National Polytechnic Institute

Cecytno. 6 "Miguel Othón de

Mendizábal

Martnez Cerqueda Héctor

Mancera Molina Brenda

Muciño Aguilar Paola Rubí
Soto Zúñiga Aileen Carolina
Navarro Aguilar Valeria

Chemistry IV
pH indicators

Team 2
6IM1
Morning shift
 Introduction

Since very ancient times, different organic substances have been known to have the property of changing.
its color, depending on the acidic or basic characteristics of the substances to which they are added. In the
currently, these substances, and many others, that have been introduced into the usual use of chemical laboratories,
they are used with the purpose of determining the pH value of the solutions, as well as the endpoint of the
acid-base assessments.

The indicators are organic dyes, which undergo a color change that can be observed in a
a numerical scale called pH scale. Depending on whether they are in the presence of an acidic or basic substance, the color is a tone.
Determined. They are fundamental in determining the amount of pH that is found in a specific medium.
When the concept of pH is discussed, it represents the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) that are
present in an aqueous solution.
 What is pH?
pH or hydrogen potential is a unit of measure to determine acidity.
or alkalinity of a solution. In various industries, mainly in the
In the food and pharmaceutical industries, measuring the pH of products is a step
essential to the manufacturing processes, to determine this unit
They can use pH indicators.

pH indicators
pH indicators are organic substances that change color according to
with the type of object it comes into contact with, informing us of what type of substance it is, both in
acidic substances as alkaline. Their main function is to provide information about the degree of alkalinity or acidity.
of a substance or a reaction, that is, about its pH.

Therefore, the substances used to determine the pH level of certain solutions, or even of a
Substances at the moment a neutralization reaction takes place are called pH indicators.

The indicator is divided into acids and bases, and in the central part where these two substances are found, there
find another type of character called neutral, in which the substance is balanced. That is, having both
basic character as acid.

The color change of the indicator is due to an increase or decrease in the acidity or alkalinity of the solution.
generates a structural chemical change that causes the number of protons of the element to increase or decrease.
These indicators are also often called acid-base indicators and have a change of one unit up and another down.
below pH. The most well-known are: methyl orange, which turns in a pH range of 3.1 to 4, from red to
orange and phenolphthalein, which shifts from a pH of 8 to a pH of 10, turning colorless solutions into
solutions with pink - violet colors.

There is a wide variety of other indicators that can be synthetic or natural in origin, the application of each one
it will depend on the pH level that needs to be measured, the range of transition that is required, and the products that are
will obtain or are managed.

What are they for?

Indicators are used to obtain information about the degree of acidity or pH of a substance, or about the
state of a chemical reaction in a solution that is being titrated or analyzed.

In industries, mainly in food, pharmaceutical, and beverage sectors, pH or potential of

Hydrogen is one of the factors that must be given the most attention, since this value determines acidity.
or the alkalinity of a product, which can affect its taste, shelf life, and whether it is suitable for consumption
human. There are different tools to measure pH, such as pH indicators,
A classification of the indicators subdivides them into:

Self-indicators: The substance being measured or the analyte acts as an indicator, as they change color over time.
the reaction. A typical example is potassium permanganate.
Colored indicators: They are the most commonly used; they are usually added by directly introducing a few drops into the solution.
of the analyte, but other times small fractions of it are extracted and tested externally with the indicator. Its
The colors must be intense to clearly perceive the change in color.

Fluorescent indicators: They work similarly to colored indicators, although they are less
numerous. The end of the assessment is manifested by the appearance, disappearance, or change of fluorescence.
from the dissolution problem subjected to ultraviolet light.

Adsorption indicators: These are substances that change color when adsorbed by the colloids formed in the
breast of the dissolution problem as a result of the reaction between the analyte and the titrant.
Each of the indicators has a turning interval that characterizes it, that is, an environment to a greater or lesser extent.
measurement, reduced to pH units. It is within this interval that the color change, or transition, occurs. A
The indicator is more useful, the smaller its turning interval, thus becoming clearer.
and simple the color change.
The most common pH (or acid-base) indicators are:

• Blue and red litmus paper. - This type of paper easily helps to determine the pH with quite a bit of precision.
so it is a highly used indicator. The litmus paper changes from blue to red to indicate that of a base
turns into acid; there is also neutral litmus paper that changes from purple to red indicating that it goes from acid to
base.

• Universal indicator paper. - There is a universal indicator that gives us the pH according to a scale of
Colors. The pink color corresponds to the strongest acid with a pH of zero to one, and the blue color corresponds to a very strong base.
with pH values between 13 and 14. The other colors show the change in coloration of the indicator paper when the
substances have pH values ranging from 2 to 13. Using this indicator paper, any individual can identify the
pH of foods and classify them into acids, bases, and neutrals depending on the coloration. If the color is between the
pink and yellow, that is, with a value greater than zero and less than 7, the foods will be acidic, but if the paper
The indicator gives us a coloration between yellow-green and blue, the foods will have characteristics of bases.

