Motor control with stop and run priority

Use of the contactor

We implemented the following circuit:

As can be seen, the contactor coil is in series with the button s1 and the
ends connected to the power lines L1 and L2 respectively. Likewise, one of the
The contacts of the contactor are in series with the H1 lamp and, like the components,
the previous ones are connected to the power lines. It should be noted that in the graph the components
The contactor is enclosed within the box of red dotted lines.

By pressing the button s1, we close the first circuit, thus enabling the coil of
the contactor is energized and at the same time closes the contact of the contactor, closing the circuit with the lamp
h1 making it turn on. If we stop pressing the button, the power cuts off in the
contactor coil, causing its contacts to open again.

Interlocking circuit
We implemented the following circuit:
The main difference of this circuit compared to the previous one is that once we press the
Push button S1, the contactor coil is energized causing contact C1 of the contactor to close.
because C1 is in parallel with the button s1, when you stop pressing the latter, the
closed contact C1 will continue to provide power to the contactor coil maintaining
their contacts are permanently closed. As can be seen, unlike the case
previously where the contactor only closed when we kept the button pressed,
here it is enough to briefly press the button for the circuit to close and remain that way
until the power goes out.

To this end, a normally closed (NC) push button has been added in series with the coil of the
contactor, which when pressed will cut off the power to the coil causing it to release the
contacts of the contactor. To re-energize the circuit, it will only be necessary to press s1 again and
disconnect it with s2.

3.1.- Control of a motor with stop priority

Elements used:

1 contactor
1 NC button (stop)
1 normally open push button (start)

In this case, a circuit is to be implemented that serves to control the ignition of a motor.
but with the difference that if the buttons P (stop) and m (start) are pressed at the same time, the
Button P has priority over m, both when the motor is stopped or in
operation.

Having this data, we complete the following truth table:

P m M(t-1) M(t)
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0

It is worth noting that M(t-1) is the previous state of the engine and M(t) is the state
next (see the similarity with the operation of a sequential logic circuit Flip-Flop).

Explain its operation:

With the truth table obtained, after prioritizing the stop button, we constructed the
next Karnaugh diagram:
Where do we obtain the following simplified equation:

Let's look at the case when both buttons are pressed (last two lines of the table of
truth), first when the previous state is 0 (motor stopped), when pressed like the
Priority is stop, in the next state it will still be 0. When the previous state is 1 (motor
(turned on) when pressed as the priority is stop, in the next state it will be 0.

With the obtained formula, we implement the following circuit:

We can see that it is identical to the interlocking circuit that was previously implemented.
It should be noted that in the previous laboratory, it was possible to determine that the equivalent of a gate
AND logic is represented by two normally open contacts in series in logic.
wired and consequently a logical OR gate is represented by two contacts in
parallel. Based on this, the circuit derived from the logical equation has been implemented.

3.2.- Control of a motor with priority of operation

Elements used:

1 contactor
1 NC button (stop)
1 normally open button (start)

In this case, it is desired to implement a circuit that serves to control the ignition of a motor.
but with the difference that if the buttons P (stop) and m (start) are pressed at the same time, the
The button M takes priority over P, both when the motor is stopped or in
operation.

With this data, we complete the following truth table:

P m M(t-1) M(t)
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1

Explain how it works:

With the truth table obtained, after prioritizing the start button, we built the
next Karnaugh diagram:

Where do we obtain the following simplified equation:

Let's look at the case when both buttons are pressed (last two lines of the table of
truth), first when the previous state is 0 (motor stopped), when pressed like the
priority is march, in the next state it will still be 1. When the previous state is 1 (motor
(on) when pressed as the priority is to start, in the next state it will be 1.
With the obtained formula, we implement the following circuit:

Management of On Delay and Off Delay timers

3.1.- Control of a light pilot using an ON DELAY timer - Implement the
next circuit

Elements used:

1 contactor

1 normally open push button

1 ON DELAY timer

1 light pilot
Explain its functioning:
As observed in the laboratory experience, the ON DELAY timer is a
module that hooks onto the top of the contactor, so that it works with it in a
joint. If we translate ON DELAY to Spanish, it would mean delay in turning on, as it is
how this device works, starting to operate once the contactor coil has been
energized. It is from this moment that the timer starts counting up to the time
set by the adjustment knob located at the top of it, creating a
delay, which will normally close its normally open contact at the end and will open the normally closed contact.
until the contactor coil is energized.

As can be seen, this device allows to activate or deactivate an actuator after a

preset period of time, allowing the circuit to perform a task before this
action.

