Introduction
Computer Architecture and Advanced OS
Course Teacher:
Zarin Tasnim
Lecturer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Recommended Texts
Microprocessor, architecture, programming & application
withthe 8085, Author: Gaonkar
Microprocessors and Interfacing: Programming and Hardware,
Author: Douglas V. Hall
Assembly Language Programming and Organization of
theIBM PC, Author: Ytha Yu, Charles Marut
Additionally !! Lecture materials will be provided.
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Does Earlier Knowledge Require ??
You should have the knowledge about –
Number Systems.
Basics of “Digital Logic Design” course.
Basics of “Computer Organization and
Architecture” course.
“Basic Programming”.
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Lecture References:
Book:
Microprocessors and Interfacing: Programming and Hardware,
Author: Douglas V. Hall (Chapter-2)
Lecture Materials:
ECP2036: Microprocessor and Interfacing.
Web Materials:
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[Link]
[Link]
microprocessor- [Link]
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Concept of Computer
Computer Data Processing
Data Storage
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Major Components of Computer
CPU Memory
Addresses
Code + Data
Registers Data
PC ALU
Condition Instructions
Codes Stack
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Major Components of Computer
MEMORY
I/O
SYSTEM
BUS
Computer
CPU
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Concept about Microprocessor
A microprocessor incorporates most or all of
the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a
single
integrated circuit (IC). Die of an Intel 80486DX2
microprocessor (actual size: 12×6.75 mm)
in its packaging
CPU
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Central Processing Unit
A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes just
calledMicroprocessor (P), is a description of a class of
logic machines that can execute computer programs.
• This broad definition can easily be applied to many early
computers that existed long before the term "CPU" ever came
into widespread usage. However, the term itself and its
initialism have been in use in the computer industry at least
since the early 1960s.
• The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed
dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental
operation has remained much the same.
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Central Processing Unit/Microprocessor (P)
To synchronize and control the
overall operation of the P system
Control Unit &
Instruction Decoder
To decode instruction and To perform the arithmetic and logical
operations within the CPU
pass the necessary control signals to CU
Arithmetic/Logic Unit A set of internal storage
locations within the CPU
To perform shift and rotate
operations that may either be Registers
arithmetic or logical in nature
• Control and Status Registers
• User-Variable Registers
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So .. What is Microprocessor?
A microprocessor (abbreviated as µP or uP) is a Silicon
Chipthat contains an electronic central processing unit (CPU).
In the world uP or CPU used interchangeably, which is
made from miniaturized transistors and other circuit
elements on a single semiconductor integrated circuit (IC).
The integration of the whole CPU onto a single VLSI Chip
therefore greatly reduced the cost of processing capacity.
Architectures of Microprocessors:
8-bit 64-bit designs
designs Multi-core designs
16-bit
designs
32-bit
designs
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RISC (Reduced
Instruction Set
Computer)
CISC (Complex
Instruction Set
Computer)
Special-
purpose designs:
Microcontrollers,
Digital Signal
Processors (DSP)
and Graphics
Processing Units
(GPU).
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List of Microprocessors
1971 - Intel 4004, 1st single chip CPU, 4-bit processor, 45 instructions
1972 - Intel 4040, enhanced 4004, 60 instructions
1972 - Intel 8008, 8-bit P
1972 - Texas Instrument TMS 1000, 1st single C, 4-bit
1974 - Intel 8080, successor to the 8008, used in Altair 8800
1975 - Motorola 6800, used MOS technology
1976 - Intel 8085, updated 8080, +5V power supply
1976 - Zilog Z80, improved 8080
1976 - TI TMS 9900, 1st 16-bit P
1978 - Zilog Z8000, Motorola 68000, 16-bit P
1978 - Intel 8086, 16-bit, IBM’s choice...
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History of Intel Era
• 1978: 8086 (16 bit architecture)
• 1980: 8087
• Floating point coprocessor is added
• 1982: 80286
• Increases address space to 24 bits
• 1985: 80386:
• 32 bits Address Space,
• Virtual Memory & new addressing modes
• Protected mode (OS support)
• 1989-95: 80486/Pentium/Pro
• Added a few instructions of base MMX
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History of Intel Era
• 1997: Pentium II
• 57 new “MMX” instructions are added,
• 1999: Pentium III:
• Out of Order, added another 70 Streaming SIMD Ext (SSE)
• 2001: Pentium 4
• Net burst, another 144 instructions (SSE2)
• 2003: PI4 HT, Trace Cache
• 2005: Centrino, low power
• 2007: Core architecture, Duo
• 2008: Atom, Quad core with HT….
• 2009 --- till now: Multi core (Large chip multiprocessor)
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Assembly Language
Assembly language:
Assembly language is used for most programming
because itis extremely difficult to program a
microprocessor in its native, that is hexadecimal machine
language.
Assembler:
An assembler is a program that converts software
written insymbolic machine language (the source
programme) into hexadecimal machine language (object
programme).
The primary reason to use assembler is because
development and modification are always difficult in machine
language.
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Example of 8085 Assembly Language
Address Mnemonics Machine (Hex) Code
202A MVI A, 32H 3E
32 ;Copies 32H into accumulator
202C MVI B, 48H 06
48 ; Copies 48H into B register
202E ADD B 80 ;Adds B reg. content with Acc and
stores the result in Acc.
202F STA [41 FF] D3
01 ;Stores the Acc (the sum) into the
memory location 41 FF.
2031 HLT 76 ; Stops the program
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Another Example of 8085 Assembly
Language
Address Instruction
2020 MVI B, 24 ; Copies 24 into B register
2022 INR B ; Increment B reg content by 1
2023 MOV A, B ; Copies B register into Acc.
2025 SUB B ; Subtracts B reg content from
Acc and stores the result in
Acc.
2026 STA [5F FF] ; Stores the Acc content into
the memory location 5F FF.
2028 HLT ; Stops the program
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Solve It !!
MVI A, 24H // load Reg ACC with 24H
MVI B , 56H // load Reg B with 56H
ADD B // ACC= ACC+B
OUT 01H // Display ACC contents on port 01H
HLT // End the program
OUTPUT ??
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Example of 8086 Assembly Language
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Thank You !!
Good Luck with the course
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