatives were not satisfactory and there was a clear need for more of
such specialized agencies at the international as well as at the regional level, to address the
emerging energy needs particularly of developing countries keeping in mind the concepts of
sustainable development and energy justice. More recently, an attempt is being made by the
International Solar Alliance, currently having 98 members and various ongoing
programmes aiming at meeting the energy needs through solar energy in safe, affordable,
equitable and sustainable manner. Legal framework for energy law in India is initially dealt
with the Electricity Act, 2003 (Kumar & Chatterjee, 2012). Major overhauling of the
energy sector towards renewable energy has been done after the Paris Climate Agreement.
More focus has been put on power generation through the renewable energy in line with
India’s commitment at international level (INDC, 2015). The legal framework for
renewable energy or solar energy law has evolved through soft law with continued
ministerial support at international plane and now it has started to find its place in binding
international instruments. In India, legal framework governing solar energy is scattered
across various domestic legislations, rules, schemes and policies, and having a
comprehensive legislation governing solar energy becomes more imperative in line with
India’s international commitments and its corresponding domestic actions. Despite being
related to environmental law and climate change law, energy law needed to be studied
separately (Heffron, Rønne, Tomain, Bradbrook, & Talus, 2018). The origin and
development of what constituted energy law had been mentioned in the literature to a

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limited extent and so was the case with the renewable energy law and solar energy law.
Earlier literature argued that, a review of what constituted ‘energy law’ and ‘renewable
energy law as an academic discipline in academic literature was needed (Wawryk, 2014;
Roggenkamp, Redgwell, Rønne, & I Del Guayo, 2016) with the last such review related to
energy law’ completed over 20 years ago (Heffron, Rønne, Tomain, Bradbrook, & Talus,
2018). However, now what constitutes renewable energy law is not disputable and is widely
accepted as a separate field and governed by its core guiding principles. With the increasing
focus on just transition, carbon 2 neutrality, climate objectives and growing economic and
public sectors of renewable development and deployment, there is a need to bring in
uniformity in the legislative framework governing renewable energy as showcased by the
‘European Green Deal’ (Heffron & Luigi Maria Pepe, 2023). International environmental
law and international climate change law have their own set of principles. Renewable
energy law has different set of principles inspired from the principles of energy law which
has influenced the development of renewable energy law (Huhta, 2022). These principles
are very important for facilitating low-carbon energy investment, legal certainty, regulatory
predictability and legitimate expectations (Huhta, 2022; Huhta & Romppanen, 2023).
Principles of international renewable energy law are essential in order to bring certainty,
uniformity and interpretation of issues related to renewable energy. These principles
include the Principle of PSNR; the Principle of Access to Modern Energy Services; the
Principle of Energy Justice; the Principle of Prudent, Rational and Sustainable Use of
Natural Resources; Principle of the Protection of the Environment, Human Health &
Combating Climate Change; Energy Security and Reliability Principle and; Principle of
Resilience (Heffron, 2021; Heffron, Rønne, Tomain, Bradbrook, & Talus, 2018). As
countries worldwide shift towards low-carbon economies, ensuring accessible energy
access for everyone is crucial to achieving goals such as net-zero emissions, just transitions,
carbon neutrality, and sustainable development. In the meanwhile, it has been discovered
that one of the primary benchmarks for creating and characterising the legal structure and
tenets of energy law is energy justice (Heffron, Rønne, Tomain, Bradbrook, & Talus, 2018).
Therefore, energy justice also acts as a main benchmark for formulating the legal structure
and tenets of renewable energy law, this becomes more important when it is evaluated in
the context of sustainable development. There is a clear link between environment, energy

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and sustainable development (SDG7). However, sustainable development will be achieved

with the increased use of renewable energy. (Vezzoli et.al,2018). Energy justice should be
adopted as a fundamental policy concept in tandem with, and as complement to, sustainable
development (Kristen Jenkins, 2015). Therefore, the core guiding principles of energy law
i.e. energy justice and sustainable development in the context of solar energy need to be
evaluated separately in the Indian solar legal and policy framework in order to ensure the
objective of sustainable development and energy justice. 3 Fig 1.1: Correlation between
Energy Justice and Sustainable Development (Author’s own creation) Solar energy is
considered as the cleanest form of renewable energy (Shinn, 2022). India has enormous
solar potential of about 5,000 trillion kWh/year energy is incident over country’s land area
with majority of the parts receiving 4-7 kWh/Sq. m. per day. To tap this potential, solar
energy has been given importance in the National Action Plan on Climate Change,
launched in the year 2009 with eight missions (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
2023). National Solar Mission and National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency
specifically highlight the use of solar energy to address the issue of climate change and for
the reduction of emissions. Solar energy is considered as the most reliable form of
renewable energy, and if deployed with a focus on the principles of renewable energy law it
can ensure the objective of energy justice and sustainable development. The legal
framework governing solar energy in India is not uniform, it is scattered among various
legislations, bills, policies, schemes and rules and there is an absence of any specific
legislation dealing with solar energy or renewable energy in India. At the same time the
principles of energy justice and sustainable development has not been at the forefront of
any legislation. In accordance with India's vision for 2047 (Amrit Kaal) and ‘Pancahmrit’
initiative, the nation has acknowledged the need of energy security, affordability, and
accessibility. Achieving these goals requires a strong emphasis on energy justice and
sustainable development within India's legislative and policy framework on solar energy.
Indian Judiciary has recognized the applicability of international environmental law
principles such as polluter pays and precautionary principle in the domestic legal
framework of India. Other principles of international environmental law such as inter
generational equity, obligation to assist and cooperate and utilization and conservation of
natural resources were also recognized in the Indian context and judiciary relied on the

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cases of Distt. Magistrate Jabalpur vs Shivakant Shukla (1976), Jolly George 4 Varghese’s
Case (1980) and Gramophone Company’s Case (1984) (Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v.
Union of India & Others AIR 1996 SC 2715: (1996) 5 SCC). These principles share the
commonality with the international renewable energy principles as international energy law
is a sub-set of international environmental law (Bruce, 2013). However, international
environmental law principles are inadequate to address the concerns of international
renewable energy law as it doesn’t take into account access to modern energy services,
energy justice. and energy security & reliability principles. Judiciary has also encouraged
the use of renewable energy in the Indian energy mix for the protection of environment and
sustainable development (Hindustan Zinc Ltd. V. Rajasthan Electricity Regulatory
Commission, 2015 (6) SCALE 706). More recently, in the case of M K Ranjitsinh & Ors.
V. Union of India & Ors, 2024 INSC 280 the Supreme Court of India has emphasized on
the importance of solar power as a source of renewable energy and its role to achieve
sustainable development. It is pertinent to analyse the focus of Indian Judiciary in
promoting the use of renewable energy or solar energy for sustainable development, energy
security and energy justice in India. Against this background, the research seeks to
understand the current Indian legal and policy framework on solar energy. To advance and
locate the guiding principles of international renewable energy law specifically energy
justice and sustainable development applicable in Indian legal and policy framework on
solar energy, in order to ensure the objective of energy justice and sustainable development
in India The research will also analyse and address the legal and policy hurdles faced by the
solar energy framework to attain energy justice, energy transformation, and consequently,
sustainable development in India.