3.2.- Control of a light pilot using an OFF DELAY timer - Implement the
next circuit

Elements used:

1 contactor

1 normally open push button

1 OFF DELAY timer

1 light indicator
Explain how it works:
Similar to the previous case, this device is also a module that hooks onto the part
superior of the contactor. If we translate OFF DELAY into Spanish, it would mean delay in turning off, which
which would indicate that it will start counting once the power has been removed from the coil
contactor, until the preset time, closing its normally open contact and opening the
normally closed.

This device could be used to deactivate or activate a final action.

after having disconnected the coil of the contactor.

3.3.- Problem
It is desired to control a light pilot to perform the following sequence.

To make the indicator light perform the previously shown sequence, I use two
ON Delay timers, each calibrated to activate after 5 seconds. For such
we connect them as follows:
When the circuit is energized, the first coil K1 (associated with timer 1) is powered through
from the NC contact of the second timer, where it will start counting until it reaches five
seconds. Likewise, parallel to the power supply, we place in series a NC contact of the first
timer with the H1 lamp, which will remain on until the first timer
I finished counting the 5 seconds.

At the end of the first timer count, the contact that powers the lamp will open.
going from high state to low, and in turn, the second NA contact of the first will be closed
timer, which will power the coil K2 (associated with timer 2).

Once the K2 coil has been energized, the second timer will start counting.
up to five seconds, where it will open the NC contact of the second timer, where
momentarily disconnecting the first coil and consequently the second,
immediately the contact associated with the first coil will close again, restarting the
process.

It should be noted that the circuit was designed and simulated in the CADe SIMU software, which can be
downloaded from the following linkThe provided text is a URL and cannot be translated. Please provide a text or message for translation.

4.- Questionnaire

4.1.- Outline and explain the operation of the star-delta circuit for
engine start

This boot mode can only be used in engines where both ends of each
one of the three stator windings returns to the terminal plate. On the other hand, the winding must
to be done in such a way that the triangle coupling corresponds to the network voltage: for
for example, in the case of a three-phase network of 380 V, it is necessary to use a wound motor at 380 V in
triangle and 660 V in star.
The principle consists of starting the motor by connecting the windings in star to the power supply voltage.
which is equivalent to dividing the nominal voltage of the motor in star by the square root of 3.

The starting current spike is divided by 3:

Is = 1.5 a 2.6 In

Where:
Nominal intensity
Is = Starting intensity

A 380 V/660 V motor connected in star at its rated voltage of 660 V draws a
current root 3 times lower than if it is coupled in triangle to 380 V. Since the coupling in
Star is performed at 380 V, the current is divided again by the square root of 3. Therefore, it is divided by
a total of 3.

The starting pair is divided equally by 3, as it is proportional to the square of the voltage of
nutrition

Td = 0.2 to 0.5 Tn

Where:
Tn = Nominal value
Start pair

The motor speed stabilizes when the motor torque and the resisting torque are balanced.
normally between 75 and 85% of the nominal speed. At that moment, the windings are
couple in triangle and the engine performs according to its natural characteristics. A timer is
is responsible for controlling the transition from star coupling to delta coupling. The
The closure of the triangle contactor occurs with a delay of 30 to 50 milliseconds after the opening.
of the star contactor, which prevents a short circuit between phases by not allowing both to meet
closed at the same time.
The current flowing through the windings is interrupted when the star contactor opens and
Restores with the closing of the triangle contactor. The transition to the triangle coupling goes
accompanied by a transient current spike, as brief as it is significant, due to the fcem
back electromotive force of the motor.

The star-delta starting method is suitable for machines whose torque is weak or that
they take off in the void.

Depending on the transitional regime at the time of coupling in triangle, it may be

it is necessary to use a variant that limits transient phenomena when a certain threshold is exceeded
power:

Timing of 1 to 2 seconds at the star-triangle transition.

This measure reduces the fcem and, therefore, the peak of transient current.

This variant can only be used on machines whose inertia is sufficient to prevent a
excessive deceleration during timing.

–start in 3 steps: star-triangle + resistance-triangle.

The cut is maintained, but the resistance is put in series for about three seconds.
with the windings coupled in a triangle. This measure reduces the peak of transient current.

star-delta start + resistance-delta without cut.

The resistance is placed in series with the windings immediately before the opening of the
star contactor. This measure prevents any power cuts and, therefore, the occurrence of
transient phenomena.

The use of these variants entails the installation of additional components and the consequent
increase in total cost. In many cases, the use of a static starter of the Altistart type
(solid state soft starter from the Telemecanique brand) is a preferable solution.

4.2.- Outline and explain the operation of the starting circuit of a motor by
rotary resistance

A ring motor cannot start directly (short-circuited rotor windings) without

to provoke unacceptable current spikes. It is necessary to insert resistors into the rotor circuit.
that progressively short-circuit, while the stator is fed with the full line voltage.
The calculation of the resistance inserted in each phase allows for the precise determination of the torque curve.
resultant speed:

For a given pair, the speed is lower the greater the resistance. As a result, the
resistance must be fully inserted at the moment of starting and full speed is
it reaches when the resistance is completely short-circuited.

