P525/2

CHEMISTRY
Paper 2

April./May. 2023 S.5

2 ½ hours.

THE CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

2023

CHEMISTRY

END OF TERM I, Paper 2

2 hours 30 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS:

Attempt any five questions in this paper.

Write the answers in the answer booklet(s) provided.
Begin each question on a fresh page.
Mathematical tables and graph papers are provided.
Non-programmable scientific calculators may be used.
Use equations where necessary to illustrate your answers.
Choose the questions well and manage your time properly.

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1. (a) Define the terms;
(i) hydrocarbon. (01 mark)
(ii) alkane (01 mark)
(b) The table below shows the boiling points of straight chain
alkanes.
Alkane
Boiling point
Molecular mass(g)
(i) Complete the table above. (3 ½ marks)
(ii) Plot a graph of boiling point against molecular mass of the
alkanes. (03 marks)
(iii) Use your graph in (b)(i) to determine the molecular mass
of octane. (01 mark)
(iv) Explain the trend in boiling points of alkanes. (2 ½ marks)
(c) A mixture of 10 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon 100 cm3 of
excess oxygen were exploded. The volume after explosion was 75cm3
and this was reduced to 35cm3 on treatment with potassium
hydroxide solution.
(i) Deduce the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon. (2 ½ marks)
(ii) Write the structural formulae and IUPAC names of all
the possible isomers of the hydrocarbon. (02 marks)
(iii) Compare and explain the difference in boiling points of
the isomers in (c)(ii) above. (3 ½ marks)
2. (a) What is meant by each of the following terms:
(i) Relative atomic mass (02 marks)
(ii) Relative abundance (02 marks)
(iii) Relative intensities (02 marks)
(b) Briefly describe how relative atomic mass of magnesium
metal which consists of three isotopes can be determined using a
mass spectrometer. (09 marks)

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 (c) The relative atomic mass of magnesium with isotopes ,
and is 24.3. If the percentage abundances of
and are equal;
(i) Calculate the percentage abundance of each isotope of
magnesium. (03 marks)
(ii) Sketch the mass spectrum of magnesium. (02 marks)
3. (a) Define the terms;
(i) first ionization energy (01 mark)
(ii) Atomic radius (01 mark)
(b) State and explain any three factors that affect the value of
first ionization energy. (6 ½ marks)
(c) The table below shows the first ionisation energy of Period 3
elements of the Periodic Table.
Element
Atomic number
First ionisation energy( )
(i) Write equation to show the first ionisation energy of
magnesium atom. (1 ½ marks)
(ii) Plot a graph of first ionisation energy against atomic
number. (03 marks)
(iii) Explain the shape of the graph in c(ii) . (07 marks)

4. Explain the following observations

(a) Propene undergoes electrophilic addition reactions whereas
propane doesnot. (05 marks)
(b) The first ionisation energy of phosphorus is higher than that of
sulphur. (03 marks)
(c) Aluminium has a lower first ionisation energy that that of
sulphur. (03 marks)

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 (d) The ions and have the same electronic configuration
but the ionic radius of is lower than that of
(2 ½ marks)
(e) The atomic radius of the group IIA metals increases down the
group. (03 marks)
(f) Hexane boils at 68 whereas 2-methylpentane boils at 60.3
yet the two compounds have the same molecular mass.
(3 ½ marks)
5. (a) (i) What is meant by the term structural isomerism?
(02 marks)
(ii)Describe the three types of structural isomerism, giving a
suitable example in each case. (06 marks)
(b) Explain what is meant by the following terms;
(i) Nucleophilic addition reaction (03 marks)
(ii) Nucleophilic substitution reaction (03 marks)
(iii) Electrophilic substitution reaction (03 marks)
(iv) Electrophilic addition reaction (03 marks)
In each of cases, state one reaction example and write an
equation to illustrate your answer.

6. (a) Define the terms

(i) isotopes. (02 marks)
(ii) Radioactivity (02 marks)
(iii) Half life (02 marks)
(b) One of the factors that affects nuclear stability of isotopes is
neutron to proton ratio. State any two other factors. (02 marks)
(c) Sketch a graph of number of neutrons versus number of protons
and on it indicate;
(i) the line at which ⁄
(ii) the stability region
(iii) three points in the unstability region (3 ½ marks)

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(d) Describe briefly how the isotopes in the unstability region in the
three points indicated in b(ii) can gain stability. (05 marks)
(e) Gallium has two isotopes of mass numbers 69 and 71 in the ratio
. If the relative atomic mass of Gallium is 69.8. Determine the
values of and . (3 ½ marks)

7. (a) What do you understand by the term first electron affinity?

(01 mark)
(b) The table below shows first electron affinities and melting
points of elements in period 2 and period 3 of the periodic
table respectively.
Period 2 Atomic First electron Period 3 elements Melting
elements number affinity( ) point( )

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

(i) Write an equation for first electron affinity of nitrogen

(01 mark)
(ii) Plot a graph of first electron affinity of period 2
elements against atomic number. (03 marks)
(iii) State and explain the trend in first electron affinities
of the elements. (06 marks)
(iv) The second electron affinity values are positive for all
elements. Explain. (03 marks)
(c) Briefly explain ;

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(i) the increase in melting point from sodium to aluminium.
(03 marks)
(ii) why silicon has the highest melting point. (1 ½ marks)
(iii) why there is a general decrease in melting point from
phosphorus to chlorine. (1 ½ marks)

END

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