1.2 Research Gaps From the literature reviewed, the following gaps have been found, which
have been addressed in the current study:

• The current legal and policy framework on solar energy in India is not uniform. It is
scattered across various legislations, rules, policies, programmes and schemes. There is a
need of certainty and uniformity in the framework to achieve the climate objectives of India
in line with India’s international commitments and its corresponding domestic actions. 5

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• There is no statutory Act in India regulating decarbonization, Climate Change, solar

energy or renewable energy. However, various bills have been discussed without attaining
the status of a Statute.

• India’s legal and policy framework concerning solar energy lack in incorporating and
defining the guiding principles of international renewable energy law, and in the context of
this research specifically energy justice and sustainable development. Therefore, there is a
need to locate and advance the guiding principles of international renewable energy law,
specifically the principles of energy justice and sustainable development in the Indian solar
energy legal and policy framework. During the study, it has been found that the principles
of energy justice and sustainable development have not been prioritised by way of a
comprehensive legislation and are scattered across numerous laws, plans, policies, and
regulations with respect to solar energy. These principles are considered as the central
yardstick to develop and define the legal framework and guiding principles of renewable
energy law or solar energy law.

• Though India commits to achieve its climate change commitments in the light of
sustainable development and energy justice, it does not prescribe any mechanism how to
implement climate change commitments in the light of these two important principles.
Furthermore. The two important guiding principles of renewable energy law i.e. energy
justice and sustainable development need to be analysed in the solar energy legal and policy
framework of India to act as a guide for future comprehensive legislation governing solar
energy.

• The principles of energy justice and sustainable development are intrinsically linked, if
the principle of energy justice is missing from the legal and policy framework of solar
energy in India then it is difficult to ensure the objective of sustainable development and
energy justice. 1.3 Research Objectives

The following research objectives were proposed in light of the above-mentioned gaps:

1. To understand the current legal and policy framework on solar energy in India.

2. To advance and locate the core guiding principles, specifically energy justice and
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sustainable development in relation to Indian legal and policy framework on solar energy. 6
3. To analyze and explore the role of Indian legal and policy framework on solar energy in
ensuring energy justice and sustainable development in India.

4. To address the legal and policy hurdles the solar energy framework face to attain energy
justice, energy transformation, and consequently, sustainable development in India

1.4 Research Questions

1. Whether there is a comprehensive governing legal framework on solar energy in India?

2. Whether the guiding principles of international renewable energy law, with Special
Focus on the Principles of Energy Justice and Sustainable Development, are incorporated in
the Indian legal framework on solar energy?

3. Whether the principles of energy justice and sustainable development are corelated?

4. Whether the principles of energy justice and sustainable development could help to
conceptualize and achieve sustainable development in India?

1.5 Significance of the Study and Limitations Significance-

The legal framework regulating solar energy in India is fragmented, consisting of many
legislations, bills, and regulations. The principles of energy justice and sustainable
development have not been prioritised in legislation and are dispersed throughout several
laws, plans, policies, and regulations pertaining to solar energy. In alignment with India's
2047 goal and its international climate commitments, the country has recognised the
necessity for energy security, fairness, affordability, and accessibility. Attaining these
objectives necessitates a robust focus on energy justice and sustainable development within
India's legal and regulatory framework for solar energy. A comprehensive legislative
framework including rules, regulations, and programs pertaining to solar energy in India
would act as a catalyst for the nation's quest for a clean, healthy, and sustainable future.
This can be achieved through the adoption of comprehensive legislation pertaining to
renewable energy and/or solar energy, which incorporates the principles of renewable

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energy law, particularly the principles of energy justice and sustainable development. This
would not only guarantee sustainable development but also advance energy justice in India.

7 Limitations-

This research is limited to analyse the legal framework governing solar energy in India, it
doesn’t take into account economic aspect of solar energy. Furthermore, two core
governing principles of international renewable energy law i.e. energy justice and
sustainable development have been examined in relation to solar legal and policy
framework of India. . 1.6 Hypothesis Hn -There is a comprehensive legal framework
governing solar energy in India which effectively incorporates the principles of energy
justice and sustainable development. Ha - There is no comprehensive legal framework
governing solar energy in India which effectively incorporates the principles of energy
justice and sustainable development. With the in-depth analysis and examination of solar
energy legal framework in India from the lens of principles of energy justice and
sustainable development the null hypothesis is rejected, and the alternate hypothesis may be
accepted. The main arguments for the same have been discussed below.

1.7 Research Methodology

The Study follows a doctrinal methodology of research based on a thematic review of the
literature to identify and analyse the applicability of principles of energy justice and
sustainable development in relation to India’s legal and policy framework on solar energy.
Primary and secondary sources of law and policy have been considered cumulatively to
achieve the objectives of the research. This study involves a synthesis of the theoretical,
doctrinal and normative methodology of research. The study applies the jurisprudential
theory of legal positivism to expound the principles of energy justice and sustainable
development by way of a comprehensive legislation. To develop a holistic understanding of
the evolution of international renewable energy law, ‘soft international renewable energy
law’ (in the form of non-binding instruments) and ‘hard international renewable energy
law’ (in the form of binding instruments) are studied. Similarly, domestic legislations, bills,
policies, rules, schemes, scholarly writings, and India’s international commitments and
corresponding domestic actions are examined to understand the legal and policy framework
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governing solar energy in 8 India. To evaluate and analyse the governing principles of
renewable energy, particularly the principle of energy justice and sustainable development,
in the Indian context, all relevant international instruments and national legislations,
policies, schemes, and rules, are critically evaluated to form a comprehensive and holistic
understanding of the applicability of these principles. The thesis particularly focuses on the
principles of energy justice and sustainable development because these principles constitute
the core of solar governance internationally as well as domestically. The study also relies on
scholarly writings, online resources, statements, presented papers, books, articles, journals
and reports of relevant non-governmental organizations, and best practices of select
countries, to provide comprehensive understanding, and consistent conclusions and
recommendations.

