12 Trigonometry and Its Applications

5. True
12 Trigonometry and Its
sin θ = opposite side
Applications hypotenuse
tan θ = opposite side
adjacent side
Let’s Try (p.203) Since hypotenuse ! adjacent side, tan θ ! sin θ in the
first quadrant.
1. sin θ = 10 = 5
26 13 6. False

cos θ = 24 = 12 The period of the graph of tangent function is 180˚.

26 13
7. False
tan θ = 10 = 5 8. True
24 12
2. sin 45˚ × cos 45˚ × tan 45˚ 9. False

2 × 2 ×1 10. True
=
2 2 The solutions are 30˚ and 150˚.
= 1
2
cos (180˚ – θ) tan (180˚ – θ) Instant Drill (p.206)
3.
sin (270˚ – θ) 1. 2 cos θ = –1
= –cos θ (–tan θ)
–cos θ cos θ = – 1 [1A]
2
= –tan θ
Reference angle = 60˚
4. Reference angle = 60˚
Since cos (180˚ – θ) = –cos θ and cos (180˚ + θ) = –cos θ,
Since tan (180˚ – x) = –tan x and tan (360˚ – x) = –tan x,
θ = 180˚ – 60˚ or 180˚ + 60˚ [1M]
x = 180˚ – 60˚ or 360˚ – 60˚
` θ = 120˚ or 240˚ [1A]
= 120˚ or 300˚

5. Gradient of AB = 1
16 2. tan !ABC = 12 [1M]
11
= 0.0625
!BAC = 47.5˚ (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A]
6. Let θ be the angle of elevation.
180˚ + 47.5˚ = 227.5˚
tan θ = 3 The bearing of A from B is 227.5˚. [1A]
10
θ = 16.7˚ (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
The angle of elevation is 16.7˚.
Since the question does not specify which kind
7. Compass bearing = S40˚E of bearing as the answer, compass bearing or true
True bearing = 140˚ bearing are both accepted.

Concept Builder (p.205)

1. False
cos 0˚ = 1
tan 0˚ = 0
2. False
tan 225˚ = 1 ! 0
3. False
4. True

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HKDSE Exam Series — Integrated Practices for Mathematics (Section A) (Compulsory Part) (New Syllabus Edition) Solution Guide

3. (a) Distance between A and C 6. In "ABC,

= 4 m [1M] AB = AC sin α
sin 48˚
= 5.38 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) [1A] In "ACD,

(b) Horizontal distance between B and C CD = AC

sin β
= ( tan218˚ – tan448˚ ) m [1M] ` AB = AC sin α
CD AC
≈ 2.5538 m sin β
Let θ be the angle of depression of C from B.
= sin α sin β
tan θ ≈ 2 + 4 The answer is D.
2.5538
θ ≈ 66.944˚
= 66.9˚ (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 7. Let AB = 10k, where k ≠ 0. Then BC = 26k and AC = 24k.
The angle of depression is 66.9˚. [1A] AB2 = (10k)2 = 100k2
(c) Distance between B and C BC2 = (26k)2 = 676k2

≈ 6 m [1M] AC2 = (24k)2 = 576k2

sin 66.944˚
AB2 + AC2 = 100k2 + 576k2 = 676k2 = BC2
≈ 6.5209 m
`!BAC = 90˚ (converse of Pyth. theorem)
"7m
C
` The claim is disagreed. [1]

26k 24k
4. 4 cos2 (90˚ – θ) + 4 tan2 45˚ sin2 (270˚ + θ)
= 4 sin2 θ + 4(–cos θ)2
B A
=4 10k

The answer is B. sin A = 1

sin B = 24 = 12
26 13
5. Draw a line DE which is parallel to CB.
sin A : sin B = 1 : 12
C 13
D = 13 : 12
c
The answer is D.

a Step-by-step (p.211)
A B
E (a) tan2 (90˚ – θ) cos (270˚ + θ) sin (180˚ – θ)
AE = AD cos a = 1 × sin θ × sin θ
tan2 θ
BE = CD sin c 2
= cos2 θ × sin2 θ
AB = AD cos a + CD sin c sin θ
The answer is D. = cos2 θ

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 12 Trigonometry and Its Applications

