Grade 12 Maths Essentials

Functions and Graphs Grade 11 Recap SCIENCE CLINIC 2020 ©

Grade 11 Functions: Quadratic Functions

Steps for sketching y = a x 2 + b x + c Finding the equation in the form y = a (x − p)2 + q Finding the equation in the form y = a x 2 + b x + c
2
y = a(x − p) + q Given the x-intercepts and another point
1. Determine the shape (‘a’) Given the turning point and another point
2. Find the x- and y-intercepts 1. Substitute the turning point into y = a (x − p)2 + q 1. Substitute the x-intercepts into
Shape: Horizontal shift: Vertical shift: −b y = a (x − x1)(x − x 2 )
3. Find the turning point ( ) 2. Substitute the other point into the equation to
• a>0 • x-value of 2a find ‘a’ 2. Substitute the other point in to find ‘a’
• y-value of
turning pt turning pt 4. Plot points and sketch graph 3. Determine the equation of the graph 3. Write/simplify your final equation
• a<0
• axis of EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2
symmetry
Sketch f (x) = x 2 − 4x + 3 Find the equation of the following graph: Find the equation of the following graph:
Steps for sketching y = a (x − p)2 + q
y
1. Determine the shape (‘a’) • Shape: a > 0 ∴ y

2. Find the x- and y-intercepts • x-intercept (y = 0)

3. Find the turning point Option 1: 0 = x 2 − 4x + 3
(0;3)
4. Plot points and sketch graph 0 = (x − 3)(x − 1)
(-1;0) x
EXAMPLE 1 x = 3 OR x = 1
(1;0) (3;0) x
Sketch f (x) = (x + 1)2 − 9 −b ± b 2 − 4a c (1;0)
Option 2: x =
2a
(1;-9)
• Shape: a > 0 ∴ y
−(−4) ± (−4)2 − 4(1)(3)
• x-intercept (y = 0) x =
2(1)
0 = (x + 1)2 − 9 4± 2
(-4;0) (2;0) x = • Turning point (p;q) • x-intercepts
9 = (x + 1)2 2 x = 1 OR x = 3
x p = 1 and q = − 9
± 9= x+ 1 x = 3 OR x = 1
y = a (x − 1)2 − 9 Formula: y = a (x − x1)(x − x 2 )
+ 3 = x + 1 OR − 3 = x + 1 • y-intercept (x = 0)
y = 3 • Other point y = a (x − 1)(x − 3)
2 = x OR − 4 = x
• Turning point (p;q)
(−1; 0) • Other point
(0;8)
(0;–8)
• y-intercept (x = 0) −b −(−4)
1) x-value of TP = = 0 = a (−1 − 1)2 − 9 (0; 3)
(-1;-9) 2a 2(1)
y = (0 + 1)2 − 9 9 = 4a 3 = a (−1)(−3)
x = 2
y = −8 2) Subst. into original eq: 9 1= a
a =
• Turning point (p;q) y = (2)2 − 4(2) + 3 4
Remember: • Equation
y = −1
(−1; − 9) (x − (−1))2 − 9 y • Equation
TP (2; − 1) y = 1(x − 1)(x − 3)
(x − p)2 + q 9
• Axis of symmetry • Axis of symmetry y = (x − 1)2 − 9 y = x 2 − 4x + 3
4
x = −1 x = 2 (0;3)
NOTE: NOTE:
• Domain f (x) = x 2 • Domain
If you need to write this equation in the
x ∈R (3;0)
x ∈R → moved 1 unit to the left form y = a (x − p)2 + q complete the square
→ moved 9 units down • Range (1;0)
• Range y ≥ −1 y = (x − 2)2 + 3 − 4
(2;-1)
y ≥ −9 y = (x − 2)2 − 1

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Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs Grade 11 Recap SCIENCE CLINIC 2020 ©

Exponential Graphs Hyperbola

a
Finding the equation in the form y = a b x−p + q Finding the equation in the form y = + q
x−p a x −p
y = ab + q y= + q
Given the asymptote and another point x −p Given the asymptotes and another point
1. Substitute the asymptote into the equation
Vertical shift: 1. Substitute the asymptotes into the equation
Shape: Shape: Horizontal shift: Vertical shift:
y
y