1.8 Chapterization

Chapter 1 titled as “Introduction” has introduced the legal framework of energy law from
the national and international perspective and gives the background of the research along
with main arguments and discussions. It then addresses the research gaps, research
objectives, research methodology, significance of research, research questions, hypothesis
of the research, limitations of the research and the scheme of chapterization. Further, the
chapter takes into account theoretical basis for the incorporation of the principles of energy
justice and sustainable development by way of a comprehensive legislation in India. The
chapter has mainly relied on the theory of Legal Positivism for the formulation of a
comprehensive solar energy legislation in India. The chapter also discusses the relevant
arguments and recommendations emerged from the research and the future scope of the
research. Chapter 2 titled as “International Legal Principles Applicable to Solar Energy
Framework” discusses the evolution of renewable energy law and the international
renewable energy legal principles applicable to renewable energy in general and
specifically to solar energy. It highlights the importance, need and historical evolution of
international renewable energy legal principles specifically the principles of energy justice
and sustainable development. The chapter has also discussed principles of international
environmental law and their relevance and inadequacy in the context of solar energy and
also analyses evolving principles of international renewable energy law and their
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applicability in relation to solar energy in India.

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A study of Renewable Energy Policies and

Regulatory Framework on Environment
Protection
Promoting Renewable Energy for Sustainable
Development in India
by Suresh Kumar*, Dr. Nempal Singh,

- Published in Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education, E-ISSN:

2230-7540

Volume 18, Issue No. 3, Apr 2021, Pages 531 - 536 (6)

Published by: Ignited Minds Journals

ABSTRACT
India is a nation currently the country is undergoing significant economic progress while the
changing economy is thrusting on surplus electrical power. Every year, the grid could further
slowdown population growth, economic growth and the demand for electricity.
Consequently, it is vital to intensify the installed power. India currently faces enormous
challenges to meet its energy requirements, and current energy arrangements are inherently
unsustainable. India has to sustain its economic development rate of 8,2 percent and satisfy
its citizens' basic energy needs to expand energy supplies by three to four times and increase
its capacity to generate power by between five and six times compared to 2003-04 levels, in
order to eliminate poverty. Furthermore, the current capacity of around one lake and fifty
thousand MW in India must reach almost Euit Lakhs MW by 2031. Meeting the energy
sector challenges is essential for the financial development of India and ensuring the
country's energy security. Conventional energy sources are limited and insufficient to meet
current energy requirements it is therefore cautious to develop all alternatives available.
While significant growth in the deployment of renewable energy has been apparent in the
past decade and renewable power generation has been rapidly increasing, current figures are
not sufficient to address energy security problems, energy reliance on fossil fuels,
environmental protection issues and social equity. Even after the huge potential is realized,
India has been given an abundance of renewable resources, while renewables still account for
only 17 per cent of the country's total installed capacity. At the same time, sufficient
importance must be attached to energy efficiency and conservation. In particular, measures
shall be taken to enhance efficiency, transmission and distribution of electricity. A supportive
policy and regulatory environment is necessary in order to encourage green growth, because a
competent legislative framework has always been the main promoter of technological change
in a country.
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KEYWORD
Renewable Energy Policies, Regulatory Framework, Environment Protection, Energy
Requirements, Installed Power, Economic Development, Energy Supplies, Power Generation,
Conventional Energy Sources, Renewable Resources

1. INTRODUCTION
Moreover, a doubling of renewable energy levels by 2030 could, by now, reduce carbon
emissions by 50 percent to below 2°C and prevent a catastrophic climate change. The average
global temperature rise will be below 2°C. Renewable energy sector growth has exceeded all
expectations in the past ten years. Global installed capacity and renewable energy production
have grown significantly in that increasing number of countries worldwide choose a
supportive regulatory environment to boost the renewable energy sector's development [8].
By 2015, some 164 nations worldwide had renewable energy targets, of which nearly 59
countries had legally binding objectives, with approximately 145 already implementing
policies for supporting renewable energy. Today, Germany's commitments to a sustainable
renewables economy, China‘s growth in the renewable industry, as well as Denmark‘s
commitment to 100 percent of renewable energy sources by 2050 are inspiring other
countries around the world to seek a renewable energy-based future. In addition, renewable
energy is a central part of India's energy plans and regulations, especially since climate
change mitigation became important in international policy making [9]. India is changing
strongly its energy policies and strategies to support renewable energy technologies in order
to support green growth in the country. The aggressive objective of reaching 175GW of
renewable energy capacity was set in India by 2022. In 2017, renewable energy accounts for
about 17% of the total capacity installed in the country, nearly null in 1985. In renewable
energy installed capacity, India ranks sixth worldwide. In addition, capacity addition of
72,400 MW was planned at national level by end of the 13th Plan 2022. A dynamic national
purchase obligation target is set in the 2008 National Climate

This development in India is the result of the international platform initiatives in which India
became part of and made international obligations such as domestic duties through local laws
and policies under Art 253 and Art 51C of the Indian constitution. In addition, India has also
taken part in agreements with other nations. Enabling policies and framework governance
creates stable and predictable investment environments, helps to overcome obstacles and
ensures predictable project income streams. The case studies further show the efficiency and
success of government policies shaping renewable energy growth in India as a part of the
governance of rural India and renewables as well as of the energy security program in India.
The analysis of effective government policies and initiatives in various countries, particularly
the way in which renewable energy has been regulated, will also help to outline the future
renewable energy expansion policies for India [11]. Dedicated targets for renewable energy
and efficient policies must be developed to promote market behaviour, as well as government
strong commitments. The theoretical literature suggests, in order overcoming the externalities
and barrier to growth of renewable energy in a country, government intervention to frame
effective regulations and to implement environmental and energy policies.