(b) tan2 (90˚ – θ) cos (270˚ + θ) sin (180˚ – θ) = 1 4. (a) AD = 5 2 cos 45˚ cm
2
= 5 cm [1A]
cos θ = 1
2

2 BD = AD = 5 cm
cos θ = 1 or – 1 Area = 5 × (5 + 12) cm2
2 2 2
θ = 45˚ or θ = 360˚ – 45˚ or θ = 180˚ – 45˚ or = 42.5 cm2 [1A]
θ = 180˚ + 45˚
(b) BC = 12 + 5 cm (Pyth. theorem)
2 2

` θ = 45˚ or 315˚ or 135˚ or 225˚

= 13 cm [1A]
Perimeter = (5 2 + 12 + 5 + 13) cm
Exam Type Questions (p.211)
= 37.1 cm (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A]
Conventional Questions
Section A(1) 5. (a) AC = 30 cos 25˚ cm

1. (a) sin !BCA = 5 [1M] BC = 30 sin 25˚ cm

12
!BCA = 24.6˚ (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A] Area of "ABC = 30 cos 25˚ × 30 sin 25˚ cm2
2
[1M]
(b) cos !CBA = 5 2
12 = 172.4 cm (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A]
!CBA = 65.4˚ (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A] (b) Perimeter
Alternative method: = (30 + 30 cos 25˚ + 30 sin 25˚) cm [1M]
!CBA ≈ 180˚ – 90˚ – 24.6˚ (! sum of ") = 69.9 cm (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A]
= 65.4˚ [1A]

6. 1 + cos (180˚ – θ) cos (270˚ – θ) tan (270˚ + θ)

(a) BC = 9 + 14 (Pyth. theorem)
2 2
[1M]
( )
2. 1
= 1 + (–cos θ)(–sin θ) – [1M]
= 277 [1A] tan θ

(b) cos !ABC = 9 [1A] (

= 1 – sin θ cos θ cos θ
sin θ ) [1M]
277 2
= 1 – cos θ
= sin2 θ [1A]
3. (a) AB = 162 + 302 (Pyth. theorem)
= 34
7. cos (90˚ – θ) cos θ + cos2 (90˚ + θ)
sin θ = 16 tan θ tan 45˚
34 sin
= θ cos θ + sin2 θ [1M]
= 8 [1A] tan θ
17
= cos2 θ + sin2 θ [1M]
cos θ = 30 =1 [1A]
34
= 15 [1A]
17 cos (270˚ + θ) – tan (90˚ + θ) tan θ
8.
(b) CD = 30 sin θ [1M] sin (180˚ + θ)

= 240
17
[1A] = sin θ – – 1
–sin θ (tan θ )
tan θ [1M]

= –1 + 1 [1M]
=0 [1A]

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HKDSE Exam Series — Integrated Practices for Mathematics (Section A) (Compulsory Part) (New Syllabus Edition) Solution Guide

9. (a) sin2 1˚ + sin2 89˚ 13. –1 # sin (90˚ – θ) #1 [1M]

2 2
= sin 1˚ + sin (90˚ – 1˚) –3 # 3 sin (90˚ – θ) #3
2 2
= sin 1˚ + cos 1˚ 6 # 3 sin (90˚ – θ) + 9 # 12 [1M]
=1 [1A] The maximum value is 12 and the minimum value is 6.
[1A]
(b) sin2 1˚ + sin2 2˚ + + sin2 90˚
= sin2 1˚ + sin2 2˚ + + sin2 45˚ + sin2 (90˚ – 44˚) +
sin2 (90˚ – 43˚) + + sin2 (90˚ – 0˚) [1M] 14. –1 # cos (270˚ – θ) #1 [1M]
2
= sin 2 1˚ + sin 2 2˚ + + sin 2 45˚ + cos 2 44˚ + 0# cos (270˚ – θ) #1
2 2
cos 43˚ + + cos 0˚ 2
0# 0.5 cos (270˚ – θ) # 0.5 [1M]
= (sin2 1˚ + cos2 1˚) + (sin2 2˚ + cos2 2˚) + + 2
3.5 # 4 – 0.5 cos (270˚ – θ) # 4
(sin2 44˚ + cos2 44˚) + sin2 45˚ + cos2 0˚ [1M]
The maximum value is 4 and the minimum value is 3.5.
= 44 + 0.5 + 1
[1A]
= 45.5 [1A]

