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INSTITUTE OF LEADERSHIP & MANAGEMENT
SUPERSERIES
Writing
Effectively
FOURTH EDITION
The views expressed in this work are those of the authors and do
not necessarily reflect those of the Institute of Leadership &
Management or of the publisher
Workbook introduction v
1 ILM Super Series study links v
2 Links to ILM qualifications v
3 Links to S/NVQs in Management vi
4 Workbook objectives vi
5 Activity planner viii
iii
Contents
Performance checks 87
1 Quick quiz 87
2 Workbook assessment 89
3 Work-based assignment 92
iv
Workbook
introduction
This workbook addresses the issues of Writing Effectively. Should you wish to
extend your study to other Super Series workbooks covering related or
different subject areas, you will find a comprehensive list at the back of this
book.
v
Workbook introduction
䊏 communicating;
䊏 influencing others.
4 Workbook objectives
If you want to get on in life, your speaking skills will be extremely important,
but so will your writing skills.
vi
Workbook introduction
These are both skills that all managers and team leaders need to develop.
Take Stefan. He was famous for his blunt speaking and ability to ‘get
things done’ but when he moved into a management role and had to
do more of his communicating in writing, he was embarrassed. His
spelling wasn’t very good, and he somehow couldn’t discover how to
put things clearly without sounding aggressive.
Both Stefan and Rosie suffered from their lack of skill in writing in that:
In this workbook we will think about where and why writing tends to work
better than speech, and vice versa. We will explain how to make sure that
written communications reach their target and get the reader’s attention. We
will also help you improve the impression your written material gives to the
reader, which is just as important. As part of this, we’ll consider how you can
help your readers by keeping your writing short and simple, and using simple
tables and graphics.
4.1 Objectives
On completion of this workbook you will be better able to do the following.
䊏 Decide when it is more useful to write than to speak, and when a combination
of the two is even more useful.
䊏 Give your written communications a better chance of:
䊏 reaching their destination;
䊏 being noticed;
䊏 being read;
䊏 being understood.
vii
Workbook introduction
5 Activity planner
The following Activities require some planning so you may want to look at
these now.
䊏 In Activity 11 you are asked to analyse the kind of written documents that you
produce.
䊏 Activity 25 asks you to start compiling your own ‘writer’s handbook’.
Some or all of the Activities may provide the basis of evidence for your
S/NVQ portfolio. All portfolio activities and the Work-based assignment are
signposted with this icon.
The icon states the elements to which the portfolio activities and Work-based
assignment relate.
viii
Session A
Why and when to
write
1 Introduction
Spoken language has its limits, however. As soon as humans got involved in
large-scale activities, including business, they found they needed something
more.
Suppose you have made a contract with a farmer to buy 20 pigs in six months’
time, providing 100 lengths of timber in payment. How do you record the
details that you have agreed? If there was only one such contract, you would
probably state the terms in front of witnesses, so that everyone concerned
would remember them. The room for disputes about what precisely was
agreed would then be small.
But no-one would trust human memory to recall the exact details of 20, or
100, contracts.
That seems to be why writing was first invented, about 8000 years
ago in the Middle East.
1
Session A
Visual communication, including body language, is going on all the time, and
we are hardly conscious of it, though probably we should be.
If you want to find out a great deal more about non-verbal communication of
all types, see Making Communication Work in this series.
There are obviously some situations when it is vital to speak – and when it
would be stupid to write. For example, if there was a fire and you had to
evacuate the building, it would not be a brilliant idea to inform your workteam
by pinning up a notice.
2 mins
Activity 1
Think about the situations I have just described. What can you say in general
about situations where speech is better than writing?
2
Session A
You may have put it differently, but I hope you agree with me that there are
three kinds of situation where speech is definitely the better choice.
If you don’t have to write, there is no point in doing so, because in general
speech has three advantages over writing.
With e-mail and the Internet widely available, the written word has recently
been gaining ground. But research into what managers do shows that, while
they spend up to two-thirds of their time communicating (in meetings or with
individuals), two-thirds of this time is spent listening and speaking. Only a
small amount of their time is spent reading or writing.
Nevertheless writing has many uses, and some important advantages. I will
use a few examples to show what I mean. The first example comprises notes
of an ‘incident’.
3
Session A
2 mins
Activity 2
Human memory fades, and as time passes we become less and less able to
recall events accurately; so it makes sense to get the facts down in writing at
the first opportunity. Don’s statement will be filed and used at a later date,
and may be circulated to a number of different locations.
4
Session A
3 mins
Activity 3
What were the advantages of having Manjit put her information in writing?