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2. RENEWABLE ENERGY: GLOBAL OVERVIEW

Worldwide, the use of renewable energy is growing at a significant rate. Roughly 8% of
growth and renewable capacity were reported in 2018. Around 61% of all new renewable
energy facilities originated in Asia, compared to 8.4% in Africa. One-third of the world's
power capacity now includes the renewable energy sector. The total capacity to generate
renewable energy worldwide was more than 2300 Giga Watt in 2018, when more than 1100
Gigawatt in overall capacity came from Hydropower. The next major renewable resources
with over 1000 Giga Watt RE power were Wind and Solar Power. In 2018, approximately
170 Giga watts were added to renewable capacity. The renewable energy capacity that has
been newly installed set new records in 2016 and a further 160 Giga Watt, including large
hydropower plants, was worldwide added. The added capacity has grown to almost 9 percent
worldwide, thus bringing the total RE installed capacity to almost 2.017 GW by 2016,
including large hydromass. The increase in capacity is considered to be the highest growth in
a year to date. The Solar PV held its major stake of 47% in newly installed renewable energy,
while the wind stood at 34% and the hydropower stood at 15.5%. It is therefore obvious that
in 2016, renewables represented approximately 62 per cent of net energy supplies worldwide.
power, while the US and Germany have respectively 148 and 90 Gigawatts.

Figure 1: Top Nations and their renewable energy capacity (2016)

The figure above shows clearly that China occupies first place in the RE sector followed by
the US in the second place, followed by Germany in the third. While India ranks fifth among
the top six countries, it ranks fourth in terms of installed wind power. Table 1 shows the
cumulative installed capacity ranking of countries by the end of 2016.

Table 1: Country Wise Cumulative Installed Capacity (2016)

Hence, Table 1 shows the ranking of countries as per total installed capacity till end 2016 and
certainly, it can be seen that China is the leader in the RE sector, while India ranks at fourth
place in regard to cumulative installed capacity of wind. While USA is also leading in the
renewable installed capacity

3. POTENTIAL, TARGETS & ACHIEVEMENTS OF

RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA
India has huge potential for Renewable Energy sources and realizing this potential to the
fullest will be helpful in increasing the total installed Energy Capacity thereby satisfying the
existing Energy requirements of the country. This section provides insight towards the
potential of our Country in generating Energy from Renewable sources including the
achieved potential and the future targets set by the Government of India in recent times.

1. Potential of Renewable Energy in India

In the last few years renewables have clearly had an impact on the Indian society. India has
also greatly changed its policy structure for renewables. In two main sectors, Solar and Wind
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Energy, the biggest plans for growth and development can also be seen with the aim of
enhancing their role in the overall energy contribution. Only because of the main focus of the
government of India among other 40 nations on the nation's promotion of renewable energy.
The approximate renewable energy potential of different sources in India is approximately
910 GW, MNRE studies show. Solar energy has a maximum potential of around 750 GW in
India, compared to 102 GW in wind power after solar. Although Small Hydro & Bioenergy's
potential is not that large and accounts for only 20 GW or 25 GW.

2. Renewable Targets and Achievements

The Government of India has aimed to achieve the target of 175 GW of renewable installed
capacity by year 2022, the source wise target has been has been explained in the figure 2
below.

Thus, it is clear from the figure that the target was aimed to achieve: a) Wind- 60GW, b)
Solar- 100 GW, c) Biomass- 10 GW, and d) Small Hydro- 5 GW. Out of 100 GW of Solar
Energy, the 40 GW is estimated to come from Solar Roof Top Plants whereas remaining i.e.
60 GW is targeted to be achieved through grid connected medium and large solar projects.

3.1 Comparing Renewable Energy Potential with Future Targets

Figure 3 shows the renewable energies potential in relation to the 2022 RE target. The figure
shows that the solar energy potential is 750 GW, with 100 GW as the target. The target is 60
GW for wind energy and the potential is 302 GW. The bio-energy and small hydro potential
are 25 GW, 20 GW, and the target is 10GW and 5GW. This shows that the government's
targets for 2022 are considerably small, in addition to such a huge potential for renewable
sources in India. Aggressive targets should therefore be aimed at achieving a rapid green
growth in India.

Figure 3: Renewables Potential Vs. 2022 Target (GW) 3.2 Renewable Energy Capacity
Addition Targets till 2022

The wise year and the source of wise government expansion targets for renewable sources are
described in Table 2. The table shows that in 2015

about 20% of the total renewable energy capacity is achieved and more than 20% of the
country's electricity demand from renewable energy sources will be satisfied. Further the
nation will be able to generate around 320 Billion Units of electricity which mean: a) Solar-
162 Billion Units, b) Wind- 112 Billion Units, c) Biomass- 38 Billion Units, and d) SHP- 15
Billion Units.

Table 2: Year wise Renewable Energy Capacity Addition Targets till 2022 3.3
Accomplished Targets for period 2012 to 2017

Table 3 provides the targets set by the Government for the period of 2012 to 2017. It is
observed that the government was successful in achieving the desired targets for the specified
period. But as stated earlier the intended targets are not enough to support the projected
Green Energy Revolution in the country.
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Table 3: Accomplished Targets for period 2012 to 2017

Thus, although the overall capacity objectives were 30 GW, the overall goal achieved
exceeds this target and the goal of 32,7 GW is achieved during the period from 2012 to 2017,
it is clear from the above table. It should be noted that 11,4 GW of solar energy is obtained,
and 15 GW, 5,3 GW and 1 GW of wind, bio-power and SHP are achieved. Energy-intensive
are heavy industries such as cement, pulp and paper, steel, chemical and petrochemical. Cost
of electricity and fuel are needed during processes at almost 50% of production costs.
According to the report on 'renewable energy in industrial use' submitted by the United
Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), industrial production will increase
by four by 2050. Improved energy efficiency, renewable energy and CO2 capture and storage
systems must make a significant contribution to controlling greenhouse gas emissions. In
those industries today, renewable energy unfortunately plays a very small role. A Report of
the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA, in Spanish) states that there is a need
for penetration of renewables into on-site power generation and energy decarburization, given
that wind, solar photovoltaic (PV), concentrated solar energy (CSP) and certain biomass
technology cost for renewable electricity generation have decreased. From the Indian
perspective there is a huge chance to install wind and solar power generation units for cement
plants in India according to the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII), because most of
these plants have enormous hot and dry spaces with them. No detailed analysis is available to
show how renewable energies penetrate heavy industrial units to reduce pollutant emissions
and the possibility of replacing petroleum diesel with other less polluting or less costly fuel
such as bio-diesel. There is also no analysis of the feasibility in the litter.