15. –1 # sin θ #1 [1M]

10. 4 tan θ = 3 2
0# sin θ #1
tan θ = 3 [1A] 0 # 1 – sin2 θ # 1 [1M]
4
θ ≈ 36.870˚ 0 # 1 – sin θ # 1 2

Since tan (180˚ + θ) = tan θ, 0 # 4 1 – sin2 θ # 4

θ ≈ 36.870˚ or 180˚ + 36.870˚ [1M] The maximum value is 4 and the minimum value is 0.
[1A]
θ = 36.9˚ or 216.9˚ (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A]

16. Consider the figure below.

11. 2 sin θ = –0.7
sin θ = –0.35 [1A]
Reference angle ≈ 20.487˚ 2
3
Since sin (180˚ + θ) = –sin θ and sin (360˚ – θ) = –sin θ,
θ ≈ 180˚ + 20.487˚ or 360˚ – 20.487˚ [1M] θ
θ = 200.5˚ or 339.5˚ (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A] a

a= 22 – ( 3 )2 (Pyth. theorem)
12. 4 cos θ – 1 = 0 =1 [1A]
cos θ = 1 [1A] θ lies in the third or the fourth quadrant.
4
θ ≈ 75.522˚ tan θ = 3 or tan θ = – 3 [1A]

Since cos (360˚ – θ) = cos θ, cos θ = – 1 or cos θ = 1 [1A]

2 2
θ ≈ 75.522˚ or 360˚ – 75.522˚ [1M]
θ = 75.5˚ or 284.5˚ (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A]

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 12 Trigonometry and Its Applications

17. Consider the figure below. 20. (a) Draw a line CD such that CD ⊥ AB.
C
5 30 m
a
60˚
A B
θ D 100 m
3
CD = 30 sin 60˚ m
a= 52 – 32 (Pyth. theorem)
= 15 3 m
=4 [1A]
AD = 30 cos 60˚ m
θ lies in the second or the third quadrant.
= 15 m
tan θ = – 4 or tan θ = 4 [1A]
3 3 Gradient of CB = 15 3 [1M]
100 – 15
sin θ = 4 or sin θ = – 4 [1A]
5 5 ≈ 0.305 66
= 0.306 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) [1A]
18. Consider the figure below. (b) Gradient of AC = tan 60˚
≈ 1.7321 [1A]
a
1 ! 0.305 66
θ ` Road AC is steeper. [1A]
2

a= 22 + 12 (Pyth. theorem) 21. (a) Let h m be the height of the building.

= 5 [1A] h m
CD =
θ lies in the second quadrant. tan 30˚
BD = h m
sin θ = 1 and cos θ = – 2 [1A] + [1A] tan 20˚
5 5 h h
BC = 5 = – [1M]
tan 20˚ tan 30˚
19. (a) Let x be the angle of inclination. h ≈ 4.9240
= 4.92 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) [1A]
sin x = 100 [1M]
2400 The height of the building is 4.92 m.
x ≈ 2.3880˚
(b) CD ≈ 4.9240 m [1M]
x = 2.39˚ (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) [1A] tan 30˚
(b) Gradient = 8.53 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) [1A]
≈ tan 2.3880˚

=1: 1 [1M]
tan 2.3880˚ Express the distance between B and C in terms of
the height of the building and use the expression to
= 1 : 24 (cor. to the nearest integer) [1A]
find the height.