2. Substitute the other point in

• asymptote
x
2. Substitute the other point into the equation
• b>1
x

3. Write/simplify your final equation • a>0 • asymptote • asymptote to find ‘a’

y
y

• 0<b<1 • a<0
x x
3. Write/simplify your final equation
EXAMPLE 2
Find the equation of the following graph given a EXAMPLE 2
Steps for sketching y = a b x−p + q Steps for sketching y = + q
y = b x+ 1 + q : x −p Find the equation of the following graph:
y
1. Determine the asymptote (‘q’) 1. Determine the asymptotes (y = ‘q’ and x = ‘p’)
y
1. Determine the shape (‘a’) 1. Determine the shape (‘a’)
2. Find the x- and y-intercepts 2. Find the x- and y-intercepts y=1
3. Plot points (at least 2 others) and sketch graph 3. Plot points (at least 2 others) and sketch graph (2;0) x
(-3;2)
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 1
Sketch f (x) = 2x+ 1 + 1 −1
x Sketch f (x) = −1
y = -2 x −2
x = -1
• Asymptote • Asymptote
• Asymptotes
y = 1 y y = 1 and x = − 1
x = 2 a
• Shape: a > 0 ∴ x
f (x) = + 1
• Asymptote y = −1 x − (−1)
• x-intercept (y = 0)
y

q = −2 a
• Shape: a < 0 ∴ f (x) = + 1
0= 2 x+ 1 + 1
x

x+ 1
y = b x+ 1 − 2 • x-intercept (y = 0)
−1 = 2 x+ 1 • Other point
• Other point −1
Not possible to solve for x 0= −1 (2; 0)
x −2
(−3; 2) a
∴ No x-intercept −1 0= + 1
2 = b −3+ 1 − 2 1= 2+ 1
x −2
• y-intercept (x = 0) a
4 = b −2 x −2 = −1 −1 =
y = 20+ 1 + 1 3
1 x = 1
y = 3 4= −3 = a
y b2
• y-intercept (x = 0) y
• Domain 1 • Equation
b2 = −1
4 y = −1 −3
x ∈R f (x) = + 1
(1;5) 1 1 −2 x+ 1
• Range b = ± b ≠− 1
(0;3) 2 2 y = − (1;0)
(-1;2) 2 x
y> 1 y=1 1 Lines of Symmetry:
b = + y = -1
2 • Domain (0;-½) Use point of intersection of asymptotes. (-1;1)
x (3;-2)
• Equation x ∈R; x ≠ 2 y = x+ c (−1; 1) y = −x + c (−1; 1)
1 1= −1+ c 1= 1+ c
y = ( ) x+ 1 − 2 • Range
2 x=2 2= c 0= c
y ∈R; y ≠ − 1 y = x+ 2 y = −x
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 Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs Grade 11 Recap SCIENCE CLINIC 2020 ©

Deductions from Graphs

DISTANCE NOTATION EXAMPLE 1
A f (x) = a x 2 + bx + c and g (x) = k x are sketched. D is the turning point of f(x) with the axis of symmetry at x=2.
Steps for determining VERTICAL DISTANCE • f (x) > 0
(above the line y = 0) AB is 6 units.
1. Determine the vertical distance B
y
y y
Vertical distance = top graph − (bottom graph)
2. Substitute the given x-value to derive your answer (-2;9)
x x
D
F
Steps for determining HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (i.e. where y is positive)
A E B x
1. Find the applicable x-values • f (x) < 0
A B
A B = xB − xA (largest − smallest) (below the line y = 0)
y y