4.1 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

The literature survey shows that renewable energies are today a must in the power industry,
because it is a clean technology, and that there is much less of it used for that. Furthermore, it
is found that there is a huge scope for the penetration of power through renewable sources in
production units. There are various renewable technologies available for electricity
generation, but the use of solar and wind systems in local energy production are a promising
source of electricity (Dursun et al. 2013). Depending on one technology, the system will now
be over-sized and the initial costs will increase (Sen R. et al., 2014). The system size can be
increased, but the system costs can be increased by the size of the system components,
whereas the size could lead to power failure (Bajpai P. et al., 2012). Hybrid energy systems
also tend to be more reliable and less costly than individual renewable energy systems for
electricity (Hiendro et al., 2013). Thus, the preferential consideration of hybrid renewable
energy systems (HRES). HRES combines 2 or more renewable complementary sources such
as wind and solar and one or more conventional sources such as a diesel generator (Belmili
H. et al., 2014). A hybrid system as shown in Fig. 4 could generally be integrated. Diesel fuel
is used to enhance the

the environment is clean and green. For this reason, the parameters for optimization, in
addition to reliability, must also be considered for the combination of diesel generator with
renewable sources.

Fig. 4 General hybrid energy system architecture

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5. CONCLUSION
Renewable energies, often called clean power, come from persistently regenerated natural
sources or methods. Although we often believe that renewable resources are an important
new energy source, we are surprised that we have long used the power of nature. There has
been considerable global expansion in the recent past of the renewable energy sector. Two
main drivers of worldwide renewable energy use have been energy efficiency, energy
insecurity, dependence on fossil fuels, and carbon emissions. The transition to sustainable
non-conventional and renewable sources, such as the winds, solar, hydroelectric power,
bioenergy and nuclear, is evident from conventional sources such as coal, oil, natural gas and
lignite. Similarly, the challenges of increasing domestic energy consumption, increasing coal
demand, significant import dependence have made renewable energy, an important element
of India's energy scheme. The most prominent wind energy technology in the world has been
the fourth largest installed capacity in the world. In 2016 the global installed capacity of
renewable energy was around 2.017 GW, which represented 30% of the installed power,
including large hydrocarbons. India, the world's third-largest producer of energy, has total
installed capacity of 326,832,55 MW in 2017, and renewable energy accounts for some 17%
of total installed capacity. Even if the huge potential is realized, renewable energy is still a
small fraction of the installed capacity that accounts for 17% of the total installed capacity;
India has over 150,000 MW of exploitable renewables. While the generation of electricity
from renewable sources is rising rapidly and a substantial increase in the use of renewable
energy has been evident since and social equity.

REFERENCES
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FAS.(2005). ‗A photovoltaic generation system with unified power quality conditioner
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using shunt active filter at utility end in grid connected to renewable source of energy‘,
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Evaluation, vol. 37, no. 3. 6. Chaoui A. JeanPaul G. FatehKrim& Gerard C. (2007).‗PI
Controlled Three-phase Shunt Active Power Filter for Power Quality Improvement‘, Electric
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MB. Arnera PL. Valla MI. (2009). ‗Hybrid Power Filter to Enhance Power Quality in a
Medium-Voltage Distribution Network‘, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.
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(2011).‗SinglePhase Inverter-Control Techniques for Interfacing Renewable Energy Sources
With Microgrid-Part II: Series-Connected Inverter Topology to Mitigate Voltage-Related
Problems Along With Active Power Flow Control,‘ IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics,
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vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 732-746. 9. Dhanapal S. & Anita R. (2016).‗Voltage and Frequency
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Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 2381-2385.

Corresponding Author Suresh kumar*

Research scholar, Shri Venkateshwara University Gajraula (U.P)

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ABSTRACT
A country of billion people, India has witnessed a sharp increase in its economic activities in the past
few decades, fulfilling the needs of its ever-growing population, which has come at the expense of a
considerable sum of energy and carbon emission. With rising global concern on climate change and
India’s commitment toward reducing carbon emission, the country is gradually shifting towards
harnessing energy through renewable energy (RE), and in recent times, the electricity generation via
RE covers about 20%. The road towards RE comes with many challenges, especially when most of its
economic activities heavily rely on conventional energy sources. The article highlights the ever-
increasing energy requirements of India and the contributions that the RE is making. Being the most
contributor among all the RE in India, wind energy has a significant role. This paper presents some of
the critical aspects of wind power development, current statistics, potential, and challenges. There
upon, it provides some essential recommendations for wind power development, market value
addition, tariff regulation, grid connectivity, research and development, and future scope of offshore
wind farms in India.

1. Introduction
There is an up-rise in global energy demand and consumption in the present era of globalization,
booming industrialization, and population growth. In the last few decades, particularly with the
onset of the 21st century, the world has witnessed a dramatic change in social, cultural, political,
and economic transformation, often referred to as the fourth industrial revolution (Kowalskia et
al., 2019), and so is the fossil fuel consumption. Indeed, one cannot deny the contribution that
fossil fuels have made during the past 200 years in transforming human civilization, and it shall
have much more role to play in the near future. However, the primary concern is its limitation and
impact on global climate, due to which the international communities are showing the necessity of
shifting towards sustainable development. The majority of countries rely on three energy sources,
viz. fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable energy (RE). Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and
coal) being unrecoverable has the very least chance of its existence. With reference to Fig. 1, as of
2019, total fossil fuel reserves are about 1.73 trillion barrels (oil), 197 trillion cubic meters
(natural gas), and 1054.78 trillion tonnes (coal) (Abas et al., 2015; Kowalskia et al., 2019). Upon
looking at the statistic, increasing the present production rate of oil (1.41%), natural gas (2.69%),
and coal (1.64%) by 5% annually, it is expected that these fossil fuels shall vanish within 50
years, out of which, the first one to deplete is the natural gas, which could disappear as early as 30
years (Abas et al., 2015; BP report, 2019). This approximation could be attributed to an increasing
amount of fossil fuel utilization with an average annual global consumption of 1.77%, as shown
in Fig. 2. However, the global pandemic of COVID-19 spreading and subsequent restriction has
limited the demand and supply of fossil fuel. Limiting fossil fuel usage is indeed one of the
primary objectives of the 2015 Paris agreement to reduce the global temperature below 1.5 ◦C,
and it is argued that to achieve this objective, about 58% of oil, 59% of fossil methane gas, and
89% of coal reserves must be kept intact (Welsby et al., 2021). On the other hand, the nuclear
energy has enormous potential by fulfilling the energy demand in a short interval of time.
However, due to nuclear accident like Fukushima, Chernobyl, and other such disasters, nuclear
power plant failure is not only dangerous for humans, but it also has a longtime adverse effect on
the environment and other living creatures (Kim et al., 2013; Behling et al., 2019). Several frontal
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research is going on to find some sustainable alternate fuels like biodiesel/biofuel, biomass, solar,
and wind (Al Rayan et al., 2021; Kale