22. tan !BAC = 7 [1M]

5
!BAC = 54.5˚ (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A]
180˚ + 54.5˚ = 234.5˚
The bearing of C from A is 234.5˚. [1A]

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HKDSE Exam Series — Integrated Practices for Mathematics (Section A) (Compulsory Part) (New Syllabus Edition) Solution Guide

23. (a) tan !OAB = 16 [1M] 26. (a) AD = BD [1A]

12 tan 46˚
!OAB = 53.1˚ (cor. to 1 d. p.) BD
CD = [1A]
The compass bearing of A from B is S53.1˚W. [1A] tan 35˚
(b) AC = 150 m = BD + BD [1M]
(b) AB = 162 + 122 km (Pyth. theorem) tan 46˚ tan 35˚
= 20 km [1A] BD ≈ 62.661 m

Time taken = 20 h = 62.7 m (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A]

50
(c) Let x be the new angle of elevation.
= 0.4 h [1A]
tan x ≈ 62.661 [1M]
62.661 + 100
24. (a) !ACB = 180˚ – 42˚ – 48˚ (! sum of ") tan 35˚
= 90˚ x ≈ 18.298˚ [1A]
"ABC is a right-angled triangle.
Percentage change
AC = 200 cos 48˚ m [1M]
≈ 18.298˚ – 35˚ × 100%
= 133.8 m (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A] 35˚
(b) The shortest distance from C to AB is the distance = –47.7% (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A]
between C and a point D on AB such that AB ⊥ CD.
Shortest distance = 200 cos 48˚ sin 48˚ m [1M]
27. (a) !ABC = (180˚ – 152˚) + 62˚
= 99.5 m (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A]
= 90˚ [1A]
` "ABC is a right-angled triangle.

We need to determine whether "ACB is a right- sin !ACB = 100 [1M]

angled triangle before finding AC. 150
!ACB ≈ 41.810˚
= 41.8˚ (cor. to 1 d.p.) [1A]
Section A(2) (b) Bearing of A from C

25. (a) CD = AD tan 30˚ ... (1) ≈ 180˚ + 62˚ + 41.810˚ [1M]

2CD = AD tan (30˚ + θ) ... (2) = 284˚ (cor. to the nearest degree) [1A]

(2) ÷ (1): (c) !BAC ≈ 180˚ – 90˚ – 41.810˚ (! sum of ")

2CD = AD tan (30˚ + θ) = 48.19˚

[1M]
CD AD tan 30˚ Shortest distance from B to AC
2 tan 30˚ = tan (30˚ + θ)
≈ 100 sin 48.19˚ km [1M]
30˚ + θ ≈ 49.107˚ [1M]
≈ 74.536 km
θ ≈ 19.107˚
Required time ≈ 74.536 h
= 19.1˚ (cor. to 1 d. p.) [1A] 80
CD = 0.9317 h [1A]
(b) AC =
sin 30˚ = 55.902 min
AB = 2CD [1M] ! 50 min
sin (30˚ + θ)
` Patrick cannot reach the road AB within 50
≈ 2AC sin 30˚ [1A]
sin (30˚ + 19.1˚) minutes. The claim is disagreed. [1A]
≠ 2AC
` The claim is disagreed. [1A]

142
 12 Trigonometry and Its Applications

Multiple-choice Questions 32. Let XY = 9k, where k ≠ 0. Then XZ = 12k and YZ = 15k.

Section A XY2 = (9k)2 = 81k2

XZ2 = (12k)2 = 144k2
28. 162 + 632 = 4225
YZ2 = (15k)2 = 225k2
652 = 4225 = 162 + 632
XY2 + XZ2 = 81k2 + 144k2 = 225k2 = YZ2
The given triangle is a right-angled triangle.
`!YXZ = 90˚ (converse of Pyth. theorem)
(converse of Pyth. theorem)
Z
cos θ = 16
65
The answer is B. 15
12

29. The given triangle is an isosceles triangle. Y X

9
A
25 25 tan Z : sin Y = 9 : 12
12 15
x
B C = 15 : 16
D
The answer is B.
CD = 48 = 24 (property of isos. ")
2
AD = 252 – 242 (Pyth. theorem) cos (180˚ + θ) × cos (180˚ – θ)
33.
=7 1 – sin (270˚ + θ) 1 – sin (90˚ – θ)
= –cos θ × –cos θ
tan x = 7 1 + cos θ 1 – cos θ
24 2

The answer is B. = cos θ2

1 – cos θ
2
= cos2 θ
A sin θ
30.
= 12
θ X tan θ
D B The answer is D.