Steps for determining MAXIMUM DISTANCE

x x
1. Determine the vertical distance
Vertical distance = top graph − bottom graph Questions: Solutions:
(i.e. where y is negative)
2. Complete the square a. Determine the value of k. a. (−2; 9) 1 2 4
d. y = − (2) + (2) + 1
y = a (x − p)2 + q A 9 = k −2 5 5
• f (x) ⋅ g (x) ≤ 0 b. Determine the x-values of A and B. 1 9 9
3. State the maximum distance 9= y = ∴ D = (2; )
B −1 4 k2 5 5
y = a (x − p)2 + (q) → q is the max distance c. Show that a = and b = . 1
(one graph lies above y = 0 and 5 5 k = ±
NOTE: one graph lies below y = 0) 3
d. Determine the coordinates of D. 1
k = 9
• Distance is always positive 3 e. units (y-value of co-
• f (x) ≥ g (x) e. Determine the maximum distance of DE. 5
• Distance on a graph is measured in units top bottom ordinate D is also TP)
(i.e. f(x) lies above g(x)) f. Determine the values of p for which:
INTERSECTION OF GRAPHS −1 2 4 b. E = (2; 0) and A B = 6 u ni t s
• f (x) = g (x) x + x+ p< 0
Steps for determining POINTS OF INTERCEPTION 5 5 A = (−1; 0) x = − 1
(point of intersection) 1 4
g. Determine for which values of x: B = (5; 0) x = 5 f. − x 2 + x+ p< 0
1. Equate the two functions ROOTS & PARABOLAS 5 5
f (x) = g (x) i. f (x) ≥ 0 4
p< −
• Equal, real roots f (x) c. y = a (x − x1)(x − x 2 ) 5
2. Solve for x (look for the applicable x-value: A or B) y y ii. > 0
g (x) (−1; 0) and (5; 0) NOTE:
3. Substitute the applicable x-value into any of the
y = a (x + 1)(x − 5) • Interpret question as:
two equations to find ‘y’ x x iii. f (x) is increasing
f(x)
Use F (0; 1) How many units must the
1 = a (+ 1)(−5) graph move for the max.
g(x)
1 value to be < 0
A
• Non-real/ No real roots − = a
y y 5
B 1
y = − (x + 1)(x − 5)
5 g.
x x
1
INCREASING/DECREASING y = − (x 2 − 4x − 5) i. x ∈[−1; 5]
5
1 4 ii. x ∈(−1; 5)
• Real, unequal roots y = − x2 + x+ 1
5 5
Dec

y y
g

iii. x ∈(−∞; 2)
Dec

4
asin
g
asin

b =
rea
rea

5
re

s
re

x x
Inc

ing
s
ing

Inc

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Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs Grade 11 Recap SCIENCE CLINIC 2020 ©

Deductions from Graphs

EXAMPLE 2 Solutions:
f (x) = m x + c and g (x) = a(x − p)2 + q are sketched below. T is the turning point of g(x).
a. y = a (x + 2)2 + 8 (0; 0) g. −2x 2 − 8x = − 2x − 8
−8 = 4a 0 = 2x 2 + 6x − 8
−2 = a and p = − 2 and q = 8 0 = 2(x − 1)(x + 4)
y ∴ g (x) = − 2(x + 2)2 + 8 x = 1 or x = − 4 (NA)
D (−4; 0) y = − 2(1) − 8
8
(-2;8) T ∴ m =
−4
= − 2 and c = − 8 y = − 10
∴ FP = 10 units
B
b. OD = 4 units
G
A P h. Max length is given by TP of parabola (L (x))
J O x c. TR = 8 units
D R given by L (x) = g (x) − f (x). Find the TP by
completing the square.
M -8 F ∴ Max BM = g (x) − f (x)
d. TR: x = − 2
= − 2x 2 − 8x − (−2x − 8)
H f = − 2x 2 − 6x + 8
g e. g (x) = − 2(x + 2)2 + 8 = − 2(x 2 + 3x − 4)
3 9
= − 2(x 2 + 4x + 4) + 8 = − 2[(x + )2 − 4 − ]
2 4
= − 2x − 8x − 8 + 8 3 25
= − 2[(x + )2 − ]
2 4
= − 2x 2 − 8x 3 25
= − 2(x + )2 +
Questions: BM = g (x) − f (x) 2 2
25
Determine: BM = − 2x 2 − 8x − (−2x − 8) ∴ Max of BM = units
2
a. The value of a , p, q, m and c. = − 2x 2 − 6x + 8
BM = − 2(−1)2 − 6(−1) + 8
b. The length of OD.
BM = 12 units i. k = -8
c. The length of TR.
d. The equation of TR.
f. 28 = − 2x − 8 − (−2x 2 − 8x) j. x ∈(−∞; 0); x ≠ − 4
e. BM if OA = 1 unit. 28 = − 2x − 8 + 2x 2 + 8x
f. OJ if GH = 28 units. 0 = 2x 2 + 6x − 36
0 = 2(x 2 + 3x − 18)
g. The length of FP.
0 = 2(x + 6)(x − 3)
h. The maximum length of BM. x = −6 or x = 3 (NA)
i. The value of k for which −2x 2 − 8x + k has two equal roots. ∴ OJ = 6 units
f (x)
j. For which value(s) of x will < 0?
g (x)

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 Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Functions and Inverses SCIENCE CLINIC 2020 ©