Fig. 1. Fossil fuel production across the globe (Abas et al., 2015; BP report, 2019).

Fig. 2. Fossil fuel consumption across the globe (Abas et al., 2015; IEA, 2020).

In the past two decades, the enormous growth in wind energy development is observed mainly
due to a profound understanding of science and technology in materials, structure, fluids,
electrical/electronic, and computational engineering. The cumulative wind energy market for
various regions has drastically increased its demand, production, and supply, particularly in
European and Asian countries in past two decades (Dawn et al., 2019; Chaurasiva et al., 2019).
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From an ecological perspective, wind power downplays fossil fuels concerning long-term
applications. Furthermore, from the investment point of view, it has a relatively lesser initial cost
than other conventional power plants with low maintenance and operational cost. Unlike
conventional power plants, wind turbines (WTs) can be integrated within the vicinity of
agricultural fields, households’ rooftops, community/public buildings, small farms, and others
(Kober et al., 2020; Chowdhury et al., 2022). Due to the growing concern of carbon emission and
its immediate effect on global climate, shifting towards sustainable RE sources will become the
ultimate necessity. India is the second-most populous country globally; the whole world is eyeing
this nation and its step to move 1.3 billion people towards sustainable development. The article
presents some significant progress in wind power development and challenges, particularly in
India. Special attention has been made to understand India’s growing energy demand, production,
and supply chain of the wind energy market. Further, the article addresses the need for an
adequately linked supply chain, grid connectivity, tariff control, and management of RE
transmission and distribution (T&D).

2. Global energy distribution scenario

The need for energy to run our business, industries, govt. or private institution, or even to run our
household equipment’s from laundry to the kitchen has immensely increased. This rise in energy
consumption is mainly because human aspiration is a never-ending process. One of the
fundamental reasons is population growth and dependence on modern technology. At the end of
20th century, the world had about 6 billion people, but as of March 2020, we are about 7.8 billion
with an annual growth rate of 1.2% from 2000 to March 2020, out of which about 56% are
localized in urban areas (Moreno-Monroy et al., 2021), as shown in Fig. 3. A brief survey on
population dynamics by Roser et al. (2019) and Moreno-Monroy et al. (2021) suggests that out of
7.8 billion people, most of them are settled in Asia, particularly in China (18.5%), India (17.9%),
Indonesia (3.5%) and Pakistan (2.6%). The rise in population is anticipated to increase further in
the near future, so as the energy requirements, unless some world tragedy occurs, like the ongoing
pandemic of COVID-19, which had infected over 481 million people as of March 2022 (WHO,
2022). In recent times, the whole world has witnessed the energy crunch that has affected the
financial situation and the energy market as a result of the global COVID-19 pandemic (Jebabli et
al., 2021). During the pandemic period, the contribution from the RE sector accounted for about
30% of total global electricity generation, and the majority of this is derived from solar and wind
(IEA, 2021). In particular, the wind generation capacity is increased by about 192% in 2020;
however, as per IEA, this is mainly due to reduced fossil fuel power demand during the lockdown
period (IEA, 2021). Nevertheless, this progress is very optimistic while looking at Net Zero
Emission by 2050 as per the Paris agreement (Forster et al., 2020; Vieira et al., 2021). At the end
of 2019, the world has produced more than 162000 TWh or equivalent to about 14 GToe through
various sources (Fig. 4), out of which oil, natural gas, and coal have a significant contribution in
terms of generation potential (Ritchie and Roser, 2020; IEA 2021). However, a decrease in energy
production is witnessed post-COVID-19 detection and subsequent restriction, particularly from
fossil fuels. As per consumption is concerned depicted in Fig. 5, about 31% of the world’s total
energy consumption comes from oil, followed by coal (27.3%), natural gas (24.7%), hydro
(6.9%), nuclear (4.4%), and RE (65.6%) (Kowalskia et al., 2019; IEA, 2021). The effect of
COVID-19 on energy consumption has been felt in many nations. As shown in Fig. 6, most
nations had a reduced consumption compared to 2019 (IEA, 2021). The increase in energy
production and consumption in the past two decades shows that a great deal of work has been
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carried out to make energy in the form of electricity for a large mass of people. From Fig. 7, it is
optimistic to see that the developing countries have gradually decreased the number of people
living in the dark due to the various policies taken up by the government of these countries to
uplift their people. Although over half a billion people still live without proper electrification,
particularly in Sub-Saharan African and Asia countries. As far as India is concerned, it still faces
many challenges in electrifying its rural region, and over 0.1 billion people in India still lack
proper electrification (IEA-SDG7, 2022). Fossil fuels being limited on earth opting RE is the
ultimate necessity, and so far, it is already making significant progress. About 5.6% of energy
share is contributed through RE in consumption. Moreover, in the past few decades, a significant
amount of RE installation has been made with about 2500 GW of power produced through
various RE sources as of 2020, as shown in Fig. 8 (IRENA 2020; IEA, 2021). As per the IEA, the
major countries producing electricity through RE are from Europe, Asia

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Fig. 4. Share of primary energy sources in the world (Ritchie and Roser, 2020; IEA 2021).