Make a note of two advantages.
A less efficient committee would just have asked Manjit to come along and tell
them about the problems. However, this is an important business matter and
it is not wise to rely on a verbal account alone as:
䊏 it is likely to be incomplete;
䊏 hard facts and definite evidence may be lacking;
䊏 personal bias may creep in.
It is far better to ask for a written report, giving Manjit time to dig up facts,
dates and copies of letters, and to send copies of the report to committee
members in advance of the meeting.
They can then think about it beforehand, and prepare their questions and
comments. Manjit can also be invited to attend the meeting, to answer these
questions and add her own views. This is businesslike, fair and efficient.
5
Session A
Marie decided to deal with this by listing the main points of each
procedure on sheets of card, and giving a set to each clerk after the
initial training session. She told them to refer to the cards when they
weren’t sure what to do, and only to come back to her if there was
a major problem. It took her several hours to work out what the key
points should be, and how to put them, but she felt the effort was
worth it.
3 mins
Activity 4
What would be the advantages of using a ‘quick reference card’ rather than
just telling staff what to do? Make a note of two advantages.
Marie and her clerks were wasting a lot of time when she relied on spoken
instructions only. Using her new cards meant that inexperienced clerks made
fewer mistakes and wasted less of Marie’s time.
6
Session A
wrong. I didn’t say that!’ but when he was asked whether his own
notes of the meeting showed something different, he had to admit he
hadn’t made any. The secretary declined to change the minutes,
though in the minutes of the next meeting, he did let Steve add a
comment to the effect that ‘he might have been hasty in his
judgement’.
3 mins
Activity 5
What are the advantages of having written minutes to record what was said
at a meeting? Make a note of two advantages.
Dr Jones was
absolutely fed up with
his patient, Mrs W.
One day he wrote on
her file ‘this woman is ‘Minutes’ are really only notes, though they are accurate and rather formal
a complete idiot.’ On notes. They are essential for keeping track of what happened in earlier
her next visit, she
meetings, and for passing on views, facts and decisions. In committees, many
happened to see the
file – and promptly people may speak, complicated arguments may arise and there may be
made a formal disagreements. The committee must have an accurate record.
complaint to Dr Jones’
managers.
So the advantages of having written minutes are that:
There are some other lessons from this example: it pays to make your own
notes of what happens at meetings, in case a disagreement arises later. And
where formal minutes are being taken, it pays to think before you speak.
7
Session A
The main practical difference between speech and writing is that speech is
temporary. Like the ripples on a pond, speech soon fades away without a
trace. Speech is fine for getting immediate action and communicating small
amounts of information, but it is very ineffective when:
Human beings generally are not always good at listening and remembering.
We often mis-hear, or misinterpret what we hear, and we have only a limited
capacity for absorbing information through our ears. Too much, and it simply
goes ‘over our heads’.
We remember some things all our lives, but a lot of what we hear and read
fails to stick. As time passes, memories can crumble and fade, and get
hopelessly muddled.
Writing can overcome these problems – and it serves some other uses
too.
8
Session A
4 mins
Activity 6
Make a note of a few things you have recently written at work that will
probably still exist somewhere, in someone else’s files if not in yours, in a
year’s time.
If your job involves a lot of paperwork, then scores of things you have written
will probably still be on file in a year’s time. I certainly keep notes of meetings,
copies of letters, and even time sheets, checklists and costings – and often for
many years.
This is a good reason for trying to write well: some complete stranger may
be reading through your words in ten years’ time.
Of course, if the messages are urgent, simple and short, it may be better to
speak across these distances on the phone. Many people now have the option
of sending such short and urgent messages either by fax or by e-mail. This is
communication in writing, but with something approaching the greater
immediacy of the phone call. Fax stands for ‘facsimile’, a device that transmits
9
Session A
and receives documents via the telephone network. E-mail is a system for
sending very fast and accurate messages between computers, using electronic
transmission.
Certainly, where the messages are less urgent, but longer and more detailed,
you need to write them down, or at least write ‘back-up’ notes to remind you
of the circumstances. It is often wise to note the time, date and other details
when:
2 mins
Activity 7
Make a note of some of the things which you have to communicate, in writing,
over substantial distances.
In my case, in the last few days, I have had to send several written
communications across long distances.
10
Session A
When you need to reach a large number of people all at the same time and
with an identical message, the answer is simple: put your message in writing
and copy it. This can be by means of a photocopier or a printer attached to
a computer, or it can be by using the ‘copy to’ or ‘cc’ function on an
e-mail.
5 mins
Activity 8
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