Relation: set of ordered pairs INVERSE OF A FUNCTION SKETCHING INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Function: relation where each of the values in the domain (x-values) is associated with only ONE value in The symmetry if a graph is a mirror image of
the range (y-value) the curve around a specific line. The inverse Method 1: Table Method
of a function is the symmetry of a graph 1. Using the original graph, create a table
How to determine whether a graph is a function: 2. Sketch the graph of the inverse by switching the
about the line y = x.
Use the Vertical Ruler Test. If the ruler crosses the graph: values of x and y for each point

! Once, it IS a function ! More than once, it IS NOT a function EXAMPLE

How to determine the inverse of a function:
EXAMPLE Original function:
1. Write in standard form
Determine whether each of the following graphs is a function or not x -1 0 1
2. Switch x and y
1. 2. 3 y -2 0 -2
3. Make y the subject of the formula
Inverse:
NOTE:
x -2 0 -2
For Many-to-One functions (Parabolas):
The domain needs to be restricted in y -1 0 -1
order for the inverse to be a function

EXAMPLE Method 2: Using the original function

Is not a function Is a function Is not a function 1. Find important properties on the original function
Find the inverse equation of each of the (i.e. x- and y-intercepts, turning points,
ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION MANY-TO-ONE FUNCTION NON-FUNCTION following functions. Write them in the asymptotes, domain and range)
form f −1(x) = . . . 2. Sketch the graph of the inverse by switching the
A function where every element A function where two or more elements One element of the domain
values of x and y for each important point
of the domain has a different of the domain may be associated with the associated with two or more
element in the range. If you do same element of the range. If you do a elements of the range. 1. f (x) = 4x − 5 EXAMPLE
a horizontal line test, the graph horizontal line test, the graph will be cut
x = 4y − 5 Original function:
will only be cut by your line by your line MORE THAN ONCE.
x-intercept - 0 = 2x − 4
ONCE. x + 5 = 4y
–1 –2 –3 9 –3 9 x = 2
0 0 0 2 0 2 1 5 y-intercept - y = 2(0) − 4
y = x+
2 4 3 10 3 10 4 4 y = −4
3 6 4 1 5
−1
∴ f (x) = x+
y y 4 4 Inverse:
y
x-intercept - x = − 4 (−4; 0)
(0;2) y-intercept - y = 2 (0; 2)
(0;1) (2;0) Method 3: Using the inverse equation
2. f (x) = (x − 8)2 + 1
x x x 1. Determine the equation of the inverse
x = (y − 8)2 + 1 2. Calculate the important properties (i.e. x- and y-
x − 1 = (y − 8)2 intercepts, turning points, asymptotes, intervals
that are ascending/descending, domain and range)
± x −1 = y −8 3. Sketch the graph of the inverse
y y y
8± x −1 = y
EXAMPLE
∴ f −1(x) = 8± x −1 Original function: y = − 2x 2
(2;0)
x = − 2y 2
−x
x x x = y2
2
−x
Inverse: y = ±
(0; –2) 2

24
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 Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Functions and Inverses SCIENCE CLINIC 2020 ©

INVERSE OF A LINEAR FUNCTION INVERSE OF A PARABOLA EXAMPLE

Given h (x) = − x 2 with domain x ≤ 0, sketch the
Straight line: f (x) = a x + q Parabola: f (x) = a x 2
x −q graph of h (x) and its inverse on the same set of
Inverse: f −1(x) = x axes. Indicate the line of symmetry.
a Inverse: f −1(x) = ±
a
1 2
Given f (x) = − 3x − 2, the inverse is f −1(x) = − x− Given f (x) = x 2, the inverse is f −1(x) = ± x
3 3 h (x) = − x 2