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pacific, Central and South America, and North America, as shown in Fig. 9 (IEA, 2021). 3. Energy
demand and consumption scenario in India Being the second-most populous country globally (Roser,
2019; Kober et al., 2020), India is the third-largest in terms of energy production and consumption
with about 1380 TWh/year and 1190 GWh/year, respectively, through all possible means (IEA, 2019).
In the fiscal year (2018–2019), India has generated about 1551 TWh of electricity considering the
utility and captive power, out of which the electricity generated through RE is about 62 TWh,
contributing about 4% of total electricity generation. The per capita consumption has also increased
from 1149 kWh to 1181 kWh during 2018–2019, with an average growth of 3% annually (Fig. 10).
The information regarding progress in peak consumption is given in Tables 1 and 2. Fig. 11 represents
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the electricity requirement in India in billion units (BUs). As of 2019, about 1267 BU of electricity
has been supplied, against the 1274 BU requirement with a deficit of about 0.6%. Over the years, the
deficit amount has also gradually decreased, suggesting a rise in better electrification, particularly
after 2009 (Jain et al., 2020; CEA, 2018–2019). The country’s gross energy requirement during 2018–
19 was about 1275 BU against 1213 BU during the previous fiscal year, indicating an increased rate
of about 5% (CEA- LGBR, 2018–20; NLDC, 2018–19). Now, with reference to Fig. 11, the gross
energy supplied in the country during 2018–19 was about 1268 BU against 1205 BU during the
previous year, registering an increased rate of about 5.2%. The energy not supplied during the year
2018–19 shows a decrease from 8629 MUs to 7070 MUs, with the percentage declining from 0.7% to
0.6% compared to the previous year. The peak demand during the year 2018–19 was about 177 GW
against 164 GW in the fiscal year 2017–18, registering an increased rate of about 8%. The peak met
during 2018–19 was about 176 GW against 161 GW during the previous year, reporting an increase

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of 9.2%. The demands could not be met during 2018–19, reduced from 3314 MW to 1494 MW,
registering decline in shortage from 2.0% to 0.8% compared to the previous year (NLDC, 2018–19).
To know the energy demand or consumption scenario, one must understand the energy demand
behavior across different states. India has been categorized into five major zones as per the central
electricity authority (CEA), namely the eastern, western, northern, southern, and northeastern zones
(Jangid et al., 2016). With reference to Tables 1 and 2, it can be noted that northern regions/states have
the highest demand and exhaustion of electricity among India’s other zones. North India is highly
populated; about 389 BU of electricity was supplied to these parts in the fiscal year 2019–2020.
India’s western zone, considered as the business and financial hub, has witnessed an increase in its
requirement to 388 BU, about 30% of the total demand. Further, we can see that India’s north and
west zones combined consumption is more than 60% of total consumption (CEA- LGBR, 2019–20).
Overall, one can see that India’s three major zones (northern, western, and southern) share the
maximum consumption. Now, to balance the share of energy, it is needed to have an overview of
regional electricity demand during the three major seasons viz., winter, monsoon, and summer, as
shown in Fig. 12. This will help mitigate regional grid transmission and predict the possibility of load
shading in these zones. Fig. 12 represents the typical averaged hourly variation of power demand in
different seasons. The north region of India consumes much of the total energy demand, which is
maximum during monsoon and minimum during winter with an average value of about 35 GW and 28
GW, respectively. The western region shows the maximum energy demand during winter and the
minimum during monsoon with an average value of about 31 GW and 26 GW. Southern regions
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consume maximum energy demand during monsoon and minimum during winter with an average
daily energy demand of about 27 GW and 26 GW, respectively (NLDC, 2018–19). India being a
developing country, uplifting the nation’s economic growth and rural electrification has been
challenging since the country got its independence in 1947. During the 1950s, there were only about
29271 km of T&D lines across the nation, covering about 3061 villages, and had a per capita
consumption of about 18 kWh. After 75 years, about 0.6 million villages have been touched with
nationwide T&D of

4. Progress in wind power development

Globally, the total installed wind power capacity stood around 651 GW, with about 60.4 GW being
established in 2019 (Fig. 17). A 19% growth in installed capacity has been recorded since 2018,
suggesting a positive node towards wind energy growth. Among the top 10 wind power countries, the
highest wind energy-producing country is China, with an installed capacity of about 236 GW at the
end of December 2019, which is about 36.3% of wind power among other global wind power
countries. It is followed by the USA, Germany, India, Spain, and the UK, which share about 16.2%,
9.4%, 5.8%, 4.0%, and 3.6%, respectively, till the end of 2020 (Fig. 18) (IEA, 2021). India, the
fourth-largest wind power producer, has a total installed capacity of about 356.1 GW at the end of
March 2019 (IEA, 2021; Irfan et al., 2019). There are two modes of wind power generation: onshore
wind farms (inland) and offshore wind farms (sea/coastal regions). A wind farm is an array or a
cluster of multiple turbines that is often employed for substantial energy extraction (Siram et al.,
2022e). One of the largest inland wind farms is the 20 GW Gansu wind farm, which is located in
desert areas near Joaquin, China (IEA, 2021). Table 8 briefly highlights

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some of the large offshore and onshore wind farms developed so far. Onshore wind farms faced many
challenges like land usage, non-uniform wind field, the noise produced by large wind turbines,
rugged/complex terrain, and other logistical issues (Alhmoud and Wang, 2018). In contrast, offshore
wind farm can produce much higher energy than

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onshore wind farms because of relatively uniform and constant wind flow
conditions. The knowledge gained from various offshore projects suggests a higher initial expenditure
than onshore wind power generation (Schwanitz and Wierling, 2016; Li et al., 2018). Fig. 19 indicates
that the initial development of offshore wind farms was slow, but after 2016 a gradual rise in offshore
wind power installation and operation is observed. The development of onshore wind power plants is
expected to reach 50 GW per year up till 2023 and 55 GW of offshore installation per year until 2023,
mainly due to growing urbanization and land shortages. It is also expected to have more wind farms
shifting towards offshore soon (Golai et al., 2009; Schwanitz and Wierling, 2016). However, there are
many land-lock nations that have to be satisfied with onshore wind power generation. Thus, pursuing
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its wind energy target comes with many engineering challenges; a great deal of research and
development is needed. One of the key challenges in the development of wind farm comes from the
stochastic behavior of the wind turbine that often exhibits a complex vortex dynamic. A wind tunnel
study by Siram et al., (2022b) has shown a drop in velocity (≈40–60%) till 4D-5D from the rotor
plane. Extensive reviews on onshore and offshore wind energy development have revealed both
advantages and disadvantages, some of which are addressed in Table 9. 5.
Wind power assessment
Before the installation and operation of any wind turb Before the installation and operation of any
wind turbine/farm, it is essential to assess the wind availability, terrain layout, the effect of wind
gusts, and annual weather statistics. Various siting procedures for large wind energy projects have
been described that are mostly based on the suggestions made through the meteorological wind
resource assessment (WRA) models for selecting a suitable site for WT installation (Murakami et al.,
2003). A simulation approach can be used to decide on