The current absorbed is practically proportional to the torque supplied. At most, it is

slightly higher than this theoretical value.

For example, the current tip corresponding to a starting pair of 2 tons is

approximately 2 In. Therefore, the tip is considerably weaker, and the maximum torque of
higher start than in the case of a squirrel cage motor, where the normal value is positioned at
return to 6 In for 1.5 Tn.

The ring motor with rotor starting prevails, therefore, in all cases where the
current tips must be weak and when the machines should start at full load.

Besides, this type of starting is extremely flexible, as it is easy to adapt the number and
the appearance of the curves that represent the successive times to the mechanical requirements or
electrical (resistive pair, acceleration value, maximum current spike, etc.).

4.3.- Outline and explain the operation of the starting circuit of a motor by
static resistance

The principle consists of starting the engine under reduced voltage by inserting
resistances in series with the windings.
Once the speed is stabilized, the resistances are removed and the motor is directly coupled to
the network. Normally, a timer is used to control the operation.

During this type of start, the coupling of the motor windings is not modified.
thus, it is not necessary for both ends of each winding to protrude from the plate
terminals.

The value of the resistance is calculated based on the current tip that should not be exceeded during
the starting point, or the minimum value of the starting torque required considering the resisting torque of
the powered machine.

Generally, the values of current and starting torque are:

Is = 4.5 In
Ts = 0.75 Tn

During the acceleration phase with the resistors, the voltage applied to the motor terminals
it is not constant.

It is equivalent to the network voltage minus the voltage drop that occurs in the resistance of
start.

The voltage drop is proportional to the current absorbed by the motor. Given that the current
decreases as the engine accelerates, the same happens with the voltage drop of the
resistance. Therefore, the voltage applied to the motor terminals is minimal at the moment of
start and increase gradually.

Since the torque is proportional to the square of the voltage at the motor terminals, it increases more
quickly that in the case of the star-delta start, in which the voltage remains
invariable while the star coupling lasts.

This type of start is therefore suitable for machines whose resistive torque increases with the
speed, for example, fans.
Its drawback is that the current tip is relatively important during
start. It would be possible to reduce it by increasing the value of the resistance, but this measure
it would lead to an additional voltage drop at the motor terminals and, therefore, a considerable
reduction of the starting torque.

On the contrary, the removal of the resistance at the end of the startup is carried out without
interrupt the engine's power supply and, therefore, without transient phenomena.

4.4.- Outline and explain the operation of the starting circuit of a motor.
auto transformer

The motor is powered at reduced voltage through an autotransformer that, once completed the
start, goes off the circuit.

The start takes place in three stages:

in the first half, the autotransformer begins by coupling in star and then,
The motor is connected to the network through a part of the windings of the autotransformer. The
Starting is carried out at a reduced voltage calculated based on the ratio of
transformation. Generally, the transformer is equipped with taps that allow for selection of the
transformation relationship and, therefore, the most appropriate value of the reduced voltage.

Before switching to full tension coupling, the star opens. At that moment, the fraction of
winding connected to the network creates an inductance in series with the motor. This operation is performed
when the equilibrium speed is reached, at the end of the first time.

the full voltage coupling intervenes from the second time, normally very short
(a fraction of a second). The inductances in series with the motor are short-circuited and, to
consequently, the autotransformer is left out of the circuit. The current and the starting torque
they vary in the same proportion. They are divided by (U network / U reduced)2and the values are obtained
following:
Is = 1.7 a 4 In
Ts = 0.5 to 0.85 Tn

The startup occurs without interruption of current in the motor, which prevents the occurrence of
transient phenomena.

However, if certain precautions are not taken, transient phenomena of the same kind may appear.
nature during coupling at full tension. In fact, the value of the inductance in series
with the engine behind the opening of the star is important if compared to that of the engine. As
As a result, there is a significant drop in voltage that leads to a current spike.
high transient at the moment of coupling at full voltage. The magnetic circuit of
Autotransformer includes an air gap that decreases the value of inductance to alleviate this.
problem. This value is calculated so that, when the star opens in the second time, there is no
voltage variation at the motor terminals.

The air gap increases the magnetizing current of the autotransformer. This current increases
the current drawn from the grid during the first phase of the start-up.