• The anthocyanin, obtained from strawberries, grapes, plums, among other fruits, is a pH indicator.
frequently used. Because it produces red, blue, or purple coloration in various flowers, it is also used
as a natural dye in the textile, food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

• Orange of metlo. - The orange of metlo is a dye that changes color from red to orange.
yellow between pH 3.1 and 4.4. The name of the chemical compound of the indicator is sodium salt of 4-sulfonic acid.
Dimethlaminoazobenzene. Currently, for this dye (which also works as an indicator), it is recorded
many applications ranging from the preparation of pharmaceutical substances, dyeing dye, and determinant
from the alkalinity of the mud in the oil industry. Metlot's orange is also known as heliantna.

• Bromothymol blue. - Bromothymol blue is a pH indicator used especially to determine the

pH in areas close to pH=7, as it has a color change interval from yellow to blue between values 6.0 and 7.6
(approximately).

• Methyl red. - Methyl red is a pH indicator that allows for the determination of acid formation.
they are produced during the fermentation of a carbohydrate.
Natural pH indicator
Natural indicators are those substances that can react with protons in some medium and generate
a coloration. According to the compounds, a natural indicator can tell me whether it is an acid, a base, or has some other.
composed in particular.
Natural indicators are extracted from nature, some examples are:
With a dwelling.
Cherry extracts.
The hydrangeas.
Blue corn.
The strawberries.
And a lot of variety of flowers.

Natural indicators can be divided into two.

mainly, in the chemical and the biological.

Artificial pH indicators
The artificial indicators were synthesized and
processed by man, serve the same function
than natural ones, but with greater efficiency. In addition to instruments that allow us to take a measurement in
certain point.
Some examples of artificial indicators may be:
Potassium dichromate.
Orange of Metlo.
Malvidina.

Red of metlo.
 Natural pH indicator

JAMAICA

Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Jamaica Rose or also known as

like Abyssinian Rose or Jamaica Flower, is a hibiscus of the
family of Malvaceae, native to tropical Africa, from
Egypt and Sudan to Senegal, although due to their
medicinal properties, it is successfully cultivated in Mexico,
Central America, in South and Southeast Asia, including the South
from China.

In plant extracts, various types can be found.

from anthocyanins together, which confer to each extract
particularly different color changes in response to pH.

Anthocyanins (or anthocyanins) constitute a group of water-soluble pigments (they are soluble in water, in acid
acetco and alcohol, but not in oils) responsible for the red, blue, or violet coloring of many flowers, fruits,
vegetables, etc.

The pH has an effect on the structure and stability of anthocyanins. Acidity has a protective effect on the
molecule. In aqueous solutions at pH values below two, basically 100% of the pigment is found in
its most stable form or oxonium ion or flavilium cation (AH+) of intense red color. At higher pH values, it occurs
a loss of the proton and addition of water at position 2, leading to an equilibrium between the carbinol pseudobase or
hemicetal (B) and the chalcone form (C), or open-chain. Both the hemicetal and the chalcone are forms
colorless

and quite unstable.

At pH values above seven, quinoidal forms (A, A-) of purple color appear, which degrade.
quickly by oxidation with the air.

Preparation of hibiscus flower indicator:

Boil hibiscus flower (a handful) in water (enough for the hibiscus flower) for 10 minutes. Let it sit.
cool
2. Pour the extract into a bottle
3. Determine the pH of the following substances
Lemon
Sodium bicarbonate

Hibiscus flower

+ Lemon Water Baking Soda

= Neutral Basic Acid

Pink Color Purple Red

TURMERIC

Curcumin is obtained from a spice that comes from the root.

from turmeric (Curcuma longa), a herbaceous plant from India,
whose roots are used as a condiment, dye, and stimulant
medicinal for centuries. The

Curcumin gives turmeric its intense yellow color. It is used in food (E-100) as a coloring agent.
yellow or as a flavoring agent (BOE, 1996), although it is also marketed for the detection of boron (AENOR,
2003) and as a pH indicator.

In a basic medium, this molecule can lose a hydrogen from either of the two –OH groups as well as the
Hydrogen located between the two ketones. The loss of either of these hydrogens occurs at pH ≈ 8-9.

To obtain the turmeric or curry extract, you need a teaspoon of curry (or turmeric) and ethyl alcohol.
It is also advisable to have several glasses, a stainless steel spoon, coffee filter paper, and a funnel.

Preparation of indicator with turmeric

First, add a teaspoon of turmeric or curry to about 50 ml of ethyl or isopropyl alcohol.
Shake vigorously and let it rest for a couple of minutes.
3. The previous process must be repeated three times in order to extract the greatest possible amount of
extract
4. Next, a funnel with filter paper is used to separate the liquid obtained from the solid. The
the liquid will have an intense yellow color.
The extract can be preserved as it is, or it can be soaked into coffee filter paper.
extract and let them dry.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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