y General properties of the inverse: General properties of the inverse: For h −1(x), switch x and y
f (x) y=x Domain: x ≥ 0 if a > 0 x = − y2
Domain: x ∈R y x ≤ 0 if a < 0 y2 = − x
(–2;0) Range: y ∈R f (x) y=x Range: y ∈R y = −x
x Shape: ascending if a > 0 Shape: if a > 0
f –1(x) ∴ h −1(x) = ± −x
descending if a < 0 if a < 0
(0;–2) f –1(x)
1 Interval ascending (thus average BUT domain for h (x) given as x ≤ 0
Average Gradient: m =
a x gradient is positive): thus, h −1(x) = −x
if a > 0; x ∈[0; ∞)
y
if a < 0; x ∈(−∞; 0]
NOTE: y=x
Interval descending (thus average
The inverse of y = k (where k is a constant) will be perpendicular to the x -axis
gradient is negative):
The inverse of x = k (where k is a constant) will be perpendicular to the y -axis
if a > 0; x ∈[0; ∞)
EXAMPLE if a < 0; x ∈(−∞; 0] x
Given g (x) = x − 3, sketch the graph of g (x) and its inverse on the same set h –1(x)
of axes. The inverse of a parabola is not a function, because there are two elements of
the range for every element of the domain, BUT if we restrict the domain of the
y g(x) original function, we get an inverse that is a function and will look like this:
h (x)
g (x) = x + 3 y=x x
For g −1(x), switch x and y (0;3)
g –1(x) Given g (x) = 3x 2 with domain x ≥ 0, the inverse is g −1(x) = + . Both the Determine the following relating to the inverse:
3
x = y −3 restricted parabola and its inverse appear on the graph below. 1. Domain: x ≤ 0
(–3;0)
(3;0) x 2. Range: y ≤ 0
y = x+ 3 y g (x) y=x
∴ g −1(x) = x+ 3 3. x-intercept: x = 0 or (0; 0)
(0;–3)
4. y-intercept: y = 0 or (0; 0)
g –1(x) 5. Interval ascending: x ∈(−∞; 0]
Determine the following relating to the inverse: x
1. Domain: x ∈R
2. Range: y ∈R
3. x-intercept: x = 3 or (3; 0)
4. y-intercept: y = − 3 or (0; − 3)
Therefore, the domain of a parabolic function should be limited, either as x ≥ 0
0 − (−3) or x ≤ 0, in order to create an inverse that is a function.
5. Average gradient: m = = 1
3−0

25
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 Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Functions and Inverses SCIENCE CLINIC 2020 ©

WORKING WITH LOGARITHMS LOG LAWS EXPONENTIAL AND LOG FUNCTIONS

A logarithm (or ‘log’) is a mathematical notation that has been defined to allow us 1. Sum to product law: For exponential functions:
to make an exponent the subject of a formula. A logarithm function is the inverse loga x + loga y = loga x y
if a > 1 if 0 < a < 1
of an exponential function, therefore if y = a x (a > 0, a ≠ 1) then the inverse is
y y
x = a y. If written in standard function form then x = a y is y = loga x. 2. Difference to quotient law:
x NOTE:
loga x − loga y = loga
y loga a = 1
x = ay then y = loga x loga1 = 0
3. Power law:
loga x = log10 a x x
Index/(log) : y Log/(Index) : y loga x m = m loga x
Number : x Number : x
4. Change of base law:
Base : a Base : a logb x
loga x =
EXAMPLES logb a increasing function decreasing function
1. Write the following in log form:
For logarithmic functions:
1 x
(5 )
a. y = b. 31 = 3 c. x = 4 y EXAMPLES
if a > 1 if 0 < a < 1
Simplify the following:
x = log 1 y 1 = log33 y = log 4 x
5 y

81
1. log3 3. (logx16 − logx 4) ÷ logx 8
2. Write the following in exponential form: 729
16
a. y = log 1 x b. log61 = 0 c. x = logy 5 = log381 − log3729 = logx ÷ logx 8
4 x x
2 y

(2 )
1 = 4log33 − 6log33 = logx 4 ÷ logx 8
x = 1 = 60 5 = yx
= 4(1) − 6(1) 2logx 2
=
= −2 3logx 2
2 increasing function decreasing function
3. Solve the following equations: =
3
(4)
m x
a. log 4 = 3 b. log3(5x − 3) = 3 c. log = −3
3 1
m x 2. log3 + log51 + log 48
= 43 5x − 3 = 33 = 10−3 9
3 4
27 + 3 4 log28
m = 64 × 3 = 192 x = = 6 x = = − 2log33 + log51 +
5 1000 log2 4
3log2 2
= − 2(1) + 0 +
2log2 2
4. Determine the value of the following:
3

3 ( 729 )
1 = −2+
a. log2 256 b. log 1 c. log 10 2
1
= −
( )
1 2
x = log2 256 x = log 1 x = log 10
3 729
1 x
(3)
1
256 = 2 x = 10 x = 10
729
1
x = 8 x = 6 x =
2
26
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 Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Functions and Inverses SCIENCE CLINIC 2020 ©

INVERSE OF AN EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION MIXED EXAMPLE 1 Questions:

Exponential: f (x) = a x; a > 0 and a ≠ 1

Questions: 2. The growth of a virus cell is given by g (t ) = 1,95t, where t is
in minutes
Inverse: f −1(x) = loga x ; a > 0 and a ≠ 1 1. Given f (x) = log 1 x
2 a. Determine the number of virus cells after 8,5 minutes
Given f (x) = 3x, the inverse is f −1(x) = log3 x a. If f (x) = − 3, determine x.
b. After how many minutes will there be 2164 virus cells in the
b. Draw the graph of f (x). body?
General properties of the inverse:
c. For which value of x is f (x) < − 3?
y f (x) Domain: x > 0
y=x Range: y ∈R d. Determine f −1(x) and then draw the graph on
the same set of axes as f.
Shape: if a > 0
f –1(x) if a < 0
Asymptote: x = 0 Solutions:
x Solutions: a. g (8,5) − 1,958,5
If there are no vertical or horizon- a. log 1 x = − 3 Number of virus cells ≈ 292
tal shifts (i.e. no p - or q -values) 2
−3

(2 )
1
the log graph will cut the x -axis x = b. 1,95t = 2164
at 1. x = 8 log1,95t = log2164

EXAMPLE t log1,95 = log2164

1 x log2164
(3 )
b.
Given h (x) = sketch the graph of h (x) and its inverse on the same t =
log1,95
set of axes. Indicate the line of symmetry. f –1(x) y t ≈ 11,5 minutes

y=x
1 x
(3 )
h (x) = Alternative solution (b):
1,95t = 2164
For h −1(x), switch x and y (0;1) t = log1,952164
1 y
(3 )
x = t ≈ 11,5 minutes
(1;0) x
y = log 1 x
3

∴ h −1(x) = log 1 x f (x)

3 h (x) y
y=x
(–1;3)

x c. x ∈(8; ∞) OR x > 8; x ∈R
h –1(x)
(3;–1)
1 x
(2 )
d. f −1(x) =
= 2−x

27
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Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Functions and Inverses SCIENCE CLINIC 2020 ©

MIXED EXAMPLE 2 MIXED EXAMPLE 3 MIXED EXAMPLE 4 MIXED EXAMPLE 5

Questions: Questions: Questions: Questions:
Given g −1(x) = − x Given f (x) = 3x a. If h (x) = 2x 2, determine the equation of the The sketch represents the graph of g (x) = a x and
inverse of h (x) h (x), the reflection of g (x) in the y-axis.
a. Write down the domain and range of a. Draw a sketch graph of f and give the domain
g −1(x) = − x and range. b. Is the inverse a function? If it isn’t a function, h (x) y g (x)
how can we restrict the original function so
b. Determine g (x). b. Determine f −1(x) = ....
that it is a function? A
c. Draw sketch graphs of g and g −1 on the same c. Sketch the graph of f −1 on the same set of
c. Sketch the graph h (x) and it’s inverse as deter-
set of axes axes and give the domain and range
mined in (b).
d. Give the equation of the line symmetrical to
f −1 about the x-axis x

Solutions: 1
Solutions: a. Calculate the value of a if A(2; 2 ) is a point on
a. Domain: x ∈[0; ∞) 4
a. x = y 2 g (x).
Range: y ∈(−∞; 0] Solutions:
y = ± x
a. b. Write down the equation of h (x).
y f (x)
b. x = − y c. Write down the equation of g −1(x) in the form
b. The inverse is not a function as one x has two y = ...
(x)2 = (− y)2 different y values. Thus, we must restrict the
domain of h (x) . There are two ways: i) x ≤ 0 d. Give the domain and range of g (x), h (x) and
x2 = y (0;1) f –1(x) g −1(x)
or ii) x ≥ 0
∴ g (x) = x 2; x ∈(−∞; 0]
(1;0) x h (x) y
c. i)
c. Solutions:
g –1(x) y
1
a. 2 = a 2
4
9
Domain: x ∈R = a2
Range: y ∈(0; ∞)
x 4
3
h –1(x) ∴a =
x 2
b. y = log3 x
g (x) 3 −x
(2 )
ii) b. h (x) =
c. Domain: x ∈(0; ∞)
y h (x)
2 x
(3 )
Range: y ∈R
h (x) =

d. y = − log3 x
h –1(x) c. g −1(x) = log 3 x
2
x

d. g : x ∈R and y ∈(0; ∞)
h : x ∈R and y ∈(0; ∞)
g −1 : x ∈(0; ∞) and y ∈R
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