This starting method is usually used in engines with a power greater than 100 kW. Without
embargo, the price of the equipment is relatively high due to the high cost of
autotransformer.
Starting of three-phase motors
3.1.- Starter inverter for a squirrel cage motor
Implement the following circuit

Elements used:

2 contactors

3 push buttons (NO and NC)

Explain its functioning:

As can be seen, this circuit is used to reverse the rotation of a three-phase motor.
effect two contactors are used, which will be responsible for switching two of the three phases that
from the motor so that it can turn to the right or left respectively.
The control circuit uses three buttons to stop the motor (S0 NC), rotate to the right.
and I turn to the left. It is practically composed of two circuits of
enclavement, with a slight modification using the auxiliary contacts of the
contactors. If we analyze the stage that makes the right turn, we will realize that it is
composed of the push button S1 in parallel with the normally open auxiliary contact of contactor 1, and connected
in series with the NC auxiliary contact of contactor 2 and the coil of contactor 1. As can be seen
appreciate, the auxiliary contact NC of contactor 2 will open when the coil of that contactor
energized, preventing contactor 1 from accidentally energizing when pressing S1.

Due to both circuits having this cross connection as a protection mechanism, if

we press S1 when the motor is rotating to the left, the auxiliary NC contact
The contactor 2 will remain open when its coil is energized. To reverse the
turn, it will be necessary to press the S0 button and then press the S1 button for it to turn to the
right. The same will happen when pressing S2 the motor is rotating to the right.

By pressing S0 NC, we will disconnect the power from the circuit regardless of the direction of rotation.
motor.

Simulated force and control circuit in CADe SIMU

3.2.- Starting a motor by star-delta switching

Implement the following circuit
Elements used:

3 contactors

2 buttons (NO and NC)

1 ON DELAY timer

Explain its functioning:

This circuit is used to start three-phase motors, changing the connection of the windings.
of the motor, first in star and then after a certain time in delta, with the sole purpose of
to produce a start that allows the engine to overcome inertia with low current consumption.
Once the motor has overcome inertia in star mode, the control circuit must be
capable of automatically switching to triangle mode, for which a
On Delay Timer.

The control circuit consists of two push buttons to stop (S0 NC) and start (S1) the motor. A
once S1 is pressed, the coils of contactor 1 and 3 will remain energized and latched, from this
At that moment, the timer mounted on contactor 1 will start counting. It should be noted that the
The auxiliary NC contact of contactor 3 will open when pressing S1, disconnecting the contactor coil.
5 as a protective measure.

Once the timer has reached the preset time, it will activate its contacts.
auxiliaries, with the NC in series with the coil of contactor 3, which will open causing that
close the auxiliary NC contact of contactor 3, allowing the coil of contactor 5 to
energize with what the start passes to the delta mode. As can be seen, the coil of
contactor 1 remains energized when changing mode.

By pressing S0 NC, we will disconnect the power from the circuit regardless of the mode in which it is.
find the engine.
 Simulated power and control circuit in CADe SIMU

3.3.- Starting a motor with stator resistance

Implement the following circuit

Elements used:
 3 contactors

2 push buttons (NO and NC)

2 ON DELAY timers

Explain how it works:

This type of start employs a set of resistors connected to the motor, with the purpose of
Start with a reduced tension, these resistances will be the first set short-circuited.
and the second disconnected, progressively using On type timers
Delay. In the end, the motor will be connected directly to the three-phase power lines, where
It will be able to work with the network voltage.

For this purpose, the control circuit uses only two buttons to stop (S0 NC) and start.
the motor. By pressing the S1 button, contactor 6 is latched and since it is associated with
timer On Delay 6, it will activate after a preset time. Once this is reached
time, the auxiliary contact NA of the timer 6 will close by energizing the coil of
contactor 4 and activating the timer 4 count, the first group has short-circuited here.
resistances.

Once the timer 4 time is reached, the NO auxiliary contact of timer 4 will
it will close by energizing the coil of contactor 1, which will be latched through the contact
auxiliary NA of said contactor and at the same time will disconnect through the NC auxiliary contact to the
contactor 6 and consequently to 4 for being associated. After this, the resistances remain
disconnected and the motor is directly connected to the phases of the network.

By pressing S0 NC, we will disconnect the power from the circuit regardless of the mode in which it is.
find the engine.
 Force and control circuit simulated in CADe SIMU

A.- Control circuit for reversing direction through

rotary switch.
Circuit of
remote control for

investment of
transfer by

push buttons.
BASIC AUTOMATISMS

Start-Stop scheme of a contactor with preference for stop. With S2

we connect KM1 and when we release it, it continues running because the contact of KM1 feeds back to its
own coil. The stop will be performed via S1 and by thermal protection through
FR.
March–Strike just like the previous one but with preference for the march over the strike.

Two start buttons (S2 and S4) and two stop buttons (S1 and S3).
Connection of several contactors with dependency between them.

TIMERS

Disconnection of the contactor after a certain time of activating S2.

Connection from KM1 to KM2 after a delay from the actuation of S2. Stop for

S1.

Intermittent connection and disconnection of KM when activating S2.

Sequential connection of three contactors through S1. Total stop with S2.

Sequential control with timers