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. Research and development

India has witnessed its involvement in research and development (R&D) with the first wind farm in
1986. The selected sites were mainly in the peninsular areas of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and TN, with 55
kW Vestas WTs financially supported by MNRE (NIWE, 1998–2020). Other notable wind-energy
research activities are the tests conducted in Munpandal by NIWE, and RISØ (Denmark), for Vestas
500 kW WT. NIWE has established a wind turbine test station at Kayathar-TN, one of Asia’s largest
test stations. Under MNRE, several small and hybrid wind power projects have also been taken up;
however, these projects still required market value addition and commercialization. Under the
supervision of NIWE, testing on a large turbine (XYRON 1000 kW) has been conducted at
Richadewda. Likewise, 750 kW WT testing model W9-HH60 has been installed at Poigai-TN.
Government of India, under the directive of NIWE, MNRE, and DST (Department of Science and
Technology) is also supporting various wind turbine R&D activities at research and academic
institutes such as the development of small-wind turbines of horizontal-axis and vertical-axis types

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(Agrawal et al., 2019; Talukdar et al., 2021; Siram et al., 2022a,d). In recent time, the scope of soft
computing tools like artificial neural network (ANN), genetic algorithm, and others have gain
attention for their implication in wind energy technology (Rathod et al., 2022). India is blessed with a
coastline of about 7517 km. Under the UN convention on the law of the sea, it gives India exclusive
rights over its exclusive economic zone (200 nautical miles from baseline) to develop offshore wind
energy (MoES, 2019–2020). So far, an international wind energy research team from Scotland has
studied the wind development of about 1 GW at Kanyakumari (NIWE, 1998–2020). Initial survey
near coastal areas shows that coastal and dry arid zones have good wind potential. There are several
issues pertaining to wind energy development policymakers, as shown in Fig. 33. From India’s
context, some technical issues would require comprehensive cooperation between wind energy
developers, research institutes, and government, where the role of government is mainly towards
implementation and funding. Some of the essential suggestions for wind power progress in India are
as follows

• The majority of technical requirements on wind power development is directly or indirectly fulfilled
by overseas nations. Therefore, India’s wind industry has to evolve into a global standard.
• Being technologically self-reliable will ensure its capability of development and self-resilience in
technical services; otherwise, any major technical failure may lead to unexpected delays.
• Technological lagging can be fulfilled through joint ventures with overseas companies under
licensed production, necessary subsidies, and financial assistance. Such steps could help India’s wind
industry achieve the global standard by sharing technology and a step towards the ‘Make in India’
initiative.
• The establishment of dedicated R&D, international relations, training, economic evaluation, market
value addition, and awareness of wind power sectors are vital factors that need to be addressed at the
right platform.

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. Conclusion and policy recommendations

India is witnessing an ever-increasing economic activities with everincreasing energy demand to
fulfill billion people requirements, thereby putting a heavy load on energy generating agencies. One
must understand that shifting towards RE is not a one-day or a year miracle but a series of judicious
steps taken after consulting with the government bodies, energy developers, market valuation, and
consumers. The RE shares 4% of gross energy consumption globally, suggesting that other sources
still dominate the energy market. In India, over 23% of energy production coming through RE
sources, out of which wind energy dominance is the highest (43.3%) as of 2019. The Govt. of India
has proposed a target of 60 GW electricity generated through wind power and a cumulative RE
mission of 175 GW by 2022. From this comprehensive literature survey, without any doubt, wind
energy contribution towards RE sources in India is very much promising. However, there are some
critical aspects related to technologies, T&D, regulation, R&D, and social awareness and acceptance
which need to be addressed. Some critical observations with its possible strategic implications on
wind energy improvement based on the present study have been summarised below: i. WT developers
of India are beginners, and there is need to evolve it into a global standard and self-resilience. ii.
Through knowledge sharing with other international players the quality of the product can be
improved, this will also ensure market value addition, employment, and a step towards the “Make in
India” initiative. iii. CEA has to play the lead role in providing crucial juncture for RE generated
electricity to make it easily adaptable, reliable, and competitive. iv. It has been understood that India’s
north and west zones combined together consume about 60% of total energy produce. Therefore,
incorporating wind energy into these regional grid would be a positive step from investment point of
view.
v. There is a need of logical plan layout of RE generation. The proposed smart load assessment (SLA)
could provide vital information while operating wind power plant.
vi. Having more than 7500 km of coastline, India’s offshore wind energy technology seems to have a
bright future. The building of service supports specialized in the offshore turbine, underwater T&D,
grid infrastructure, administrative and regulatory body are some fundamental requirements that need
to be addressed and must be incorporated in RE policy making.
vii. Fossil fuels being unrecoverable, the prospect of RE in the future is up-and-coming. However, to
bring RE into the limelight and to make it acceptable to the general public, a deal of social, economic,
and political involvement is needed. One possible approach that the government could take up is
through some public missions/schemes/projects.
In order to make RE accessible and acceptable for the whole population of India, it would certainly
demand a great deal of involvement. Although the road ahead comes with many challenges, there is a
need for some positive government initiatives. The article has presented some critical aspects of
India’s RE, notably wind-energy development issues. The necessary recommendations suggested in
this paper would perhaps make a significant impact on India’s wind industry market.

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Conclusion
India is expected to become the world leader in adopting renewable energy by making use of regulatory
mechanisms, incentives, and strategic policies. Its journey into the ambit of Renewable Energy Laws and
Clean Energy Regulations is a pointer toward the dedication of the country towards Sustainable
Development. Stakeholders must work together to overcome obstacles and seize opportunities in the
renewable energy sector as the nation continues to negotiate the intricacies of the energy transition. As
India refines its policies and regulations further, the wind of change will definitely blow in for a brighter,
greener future for the nation and the world.

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