C
34. [1 – cos (360˚ – θ) tan θ][1 – cos (90˚ + θ)]
CD = AD and !AXD = 90˚ (properties of rhombus)
= (1 – cos θ tan θ)(1 + sin θ)
CD AD
= = (1 – sin θ)(1 + sin θ)
AX AX
= 1 = 1 – sin2 θ
AX
= cos2 θ
AD
The answer is C.
= 1
sin θ
The answer is C.
35. A + B = 90˚
B = 90˚ – A
31. cos (90˚ – θ) sin (180˚ – θ) + 1
2 sin A cos (180˚ – B) + 2
tan 315˚
sin θ sin θ + 1 = –2 sin A cos B + 2
=
–1 = 2 – 2 sin A cos (90˚ – A)
= 1 – sin2 θ
2
= 2 – 2 sin2 A
= cos θ
= 2 cos2 A
The answer is C.
The answer is C.

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HKDSE Exam Series — Integrated Practices for Mathematics (Section A) (Compulsory Part) (New Syllabus Edition) Solution Guide

36. When x = 60˚, 40. –1 # sin θ #1

cos x = 1 3 # 4 – sin θ # 5
2
1 # 1 # 1
sin x = 3 ! cos x 5 4 – sin θ 3
2
1
– #– 1 #– 1
I may not be true. 3 4 – sin θ 5
1 – cos x sin (90˚ – x) The maximum value is – 1 .
5
= 1 – cos x cos x
The answer is B.
= sin2 x
!0
41. 3 cos θ = 3 sin θ
II must be true.
1 tan θ = 3
tan x tan (90˚ – x) = tan x × 3
tan x
θ = 60˚
=1
The answer is C.
III must be true.
The answer is C.
42. Draw a line BE passing through B and parallel to AD.
A
37. AD = y sin a
a
BD = y cos a
CD = y cos a tan b
B
AC = y sin a + y cos a tan b
The answer is A. c
D C
E

38. BC = l sin θ DE = AB sin a

BD = l sin θ EC = BC cos c
sin 60˚
CD = AB sin a + BC cos c
= l sin θ
2
3 The answer is B.
The answer is C.
43. EC = 2 tan 35˚ cm
39. In "ABC, DE = (7 – 2 tan 35˚) cm
AB = AC cos α 2
tan !AED =
7 – 2 tan 35˚
In "ACD,
AD = AC tan β !AED = 20˚ (cor. to the nearest degree)
The answer is B.
AB
= AC cos α
AD AC tan β

= cos α
tan β
The answer is A.

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 12 Trigonometry and Its Applications

44. !BAE = !EDA = 90˚ (given) 47. N N

!AEB = !DAE (alt. !s, AD // BC) A
!ABE = 180˚ – 90˚ – !AEB (! sum of ") ˚ θ
= 90˚ – !AEB
!AED = 180˚ – 90˚ – !DAE (! sum of ") B

= 90˚ – !AEB θ = 38˚ (alt. !s, // lines)

= !ABE The bearing of B from A is S38˚W.
=i The answer is A.
CE = 2BE = 2AE
3 3 sin i
AD = AE sin i Sketching the positions of A and B will help solve
2AE the problem.
CE = 3 sin i = 2
AD AE sin i 3 sin2 i
The answer is B.
48. N

45. C D
B
G 0˚
N
D A θ
E F

O
θ = 210˚ – 180˚ (alt. !s, // lines)
EO = (25 – 5) cm = 20 cm
= 30˚
AE = 252 – 202 cm (Pyth. theorem)
The bearing of D from C is 030˚.
= 15 cm
The answer is A.
BG = EF = (15 – 2.5) cm
= 12.5 cm
49. The answer is B.
12.5
sin !BOC =
25
50. As shown in the figure, denote the bus stop and Ivy by B
!BOC = 30˚
and P respectively.
Length of the arc BC = 2π(25)S X cm
30˚
360˚ X
N N
= 25π cm
6 B
The answer is D. 150 m P
00˚

Let X be the point that the distance between Ivy and the
46. AB sin α = BF bus stop is the shortest.
CD sin β = CE Then !BXP = 90°.
Since BF may not be equal to CE, I may not be true. !BPX = 300° – 270° = 30°
AB cos α = AF = DE = CD cos β BX = 150 sin 30° m
II is true.
= 75 m
BF = AF = DE = CE
The answer is B.
tan α tan β
III is true.
The answer is C.
145